Content uploaded by Bob Bastian
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Bob Bastian on Mar 22, 2024
Content may be subject to copyright.
!"#$#%
&&'&&(
Elgar Publishing
The Reflective Entrepreneur: Tools that Increase Metacognition during Venture
Creation Programs
))*)+$*%,,-).-/+/$##$$0/,
"Norwegian University of Scienceand Technology !1!"University of
Trento
Abstract
"212"
*3"2313
*
4(
511(3
114*67
'(*!4443
"33"
3*6
431
1"34
*"33"
3431*
Keywords"""
"
1.0 Introduction
4"47"47
14231'8*"#$+%(*4
437479
42':"#$+-(*
1414
!"#$#%
71'4*"#$+$(*
4"111
': 83"#$$#;*"#$+.(*<<
'="+.-.("212"
4>323>1"2"
'="+.-0"+./-(*1?14"
"1@'
*"#$++"*0/A(*84""
how2'83"#$$+(*7"+
"314"
4"""1>4'4*"#$+$(*84"
"34
""2'=4"#$$0;:1
*"#$+-("#4
'6*"#$#$(*
""44
' B"+..-(*8
44"314what
*C"314
4how1'& &1"#$#$(*<"
3"23
'("47'C 6
"#$++(*2
35"371
'D2*"#$+.;34 "#$$-(*8
313"
>
3*71
494
'34 "#$$-1(*
+74166*
#"33"34
"332'E2*"#$#$(*
!"#$#%
11
"94
'D*"#$+,;*"#$++(*&
5'D
*"#$+,;F "#$+/("3
17' B"
#$$%(*6D*'#$+,(F'#$+/(
343
3"1
how51*
">1
'8*"#$$A;83"+../(
51
'83"+../;"#$+#(*:"231"4
13
'F1"#$+#(*641"
3>11
'F"#$+-(*"373
1?1471
2273
714""
53@'*"#$$-"*+%(*
5*"3
143"31
147
7*6344'8*"#$$A;
83"+../;"#$+#(39How can teachers facilitate
metacognition in entrepreneurship education? 33
345
*"
4*
!"#$#%
62132*1
;4
3131
'G"#$#+(*84"332
27'**"H "#$++;:2 B"#$++(14
3114*"
414231
7*61217'474(
*84"
"
44"14
1344*="
3"3144114"
147341"34*
2.0 Theoretical framework
2.1 Metacognition
",532'I*"+../("
14""5
'="+.-0(*8"
23'!*"#$$-(*"
3533'!3"
+./-;83 H"+..%(*323metacognitive
knowledge"32313*
"231533
'83"+../(*3322"
412
231323""33
"42?2
7@42143?
,'2"#$$/(44
>'*"#$++(*=24"31
3321*643283'+../(2'#$$/(4
*
!"#$#%
2"32
*@
523"
3147*
"23metacognitive experiences"
'4 8"#$$.;8*"#$$A(*7
572"11""'="
+.-.(*84
'2"#$$+(*84"75
2"37
'2"#$$+(*<="332
274431*
47
3132*&
"3>432114"
"132*&4"
>1"
*"31"45
31
' E"#$$.(*
2.2 Entrepreneurial metacognition and its role in entrepreneurship education
11424
'4*"#$+$(*:4"4
2"1"
"33294"""
""'4*"#$+#(*
"324
2437143
'4 &"#$$,(*
"
'E4J*"#$++(*C4""3
31what423how4231"
!"#$#%
K27K4341what4
23'F"#$+/(*<"173
133
*"4
23*
153'F
"#$+/(*
2.3 Metacognition in the context of European Venture Creation Programs
7"4"
7*7
8"DF455
":3F484
'::F(8'&*"#$##(*6
417
">313
'& &1"#$#$(*"5
"1
'C 6"#$++(*H"3"
3"""4"
'D2L 6"#$+A;C 6"#$++(*
&2
'D2L 6"#$+A(*84"7
3"
'34 "#$$-(*"
17*
433"
11233
*&"34
133423"239*
""7"4
"3"444"3
31'!"#$+%(*B5
!"#$#%
"33311
1494*
3.0 Development of metacognitive abilities
!445"3
31
5*=+C"3
>94*&3
31"7
"31
3*4
"*
4"94
'+(23'**"23(;'#(
7'**"37(;',(
'**"(*
Figure 1.&
3.1 Teacher
!"#$#%
1"
143
'4 "#$$,;8*"#$$A(*5
153
'83"+../(*Metacognitive modelling3
147"532"
1*"13
'**"3 2('**"3421
2("337*673
"13
"371331
*2
2'**"("2313
3*3
3'*"+./.(*"
1523*="4
*'#$+$(13224
3432
?14'**
2(K143
32'**(@'*##$(*
"
reflective tools '83"+../;"#$+#(*
3"3"34
4"3""
4'"#$+#(*7"
"?33@'**"""21("
"'4*"#$+$;83"
+../(*81
23*"3
5"""4
4"3
1332'83"+../(*=
!"#$#%
7"312
344"411
"32'4*"#$+#(*
3.2 Classroom environment
5*6
41"33
""
>*1114
1*84"31"4
431*&"
' E"#$$.(*Peer influence1
51231
33*=7"12
4"14*
135323*
314"414
'2"#$$/("41
*6213"
4'8*"#$$A;83"+../(*
=7"437
4"3
7'F"#$+-(*
C34123
mastery climate'83"+../(*&4
4'H32
D"+.//(*632prove
"34improve'&
&"+.//(*&4414
314*
&3413
!"#$#%
23*="'#$+#(
confusion3142"?61M@
?@3"313
34"14329
1*23
7*
4.0 Metacognition in action: Tools and practices for Venture Creation Programs
39"314
5
7*84"3>'+(2
"'#(442"',("'%(
3*&31
1+*
Table 1Tools and practices to promote students’ metacognitive development
4.1 Thinking journals
8313
2'E2*"#$#+(*&2
714""
92*&421
!"#$#%
'!*"#$$,;6 "+..+("3
3241"9
21134*6324
13*"4
42'E2*"#$#+(*<
"G'#$#+(>
323
7*84"39
3
▪What have I done, and whom have I met?
▪Why did I do what I did?
▪Write your observations and reflections relating to points 1 and 2.
▪Reflect on (entrepreneurial) theory and connect it with point 3.
▪What are my goals for next week?
C"23"
1*49
"
121'E2*"#$#+;
34"#$+$(*"
43'(
1443
4*623
14G'#$#+("31474
1*3"2
11""
3143*4
"123""
7"141*
!"#$#%
4. 2 Strategy and regulatory checklists
&4743"
"3"3"34'83"
+../(*3"41
7*27'84"#$$+(
334"3
'*"#$++(*H1
1"1
'8*"#$+.;84"<#$$/(*&"374
5"1#"
7*1#2"
23"7""11
2*
2
11""2*&2
233"
"44*3
4"7
47"31"
9'E"+..+;*"#$$/(*C
2114332"
141*=7"
41293
'**"("'**"("'**"(144"
1431*4
73392"14
341*
!"#$#%
Table 2Reflective questions to promote students’ metacognitive developmentN
4.3 Team reflections
1713
'"#$+A(*4314
"42'("1
'!4 824"#$$$;34"#$$A;H*"
#$+A(*94"1
13
'34 "#$$-1;6*"#$$.(*"1
32"13231
*1
'2"#$$/(*="33?
4O3P71@'="#$+#"*
##+-("7*&4"
77
'*"#$++(*<
""1"3
9'"#$$#;*"#$$/;63 E"#$++(*
!"#$#%
4241
34234*=7"3
71"14
923433*4"
4"211*
"32372*"
149*&
735
*3"1"
2*
4.4 Process assessments and rewards
C713
234144*
4411241
"12
'83"+../(*4"4
323
"34131
'83 "+..A(*84"4"
"774""
4'B 6"+..0;82"+./.(*
4
211'!"+.--(
3'8Q>"#$+,('DRQ*"
#$++(*811414>
""*84"4
7
"34"3
147*
4
43*5
33>
*323"34
!"#$#%
34"*6
"517>3
'&"+..#(*
632"
1'1 &"#$#$(*="1
"3""
7'1 &"#$#$(*H"
241>3*
!42"1
137*="
>23
1'=2*"#$#$(*&3
243
*
"13*
=7"33371""
131'!
*"#$+-(*643
3
*
5.0 Concluding thoughts and future research directions
"33how 1
. "37>
*4"
21237'4
*"#$+$(*84"31
1323"7"4
3*&11
'**": 83"#$$#(1
'! S"#$##("31
37'F1"#$+#;
F"#$+-; B"#$$%(*<614
!"#$#%
4144
73*
114
243114*84"3
434
51*F3"12313
4'F1"#$+#;F"#$+-;
B"#$$%(*&4"3414332
27'G"#$#+(*=3"
114
"1421
2'*"#$$-(*"33
51*
5.1 Future research to test metacognition in entrepreneurship education
4"4
7*6
43"31
33
*6
7*47
*=311
3314>*=7"
134
*"17
31*
331
'"#$++("343
3'"#$+A(*
13
941*=7"1
2"4"21""
1*331
7*17
!"#$#%
"331
*
=4"1"
"""49
'I 4"#$++(*=7"1'#$+0"*0-%(
"3"?>
43214
"@141
*"77
*=7"431
"17"33
4*6
1*T"14
3*=4
3312*=7""
212414*D4"3
123*6
1"?@'2"#$$/"*#-/(*
42144
3433
*
!"#$#%
References
&"*" &1"D*'#$#$(*&741
4*European Journal of Engineering Education"45'A("-++U-#/*
&"B*"G"B*"D9"*""H*"82"*"6"E*"
H"E*'#$##(*BU344
MSmall Business Economics"+U#,*
&"*'+..#(*B""*Journal of
Educational Psychology"84',("#0+*
&"*" &"I*'+.//(*&85
*Journal of Educational Psychology"80',("#0$*
!"&*'+.--(*Social Learning Theory'*+(*3":I*
!"*&*'#$+%(*21
V51*Handbook of Entrepreneurial Cognition*
31D*
!"!*" S"&*'(*&4
*International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal.
!"*=*"8"!*I*" "E*H*'#$$-(*87
*Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic
Principles"2"A+0UA,.*
!4"8*" 824"8*'#$$$(*3*H*D*87
'*("The Blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship.!23!'*#/-U
,$-(*
!":*"H"&*" "*'#$$,(*H4*
Annual Review of Psychology"54'+("A-.U0+0*<
!3"&*'+./-(*"7""
4*=**6 **E3"'*(Metacognition,
motivation, and understanding'*0AU++0(*":ID31.
!"*":"*B*" 8G1"*'#$+-(*4
*Scandinavian Journal of
Medicine & Science in Sports"27'#("#%AU#A,*
"*D*""!*B*" D1"I**'+./.(*48D
*TESOL Quarterly"23'%("0%-U0-/*
"B*:*"H"H**"E"&*" "**'#$++(*
&4*Journal of Business Venturing"26',(",-AU
,.$*
!"#$#%
"**E*'#$++(*
*The International Journal of Research and Review, 6'+("+U+0*
"**" E"8*6*'#$$.(*8!""
*Metacognition: New research developments.:8
1"*'"++-U+,0(*
34"8*'#$$A(*H41
MJournal of Business Venturing"20'0("-#-U-%0*
H"I*" "I*'#$++(*&1)7
*Reflective Practice"12'A("A..U0+,*
"*"E"8*:*" "*'#$+A(*&3*
International Journal of Management Reviews"17'#("#,#U#AA*
H32"*8*" D"*D*'+.//(*&
4*Psychological Review"95'#("#A0*
4"**" &"8*'#$$,(*Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures*
8F4*
"&**'#$$#(*>&
*Organization Science"13'#("+#/U+%0*
2"&*'#$$+(*71*Trends and prospects
in motivation research.8'*#.-U,#,(*
2"&*'#$$/(*H
*European Psychologist"13'%("#--U#/-*
=4"&*"B4"!*" DW":*'#$$0(*&
&34*Journal of European Industrial
Training"30'.("-$+-#$*
="I**'+.-0(*1*D**2'*("The
nature of intelligence*1'*#,+U#,A(*
="I**'+.-.(*3U
94*American Psychologist"34'+$(".$0U.++*
="I*'+./-(*81*
6"=**" E3"**'*("Metacognition, motivation, and understanding.
D31&'*#+U#.(*
="*H*'#$+#(**Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences"367'+A..("##+,U
###,*<
!"#$#%
=2"*"B2"**" ="*H*'#$#$(*311
M4*
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"44'#(",+AU,,/*
B"8*" 6"!*'+..0(**Handbook of
Educational Psychology"4'+("0,U/%*
G"B*'#$#+(*4U&4
1*International Journal of Entrepreneurial
Behavior & Research"27'A("++%#++0A*
1"H**" &"*'#$#$(*D*
Industry and Higher Education"34',("+#+U+,-*
"*'#$+A(*8"
D*Technological
Forecasting and Social Change"100"#+U#/*<
4"I**" 8"H*&*'#$$.(*&
*Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice"33',("0.AU-+%*
4"I**"8"H*"232"*" 4"**'#$+$(*&
*Journal of Business Venturing"
25'#("#+-U##.*
4"I**"8"H*&*" >"*'#$+#(*14
21412*
Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice"36'#("#,-U#0A*
I"*" 4"*'#$++(*F4
B14B*Education+Training"53'/).("0.#U-$,*
I"I**"E2"&*6*" :"*C*'+../(*8&7
3*Personality and Social Psychology Review 2'#("+,-U+A%*
E2"B*&*"8"*"E12"I*" B"&*I*'#$#+(*?X**"13**"
2Y@&433
12*Journal of Small Business Management"
59'A("+$A$U+$/$*<
E"&*'+..+(*951
*Journal of Educational Psychology 83",$-U,+-*
E2"H*=*"="B*" &"H*!*'#$#$(*F
*Small Business Economics"57"+0/+U+0.+*
E4J"*"822D"I*" 4G"I*'#$++(*
13"
*Entrepreneurship research in Europe*31*
!"#$#%
D2L"*" "E*6*'#$+A(*!
4*Education+Training"57'+("%/
-,*
DRQ"=*"8"=*I*" =Q>"I*'#$++(*
*International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7',(",-,U
,.$*
D"*"E4"*" "F*'#$+,(*
33*
H4*3
1*
D2"*"4"*"T"E*" !"*'#$+.(*H
1MJournal of Small Business Management"57',("
++A-U++-+*
"*6*X*"D"*" 8"*'#$$/(*
&32
*Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship"21',("#A-U#-0*
"*E*"!>"D*6*""*&*" 8"I*!*'#$$-(*9
*Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice"806"+U#-*
"I**"8"H*&*" 8"*'#$++(*6
342*Strategic
Management Journal"32'-("0/,U-$%*
"8*" 34"I*'#$+$(*&3
*International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research"
16'#(".#U+++*
"B*"6"*" "*'#$++(*74
14*Conscious Cognition"20"+/%-U+/A%*<
:1"B*"DRQ"=*"=4"&*"E":*" 64"&*'#$+-(*
&43
*The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 16'#("#--U#..*
:"*'#$+-(*&43*Entrepreneurial
Business and Economics Review, 5"+%.U+-#*
:2"**" B"*B*'#$++(*E333
*Journal of Small Business Management"49'+("AAU-$*
:"I*" 83"B*'#$$#(*234
4*Journal of Educational Research,95',("+,+U+%#*
!"#$#%
C"8*" 6"E*'#$++(*
14*International Journal of
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management"13'#("+0+U+-/*
34"D*" "I*'#$$-(*&43
*International Small Business Journal"25'A("%-.UA+$*
34"D*" "I*'#$$-1(*87
1*Management Learning"38"#++U#,,*
4"6**" "B**'#$$,(*44*
Handbook of Psychology: Educational Psychology"7",U#$*
1"8*":"*""D*" E":*'#$+0(*:3>
=*Education
+ Training"58'-)/("00+U0/,*
"&*""*" "*'#$+.(*4
214*Open Psychology"1'+("#$$U#+%*
8"*""*" 2"&*'#$$A(*8K61
MEuropean Psychologist"10',("+..U#$/*
8Q>"I**'#$+,(*
*Journal of Small Business Management"
51',("%%-U%0A*
8"8**"<"**"<"&*"<"8*=*<<:4"Z*<'#$+.(*
*<International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research"25'0("
+#A.U+#/#*
84"8*'#$$+(*3
144*Academy of Management Review"26'#("
#%,U#0%*
84"8*'#$$/(*New horizons in entrepreneurship. Effectuation: Elements of
entrepreneurial expertise*31*
8"H*&*"6"*&*" >"*'#$+%(*21
23*Journal of Management, 41"++U%0*
83"B*'+../(*3*Instructional Science"#0'+U
#("++,U+#A*<
83"B*'#$$+(*B&3*Metacognition in
Learning and Instruction: Theory, Research and Practice*E3&
1*
83"B*" H"*'+..%(*&3*Contemporary
Educational Psychology,19"%0$U%-A*
!"#$#%
83"B*" "H*'+..A(**Educational Psychology Review"
7'%(",A+U,-+*
82"H**'+./.(*84*Self-regulated
learning and academic achievement.8'*/,U++$(*
"E*H*'#$+#(**CBE—Life Sciences Education"
11'#("++,U+#$*
F1"!*'#$+#(*&7*
Management Dynamics"21'#("+0U,,*<
F"8*'#$+-(*31233
*Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe"
8'#(*
F"8*'#$+/(*713
*Journal of Enterprising Culture"26'$#("+AAU+/,*<
F"8*" "F*'#$+/(*!
*Education and Training"0$'-U/("0-%U0.A*<
"F*"D"*" "E*'#$++(*
4&3*The Amfiteatru Economic Journal"13',$("
,--U,.+*
"E**" B"6*!*'+..-(**
Journal of Business Venturing"12'A("%$,U%#+*
"*" B"*'#$$%(*H&1*
International Journal of Phytoremediation"29'%("A%,UA%/*<
6"D*6*":4"!*8*"613"&*""&**"613":*&*"3"
B*" "&*:*'#$#$(*5
4*Heliyon"
6'.("$%.##*
6"D*" "**'+..+(*844C"4"
*Journal of Personality"59',(",,.U,A%*
63"&*" E"F*'#$++(*3
*Small Group Research"42'+(",#UA%*
6"D*X*"6"*I*""*X*" 6"**'#$$.(*=
*Management Decision"47",%AU,A/*