Heavy Metals in Natural Waters: Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment; Springer-Verlag:
Chapters (11)
Arsenic, a member of Group Vb of the periodic classification, undergoes multiple electron transfer reactions. The variable chemical behaviour of arsenic is exemplified by its hard acid behaviour in As(+ 3) and soft base behaviour in compounds such as R3As, where R = alkyl or aryl group (Ahrland, 1966). Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment, including plant and animal tissues. It forms a variety of inorganic and organic compounds of different toxicity to aquatic organisms. This is due to the varying physico-chemical properties of the arsenicals in different valency states. It appears that the stable, soluble inorganic arsenites and arsenates are readily absorbed by the intestinal tract and muscle tissue. Arsenate is excreted faster than arsenite, mostly through urine, because of its poor affinity for thiol groups. Thus arsenate is less toxic than arsenite and does not inhibit any enzyme system. However, arsenate inhibits ATP synthesis by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and replacing the stable phosphoryl group, whereas arsenite inhibits thiol-dependent enzymes, retained in the body tissue proteins, such as keratin disulfides in hair, nails and skin. Arsenic compounds in the environment are vulnerable to chemical and biological transformations. In spite of its known toxicity, arsenic has been used for its medicinal virtues in the form of organic arsenicals.
Cadmium is the second member of the Group IIb triad (Zn, Cd, Hg) in the periodic classification of elements. The stable state of cadmium in the natural environment is Cd(+ 2). Cadmium is silvery white and ductile with a faint blue tinge. It has a medium class b character compared to zinc and mercury. This imparts moderate covalency in bonds and high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, leading to increased lipid solubility, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Cadmium accumulates in liver and kidney through its strong binding with cysteine residues of metallothionein. Since the metabolism of cadmium is closely related to zinc metabolism, metallothionein binds and transports both cadmium and zinc. Cadmium seems to displace zinc in many vital enzymatic reactions, causing disruption or cessation of activity.
Chromium is a white, hard and lustrous metal, melting at 1860°C. Many corrosive reagents render the metal passive and hence chemically inert. This accounts for its extensive use as an electroplated protective coating. However it is fairly active when not passivated and dissolves in non-oxidizing mineral acids. Chromium(+6) exists only as oxy species such as Cr03, CrO 2-4 and Cr2O 2-7 and is strongly oxidizing. Chromium(+5) and (+4) exist in transient states only to disproportionate to Cr(+3) and Cr(+ 6). A fair number of chromous (+2) compounds are known, all of which are strong and rapid reducing agents. The most important oxidation state of Cr is + 3 which forms large numbers of kinetically inert complexes.
Copper is widely distributed in nature in the free state and in sulfides, arsenides, chlorides, and carbonates. It is soft and ductile with a high thermal and electrical conductivity second only to silver. Copper is classified as intermediate between hard and soft acids in its chemical interactions with donor atoms. Hard acids prefer O donors forming essentially electrovalent bonds whereas soft acceptors prefer S or Se donor atoms forming covalent bonds. Copper belongs to the third transition metal series, exhibiting a wide variation in properties such as spectral, magnetic, complexing capacity, and oxidation states. These properties result from the partially filled d subshell. Copper complexes of oxidation states (+1), (+2), and (+3) are known, though Cu(+2) is most common. Cu(+1) is a typical soft acid.
Lead is a member of the Group IV elements (C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) of the periodic classification. The electropositive character in this group increases with atomic number and lead is truly metallic compared to carbon and silicon. Lead, unlike C and Si, does not bind to another identical atom, shows marked decrease in covalency, and has stable (+2) and (+4) oxidation states. Members of group IV form organo derivatives. Lead forms alkyl and aryl compounds. Tetraethyllead is widely used as an antiknock agent in gasoline. With the exception of nitrate and acetate, most lead(+2) salts are insoluble in water.
Elemental mercury, the only liquid metal at 25°C, is the third member of the group IIb triad of the periodic table of elements. The chemical behavior of mercury is significantly different from that of the other two members of the same triad, zinc and cadmium. Mercury is an enzyme and protein inhibitor whereas zinc plays an active role in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in a variety of organisms. The extreme class b character of Hg(+2) and RHg(+1) (R = alkyl or aryl group) gives (i) high affinity towards thiol groups and (ii) enhanced covalency compared to their zinc counterparts, resulting in increased bio-transport, distribution, and toxicity of mercurials. From the toxicological point of view, mercurials are classified into several groups such as elemental mercury, inorganic mercury compounds other than elemental mercury, short-chain alkyl mercurials (methyl and ethyl), and other organomercury compounds (Friberg and Vostal, 1972; Suzuki, 1977). Hg(0), Hg(+1), and Hg(+2) are readily interconverted in the environment (Figure 7-1).
Nickel is silvery white, malleable and ductile. It possesses good thermal and electrical conductivity, moderate strength, and hardness. It takes and retains high polish. Although nickel can achieve oxidation states from — 1 to +4, compounds of the +2 state are most common.
Zinc is relatively rare in nature but has a long history of use because of its occurrence in localized deposits and ease of extraction from ores. Zinc occurs in a number of minerals—zinc blends, ZnS, smithsonite, ZnCO3, willemite, Zn2SiO4, zincite, ZnO, and others. Commercially important ores are mainly those of carbonate and sulfide. Although zinc metallurgy is at least 1000 years old, zinc (described as false silver) has been known for some 2000 years. Smelting technology was brought to Europe from India and China around the eighteenth century and today zinc is mined and produced in over 30 countries. It ranks fourth among the metals next to steel, aluminum, and copper in annual global consumption.
The discharge of heavy metal wastes into receiving waters may result in numerous physical, chemical, and biological responses. These can be separated into two broad categories: (i) effects of the environment on the metal, and (ii) effects of the metal on the environment. The first category emphasizes that conditions in receiving waters may lead to a change in the speciation and toxicity of metals. Such conditions include differential input of anthropogenic and geochemical material, quality of industrial effluents, and concentration of chelators and suspended solids. Biological responses under the second category are often equally diverse. Depending on environmental conditions, there may be a change in density, diversity, community structure, and species composition of populations. The nature and extent of change depends largely on the concentration of heavy metal species in the water and sediment. Hence, physicochemical processes within effluents and natural waters have a major, albeit indirect, effect on biological responses.
The discharge of heavy metal wastes has many obvious impacts on aquatic systems. There may be an increase in residue levels in water, sediments, and biota, decreased productivity, and increase in exposure of humans to harmful substances. Some of us are less aware of the effect of the environment on the fate of metals. As outlined in earlier chapters, such changes may decrease the toxicity of wastes, or at least remove them from immediate contact with humans. Given this diversity of effects, it is reasonable to suggest that environmental problems must be viewed in a broad context. Such diversity implies that methods used to manage, monitor, and assess heavy metal pollution should be equally complex. Although scientists often try to ignore social, political, economic, legal, and administrative forces, the success or failure of monitoring and assessment programs may also hinge on these factors (Tinkham, 1974). It has been estimated that total pollution control measures were responsible for the closure of 75 plants in the USA between 1971 and 1975, affecting 13,600 workers (Edmunds, 1978). In addition, total expenditures for pollution control will be $69 billion by 1984, thereby increasing the inflation rate by 0.3-0.5% (Edmunds, 1978). The magnitude of these figures emphasizes that the recommendations arising from monitoring and impact assessment programs must be relevant, timely and costeffective.
Politics is a very powerful force which the manager must recognize and work with. The word “politics” means “of guiding or influencing government policy” which is relevant to the government of the state (federal, provincial or municipal) and society, including industry, and the interaction between any or all of these entities. Furthermore, the span of environmental management extends from the concept stage, through planning, development, operation and finally to reclamation and rehabilitation. The latter phases could be from one year to a hundred years or more later, especially in the case of a mining operation where the final point is the closing of the mine, its reclamation and the rehabilitation of the people.
... It may contain substances that are essential for our health, but these require regular monitoring to ensure that the quality of drinking water remains optimal. The quality of water is largely influenced by the characteristics of the aquifer horizons, including factors such as water balance, dimensions, thickness, shape, storage capacity, discharge, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, coefficients of hydraulic diffusivity, efficient storage, recharge of aquifers, drainage possibilities, granulation or fracturing, permeability of aquifer rocks, their ability to retain and release water, and piezometric pressure, among others [1][2][3][4]. ...
... Transition and post-transition metal ions are typically hydrolysed in neutral to slightly alkaline media, forming hydroxides that are sparingly soluble in water and are not toxic in these pH conditions. An exception to this rule is represented by the salts of V, Ti, Mo, and W, which form vanadate, titanate, molybdate, and tungstate anions, respectively, relatively soluble in neutral and alkaline media [1,2]. ...
... In the case of drinking water from various sources, the legislation in the Republic of Moldova specifies a maximum conductivity of 2500 μS/cm. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends a maximum Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 500 mg/L, which corresponds to approximately 1000 μS/cm [2,35]. Therefore, if the water conductivity values from these sources fall between 2670 and 5400 μS/cm, it could indicate a high level of dissolved solids, exceeding the safe limit for human consumption, possibly due to pollution or naturally occurring mineral content. ...
This study is primarily focused on evaluating the chemical composition of natural water in the locality of Cișmea, situated in the Orhei district, at the coordinates 47°24’56.0"N 28°45’05.9"E. The study includes an ad-hoc analysis of two types of water: surface water and underground water. General parameters were evaluated, such as pH, conductivity, hardness, chloride and sulphate content, as well as the content of certain chemical elements. The study results highlights significant deviations from the maximum admissible concentrations (MAC) for a series of indicators, such as As, Pb, Cd, Na, and B. The determined concentrations of these elements exceed the limits allowed by the legislation of Republic of Moldova and European Union: for As by 1.7–1.9 times; Cd by 3.4–3.5 times; Pb by 1.2–2.3 times; Na by 1.2–4.0 times and B by 1.6–3.3 times. Deviations of conductivity and sulphate parameters indicate the presence of a high level of dissolved solids in the groundwater of the locality’s wells and springs. The study also signalled the presence of significant concentrations of some heavy elements, such as Ba, Tl and Bi, which are not regulated by current legislation.
... The chronic level of Cu is 0.02-0.2 ppm [20]. Aquatic plants absorb three times more Cu than plants on dry lands [21]. ...
... Pb is discharged in the surface water through paints, solders, pipes, building material, gasoline etc. Pb is a well-known metal toxicant and it is gradually being phased out of the materials that human beings regularly use. Atmospheric fallout is usually the most important source of lead in the freshwaters [20]. In the present investigation, it was observed that the yearly concentration of Pb was in the range of 0.02 ppm to 0.61 ppm, while the average annual concentration of Pb was found to be 0.25 ppm (Table 1). ...
... There is an adverse influence on photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolic processes. Acute toxicity of Pb in invertebrates is reported at concentration of 0.1-10 ppm [20]. Higher levels pose eventual threat to fisheries resources. ...
The present study was initiated to understand the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in sediments of Bhavan’s College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai. The study was performed for a period of one year starting from June 2011 to May 2012 to quantify the toxic heavy metals like Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Hg, As and Cd by atomic absorption spectroscopy technique coupled with cold vapour technique (for Hg analysis) and hydride generation technique(for As analysis). It was observed that the yearly average concentrations of these heavy metals in lake sediments were 0.53, 0.25, 0.42, 0.43, 4.6, 0.14, 0.12 and 0.11 ppm respectively which were above the WHO limits for aquatic life and CPCB limits for inland surface water. These heavy metals accumulated in lake sediments may enter the water thereby creating threat to aquatic life. They may enter the food chain through biomagnifications and may create adverse effect on human health. It is expected that in addition to the water analysis which is practiced for years, sediment analysis performed in the present investigation will help in evaluating quality of the total ecosystem of the lake. It will also provide environmentally significant information about natural and anthropogenic influence on the water body.
... The effluent water from the nearby industrial belt of Dombivli city contributes the largest source of heavy metal concentration in the river. The discharge of heavy metal wastes into receiving waters may result in numerous physical, chemical, and biological disorders [21]. As per the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), the main sources of river water pollution, are the occasional discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluent in rivers across the state. ...
... It is important to note here that Cd is similar in toxicity to lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr), but is less toxic to plants as compared to Copper (Cu). It is equally toxic to invertebrates and fishes [21]. Table 1 and the variation is represented in Figure 4. ...
... Chronic level of Cu r is 0.02-0.2 mg/L [21]. ...
Dombivli city is one of the most industrialized cities situated near Mumbai. The increase in industries, has led to increase in the discharge of industrial waste effluents from the industrial belt into the Ulhas River, due to improper environmental planning. This day by day increasing tremendous pollution load has prompted us to carry the systematic and detailed study on the heavy metal content in water of Ulhas River. The study was conducted over a period of two years i.e. in 2012 and 2013. The study was carried out along the banks of Ulhas River, near the discharge of effluents from Dombivli Industrial belt Phase I and Phase II. The sampling points were identified accordingly. The analysis for the majority of the toxic heavy metals like Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) , Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) , Copper (Cu) , Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) in water samples was done. The results of our study indicated that there is a need to conduct systematic and regular monitoring of pollution level along the Ulhas River with an intention to obtain the scientific data on heavy metal content in the river water. Such data will be useful to improve the industrial waste treatment technology adopted along the Dombivli industrial belt.
... Depending on the composition of water a significant portion of lead is bound to colloids, either hydrous iron oxides or organic macromolecules. A substantial fraction is non-ionexchangeable (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). ...
... The dissolved phase can contain both, the free ion as well as copper complexes with (in) organic ligands. The physico-chemical and hydro-dynamic characteristics, as well as the biological state of the water determine speciation of copper in natural waters (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). In naturally occurring compounds copper is most often found with a valance of +2 (cupric). ...
... It is enriched in ultramafic and mafic rocks, along with elements such as Ni. Chromium is more toxic to invertebrates than to fish, it is not known to accumulate in the bodies of fish but high concentrations can damage their gills (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). The Cr average content in this study is 426.3 mg/kg. ...
... It is quite apparent that Scandium is generally associated with Fe, Cr and Co, although elemental co-associations may vary depending on surficial environment; thus, Sc is mainly associated with ferromagnesian minerals (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 2001). There is evidence that Sc may cause damage to cell membranes of marine animals, including negative influences on reproduction and on the functions of the nervous system (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). Sc trend shows a decrease of their values content from upstream to downstream of the Nyong estuary sediment and the Sc average content here is 19.1 mg/kg. ...
This study investigated the spatial distribution of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Sc and V) and radionuclides (Th and U) contamination in surface and bottom sediments from the Nyong estuary, Cameroon southern Atlantic coast, to provide informations on the pollution status of these sediments and the possible sources of pollutants. Salinity were measured in situ in interstitial water and dried sediment were analyzed for grain size parameters and geochemical composition. Salinity decreases from downstream to upstream, with 19.88 PSU as the highest value and sand is the main constituent (79.25 %). The concentrations of these elements varied significantly among depth (surface and bottom section), with a preferential contribution from the surface. In this surface section, several elements (Fe, Mn, Co, Sc and V) contributed about 80 % to the distribution of each of them in the estuary. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) and Contamination Factor (CF) of Nyong estuary surface sediments revealed a moderate pollution, while bottom sediment were unpolluted to moderate polluted. The pollution load index (PLI) show that surface sediments (3.86) and bottom sediments (1.19) are polluted. Pearson correlation and component principal analysis confirmed the natural origin of selected elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Sc, V, Th and U) through the weathering and the erosion of sources rocks. However, Pearson correlation analysis and the high Ni (3.91) and Cr (3.54) EF values in bottom sediments suggest a reception of other contaminants from the same emission sources or similar sources, may be agronomic inputs.
... Значението на живака като замърсител на околната среда се изучава интензивно от 60-те години на миналия век, като изследванията се концентрират предимно върху източниците на атмосферно замърсяване, разпространението, подвижността и формата на натрупване на живак в почви, седименти, езера и океаните, както и биоакумулацията му по хранителната верига. Сравнително по-оскъдни са изследванията на замърсяването с живак на подземните води (Moore, Ramamoorthy, 1983;Hem, 1985;Aleku et al., 2024). ...
Mercury and its compounds are listed as hazardous substances and prohibited by Bulgarian regulations for discharge in groundwater. Regional studies on the natural distribution of mercury in groundwater are scarce but in recent decades a significant amount of data has been accumulated in the National Environmental Monitoring System. We analysed groundwater samples from two different regions and the results showed Hg concentrations similar to published data and not significantly different from values measured in nearby surface waters, with no patterns found by host rock type. Correspondence between the published data and the results presented here indicate typical background Hg concentrations between 0.1 µg/L and 0.3 µg/L for most regions in Bulgaria. Additional studies with a larger geographical scope are needed for a more detailed characterization of the natural variations in background mercury contents in groundwater in Bulgaria.
... Heavy metal contamination in watershed waters has consistently been a significant research hotspot of water environment in aquatic systems. Heavy metals are generally featured with diverse origins, enduring toxicity, resistance to biological degradation, and ongoing health risks to living organisms [11,12]. Consequently, the assessment of heavy metal pollution, particularly its occurrence, source identification, and contamination in aquatic and terrestrial environments, holds significant environmental importance and practical necessity for the protection of watershed water quality and the development of water management policies [13,14]. ...
The Special Issue focused on the water environment changes within watersheds due to its critical role in sustaining ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, and providing essential resources for human life [...]
... Moreover, industrial activity is mostly responsible for the heavy metal pollution seen in surface water reservoirs [7]. Surface water quality is affected not only by human activity, but also by natural biogeochemical processes found in river ecosystems and hydrological systems [8,9]. Hazardous metal pollution in surface and groundwater resources has been increased as a result of urbanization, industrialization, and farming practices that rely heavily on chemical fertilizers [10]. ...
This study assesses water quality and heavy metal concentrations in 17 main groundwater sources in Duhok City, Iraq's agriculturally vital Shekhan area. It is important to comprehend the possible health concerns associated with heavy metal pollution in this area because of its relevance to food production. With an emphasis placed on heavy metal concentrations in groundwater sources to support public health and sustainable practices, this study provides essential insights into controlling water quality for irrigation and safe consumption. The Water Quality Index (WQI) results ranged from 15.23 to 37.05, indicating good and excellent water quality, well-suited for drinking and agricultural purposes. The results of heavy metals concentration from Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni) ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0111 ppm, 0.0023 to 0.0187 ppm, 0.0006 to 0.0024 ppm, and 0.007 to 0.032 ppm, respectively. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were satisfied by all heavy metal concentrations in the water samples, except Cadmium (Cd), which exceeded the recommended threshold in six analyzed sources and varied from 0.0015 to 0.0158 ppm. The water is appropriate for irrigation and consumption, according to the findings of the heavy metal content analysis and water quality evaluation, while continuous monitoring is needed to guarantee optimum water quality.
... Pb may have detrimental health effects such as neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Ylmaz et al., 2010). This is because Pb and Ca ions have similar deposition and mobilization from bones, as previously discovered by Moore and Ramamoorthy (1984). In our study, Pb levels ranged from 0.050-0.098µg/ ...
... The lead content noted in the beverages may be due to the use of lead pipes in the processing plant, which is used to supply water to the plant. The metal variability between the different juice samples may result from the raw materials and water used in the production of the juice, the conditions of plant growth such as levels of toxic metals in soil and irrigation water, the environmental contamination (fertilizers and pesticides), purity of the added sugar, and the industrial processing and contamination from containers [37,38,39]. ...
In the present era of processed and convenient food, ensuring the safety and hygienic quality of food products is very important. Several processed foods from fruits like fruit juices and fruit beverages are becoming popular under different brands due to their pleasing flavour, taste, and nutritional characteristics. Despite the potential benefits of fruit beverages, concerns over their safety and quality have been raised. According to the research data published in many countries, food intoxication is increasing due to different food additives and contaminants present in processed foods. Studies also showed that commercial fruit products like juice and jam available in the market were adulterated by harmful food colours, low-grade fruits and harmful preservatives which are harmful to health. So, processed food products including commercial fruit beverages should be adequate not only in terms of quantity but also of good quality, free from microbial and chemical contamination. Studies on commercial fruit beverages were conducted for different parameters like food additives, chemical, and microbial contamination for different storage periods. During storage, several changes may occur in food and beverages when it is exposed to different environmental conditions that may trigger a series of reactions on different biochemical and microbial parameters. So, it is the need of the hour to focus the attention of regulatory authorities on the shelf life and contamination of beverages with synthetic additives, microbes and heavy metals and help uninformed consumers make a healthful choice.
... Chromium is one of a highly reactive metal used mostly in electroplating, leather tanning, metal finishing, as pigments, mordant and textile coloring processes in the industry. The three main use of chromium are in metallurgy, refractory and as chemicals (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). The average Fe concentration was found to be 24.85 mg/L and 2087.763 ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Phytoremediation potential of Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) was were collected from heavily polluted Thane collected samples of water and soil were analyzed for physico metals whi chemical parameters for water and soil showed all the values were above the permissible limits. Highest concentration of these metals was reported in soil than wastewate reported in the sequence of Fe>Cu>Cr> Zn>Ni. bioaccumulation of these heavy metals Roots have higher concentration of heavy metals as compared to shoots. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals have se experiment it is clear that of heavy metals and prove to be potential species for phytoremediation. Copyright©2017, Gajbhiye and Bhalerao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Att use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
... The most toxic organic pollutants are pesticides, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), plasticizers, phenols, drug residues, and metallic ions such as arsenic, cadmium, platinum, mercury, and antimony, among others. [9][10][11][12] Moreover, only a tiny fraction of these pollutants is a complete treat, most of them (30,000 to 100,000 ton) goes to water and another critical element, causing real damage. [13][14][15][16] In this sense, this overview of research about reusing industrial waste in the last years mainly searches for research that reuses in water treatment using green chemistry. ...
The proliferation of different pollutants in waters caused by anthropogenic and industrial activities has become a significant global concern, as they cause many problems, like severe health and environmental harm. Searching for green materials for water removal entirely and efficiently in this context is challenging. In this sense, innovative materials based on industrial waste become an incredible alternative, as they are waste, disposable incorrect in the environment, low-cost, and need to be adequately discharged. Many innovative materials based on industrial waste were performed in the literature, as these eco-friendly alternatives have great potential for many applications, including wastewater treatment. This overview presents various research that demonstrated different innovative materials based on industrial waste, their physicochemical properties, different properties, the adsorption removal, and other wastewater treatment reported based on different models. Based on the literature, we have also demonstrated that innovative materials based on industrial waste exhibit an incredible potential for the adsorption of various pollutants in water, indicating their promising solution of low-cost adsorption removal for wastewater treatment. Finally, this overview shows that these sustainable materials present significant potential for use in wastewater treatment.
... The Cd concentration at this site was observed higher when compared to WHO guidelines (0.003mg/L) (Hafiza et al., 2022). Through paint, glass enamel, pigments, and deterioration of the galvanized pipes, cadmium is added to the surface waters (Moore JW and Ramamoorthy S., 1984). Few cases of Cd poisoning are reported in humans by ingestion of contaminated fishes. ...
HIGHLIGHTS 1. Collection of adult samples of Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus mirgala, Hypophthalymichthys molitrix, Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio, Wallago attu and Sperata sarwari from head Trimmu, river Jehlum, Pakistan 2. Quantification (in ppb) of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Ti), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) from muscles, kidney and liver of fish by wet digestion method, followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) 3. Assessessment of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in hepatic, renal and muscular tissues of fish samples 4. Proximate analysis w.r.t. body weight, edible portion and length of collected fish samples ABSTRACT Heavy metal contamination and different elements in trace amount are serious concern to global ecosystem, particularly human health, not only due to their toxic and mobile features, but because they also persist in the environment as being non-degradable. The aim of current study is more precisely to find out heavy metal quantity (ppb) by wet digestion, followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) and their qualitative and quantitative effects on fish edible portion with respect to length and weight of fish, histopathology, biochemical profiling of liver, kidney and muscles of different fish of head Trimmu, river Jhelum, Pakistan. Statistically analyzed results showed that heavy metal content in kidney, liver and muscles of Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus mirgala, Hypophthalymichthys molitrix, Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio, Wallago attu and Sperata sarwari were in broad range (1.09-4.7 ppb for arsenic, 0.01-0.48 ppb for cadmium, 0.05-0.32 ppb for thallium, 0.04-4.68 ppb for lead and 0.01-0.15 ppb for chromium), with broad range of edible portion (0.6-1.125 Kg), which depended upon moisture (2.5±0.8 b-80.7±4.40 b %), fat (0.63±0.2 d-73.09±2.14 d %), protein (1.64±0.83b-58.35±10.49 c %) and ash content (0.59±0.17 a-23.24±1.13 b %) in fish muscles due to broad range of weight and length of each fish. Histopathological analysis showed that fish muscles have been affected more by all heavy metals, followed by the liver but maximum effect was due to arsenic. Since the available data for different heavy elements for fish is scanty, here an effort is made to present a precise data for the same. The analysis of by using the ICP-MS method shows the results are more sensitive, accurate, validated and economical and can be easily applied to raw materials and finished goods.
... Heavy metal pollution has become a problem due to its potential toxicity and persistence worldwide [1]. The pollution of heavy metals in the environment has reached a higher level than ever before due to anthropocentric activity (such as fossil fuel and mineral exploitation) in recent decades [1], although heavy metals widely existed in the natural environment before human use [2]. At present, freshwater lakes have become an important environment with heavy metal pollution [3]. ...
Heavy metal pollution in lakes is an issue that endangers ecosystems worldwide; however , the vertical properties of heavy metals in the water columns and sediment cores of lakes have been rarely evaluated simultaneously. This study revealed the pollution, risks, and sources of heavy metals from surface water to deep sediments in four typical lakes located in central China. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals, except Hg, had insignificant stratification in the water column. Heavy metals had three vertical profiles in sediment cores, i.e., the concentrations of As, Hg, Cd, Pb, and Mn in the surface sediment (0-9 cm) were higher than that in the bottom sediment (9-45 cm) (p < 0.05), the concentrations of Cr, Co, Fe, and Ni in the bottom sediment were higher than the surface sediment (p < 0.05), and the concentrations of Cu and Zn had no significant stratification. The Nemerow pollution index showed that heavy metal pollution dominated by Hg reached slight-moderate levels, and had higher levels in surface water than that in bottom water (p < 0.05). The Nemerow integrated risk index showed that the heavy metals had moderate-extreme potential ecological risks (Cd contributed 43.4%) in the sediments, and the ecological risk in surface sediment was significantly higher than that in bottom sediment (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis revealed that agriculture, transportation, and chemical industry were the major sources of heavy metals in water and surface sediments f, while agriculture and steel-making were the primary sources in bottom sediments. This study provides valuable data and insight for the control of heavy metal pollution in lakes with high human activity loads.
... Trace amount of cadmium has been detected in different organs of fish from Khushab Jehlum river, and head Trimmu but its concentration in fish tissues of all sites was found to be higher as compared to WHO guidelines (0.003mg/L) (Hafiza et al , 2017), so it is expected to be added in surface water of river Jehlum through paints, glass enamel, pigments and galvanized pipe's deterioration (Moore JW and Ramamoorthy S., 1984), while its poisoning in humans had been reported after the ingestion of contaminated fishes. Although its toxicity is low than copper in plants, but it's toxic to invertebrates and fishes (Sindhu PS., 2002). ...
6.7% of total consumed high quality protein by global population comes from fish. Utilization of fish contaminated with metal causes unfavorable medical effects to human because of high penetrating probability of metal translocation in body. Current work had been done to investigate quantity of heavy metals in different fish organs by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS) after wet digestion fish from four different sites of Jehlum river, Pakistan, followed by quantification of moisture, protein, fat and ash content. Statistically analyzed results showed that heavy metal content in kidney, liver and muscles of Labeo rohita, Cattla cattla, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus mirgala, Hypophthalymichthys molitrix, Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio, Wallago attu andSperata sarwari/ Sperata seenghala were in broad range, from1.09-4.7 ppb for arsenic, 0.01-0.48 ppb for cadmium, 0.05-0.32 ppb for thallium, 0.04-4.68 ppb for lead and 0.01-0.15 ppb for chromium. Proximate composition for moisture (2.5±0.8 b-80.7±4.40 b %), fat (0.63±0.2 d-73.09±2.14 d %), protein (1.64±0.83b-58.35±10.49 c %) and ash content (0.59±0.17 a-23.24±1.13 b %) were due to broad range of fish weight and length. Since available data of heavy elements in fish is scanty, but current precise data can be used as a base for the investigation of more advanced and pharmaceutically important information.
... Lead release from a motor's burned gasoline contains oxides, bromides, and chlorides of lead that enter the air through the exhaust. Lead is widely used in pesticides, paints, cables, metal products & pipelines Lead contamination in the atmosphere exists as poor soluble with water, and the metal threats to human health like biosynthesis of hemoglobin, damage to the kidney, nervous system, and brain, rise in blood pressure, miscarriages and behavioral disruptions of kids like impulsive actions, aggression, and hyperactivity (Cho-Ruk et al., 2006;Duruibe et al., 2007;Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). When beyond the permissible limit of 0.1 mg/L, lead is found to be toxic to aquatic life. ...
Aloe vera has been harvested for decades due to its diverse medicinal and nutritional potential. Researchers are presently concentrating on an additional application of aloe vera that is pertinent to industrial usages such as techniques for pollutant removal and water purification. For decades, inorganic and organic pollutants from home and industrial wastewater have been decontaminated using aloe vera biomass, either in its natural state or modified state. This review article gives a detailed summary of the classification of synthetic dyes and heavy metals, their toxicity, and different removal methods using bare and modified aloe vera-based biosorbents. The botany, origin, taxonomy, and utilization of Aloe vera in different sectors have also been summarized. In addition, this paper emphasizes the preparation of biosorbent using aloe vera biomass either in its unmodified form or modified form under different physicochemical conditions. Moreover, acid and base-treated Aloe vera and metal oxide-modified Aloe vera was used and discussed in detail. The physicochemical factors influencing the adsorption capability of biosorbent such as initial pollutant concentrations, contact period, pH, and shaking or stirring speed have been thoroughly discussed. Finally, conclusions have been drawn based on the reviewed literature and also proposed a few possible suggestions for future research for Aloe vera biomass-based biosorbents.
... [2] have shown that the two main sources of heavy metals in polluted water are known: natural and man-made. And according to [3], mining pollution and non-ferrous metals are the main containers of heavy metals that have been banned from the environment. ...
The presence of chromium in wastewaters produced from mining industries in Democratic Republic of the Congo is
harmful for the environment. As a promising and polishing method for heavy metals removal from wastewaters, adsorption has been
used with agricultural waste as low adsorbent. In this study, the use of sugar beet pulp has been investigated for the removal of
hexavalent chromium from aqueous in batch adsorption mode. Adsorption experiments were conducted to obtain the optimal
conditions combinations for the highest percent removal. Four parameters were studied such as contact time (30–180min), initial
chromium concentration (10-50mg/L), pH (2-9) and solid to liquid ratio (0.25 g/100 mL-3 g/100 mL). However, the agitation rate was
equal to 100 rpm and the room temperature was considered. The highest percent removals of 90.53% for 10 ppm concentration and
76.34% for 50 ppm concentration were achieved at the following conditions: pH 2, contact time 90 min, S/L ratios of 2 g/100 mL and 3
g/100 mL respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used for the mathematical description of adsorption
equilibrium. Freundlich isotherm fitted well the equilibrium data. The maximum capacity (Qmax) from the Langmuir isotherm was
found to be 11.299 mg/g. These results indicated that sugar beet pulp can be used as low cost adsorbent for the removal of chromium
from mining industries wastewater to avoid environmental problems
... Total arsenic concentrations in uncontaminated nearshore marine and estuarine sediments ranged from 5.0 to 15 mg/kg dry weight. The average concentration of arsenic in deep-sea sediments was found 40 mg/kg (Moore and Ramamoorthy 2012). Arsenic concentrations in river sediments in England and Wales ranged from 7 to 950 mg/kg (Langston 1980). ...
The study area was selected in the Rupsha river basin and the sediment samples were collected to determine trace metal concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr along with biological effects, and potential ecological and human health hazards for adults and children. The concentrations of trace metals were detected from sixty composite sediment samples using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) following some sequential analytical procedures. The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of chromium (Cr) (43.2 mg/kg) > lead (Pb) (29.21 mg/kg) > arsenic (As) (5.18 mg/kg) > cadmium (Cd) (1.8 mg/kg). The current study highlighted that metals were attributed to the riverine sediments from natural sources and other anthropogenic sources, particularly from various industries. Based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration (TEC) and probable effect concentration (PEC), the trace metal concentrations can impact on the sediment-dwelling organisms occasionally especially for Cr, Cd, and Pb. That is, the concentrations had negative biological consequences on aquatic creatures. The assessed potential ecological risk of Cd offers a significant risk to the aquatic ecosystem, whereas As, Cr, and Cd were in low-risk. Most of the sites of the study area were within the range of moderate risk, indicated by the risk index (RI) values. Furthermore, the applied sediment quality indices, geo-accumulation index (I geo) indicated that sediment was contaminated by Cd whereas contamination factor (CF) denoted that the sediment of the study area was moderately polluted by Pb. However, pollution load index (PLI) revealed that the study area was polluted for cumulative sence especially in winter season. The age-group risk index (HI) was much lower than the threshold limit of 1, showing that the pollution had no non-carcinogenic risk effect. Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) was less than one-tenth of a percentile. For the sake of human and environmental health, proper monitoring of metal element attribution and strict regulation are required to lessen trace metal pollution.
The role of transamination processes in the tissues of crucian carp ( Carassius gibelio Bloch.) and pike ( Esox lucius L.) in maintaining the homeostasis of protein metabolites under the impact of 2 and 5 maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of cobalt was studied. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in liver of crucian carp and pike increased under the impact sublethal concentrations of Co2+, whereas in the muscles and blood plasma changes were insignificant. Changes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity under Co2+ ions had pronounced species, tissue and concentration specificity. On the whole, response of the transamination system in crucian carp and pike to the impact of Co2+ indicated restructuring of amino acid and protein metabolism in order to ensure energetic and plastic adaptation to the stress toxic impact. Changes of the transamination enzymes' activity reflect the organism's state of the under the impact of heavy metal ions, indicate degree of the studied fishes' resistance to pollution, and can also be used to predict changes in biocenoses under the heavy metal pollution.
Reliable characterisation of the hazardous properties of effl uents is an important step in water quality management. A “chemical-specific” approach, based on measurements of individual chemicals or chemical groups, has been shown to have limitations particularly in complex mixtures of chemicals such as effl uents. This study shows the importance of direct toxicity assessment of wastewater samples using a toxicity test. Data obtained by direct testing were compared to the toxicity predicted using key toxic compounds data. Toxicity of wastewater samples from tannery and chemical industries as well as key toxic chemicals were assessed using the water flea Daphnia magna. The toxicity predicted from the levels and toxicities of wastewater components was found to be unreliable due to under- or over-estimation of the experimentally determined toxicity. For this reason, direct toxicity measurement is more appropriate for the effective and reliable assessment of effluent quality.
Land use directly controls the river water pollution of a region throughout the year, as all the pollutants from the basin come through sewages (point source). The toxicity of heavy metals (HMs) causes health hazards to the people of the Damodar River basin. Arsenic, lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, mercury and zinc are tested from the collected water sample in the post-monsoon season to identify the sources of heavy metals that come from point sources of pollution. A detailed field-based study identifies arsenic contamination in rivers from industrial and mining areas. High nickel trace in water due to the sewages from iron and steel manufacturing industries in the study area. Lead in the Damodar River comes from mining areas. Mercury in water is a source from industrial and mining sites in Majhermana and Barakar. The Damodar River water quality has improved in the last 3–4 years. Only arsenic and nickel have higher concentrations above or near the permissible limit. Mercury and lead concentrations are also not satisfactory. Other heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, chromium, and copper are well below the detection limit, and in some cases, almost no concentration is found. The carcinogenic risk is maximum from the arsenic and nickel in water. 241–999 people per million population have a potential threat of cancer from arsenic and nickel in the cumulative total risk (TR) assessment. These heavy metals can enter our bodies by direct ingestion or inhalation. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) is also significantly higher for arsenic and nickel.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This allows redistribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the author is appropriately credited and the original work is properly cited. Abstract Water is a vital natural resource that covers the majority of the earth's surface, with fresh waters and oceans accounting for 70%. However, fresh water bodies only account for 3%. The rapid increase in industry and urbanization, along with significant population expansion and agricultural practices, has led to a substantial increase in heavy metals pollution. This poses a significant danger to every aspects of the environment, especially water. HM pollution has detrimental effects on several aspects such as aquatic environment, soil, people, as well as flora and fauna. Need for cleanup of heavy metal pollution subsurface and surface water sources significantly increased in recent years. Moreover, the infiltration of perilous heavy metals enter in to the human body via food chains amplifies the urgency of this need, particularly in agricultural areas. In addition to typical ailments, regions where irrigation has used groundwater tainted with heavy metals also experience a range of neurological and cancer-related problems.
Description
The latest volume in this ASTM series contains a unique collection of 18 peer-reviewed papers on recent achievements in environmental fate and transport. In addition to traditional issues, emphasis is placed on applying risk assessment principles to special environmental issues such as concerns associated with forest, logging and cultural considerations.
Topics include:
• Environmental Monitoring
• Aquatic Toxicology
• Risk Assessment
• Measuring Cultural Impacts
• Sediment Toxicology.
This publication will be of interest to environmental toxicologists, risk assessors, ecologists, environmental agencies and industries.
Chapala Lake and the Lerma-Chapala basin have been the object of study of numerous investigations about heavy metal monitoring in water and sediment since the decade of the nineties. Alternatively, some researchers have done work using a metal biomonitoring approach with species like charal (Chirostoma spp.), tilapia (Oreochromis mozambique, Family Cichilidae) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Family Cyprinidae). An Active biomonitoring approach was used in this study. Specimens of a species of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were introduced in Lake Chapala. As catfish specimens were implicitly exposed to metals present in the medium, bioaccumulation patterns were analyzed and the relative metal distribution (Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn) in muscle, liver and gills was determined in relation to the concentration of metals in supplementary food and in the medium. The correlation between metal concentrations and fish size were also determined. The biomonitors were placed in a floating cage in Chapala Lake in February 2012. Sampling was carried out between October 2012 and April 2013. In total 9 collections were
made, and in each of them four catfish specimens were sampled. The specimens were weighed, measured, and the liver, gills and muscle tissue were extracted. Composite samples were prepared with the liver and gills and muscle tissue from every specimen was kept separately. Total content of Cu, Cd, Zn was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and total Hg by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS).
Metal analysis revealed higher concentrations in liver, while muscle showed the lowest concentration of metals. The correlation between the concentration of Cd and fish size was positive, and negative for the concentration of Cu and Zn. Mercury levels in the three tissues of catfish were below the limit of detection (LOD = 0.05 ppm).An empirical model was proposed to relate the changes in the concentration of Cu, Cd and Zn in muscle as a function of time and fish size. The proposed model considers that the logarithm of the metal concentration in muscle has a linear relationship with the logarithm of the fish weight with exposure time. The model was adjusted satisfactorily for Cu and Zn (R2 = 0.9960 and 0.8890, respectively), while for Cd the adjustment was poor (R2 = 0.5543). In order to develop more accurate predictive models, a deeper understanding of metal uptake in the different tissues and internal redistribution, and the conditions of saturation in fish tissue and the medium are required.
In order to evaluate the negative impacts of cadmium chloride on the aquatic environment, studies on the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals by fish have been conducted. Since measuring environmental toxicity is a challenging and complex procedure, the metrics used to quantify it are quantitative and generally simple. But for the continual monitoring of such toxicity levels in water for sustainable management of aquatic resources, such as bilawali and sirpur for freshwater fisheries, long-term research would be required. Analysis of the water's physico-chemical and biological composition were used to determine its quality. Studies have been done on the function of fish as markers of fresh water metal pollution.The goal of the current study was to evaluate the histological changes due to cadmium chloride toxicity in major carp (Catla catla) .
Arsenic (As) is a well-known toxic metalloid, but environmental risks due to excessive As content in soils or sediments depend on the chemical forms present and their relative mobility. Long-term exposure to arsenic may cause several diseases. In order to assess the possible risks in the heavily impacted Consorzio per lo Sviluppo Industriale e di Servizi Reali alle Imprese (Consortium for Industrial Development and Effective Services for Business, S.I.S.R.I.) industrial area of Brindisi (Apulia, southern Italy), 38 soil samples were collected in the area, from 18 sampling points previously determined as outliers. Total As determination, speciation analysis, and a cession test with acetic acid were performed. Speciation analysis was performed by HPLC coupled to hydride generation-atomic absorption spectroscopy (HG-AAS). Total As determination obtained by mineralization showed a concentration range between 51.8 and 169.6 mg kg−1, which is higher than the limit of 50 mg kg−1 established by D.M. (Ministerial Decree) 471/99 for industrial areas. The highest concentrations of extracted As were obtained in the top-soil layers. As(III) and As(V) were detected in all the samples, while the concentrations of the organic species monomethyl arsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethyl arsenic acid (DMAA) were always under the detection limit. The samples releasing the highest As quantities in the acetic acid cession test were in every circumstance collected from the superficial soil levels. The different amounts of As determined in the sampling sites could depend on the distance from the specific sources of pollution, even if it is very difficult to identify them in a very complex industrial zone such as the S.I.S.R.I. area of Brindisi. In this study, As occurs mainly as relatively immobile or slowly exchangeable forms: for this reason, it is more abundant in the top-soil and is little affected by the action of rainwater, which transports only reduced quantities of As into the deeper layers.
Ground water (GW) quality were evaluated by dtermining Heavy metals (HMs) for Alhussain project on July and December 2014 . Heavy metals (zn,cu,cr,co,pb,cd,mn) for the wells under study has been examined . The results showed great variations among the analyzed samples . However most values were higher the maximum permissible levels recommended by world health organization (WHO) drinking water standard . The harvests of metallic contents except (zn,cu,cr) were higher the maximum permissible levels recommended by world health organization (WHO) for drinking and irrgational purposes
Understanding the link between land use/land cover (LULC) patterns and water quality can establish guidelines for non-point source pollution management and sustainable development. The transboundary Shatt Al-Arab river basin (Iraq-Iran) suffers from nutrient pollution problems. This study aimed to estimate flow volume, nitrogen, and phosphorus pollution in this basin and how such pollution relates to LULC and flow volume using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The data used in the SWAT model were the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope, parent materials of soil, LULC, and weather data (i.e., precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed). The results showed that from 2004 to 2021, the annual Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) outputs were 618 and 140 kg km−2, respectively. The TN discharge load ranged from 27 to 6500 kg km−2 yr−1, while the TP discharge load ranged from 1 to 1600 kg km−2 yr−1. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that cropland and urban cover ratios were positively correlated with the annual TN and TP discharge loads. On the contrary, shrubland and bare land ratios were negatively correlated with the annual TN and TP discharge loads. Results showed that flow volume is positively correlated with precipitation. Both annual TN and TP discharge loads exhibited a positive correlation with flow volume and a negative correlation with subbasin area. The highest annual TN and TP discharge loads were in the middle parts of the basin, where the cultivated land and construction land are concentrated and the flow volume is high. Thus, findings suggest that the basin is sensitive to shifts in flow volume associated with global climate change and to shifts in LULC change. No study for nutrient discharge load assessment for the entire Shatt Al-Arab river basin has been performed before. Hence, the novel contribution of this study will guide the hydrologists and water resource planners in the basin to establish effective water policies, climate change mitigation strategies, and environmental change adaptation strategies.
Purpose
This study is aimed at analyzing the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility and the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface layer of bottom sediments in the Vistula estuary (Gulf of Gdańsk, Poland) in relation to local sedimentary conditions. We also assessed the usefulness of magnetic susceptibility measurements to identify changes in sediment properties caused by anthropogenic factors.
Materials and methods
Bottom sediments were collected along three transects using the Van Veen grab sampler. The following properties were determined: granulometric composition, organic matter and carbonate content, pH, electrical conductivity, and heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Specific (mass) magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) was measured using the MS2 Bartington ® laboratory magnetic susceptibility meter. To characterize the conditions of the sedimentary environment in the study area, statistical analysis was performed on selected parameters of grain size distribution, such as mean grain diameter ( M z ) and sorting ( σ 1) indices.
Results and discussion
The research showed significant differences in the sedimentary environment (erosion vs. deposition processes) along the studied transects which were controlled by the wave regime, sea currents, and river water inflow. Open-water sediments were richer in organic matter and more saline than deltaic sediments, which in turn were characterized by higher pH and higher carbonate content. The highest mean total content of Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn and the highest magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) were determined in open-water sediments, while the highest Fe and Cr values were obtained for deltaic sediments. Statistically significant differences between these sediments were found only for organic matter (LoI), Pb, Cu, and Cd content. Magnetic susceptibility showed a moderate correlation with Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn ( r s 0.4–0.6).
Conclusion
PTE content and magnetic susceptibility of sediments showed a very high heterogeneity within the study area, depending mainly on the location (delta vs. open waters), grain size composition, and organic matter content. Our results demonstrated that magnetic susceptibility analysis is an easy method that can be used to complement the identification of technogenic changes in the marine environment.
Thulamela Municipality has vast deposits of clayey materials which are locally used for manufacturing of burnt bricks. The socio-economic development and expansion have consequently increased the demand of this material for other purposes apart from brick making. This study aimed at determining the mineralogical, chemical and mechanical properties of the clayey materials found in Thulamela Municipality so as to establish its suitability for industrial utilization. These properties were determined using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and Atterberg limits as well as sieve analysis techniques. Other determined properties of the clayey materials were cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH and color of the material, and their particle size distribution. The studied materials were found to be composed of silt to sand fractions while conspicuously dominated by kaolinite with few chlorite clay minerals. Relatively high concentration of silica, alumina and ferric oxide marked the material and the CEC values ranged from 17.6 to 42.73 meq/100g. Technological test reveals high to medium compressibility inorganic silt and clay with grain sizes ranging from silt to sand fractions. Based on these characterization and empirical evaluation of properties, the studied clayey materials indicated their possible suitability for sanitary wares, table wares, refractory material, floor tiles and pottery making.
هدفت هذه الدراسة تعين جودة مياه الري (المياه الجوفية) في المزارع الواقعة في مشروع حمزة الزراعي، وذلك من خلال دراسة بعض الخواص الفيزيائية كاللون والطعم والرائحة بالإضافة إلي قياس الأس الهيدروجيني (pH) والإيصالية الكهربائية (EC)، وأيضا دراسة الخواص الكيميائية من خلال قياس بعض العناصر المعدنية والثقيلة مثل (الحديد، النحاس، النيكل، الرصاص، الكادميوم). وجمعت العينات من (8) آبار بمعدل (5) لتر/بئر، وبواقع (3) مكررات/بئر، وأظهرت نتائج الخواص الفيزيائية أن جميع الآبار لا طعم لها ولا رائحة ولا لون، بينما نتائج (pH) تراوحت ما بين (6.5-8) وهي ضمن الحد المسموح به، ماعدا في البئر الثاني (4.8) أقل من الحد المسموح به، بينما نتائج الإيصالية كانت أقل من الحد المسموح به في المزرعة الثالثة والرابعة الخامسة والسادسة والسابعة والثامنة (189.6،182.3، 224، 183.3، 223، 430 ميكروسيمنس/سم) على التوالي. بينما أظهرت نتائج الكشف عن العناصر المعدنية والثقيلة أن الحديد أقل من الحد الطبيعي وتراوحت ما بين (0.02-0.01ppm )، فيما عدا البئر السادس دون حد الكشف، والنحاس أقل من الحد الطبيعي في جميع الآبار (0.11، 0.04، 0.04، 0.02،0.03، 0.02، 0.02، 0.07ppm )، أما النيكل سجل أعلي من الحد المسموح به حيث تراوحت ما بين (0.8-0.05ppm ) ماعدا البئر الاول والسادس دون حد الكشف، بينما الرصاص سجل بمعدلات عالية في جميع الآبار حيث كانت التراكيز (0.15، 0.17، 0.11، 0.06، 0.11، 0.13، 0،33، 0.09ppm )، أما الكادميوم تراوحت التراكيز ما بين (0.01-0.001 ppm) فيما عدا البئر الثاني دون حد الكشف.
The pollution caused by heavy metals, phenols and phenolic compounds, as well as synthetic dyes and pesticides is an environmental problem of world concern. A research has been devoted to the use of a sorbent made from date palm leaflets for the removal of Cd2+ and Ag+ from waste water. The date palm leaflets are annually available from pruning of date palms with big quantities: 180,000 ton and 3 million tons in Oman and the gulf states, respectively. Palm leaflets were sourced from a farm in Muscat (Oman), washed with distilled water, left to be air-dried and then oven-dried to constant weight. The sorption of Cd2+ and Ag+ from aqueous solutions was investigated, taking the following parameters into consideration: pH value, contact time, metal concentration and temperature. The sorption behavior was different for both metals. The sorption of Cd2+ was fast reaching equilibrium within ~ 2 h, whereas that for Ag+ was slow and required ~ 60 h. The research results has led to the conclusion that the date palm leaflets, generally of no value in the field and treated as waste, can be successfully used to make a chemically-carbonized sorbent for the removal of copper and silver metals from the waste water. Another research was conducted to investigate the potentiality of use of raw date palm trunks for the removal of cadmium from waste water. The effects of the process variables, such as fiber size, mixing rate, temperature, pH of the solution and absorbent dose on the absorption capacity of trunk fibers were studied. It was found that the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ increased from 29.06 to 51.1 mg/g (~2 times) as the particle size decreased from 875 to 100 µm. Concerning the effect of pH value, it was found that the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ decreased in the strong acidic medium and rapidly increased as the pH of the solution increased from 1.69 to 3.71. It was found that the equilibrium time of adsorption process is very small: the maximum adsorption capacity was attained only after 10 min. Thus, it can be concluded that the date palm trunk fibers are a potential absorbent for the removal of cadmium from waste water. This opens a great economic and developmental potentiality of use of the trunks of the old and unproductive date palms as a low cost material for the removal of Cd2+ and other toxic metals from the waste water. A research has been conducted on the use of date palm seeds for the production of activated carbon via sequential hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and sodium hydroxide activation. HTC is a distinguished low temperature and environmentally favorable process. To conduct this study, the date palm seeds (PDS) were locally obtained in Malaysia. An automated stainless-steel hydrothermal reactor of capacity 200 ml was used for HTC, and a sample of 5 g was put in it. The reactor was sealed and heated to 200 °C for 5 h at 5 °C/min heating rate. After cooling, the obtained hydrochar was well washed with distilled water and put in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h. The PDS-HTC hydrochar was impregnated with NaOH at ratios of PDS-HTC: NaOH (w/w): 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, then oven-dried at 105 °C for 24 h. Then an automatic electric vertical furnace was used to activate the NaOH pretreated hydrochar at 600 °C under a continuous nitrogen (N2 99.995%) flow at 150 cm3/min. A 10 °C/min rate of heating was set for 1 h. The produced AC was collected after cooling, repetitively rinsed with hot distilled water to decrease the pH of the washing solution from 6to 7. Then the ACs were dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h and stored in tightly closed container. The methylene blue (MB) was chosen in this study for the evaluation of the adsorption performance of the PDS hydrochar AC in aqueous solution. The textural, morphological and chemical properties of the produced hydrochar AC were investigated. NaOH activation enhanced the porosity and surface functionality of the hydrochar. Thus, the prepared AC exhibited a relatively high specific surface area of1282.49 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.66 cm3/g and an average pore width of 20.73 Å. Thus, it can be concluded that it is feasible by a combination of HTC and NaOH activation to produce activated carbon with remarkable adsorptive properties from date palm seeds, a very cheap resource, dominantly treated as a waste. A research has been conducted on the use of date palm seeds for the removal of phenol. The date palm seeds were received from a local farm in Abu Dhabi, washed with deionized water, dried at 105 °C for 24 h, ground to size > 500 µm and stored in a desiccator. Ten grams of the material was mixed with KOH (40% by volume) solution at an impregnation ratio (KOH/biomass) of 2. The produced porous carbon had a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller area of 892 m2/g, pore volume of 0.45 cm3/g and average pore diameter of 1.97 nm. This porous carbon was used for the adsorption of phenol at different concentrations (100–400 mg/L) and temperatures (30–50 °C). The adsorption behavior of phenol on porous carbon was found to be well described by Langmuir isotherm model. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 333 mg/g, the highest as compared with date palm seed biomass-based porous carbons. Thus, it can be concluded that it is feasible to use date palm seeds for the preparation of KOH-based activated carbon for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions as a low-cost process with an extremely high performance. An important paper has been devoted to a review on the preparation of activated carbons from date palm stones and application for wastewater treatments. The agricultural residues have withdrawn the attention of researchers as promising precursors for activated carbon, because of the low cost, great abundance, renewability and high lignocellulosic content. Fruit stones are of particular interest being byproducts of food industries and thus easy to collect. Examples of these fruit stones are peach, apricot, olive, cherry, grape and date stones. Among these fruit stones, the date stones are especially distinguished for their high carbon content, low price and high availability in the Arab countries. The date stone represents ~ 10% of the fruit weight making it the largest agricultural byproduct in the date-producing countries (~700 thousand tons annually). Chemical activation is preferred over physical due to higher yield, single-step treatment, lower temperature, shorter time and better porous structure. Among the different methods of wastewater treatment the adsorption is advantageous because of its simplicity, flexibility, suitability for batch and continuous processes, possibility of regeneration and reuse, low expenses and capability to remove a wide array of pollutants in different concentrations. The activated carbon is distinguished with a high adsorption performance due to its high surface area, well-developed porous structure and favorable surface properties. The chemical composition of date stones is as follows: moisture (5–10%), ash (1–2%), protein (5–7%), oil (7–10%), crude fiber (10–20%) and carbohydrates consisting of 23% hemicellulose, 15% lignin, 57% cellulose and 5% ash. The activation variables affecting the pore characteristics and yield of carbon are in the order of: activation temperature, impregnation ratio and activation time. The surface areas of date stone carbons were in the range from 490 to 1282 m2/g and yields from 17 to 47% with the highest values obtained by chemical activation. The application of date palm stones-carbons for the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants demonstrated maximum capacities of 612.1, 359.1, 238.1 and 1594 mg/g for dyes, phenols, pesticides and heavy metals, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the date palm stones are a low-cost, renewable, non-toxic and biocompatible source for the manufacture of activated carbon of high efficiency for removal of pollutants from waste water. Proceeding from the insufficiency of literature on the use of date palm seeds as a suitable precursor for the manufacture of activated carbon a research has been conducted to investigate the impact of process conditions on the preparation of porous carbon from date palm seeds using KOH activation. To conduct this study, date palm seeds were sourced from a local farm in Abu Dhabi, UAR, washed with deionized water and dried in oven at 105 °C for 24 h and then ground to a particle size > 500 µm. Ten grams of date palm seeds dust were mixed with KOH (40% by volume) solution at an impregnation ratio 1–5. The mixture was stirred for 5 h using a magnetic paddle. After complete soaking of KOH solution, the mixture was oven-dried at 105 °C and then activated at a horizontal furnace at 500–900 °C for an activation time 30–120 min in a nitrogen flow of 150 mL/min. The carbonized samples were cooled to room temperature in an inert atmosphere, washed with HCI aqueous solution to remove ash, and then by distilled water to reduce pH to neutral. The final porous carbon was then dried at 105 °C for 12 h. The yield of activated carbon was estimated based on grams bone dry per grams bone dry of date palm seeds. The results of the study have come to the following conclusions:
1.
The increase of the activation temperature and the impregnation ratio (KBR) contribute to the increase of the BET surface area, while the yield decreases.
2.
The activation duration was found not to influence the BET surface area, and its effect on the yield is marginal.
3.
The optimum conditions were found as follows: activation temperature 601 °C, KBR ratio 1.97 with the corresponding BET surface area and yield being 910 m2/g and 22.9%. The activated carbon possessed a pore volume of 0.45 cc/g, an average pore diameter of 1.54 nm with the micropore volume proportion being 0.40 cc/g.
4.
The activated carbon textural characteristics have a microporous nature. It has been also tested for iodine adsorption.
5.
It was found that the date palm seeds activated carbon contains a large number of acid functional groups in the form of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups and thus could be effectively utilized for the treatment of waste water.
KeywordsHeavy metalsCopperCadmiumSilverPhenolPhenolic compoundsSynthetic dyesSorbentAdsorption capacityDate palm trunksMethylene blueFibersDate palm leafletsDate palm seedsActivated carbonHydrocharKOH activationPhysical activationChemical activationFruit stonesLangmuir isotherm model
The aim: to study the amount of mercury found in muscle tissue and liver of the main commercial fish species of the Barents Sea.
Research material was comprised of fish samples collected during the expeditions of “PINRO” named after Knipovich in the Barents Sea in 2009-2020. The study was based on muscle and liver samples taken from cod, haddock, long rough dab, Greenland halibut, plaice and spotted catfish. Over 1500 samples were analyzed. Novelty: for the first time a comparative analysis of Hg concentration in six commercial fish species of the Barents Sea was run and background readings were provided using such a big amount of data.
Methods used : the total content of Hg in fish samples was measured using Shimadzu (Japan) Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (CVAAS). Statistical data processing and charting were done using MS Excel and application software package of Statistica 13.
Results: it was shown that the mean amount of Hg in muscle and liver of the studied fish was below the maximum concentration of 0.5 pg/g of wet weight acceptable by sanitary standards. Content of Hg in liver was two times higher than in muscle. No evidence of anthropogenic contamination of the studied species by mercury was found. The total content of Hg in muscle and especially in liver demonstrated a considerable variability, which is probably linked to seasonal changes in the diet. There might be other factors influencing the mercury concentration, such as taxonomic affiliation, regional peculiarities, physiological state, and fattiness.
Practical significance : the acquired results were used to determine whether the commercial fishes meet the sanitary standards used in Russia.
Seafood is a major source of food for large number of people residing in the coastal areas of Maharashtra. Fish samples namely Escuolosa thoracata, Carcharhinus limbatus, Ilisha filigera, Johnius sina and Sardinella longiceps (Goregaon market) and Megalaspis cordyla, Ilisha filigera, Harpadon nehereus, Coilia dussumieri and Lepturacanthus lepturus (Borovali market) were collected directly from the two suburban markets (Goregaon and Borivali markets) of Mumbai coast. In the present study, the level of Zn in fishes from Goregaon and Borivali market was found above the tolerable limits, while the concentration of Fe in different species of fishes was found quite high as also reported in earlier literature. Iron was found tobe the dominant metal measured during the study period.The level of Pb was found within the tolerable limits. The concentration of Cd in marketed fishes was far lower than the consumption safety tolerance in fishes. Hg level in the samples of the fishes was found below the tolerable limits. The study concludes that the value of Fe represents severe contamination in the seafood and necessary steps are required to minimize heavy metal contamination.
Lake sediments are a reliable source of information about the past, including data of the origin of water bodies and their changes. Russia has more than 2 million lakes, so paleolimnological studies are relevant here. This review deals with the most significant studies of sequential accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals in recent lake sediments in Russia. The key areas are northwestern regions of Russia (Murmansk Region, the Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Region), the Urals (Chelyabinsk Region, the Republic of Bashkortostan), and Siberia. The review presents the data of pollutants accumulation, the sedimentation rate in lakes in the anthropogenic period, and the key sources of pollution of the environment in each of the mentioned regions. The article is divided into three parts (sections): industrial areas, urbanized areas, and background (pristine) areas so that readers might better understand the specifics of particular pollution and its impact on lake ecosystems. The impact of metallurgical plants, mining companies, boiler rooms, coal and mazut thermal power plants, transport, and other anthropogenic sources influencing geochemical characteristics of lakes located nearby or at a distance to these sources of pollution are considered. For instance, the direct influence of factories and transport was noted in the study of lake sediments in industrial regions and cities. In the background territories, the influence of long-range transport of pollutants was mainly noted. It was found that sedimentation rates are significantly lower in pristine areas, especially in the Frigid zone, compared to urbanized areas and industrial territories. In addition, the excess concentrations of heavy metals over the background are higher in the sediments of lakes that are directly affected by the source of pollution. At the end of the article, further prospects of the development of paleolimnological studies in Russia are discussed in the context of the continuing anthropogenic impact on the environment.
This comprehensive book presents an alternative fresh look at date palm byproducts as a springboard for the future circular bio economy. The book shows and exemplifies how these sustainable biomaterials can be the base for a wide spectrum of products and uses. Examples of these numerous products and uses are demonstrated and categorized into five principal uses: i) pharmaceutical, cosmetics and natural wax ,ii) textiles and composites, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, iii)timber and wood substitutes, architecture insulation and building materials, iv) organic fertilizer, compost and soil amendment and water treatment purposes, v) natural fodder and silage , green fuels and bioenergy.
Alevinos de Prochilodus magdalenae (bocachico), adquiridos en cultivos de peces, fueron expuestos durante 96 horas a cinco concentraciones agudas de mercurio (0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.22, 0.29 mg/l) en un sistema estático con renovación a las 48 horas. Durante la aclimatación los peces se mantuvieron en agua de consumo declorinada filtrada con carbón activado. La tasa de recirculación del agua fue 50 min y los niveles de oxígeno fueron superiores a 80% de saturación. Los peces fueron alimentados diariamente con Tetramin y el suministro de alimento se interrumpió doce horas antes del inicio de los experimentos. Durante la aclimatación y las pruebas de toxicidad la temperatura, el pH y el oxígeno disuelto variaron en un rango estrecho. La concentración letal media (CL50) del mercurio se calculó para 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas mediante los métodos promedio del ángulo móvil y probit. Los resultados a las 96 horas indicaron gran homogeneidad de la concentración letal media al variar entre 0.132 y 0.133 mg/l de cloruro de mercurio, y una menor sensibilidad de P. magdalenae que Poecilia reticulata a esta sustancia.
Owing to the toxicity and adverse effects of arsenic on human health, its levels in aquatic environments are among the most serious threats to humans globally. To improve our understanding of its occurrence and cycling in aquatic environments, herein we review the concentration, speciation, and distribution of arsenic in freshwater, seawater, and sediments. Many natural processes, such as rock weathering and geothermal activities, contribute to the background arsenic concentrations in the natural environment, whereas metal mining and smelting are anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the water. The high solubility and mobility of arsenic in aquatic environments affects its global cycling. Furthermore, the biological processes in the aquatic environment are discussed, especially the possible microbe-mediated reactions of arsenic in sediments. In addition, various environmental factors, such as redox conditions, pH, and salinity, which influence the transformation of arsenic species, are summarized. Finally, the differences between freshwater and seawater with reference to the concentration as well as speciation and distribution patterns of arsenic are addressed. This review provides deep insights into arsenic occurrence and cycling between freshwater and seawater aquatic environments, which can more accurately distinguish the risks of arsenic in different water environments, and provides theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of arsenic risks.
Metals, importantly heavy metals (HM), are the major cause of pollution in the marine environment. They are added into the marine system through various natural and anthropogenic sources such as weathering of rocks, volcanic eruptions, atmospheric deposition, domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural discharge, mining, coastal construction activities, dredging, etc. In the marine system, metals enter the seawater and influence its chemistry. Different metal species are formed as they move from freshwater to seawater due to change in pH and salinity. Within the water column, biogeochemical processes govern the existence of HM in particulate or dissolved form. Some proportion of metals may get deposited in the marine sediments which are the major sink of these metals. Metals are taken up by marine biota through seawater or through food chain, which may adversely affect them by altering their abundance, diversity, and physiology. HM pollution is a serious concern due to its higher toxicity, nonbiodegradability, and tendency to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues of living organisms. It is important to quantify the toxic effect of these metals on different groups of marine organisms such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, to know the extent to which marine biota is impacted by them. This would assist in taking timely measures to curb metal pollution in marine environment. The major areas impacted by metal pollution are the coastal and estuarine systems. Metal pollution indirectly affects the health of the human population, consuming fish and other seafood living in metal polluted seawater.
This paper reviews currently available evaluations of the effects of continuously increasing anthropogenic loads on water resources. The increase in the fluxes of elements and compounds into the environment, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and dispersion of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), acidifying gases, and toxic elements and compounds that adversely affect water quality, are considered. The significance of fresh waters as a life support factor for human populations is demonstrated. Examples illustrate how key anthropogenic-induced processes develop in land waters under the effect of anthropogenic loads, as exemplified by the Russian Kola regions. Climate warming and the increasing dispersion of elements are demonstrated to result in the eutrophication of surface waters, even in areas remote from anthropogenically impacted regions. Although the emissions of acidifying gases diminish, the waters are still acidified in acid-vulnerable areas, and the chemical compositions of the waters have been significantly modified over the past decades, indicating that the changes in the chemical composition of the waters are irreversible. A new feature of the waters is distinguished: the toxicity of the habitats for aquatic organisms. The novelty of the work was to highlight the bridge between anthropogenic loads on surface water on a planetary scale and their consequences in certain regions, which reflect changes in water quality. Arguments are presented for establishing a theoretical approach for evaluating critical loads.
The main approaches to the study and description of equilibria of metal cation and proton binding by a high-molecular weight substance in aqueous systems were analyzed in the case of scarce information on binding sites. Almost all the approaches have substantial disadvantages, especially from the viewpoint of model verification, informativeness, and opportunities of meaningful interpretations of the results obtained. A specific approach to a combined estimation of both binding constants and concentrations of binding sites was recommended. This approach uses experimental data only on the degree of complex formation and makes it possible to enhance significantly the informativeness of research of the state of heavy metals and a high-molecular weight organic substance interacting with the heavy metals in natural waters.
The Gorai River is a significant river in Bangladesh’s southwestern region, where residents make great use of the water despite a lack of adequate and reliable information concerning water quality and pollution levels. Thus, the goal of this research was to examine the spatio-temporal variations in water quality and determine whether it was suitable for drinking, agriculture, industrial, or livestock purposes, as well as the influencing factors and potential sources of water pollution. Surface water samples were collected in wet and dry seasons from ten sampling sites, and twenty water quality parameters were evaluated. The results showed that some studied water quality parameters, e.g., temperature, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, and nitrate, exceeded the maximum allowable limit. Water quality index values exhibited that the water quality of all sampling sites was found to be poor to very poor during the wet season, while only St-4 and St-5 were found to be poor and the rest of the investigated sites were good category during the dry season. Based on sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, and permeability index values, it was depicted that river water was suitable for irrigation purposes, but when compared to Kelly’s ratio (KR) and magnesium hazard ratio values, river water was found to be unfit for irrigation. Moreover, potential salinity (PS) and sodium-to-calcium activity ratio (SCAR) values allow the water as moderately suitable for use in irrigation purposes. Langelier saturation index (LSI) and aggressive index (AI) values revealed that the river water was under saturated to supersaturated and moderate to non-aggressive in nature. However, Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and Larson–Skold index (LS) values describe whether the water was high or severely corrosive, signifying its inappropriateness for industrial consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis depicted that the fluctuations in water quality are mostly related to point and non-point contaminations, such as urban and industrial effluent discharged and agricultural runoff of fertilizers. Cluster analysis (CA) revealed relative geographical and seasonal changes in water quality, showing the impact of hydrological changes and contamination.
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