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Unlocking the potential of Lion's Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)

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Abstract

The Lion's Mane mushroom, botanically known as Hericium erinaceus, stands out as a unique and esteemed member of the fungal kingdom. This extraordinary mushroom not only possesses an alluring appearance but also holds a significant historical presence in diverse cultures, especially within the context of ancient herbal medicine practices. This fungus holds promising prospects in several domains. Its potential as a natural remedy for cognitive health is gaining attention. This mushroom has neuroprotective properties and could play a role in supporting brain function, which is particularly relevant in the present aging population where neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease are a growing concern. Furthermore, Lion's Mane has been explored for its potential in addressing mood disorders. It is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including β-glucans, that can positively affect the immune system. The fungus produces bioactive compounds that can be used to treat various chronic diseases like obesity, high blood pressure, hepatic disorders, and cancer ; it also has other benefits like wound healing and improving the immune system. This review endeavours to elucidate the multifaceted potential of Lion's Mane mushroom within the domains of nutrition, health, and wellness. Through a comprehensive examination of its properties and benefits, the review explored how Lion's Mane mushrooms can be harnessed to enhance human well-being. By unlocking the secrets hidden within this remarkable fungus, the study provides insights that can empower individuals to incorporate Lion's Mane into their daily lives, fostering a healthier and more balanced lifestyle.
Unlocking the potential of Lions Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)
Sabyasachi Banerjee
School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144005 (Punjab), India
Shruti Gupta
School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144005 (Punjab), India
Ritu Raj
School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144005 (Punjab), India
Mudra Gupta
School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144005 (Punjab), India
Sonam Kumari
School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144005 (Punjab), India
Gurpreet Kaur*
Department of Plant Pathology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144005
(Punjab), India
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gurpreetbchandel@gmail.com
Article Info
https://doi.org/10.31018/
jans.v16i1.5224
Received: October 20, 2023
Revised: January 7, 2024
Accepted: January 18, 2024
This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commerc ial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). © : Author (s). Publishing rights @ ANSF.
39 - 50
ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)
journals.ansfoundation.org
Research Article
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants and herbs hold significant importance
in the context of traditional treatments. Approximately
140,000 to 150,000 mushroom species have been rec-
ognized for producing diverse medicinal compounds
and about 700 medicinal compounds have been identi-
fied from these species (Bacha et al., 2018). Lion's
Mane mushroom is among many medicinal mush-
rooms renowned for their potential health benefits and
therapeutic properties. Referred to as fungi, these or-
ganisms encompass the visible fruiting body and the
underlying mycelium, constituting a unique biological
category. Humans have always fascinated by nature
and their properties of mushrooms and gathered
knowledge about their medicinal properties. Lion's
Mane belongs to the category of higher fungi, also
known as macro-fungi. Among the 14,000 identified
species of higher fungi, 350 are recognized as edible
and consumed by humans (Niego et al., 2021). It is
intriguing name was derived from its unique appear-
ance, which resembles the cascading tendrils of a lion's
Abstract
The Lion's Mane mushroom, botanically known as Hericium erinaceus, stands out as a unique and esteemed member of the
fungal kingdom. This extraordinary mushroom not only possesses an alluring appearance but also holds a significant historical
presence in diverse cultures, especially within the context of ancient herbal medicine practices. This fungus holds promising
prospects in several domains. Its potential as a natural remedy for cognitive health is gaining attention. This mushroom has
neuroprotective properties and could play a role in supporting brain function, which is particularly relevant in the present aging
population where neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease are a growing concern. Furthermore, Lion's Mane has
been explored for its potential in addressing mood disorders. It is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including β-glucans,
that can positively affect the immune system. The fungus produces bioactive compounds that can be used to treat various
chronic diseases like obesity, high blood pressure, hepatic disorders, and cancer ; it also has other benefits like wound healing
and improving the immune system. This review endeavours to elucidate the multifaceted potential of Lion's Mane mushroom
within the domains of nutrition, health, and wellness. Through a comprehensive examination of its properties and benefits, the
review explored how Lion's Mane mushrooms can be harnessed to enhance human well-being. By unlocking the secrets hidden
within this remarkable fungus, the study provides insights that can empower individuals to incorporate Lion's Mane into their
daily lives, fostering a healthier and more balanced lifestyle.
Keywords: Bioactive compound, Edible fungi, Lion's Mane mushroom, Medicinal mushroom
How to Cite
Banerjee. S. et al. (2023). Unlocking the potential of Lions Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus). Journal of Applied and
Natural Science, 16(1), 39 - 50. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5224
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
40
mane. Its long, fringed, snow-white spines instantly
make it recognizable in its natural habitat. It is prevalent
in the United Kingdom, Japan, Europe, East Asia, and
the temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere
(David and Williams, 2023).
The fungus commonly thrives on mature trees with
broad canopies, such as old pollards or well-
established specimens, but it can occasionally produce
fruiting bodies on younger trees that have been injured
or damaged (Sokol et al., 2015). In the natural environ-
ment, it reproduces via spores. These spores exhibit
considerable resilience to diverse climatic conditions
and can endure for a duration of up to seven years. It
seems to thrive in warmth rather than intense heat,
flourishing particularly in temperatures ranging from 25
to 30°C. While it can also develop in cooler conditions,
such as 20°C, it does not thrive in freezing tempera-
tures. Sporulation ceases when temperatures reach 31-
33°C, elucidating its prevalence in Europe during late
summer or autumn. It can prosper both in humid and
acidic environments (Thongbai et al., 2015; He et al.,
2017). However, it does not thrive in tropical or sub-
tropical regions, and it shows a preference for moder-
ate rather than high humidity levels (David and Wil-
liams, 2023)
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION
The Lion's Mane mushroom is an uncommon species,
and the unauthorized harvesting of its wild fruiting bod-
ies in the United Kingdom is rigorously forbidden. This
fungus was artificially cultivated for the very first time in
China, under controlled environments using synthetic
logs that are enclosed within polypropylene bags and
bottles (Imtiaj et al., 2008) This mushroom requires an
optimal temperature range of 18-24 °C and 80-90 per
cent relative humidity for the mycelial growth. Adequate
fresh air circulation for about 5-8 hours is essential, and
it flourishes best in light conditions ranging from 500 to
1000 lux (Bacha et al., 2018).
Despite its nutritional value, it is highly regarded for its
mild flavor and succulent texture. Even though wild
fruiting bodies are rare, it is very easy to cultivate this
fungus using agricultural byproducts abundant in cellu-
lose (Table 1). Lions mane mushroom consists of vari-
ous components such as carbohydrates (60.95 %),
protein (42.5 %), ash (8.9 %), low fats (7.9 %), crude
fiber (7.81 %) and amino acids (Bacha et al., 2018).
Benefits of Lions mane mushroom:
Lions mane mushroom contains bioactive compounds
such as hericerins, alkaloids, steroids, polysaccharides
and erinacines (Table 2). Among these the terpenoid
compounds like hericenones obtained from the fruiting
body of the fungi and erinacines obtained from cultured
media stimulate synthesis of Nerve growth factor
(NGF).
Among these, the most significant results have been
found in treating Parkinsons and Alzheimer disease. It
also has antitumor, antidiebatic and anticancerous
properties (Fig. 1).
Improve brain function
Li et al. (2020) conducted a study wherein for a period
of 49 weeks Chinese nationals were given 350 mg cap-
sules three times daily, each containing 5 mg/g of eri-
nacine A, and the results showed improvements in var-
ious blood biomarkers, including calcium, hemoglobin,
albumin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, superoxide
dismutase, and homocysteine. Moreover, participants
who consumed capsules containing Hericium erina-
ceus mycelium also showed enhancements in alpha-
ACT (α-ACT) and reductions in β-amyloid levels.
These findings indicate improved cognitive abilities and
greater levels of Neurocognitve benefits (social cogni-
tion, language, learning, memory, executive function
and perceptual-motor skills). Martínez-Mármol et al.
(2023) reported that Hericene-A functions by utilizing a
unique signaling pathway that promotes overall neu-
rotrophic effects, enhancing cognitive abilities. Kuo et
al. (2016) reported that mycelium of H. erinaceus allevi-
ate the damaging impact on neuronal cells within an
animal model treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine (Kuo et al., 2016). H. erinaceus can
Table 1. Cultivation of Lion's Mane mushroom using Agricultural Waste
Source : Bacha et al., (2018).
Developmental
Stages Organs Agricultural Products
Vegetative Mycelia Rice bran, wheat bran, barley bran, egg shell Chinese cabbage, soybean powder,
Potato dextrose agar medium, yeast malt medium, oak saw dust medium
Sunflower seed hulls
Tofu whey
Reproductive Fruiting Body Agro wastes (rice straw, soybean dregs, sugarcane bagasse)
Textile industry wastes (hemp, rye straw, flax shive, alder sawdust,)
Artemisia capillaries
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
41
be used to treat various cognitive impairments (Mori et
al., 2009), Alzheimer disease (Tzeng et al., 2016),
Parkinsons disease (Kuo et al., 2016), Ischemic stroke
(Lee et al., 2014), Presbycusis (Chan et al., 2019).
Support digestive health
Peptic ulcers, encompassing gastric and duodenal ul-
cers, have posed a significant health concern for the
global population (Xie et al., 2022). The main factors
contributing to peptic ulcer disease include persistent
inflammation triggered by Helicobacter pylori infection
and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAIDs) (Narayanan et al., 2018) The gastric
mucus barrier serves a vital function in protecting the
stomach (Allen and Flemstrom, 2005: Jia et al., 2023).
When animals were pretreated with an aqueous extract
of H. erinaceus, there was a notable enhancement in
gastroprotection. This was evident as there was a sig-
nificant increase in free mucus compared to animals
with ulcers but without treatment. This mucus primarily
consisted of mucin-type glycoprotein, identified using
alcian blue dye. Alcian blue dye binds to substances
with negative charges.
The mucus gel that adheres to the surface of the gas-
tric mucosa acts as a shield, safeguarding the underly-
ing epithelium from substances like acid pepsin and
damaging agents such as ethanol and indomethacin
(Devaraj et al., 2011). However, it is important to note
that according to Allen and Flemstrom (2005), the mu-
cus lining the gastric wall plays a more crucial role in
protecting the gastric mucosa against chemical or me-
chanical threats than the soluble mucus found within
the stomach's lumen. This gastric wall mucus coating
may contribute to the healing of damaged gastric epi-
thelium (Shih et al., 2005; Hagen 2021). Therefore, the
increased capacity of alcian blue binding suggests that
the aqueous extract of H. erinaceus can activate the
defensive system of the gastric mucus barrier.
Relieve depression and anxiety
Depression is a prevalent and severe neuropsychiatric
condition, ranking among the top contributors to the
worldwide burden of disease. While there are numerous
antidepressant medications on the market, their effec-
tiveness is often limited, and a significant number of
them come with undesirable side effects. There are
various hypotheses involved in depression about how it
works. One of the hypothesis is monoamine hypothesis,
which state that the symptoms and expressions of de-
pression are linked with impairment of monoamine sys-
tems, that encompass serotonin, norepinephrine and
potentially dopamine (Coppen 1967; Schildkraut 2006;
Chong et al., 2019). Reduced transmission of monoam-
ine neurotransmitters can occur due to a range of fac-
tors, including deficits or malfunctions in monoamine
precursor molecules, receptors, enzymes, and trans-
porters, as well as issues related to monoamine synthe-
sis (Fig. 2). Moreover, an increase in monoamine oxi-
dase activity and reduced exocytosis can contribute to
this deficiency.
Clinical observations conducted in vivo have supplied
substantial evidence in favour of the monoamine hy-
pothesis (Bunney and Davis 1965; Coppen 1967;
Schildkraut 2006; Chong et al., 2019). When animals
displaying depressive-like symptoms were given H.
erinaceus orally, it produced effects similar to those of
conventional antidepressant medications. It is noted
that H. erinaceus helps reinstate serotonin, norepineph-
Fig. 1. Benefits of Lions mane mushrooms
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
42
Table 2. Bioactive compounds of Hericium erinaceum and their therapeutic potential.
List of compounds Action Medical use References
Polysaccharides
β-D-glucans
Anti-carcinogenic Stomach and intestinal cancers
(gastric, liver, colorectal),
Leukemia
Sokol et al., (2015);
David and William (2023)
Immune response modulation For treating cancers
Gastrointestinal shielding Chronic gastritis, ulcers
Bactericidal effect Ailments caused by Helicobacter
pylori
Reduction of Cholesterol and tri-
glyceride levels
Hyperlipidaemia
Anti-hyperglycemic Diabetes
Liver function support Liver tissue injury
Polyphenols Oxidative stress protection Skin rejuvenation Sokol et al., (2015);
David and William (2023)
Hericenones A–B Anti-thrombotic Thrombosis, vascular diseases,
stroke
Sokol et al., (2015);
David and William (2023)
Cytolytic Cancers Sokol et al., (2015);
David and William (2023)
Hericirine Diminishing inflammatory signal-
ing molecules and immune sys-
tem messengers(cytokines)
Inflammatory ailments Sokol et al., (2015);
David and William (2023)
Hericenones C–H,
erinacines A–I
Neuro-restorative, Nerve cell
preservation
Dementia, Alzheimers and Parkin-
sons diseases, depression
Sokol et al., (2015);
David and William (2023)
Erinacine A Heightened synthesis of neurotro-
phins, leading to elevated levels of
nerve growth factor messenger
RNA (NGF mRNA).
Neuroregenerative treatments for
neurological disorders or injuries
Rupcic et al., (2018)
Erinacine B Augmented generation of neuro-
trophins, specifically an elevation
in the production of nerve growth
factor messenger RNA (mRNA).
Treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders, nerve injuries, and con-
ditions where enhanced neural
regeneration is desired
Rupcic et al., (2018)
Erinacine C Mitigating neuroinflammation by
decreasing the levels of nitric ox-
ide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-
α), and hindering the activation of
NF-κB and the phosphorylation of
IκBα.
Treatment of various neurological
disorders
Wang et al.,(2019)
Erinacine P Substantial promotion of the ex-
tension of neuronal projections
(neurites).
Treatment of conditions involving
nerve injuries, neurodegenerative
diseases, or other disorders where
the promotion of neural growth and
connectivity is desirable
Zhang et al., (2018)
Erinacine S The promotion of neurite out-
growth in primary neurons from
both the central nervous system
(CNS) and peripheral nervous
system (PNS) is significantly in-
creased.
Promotes nerve regeneration and
functional recovery in cases of
injuries to both the CNS and PNS
Lin et al., (2023)
Erinacine W,X,Y Induced growth of neuronal pro-
jections
Repair and recovery of damaged
nerves, which is particularly rele-
vant in conditions involving nerve
injuries or neurodegenerative dis-
eases
Ma et al., (2021)
Hericenone F Diminished nitric oxide (NO) pro-
duction resulting in an anti-
inflammatory effect
Treatment of inflammatory condi-
tions
Lee et al., (2016)
Isohericerinol A,
Corallocin A
Elevated the production of brain-
derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF) protein.
Treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders, mood disorders, and
other conditions where neuronal
health and plasticity are critical
Ryu et al., (2021)
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
43
rine, and dopamine levels in these animals (Chiu et al.,
2018; Chong et al., 2021). This fungus's fruiting bodies
and mycelia consist of various bioactive compounds
that can stimulate the production of several neu-
rotrophic factors (Kawagishi et al.,1992; Kawagishi et
al.,1994; Kawagishi et al.,1996; Kushairi et al., 2019).
The majority of identified bioactive compounds respon-
sible for producing antidepressant-like effects are pri-
marily linked to their ability to stimulate NGF (Nerve
Growth Factor) production (Mori et al., 2008; Li et al.,
2018) and also nerve cells (Wong et al., 2007; David
and Williams 2023). In the context of H. erinaceus, the
bioactive compounds responsible for affecting NGF
release are mainly hericenones and erinacines. Due to
their small molecular size they can easily penetrate the
blood-brain barrier (Huang et al., 2021). Nagano et al.
( 2010) conducted an experiment to study the effects of
H. erinaceus on depression, menopause, sleep quality
and indefinite complaints, wherein 30 females were
randomly given H. erinaceus (HE) cookies or placebo
cookies for 4 weeks. It was found that each of the Cen-
ter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the
Indefinite Complaints Index scores after the HE intake
was significantly lower than before. Hence, it was
proved that HE intake can reduce anxiety and depres-
sion but the mode of action in this case differed from
the NGF-enhancing action of H. erinaceus. Ryu et al.
(2018) carried out a study to evaluate the antidepres-
sant and anxiolytic potential of ethanolic extract derived
from H. erinaceus in adult mice and found that mice
fed with extract of H. erinaceus showed significant
changes in antidepressant effects.
Boost immune health
Lion's Mane mushroom is recognized for its abundance
of beta-glucans, especially beta 1-3, 1-6 glucan, among
the various mushroom varieties rich in this compound
(Kawagishi et al., 1992), it also contains erinacines
(Kawagishi et al., 1992; Kawagishi et al., 1994; Nagai
et al., 2006), Hericenones (Mori et al., 2009), dilinoleoyl
-phosphatidylethanolamine, DLPE (Kawagishi 2006),
terpene compounds (Kenmoku et al., 2001), protein
vitamins (Wu et al., 2012) amino acids (Li et al., 2014).
Mushroom-derived β-glucans are well-known for their
potent immunomodulatory properties, surpassing other
types in terms of their ability to affect immune and in-
flammatory responses (Han et al., 2020; Ikewaki et al.,
2021). Immunomodulation involves the capacity to cor-
rect aberrant immune functions, which can entail bol-
stering weakened or suppressed aspects or normaliz-
ing hyperactive or excessive functions (Jesenak et al.,
2014)
Because of their versatile mechanism of action, β-
glucans are recognized as biological response modifi-
ers. They alter the epigenetic profile of innate immune
cells, leading to an enhanced immune response. Addi-
tionally, they serve as pathogen-associated molecular
patterns, binding to specific receptors for pathogen
Fig. 2. Monoamine hypothesis of depression
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
44
recognition, thereby triggering innate and adaptive im-
mune reactions (Han et al., 2020; Ikewaki et al., 2021).
These β-glucans can additionally boost the perfor-
mance of macrophages and neutrophils, bolster the
capabilities of natural killer (NK) cells, affect the gener-
ation of cytokines and chemokines, and oversee the
control of antibody production, among a myriad of other
roles. Therefore, it can be concluded that Hericenone
can increase the immune health. H. erinaceus fruiting
body contains various compounds that show hemag-
glutination (Gong et al., 2004). This fungus also shows
anti microbial properties (Yim et al., 2007; Chong et al.,
2019), immunomodulatory (Kim et al., 2012; Zhao et
al., 2020), anti-aging (Zhang et al., 2012; Tripodi et al.,
2022), anti-oxidant properties (Malinowska et al., 2009;
Hsu et al., 2023).
Prevent cancer
Erinacine-A potentially triggers a series of programmed
cell death events in TSGH 9201 cells (Mori et al., 2009)
through the activation of the FAK/AKT/p70S6K/PAK1
pathway and the increased expression of proteins
1433S and MTUS2. This offers a novel explanation for
how this compound exerts its anti-cancer effects on
human gastric cancer cells (Li et al., 2014). This potent
anti-tumor effect of Erinacin-A has been further validat-
ed by a study, which not only replicated these findings
in vitro using two human colon cancer cell lines (DLD-1
and HCT-116) but also confirmed its efficacy in an in
vivo mouse model. This subsequent research provided
additional insights into the mechanisms underlying its
strong anti-tumor properties and also increased NK
cells (Figure-3) (Lee et al., 2019).
Utilizing the body's innate immune system to target
cancerous cells, NK cell-based immunotherapy repre-
sents an innovative frontier in cancer treatment (Cheent
and Khakoo 2009; Shin et al., 2020) This innovative
therapy capitalizes on the unique abilities of NK cells,
which are a type of white blood cell with a natural pro-
pensity to target and destroy cancerous cell (Cheng et
al., 2013; Liu et al., 2021). NK cell-based immunothera-
py holds great promise for various cancers, including
leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors. It offers a tar-
geted and less toxic alternative to traditional cancer
treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
However, challenges remain, such as optimizing NK
cell expansion, persistence and overcoming the immu-
nosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Ongoing re-
search and clinical trials aim to refine this approach
further and improve its efficacy to fight against malig-
nant cells.
The polysaccharides present in H. erinaceus have the
capacity to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, trig-
ger immune responses mediated by macrophages, and
stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells (Sheu et al.,
2013). Reducing cancer risk is possible through a well-
rounded diet and making appropriate lifestyle deci-
sions. Laboratory studies indicate that Lion's Mane con-
tains polysaccharides and aromatic compounds with
anti-cancer properties. Researchers have identified
multiple mechanisms through which Lion's Mane ex-
tract can inhibit the proliferation of diverse cancer cells,
including those associated with lung and breast cancer.
Fig. 3. Natural killer cell based therapy for malignant cells
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
45
Investigations are ongoing to understand its potential
role as a supplementary treatment in cancer care. (Atay
et al., 2021). The presence of polysaccharides, hericir-
ine, polyphenols, and various other compounds in Li-
on's Mane contributes to the inhibition of inflammation,
provides antioxidant benefits, and regulates immune
responses. Consequently, consistent consumption may
contribute to the reinforcement of the immune system
(Meena et al., 2020).
Manage diabetes
In the year 2000, diabetes was determined to have a
worldwide prevalence of 2.8 per cent among people of
all age groups, and it is anticipated to increase to 4.4
per cent by the year 2030 (Wild et al., 2004; Ka-
veeshwar et al., 2014). In diabetes mellitus, persistent
high levels of blood sugar lead to a range of biochemi-
cal irregularities (Giugliano et al., 1996; Rajasekaran et
al., 2005), Oxidative stress plays a significant role in
the development of diabetes (Nishikawa et al., 2000;
Forbes et al., 2008; Giacco and Brownlee, 2010). Clini-
cal investigations have shown that strict management
of hyperglycemia can lower the risk or slow down the
progression of diabetes. Nevertheless, with the existing
medications for lowering blood sugar levels, achieving
and sustaining precise glycemic control in diabetic indi-
viduals can be challenging (Nathan et al.,1993; Ohkubo
et al., 1995; Dronavalli et al., 2008). The substantial
antioxidant capabilities and presence of bioactive com-
pounds in Hericium erinaceus make it a valuable re-
source for addressing metabolic disorders, particularly
in the context of diabetes treatment (Chaiyasut et al.,
2017). Exo-biopolymer derived from H. erinaceus my-
celial culture has beneficial impact on lowering lipid
levels in rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia (Han et
al., 2013) as well as lowering the glycemic index in ani-
mals (Wang et al., 2005). All these studies concludes
that lions mane can reduce the lipid accumulation in
the body and also reduces the glycemic index.
The hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the
aqueous extract from H. erinaceus have been docu-
mented in experimental rat models. The addition of H.
erinaceus extract (at doses of 100200 mg/kg body
weight) resulted in enhanced serum insulin levels and
decreased glucose levels in diabetic rats induced by
streptozotocin. The study also indicated that supple-
mentation with H. erinaceus aqueous extract demon-
strated antihyperlipidemic properties and enhanced the
activity of free radical scavenging enzymes (Liang et
al., 2013). Wu and Xu (2015) documented the in vitro
antidiabetic properties of H. erinaceus, highlighting that
the suppression of a-glycosidase and aldose reductase
activity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Zhang
et al. (2015) observed that the ethanolic extract de-
rived from H. erinaceus demonstrated anti-neuropathic
pain effects in a diabetic neuropathic Wistar rat model
induced by alloxan. Supplementation with approximate-
ly 40 mg of the ethanolic extract per kilogram of body
weight led to a reduction in neuropathic pain, increased
inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and enhanced activities
of antioxidant enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase,
glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, cata-
lase, Na+ K+ ATPase, and glutathione S transferase in
the experimental rats. The findings suggested that the
improvement in the host's antioxidant system by H.
erinaceus extract could be accountable for the alleviat-
ed diabetic neuropathy.
Reduce heart disease risk
Atherosclerosis, which is a multifaceted pathological
progression, accounts for over 50 per cent of fatalities
in industrialized nations (Murray et al., 1997). The pri-
mary factor implicated in the initiation of atherosclerosis
is commonly identified as the oxidative modification of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Atherosclerosis is the
major reason that ultimately result in cardiovascular
diseases (CVD) and strokes (Murray et al.,1997; Libby,
2002; Roger et al., 2012). The factors governing the
oxidation of LDL lay the groundwork for the harmful
progression of atherosclerosis (Li and Mehta, 2005;
Yoshida and Kisugi 2010; Rahman et al., 2014). Oxi-
dized LDL is readily taken up by macrophages. Mush-
rooms have naturally low fat content and do not contrib-
ute to elevated cholesterol levels. Moreover, specific
mushrooms, such as Lion's Mane, contain compounds
that inhibit lipid oxidation and demonstrate an antihy-
perlipidemic effect. Consequently, Lion's Mane is rec-
ognized as beneficial for cardiovascular health (Jang et
al., 2017). Hericium erinaceus extracts posses inhibito-
ry effect on HMG CO-A reductase activity and in vitro
LDL oxidation (Rahman et al. 2014). Mushrooms have
been recognized for their capacity to inhibit both cho-
lesterol production (Rahman et al., 2014) and absorp-
tion (Bobek et al.,1994; Berger et al., 2004) as well as
promote the excretion of cholesterol through feces
(Yang et al., 2013). Additionally, the dietary fibers found
in mushrooms contribute to their effectiveness as
agents for reducing lipid levels (Cheng et al., 2002;
Ganesan and Xu 2018).
Limited evidence from experimental research suggests
that incorporating mushrooms into the diet has a posi-
tive impact on serum/plasma triglycerides and High-
sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. In-
creased mushroom consumption is associated with
reduced levels of blood triglycerides and hs-CRP,
which are indicators of cardiometabolic health.
(Uffelman et al., 2023). L-ergothioneine is an amino
acid obtained from the diet, known for its antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory characteristics, which are linked
to the onset of various degenerative and chronic condi-
tions, including several cardiometabolic diseases
(CMD) (Nguyen et al., 2013). Notably, animals and
Banerjee. S. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 16(1), 39 - 50 (2024)
46
higher plants do not produce L-ergothioneine; instead, it
is biosynthesized by mushrooms, cyanobacteria, and
certain soil bacteria. While L-ergothioneine is present in
low levels in various foods, mushrooms stand out as
the most significant dietary sources (Kalaras et al.,
2020).
Conclusion
Lion's Mane products, such as supplements and func-
tional foods, are expected to become more popular.
Moreover, Lion's Mane's unique culinary qualities, re-
sembling the taste and texture of seafood, make it a
sought-after ingredient for plant-based and vegetarian
diets. Its adaptability in various recipes and dishes adds
to its appeal in the culinary world. In the context of agri-
culture and sustainability, Lion's Mane cultivation is
relatively eco-friendly, requiring minimal resources and
space. As the demand for sustainable and locally
sourced food grows, the cultivation of this mushroom
could play a role in meeting these preferences. In con-
clusion, Lion's Mane mushroom is poised for a bright
future, driven by its potential in brain health, mental well
-being, nutrition, culinary applications, and sustainabil-
ity. Continued research and innovation in harnessing its
benefits may lead to even more exciting developments
in the future.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no competing interest.
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