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Subcritical Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
... Regarding the experimental factors, previous studies indicate the importance of temperature in the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in plant extracts, as it affects both the solubility of the compounds and the diffusion rate of solutes in the solvent [6,24,25]. Additionally, Siti Nur Khairunisa et al. [26] emphasize that maintaining adequate pressure is essential to ensure that water remains in a liquid state during extraction. Concerning extraction time, Nourbakhsh Amiri et al. [24] suggest that excessive prolongation can reduce the release of bioactive compounds due to their instability at high temperatures. ...
... Additionally, Siti Nur Khairunisa et al. [26] emphasize that maintaining adequate pressure is essential to ensure that water remains in a liquid state during extraction. Concerning extraction time, Nourbakhsh Amiri et al. [24] suggest that excessive prolongation can reduce the release of bioactive compounds due to their instability at high temperatures. Regarding particle size, a smaller size increases solute/solvent contact and extraction efficiency, although a size too small can cause channeling effects that reduce mass transfer [24,27]. ...
... Concerning extraction time, Nourbakhsh Amiri et al. [24] suggest that excessive prolongation can reduce the release of bioactive compounds due to their instability at high temperatures. Regarding particle size, a smaller size increases solute/solvent contact and extraction efficiency, although a size too small can cause channeling effects that reduce mass transfer [24,27]. ...
Global demand for food shows an increasing trend, which implies that volumes of food waste also increase. These wastes contain bioactive compounds that are not properly utilized or valorized. It was reported that ginger waste contains phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature, time, and particle size on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) waste aqueous extract using the Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) method with water as the sole solvent. Box-Behnken design was used. The sample was 1.60 kg of dried ginger peel powder. Data analysis was performed with Minitab ® 19.1 (64-bit). TPC ranged from 10.42 to 14.1 mg GAE/g, and AA (DPPH method) ranged from 72.9 to 111.9 μmol TE/g. The model explained 81.07% of AA’s total variability. Positive correlation was found between TPC and AA (Pearson's ρ = 0.58, p < 0.05). Response optimization values were 126 °C and 38 min. Temperature was a significant factor (p < 0.05) influencing AA, while time and particle size were not significant. Higher temperatures, longer extraction times and smaller particle sizes increase TPC and AA of the ginger waste aqueous extract.
... In terms of the experimental factors, previous studies highlight the critical role of temperature in the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in plant extracts. Temperature influences both the solubility of these compounds and the diffusion rate of solutes within the solvent [6,27,28]. Furthermore, Siti Nur Khairunisa et al. [29] underscore that maintaining appropriate pressure is crucial to ensuring that water remains in its liquid state during the extraction process. Regarding extraction time, Nourbakhsh Amiri et al. [27] indicate that excessive durations can lead to a reduction in bioactive compound yield due to their instability at elevated temperatures. ...
... Furthermore, Siti Nur Khairunisa et al. [29] underscore that maintaining appropriate pressure is crucial to ensuring that water remains in its liquid state during the extraction process. Regarding extraction time, Nourbakhsh Amiri et al. [27] indicate that excessive durations can lead to a reduction in bioactive compound yield due to their instability at elevated temperatures. As for particle size, smaller particles increase the contact surface area between solute and solvent, thereby enhancing extraction efficiency. ...
... As for particle size, smaller particles increase the contact surface area between solute and solvent, thereby enhancing extraction efficiency. However, if the particle size is too small, it may lead to channeling effects, which could hinder mass transfer [27,30]. ...
Global food demand is rising, leading to increased food waste, which contains underutilized bioactive compounds. The Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) method employs high temperature and pressure to maintain the solvent in a liquid state above its boiling point, thereby minimizing extraction time and solvent usage. Ginger waste is known to contain bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant activity. We aimed to assess the effect of temperature, time, and particle size on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) waste aqueous extract using the PLE method. A Box–Behnken design with 16 runs was employed. Each extraction utilized 40 g of the sample and was conducted at a constant pressure of 20 bar with a solvent ratio of 27:1 mL/g. Data analysis was performed with Minitab® 19.1 (64-bit). TPC ranged from 10.42 to 14.1 mg GAE/g, and AA ranged from 72.9 to 111.9 μmol TE/g. The model explained 81.07% of AA’s total variability. Positive correlation was found between TPC and AA (Pearson’s ρ = 0.58, p < 0.05). The optimized extraction conditions were a temperature of 126 °C, an extraction time of 38 min, and a particle size between 355 and 500 μm. Temperature significantly influenced AA (p < 0.05), while time and particle size were not significant factors. To enhance future research, conducting nutritional and functional studies on the extracted compounds would provide valuable insights. Lastly, evaluating the economic feasibility of using PLE for ginger waste valorization should be considered to support its commercial application.
... Furthermore, ultrasonic cavitation destroys cellular structures of ginger releasing phenolic compounds. Also, the lower temperature of this treatment avoids the thermal degradation of phenolic compounds [32]. ...
... An increase of 82.74% in the AA DPPH can be observed for F80Ult20 compared to F80Sox. Ultrasonic energy could increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, as observed at TPC concentration, thus increasing the AA [19,32]. Furthermore, ultrasound could increase the formation of shogaols, which are more antioxidant than its precursors, and reinforce the AA [11,32]. ...
... Ultrasonic energy could increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, as observed at TPC concentration, thus increasing the AA [19,32]. Furthermore, ultrasound could increase the formation of shogaols, which are more antioxidant than its precursors, and reinforce the AA [11,32]. Table 1 Global extraction yield (Yg), antioxidant activity against ABTS (AA ABTS ) and DPPH (AA DPPH ) radicals, and total phenolic compounds concentration (TPC) of ginger extracts obtained after oven drying at 60 o C (F60), 80 o C (F80), or 120 o C (F120) followed by ultrasound extraction at 20 °C (Ult20), 80 °C (Ult20), or in Soxhlet (Sox) Different letters in the columns represent significant differences in Tukey test with a significance level of 95%. ...
Ginger extracts (GEs) are antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Their bioactivity can benefit foods and active packaging by extending shelf life, enhancing safety, and providing health benefits. Highly bioactive GEs are crucial to formulating potent active products and avoiding negative effects on their properties. Sesquiterpenes and phenolics are the main bioactives in ginger, but drying and extraction affect their composition. GEs are usually obtained from dry rhizomes; however, these operations have been studied independently. Therefore, a combined study of innovative drying and extraction technologies to evaluate their influence on extracts’ composition will bring knowledge on how to increase the bioactivity of GEs. The effects of an emergent drying (vacuum microwave, VMD) followed by an emergent extraction (ultrasound, UAE, 20 or 80 °C) were investigated in this work. Microwave extraction (MAE) of fresh ginger was also studied. Convective oven drying and Soxhlet extraction were the references. Drying kinetics, powder color, extract composition, and antioxidant activity were studied. While MAE preserved the original composition profile, VMD combined with UAE (20 °C) produced extracts richer in phenolics (387.6 mg.GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (2100.7 mmol.Trolox/mL), with low impact in the sesquiterpenes. VMD generated shogaols by its high temperatures and facilitated extracting bioactives by destroying cellular structures and forming pores. UAE extracted these compounds selectively, released them from cell structures, and avoided losses caused by volatilization and thermal degradation. These findings have significant implications, as they provide an opportunity to obtain GE with tailored compositions that can enhance the formulation of food, active packaging, and pharmacological products.
... An increase of 82.74% in the AA DPPH can be observed for F80Ult20 compared to F80Sox. Ultrasonic energy could increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, as observed at TPC concentration, thus increasing the AA [19,29]. Furthermore, ultrasound could increase the formation of shogaols, which are more antioxidant than its precursors, and reinforce the AA [9,29]. ...
... Ultrasonic energy could increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, as observed at TPC concentration, thus increasing the AA [19,29]. Furthermore, ultrasound could increase the formation of shogaols, which are more antioxidant than its precursors, and reinforce the AA [9,29]. ...
... Furthermore, ultrasonic cavitation destroys cellular structures of ginger releasing phenolic compounds. Also, the lower temperature of this treatment avoids the thermal degradation of phenolic compounds[29]. ...
Ginger is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its bioactive compounds can benefit foods and active packaging formulations by extending shelf life, enhancing safety, and providing health benefits to consumers. In ginger, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds are the main bioactives, and drying and extraction processes directly affect them. This influence can have desirable or undesirable effects on the composition, activity, and concentration. So, it is crucial to carefully define these operations to avoid losses and enable selective extraction, resulting in tailored compositions without requiring additional steps. Considering this a field to explore, the effects of combined emergent drying and extraction technologies on ginger were investigated. Vacuum microwave drying (VMD), ultrasound (UAE) (20 or 80 o C), and microwave extraction (ME) were evaluated. Drying kinetics, powder color, extract composition, and antioxidant activity were studied. While ME demonstrated high efficiency in preserving the original compounds of fresh ginger, VMD combined with UAE (20°C) produced extracts with the highest concentration of phenolic compounds (387.6 mg.GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (2100.7 mmol.Trolox/mL) and had a low impact in the main sesquiterpenes. VMD generated shogaols by its controlled high temperatures and facilitated extracting bioactives by destroying cellular structures and forming pores. UAE extracted these compounds selectively, released them from cell structures, and reduced losses caused by volatilization and thermal degradation compared to conventional methods. These findings have significant implications, as they provide an opportunity to obtain ginger extracts with tailored compositions that can enhance the formulation of food products, active food packaging, and health-related products.
... Subcritical water extraction coupled with enzymatic pretreatment achieved higher levels of bioactives recovery than subcritical water extraction with sonication pretreatment. (Amiri et al., 2018) Ultrasonic-assisted subcritical water extraction 130 • C, 20 bars, 2 % ethanol (as co-solvent), particle size 1 mm, 1 h. Sonication pre-treatment of 50/60 Hz, 280 W and 40 • C for 30 min. ...
... Among the isolated compounds, it was found zingiberene, geranial, β-sesquiphellandrene, geranyl acetate, endo-borneol, etc (Yulianto et al., 2022). Amiri et al. (2018) utilized subcritical water extraction as well to purify bioactive compounds from dried ginger. Apart from the SWE, they compared sonication and enzymatic pre-treatment. ...
... This means that more than double extraction efficiency can be achieved by using enzymes. ɑ-amylase is an enzyme that disrupts the cell wall; hence, its utilization coupled with the particle size of dried ginger utilized, helped to release a great number of intracellular products (Amiri et al., 2018). ...
Currently, ginger is one the most consumed plants when dealing with the treatments of various illnesses. So far, it is known that various biologically active molecules, such as gingerols, shogaols and zingerone, among others, are the main responsible for specific biological activities, opening a new window for its utilization as a nutraceutical in foods. In pioneering extraction processes, solvent extraction has been initially used for these applications; however, the drawbacks of this typical extraction method compared with other emergent separation techniques make it possible for the exploration of new extraction pathways, including microwave, ultrasound, supercritical, subcritical and pressurized-assisted extraction, along with three phase partitioning, high-speed counter current chromatography and magnetic solid phase extraction. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report documenting the recent studies and cases of study in this field. Therefore, we comprehensively review the progress and the latest findings (over the last five years) on research developments, including patents and emerging extraction methods, aiming at the purification of biologically active molecules (gingerols, shogaols and zingerone) contained in ginger. Over the course of this review, particular emphasis is devoted to breakthrough strategies and meaningful outcomes in ginger components extraction. Finally, dosage and safety concerns related to ginger extracts are also documented.
... High pressures enable extractions at temperatures higher than the boiling point of the solvents at ambient pressure, thus accelerating extraction processes. Also, high pressures can reduce the polarity of polar solvents, such as water, enabling them to be used for the selective extraction of low polarity compounds (Amiri et al., 2018;Sarip et al., 2014). Extraction of low polarity compounds by water is promising, and it can be used as a substitute for organic solvents. ...
... Also, it opens new perspectives for circular bioeconomy by biorefineries (Gao et al., 2021;Jacotet-Navarro et al., 2016). Amiri et al. (2018), Ko et al. (2019), and Sarip et al. (2014) studied the use of pressurized water (2.0, 10, and 3.5 MPa, respectively) to extract gingerols and shogaols from ginger rhizomes. All the authors observed that the recovery of gingerols increased with the temperature until the beginning of the conversion of gingerols to shogaols, which was substantially enhanced at around 130 • C. The authors also observed that at temperatures above 170 • C and long times (>25 min) there was a degradation of gingerols and shogaols (Ko et al., 2019;Sarip et al., 2014). ...
... At pressures of 10 MPa, the optimum conditions for the recovery of 6-gingerol (0.68 mg/g) were at 130 • C for 25 min, and for 6shogaol (0.39 mg/g) were at 190 • C for 15 min (Ko et al., 2019). The optimum conditions obtained by Amiri et al. (2018) for 6-gingerol recovery (1.26 mg/g) were 130 • C and 2 MPa for 30 min and using 2% ethanol as co-solvent. ...
Ginger extracts have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities mainly due to gingerols and shogaols. Extract composition and functionality can be affected by drying and extraction processes. Alternative methods to obtain ginger extracts based on high contents of gingerols and shogaols have been reported. However, there were no studies that present a broad overview of how these methods affect the composition and functionalities of ginger extracts. Based on literature data from 2011 to 2022, this review shows how drying, extraction, and complementary processes (i.e., enzymatic, acidic, and carbonic maceration) affect the composition and bioactivity of the ginger extract. Lower temperature processes, including freeze-drying, cold ultrasound-, or enzyme-assisted extraction, lead to extracts richer in phenolics, gingerols, and antioxidant activity. On the other hand, acidic solvents or “hot” processes including microwave-drying, pressurized liquid, and microwave-assisted extraction can favor higher shogaols concentrations, which have higher antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities than the gingerols precursors. Thus, in this review, we analyzed and discussed the relation between ginger processing and their bioactive compounds, focusing especially on gingerols and shogaols, as well as the main processes that increase the content of 6-shogaol without compromising other phenolic compounds to produce highly functional extracts for future applications in the food packaging sector.
... Needing hazardous solvents, being tedious to operate, and in some cases operating at high temperature are their limitation [8]. In addition to traditional methods, various advanced extraction methodologies such as supercritical fluid extraction [9], subcritical water extraction [10], microwave-assisted extraction [11], and ultrasound assisted extraction [5] have also been employed to solve the problem associated with traditional extraction methods, mostly the thermal degradation of the desired bioactive compounds [8,9]. For additional information on extraction processes, one can refer to literature [12]. ...
... Gingerols comprise a series of structural analogs differentiated by the length of their alkyl chains, including [6]-, [8]-and [10]-gingerol [3,19]. Of these, [6]gingerol is the most abundant phenolic ketones compound in gingerols (50-70%) with high biological activities [17,18]. ...
... Using eco-friendly technique is welldwon for human safty. Adsorption of methylene blue by silk cocoon as a natural adsorbent and extraction of the bioactive compound from gringer via subcritical water extraction can be mentioned as green methods [4][5]. Intra molecular interaction is a very old concept. ...
... !! (5) where K L (catechin) and K L (quercetin) are distribution coefficients of catechin and quercetin, respectively. Utmost measure of P, introduce high selectivity of the MIPs. ...
The aim of this study is synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and evaluation for extraction of catechin. Catechin is a bioactive compound which is found abundantly in green tea. In this paper, MIPs was synthesized by precipitation polymerization technique for catechin, acrylic acid and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as a template, functional monomer and cross-linker in a molecular ratio of (1:12:12), respectively. Surface morphology in the MIPs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated spheres with nanometric scale. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the polymers showed that catechin molecule was captured in the network copolymers. Porosity of the polymers were analyzed using Brouneur Emmet Teller (BET) technique. Based on BET analysis, specific surface area of the MIPs was 45.5 m 2 .g-1 while it was 42.2 m 2 .g-1 for non-imprinted polymers (NIPs). It means that the imprinting process was carried out successfully. Adsorption properties of the polymers were characterized too. The best binding capacity of the MIPs was reported equal to 440 mg. g-1 in 750 ppm of the feed concentration whereas it was 84mg.g-1 for quercetin (similar structure of catechin). It confirms that the MIPs technology can be introduced as a good candidate for separation process with a satisfactory result in selectivity. The binding capacity of the MIPs was evaluated for natural extract of green tea using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device which similar results were obtained. According to above mentioned results, separation and pre-concentration of the bioactive compounds from the extract of medicinal plants can be suggested via MIPs technique.
... The extraction of flavonoids and phenolics from the ginger was highest at 80°C, as seen by increases in TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities. The influence of extraction temperature on GBCs was also studied by other researchers (Nourbakhsh Amiri et al. 2018). They assessed the extraction of GBCs using subcritical water extraction at 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150°C. ...
Ginger has been used as a flavoring agent in foods due to its unique taste and aroma. It is also an herbal medicine because of its potential to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and respiratory disorders. However, the application of ginger bioactive compounds (GBCs) as nutraceutical ingredients in foods is often limited because of their poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability. These limitations can often be overcome using suitable encapsulation technologies. In this article, we begin by reviewing the molecular and physicochemical attributes of ginger, as well as the factors that limit its bioavailability. Then, different technologies for encapsulating GBCs have been described including lipid-based, surfactant-based, and biopolymeric carriers. In addition, different equipment available for fabricating carriers of GBCs, including spray drying, spray chilling, electrospinning, homogenization, and crystallization have also been overviewed. Finally, future directions in the encapsulation and delivery of GBCs in foods is discussed.
Graphical Abstract
... The grounded ginger powder had a particle size of 1mm, and other optimized conditions were 130 °C and 20 bar for 30 min. Gingerols and shogoals were the active components of ginger extract [37] . Kanadea and Bhatkhandeb, 2016 reported in their study about ginger extraction with the Soxhlet extraction process with various solvents (methanol, n-hexane, acetone, water, [33] . ...
... The gingerols and shogaols, and polyphenol contents of the extract were 1346 µg bioactive/g dried ginger and 1.895 mg GAE/g dried ginger, respectively. Co-solvents improve the solubility and modify the interactions of solute with water (Nourbakhsh Amiri et al., 2018). ...
This study reports the effect of different extraction and drying techniques in the recovery of curcumin, where the impact of the pre-treatment step on turmeric rhizome using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was evaluated. Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by drying (oven drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying) were applied to HPH-treated and control (non-HPH) samples. The HPH treatment
condition of 100 MPa for 10 cycles demonstrated the lowest particle sizes in the turmeric suspensions and the highest curcumin content in the aqueous supernatant. It was also found that HPH treatment increased the release of curcumin from the freeze-dried turmeric extracts obtained from SE (+76.2%) and UAE (+57.5%). Besides, freeze drying was the best drying method demonstrating higher antioxidant activity of extracts than other
thermal drying methods. The total phenolic content was increased by about 65.5% upon HPH treatment on turmeric extract obtained from UAE followed by vacuum drying.
... The gingerols and shogaols, and polyphenol contents of the extract were 1346 µg bioactive/g dried ginger and 1.895 mg GAE/g dried ginger, respectively. Co-solvents improve the solubility and modify the interactions of solute with water (Nourbakhsh Amiri et al., 2018). ...
6-Gingerol is the major pharmacologically active component of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Various extraction and purification methods have been developed to obtain highly purified 6-gingerol. 6-Gingerol can be extracted using conventional and nonconventional extraction techniques. Hydroalcoholic solutions and liquid CO 2 are the most suitable solvents for the extraction of 6-gingerol, while microwave-assisted extraction is the best extraction method. High-speed counter-current chromatography is the purification technique resulting in the highest purity of 6-gingerol. Despite the various biological properties of 6-gingerol, the low bioavailability of 6-gingerol is the main challenge that limits its application. Novel encapsulation and solubilization techniques, including nano-emulsion, complexation, micelles, and solid dispersion methods, have been introduced to enhance the bioavailability of 6-gingerol, overcoming its limitations. 6-Gingerol showed potential applications as a natural antioxidant, preservative, and flavor enhancer as well as demonstrated a synergistic effect with different ingredients for maintaining the quality and shelf-life of the food products. The current work provides a comprehensive review of the prevailing techniques applied for extraction and purification of 6-gingerol from the rhizome of ginger, current research on the application of 6-gingerol in the food industry, and novel advances for increasing its bioavailability.
... Other than that, in SWE, the pH level of the solvent can be regulated by modifying the temperature. Thus, this method is suitable for extracting alliin from garlic [12]. This is because adjusting the temperature in the range of the subcritical phase can alter the polarity of water and manipulate the water behaviour to act as an acid or base catalyst as well as regulate the pH level, providing an advantage for the stability of alliin extraction, as alliin is an unstable compound [13]. ...
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an herbaceous plant and is recognised for its numerous medicinal and culinary properties, and it is used in diverse food preparations for its characteristic flavour and aroma. High alliin content increases the formation of allicin, a bioactive compound of garlic. Therefore, this research aimed to compare different extraction methods for garlic (Allium sativum L.) between subcritical water extraction (SWE) and Soxhlet extraction to obtain a high extraction yield and alliin content. The SWE conditions were 120 °C and 180 °C temperatures and 2 mL/min and 6 mL/min flow rates at a constant pressure of 15 MPa for a 10 min extraction time, respectively. In the meanwhile, the extraction time for Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, namely, distilled water, ethanol–water (1:1), and 100% ethanol, was two hours. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse alliin. Soxhlet extraction had the best yield (1.96 g) using ethanol–water (1:1) as the solvent in comparison to SWE extraction (1.28 g) at 180 °C and 6 mL/min. In contrast, SWE yielded a greater concentration of alliin (136.82 mg/g) at 120 °C and 2 mL/min than the Soxhlet method when using distilled water as the solvent (65.18 mg/g). Therefore, SWE may replace Soxhlet extraction as the conventional method for extracting alliin from garlic at a high concentration, and SWE has advantages that favour garlic extracts.
... The mixture was processed for 30 min at 85 • C. The prepared extract was filtered by Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Dry extract (5 g) was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol solvent and sonicated for 30 min at 15 • C. Constituents of the extract were quantified by HPLC (Smartline, Knauer, Germany) method [32]. The contents of bioactive components were determined in the extract and the concentration of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol was 6163.1, 802.8, 783.9, and 839.9 mg/kg ginger (on dry weight basis), respectively. ...
Medicinal plants with antibacterial effects have been used by humans for centuries. In the
recent decade, due to the development of antibiotic resistant strains, many studies have focused on the
use of natural compounds as feed additives in livestock. Ginger, among all, have repetitively shown
numerous biological activities, antibacterial, and antibiotic properties. This study was conducted
to evaluate the effects of ginger root powder (GP) on the performance, egg quality, and blood
parameters of Japanese quail. A total of 240 10-weeks old female quails were used in a completely
randomized design with 4 treatments, 4 replicates, and 15 birds per replicate. Dietary treatment were
basal diet (control) and basal diet containing 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/kg of ginger root powder. Growth
performance and exterior and interior quality of egg were measured biweekly over eight-week
period. At the end of experiment blood parameters were evaluated. The results showed that diet
supplementation with different levels of GP had no significant effect on egg production, egg mass
weight, and egg weight (p > 0.05). However, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly
lower in the treatment group than the control in the whole period (p < 0.05). Egg Quality traits (shape
index, albumen index, the percentage of albumen, yolk and shell, yolk pH, and shell thickness and
strength) were not affected by the supplements in the whole trial period. Addition of GP significantly
increased the albumen height, Haugh unit, and albumen pH in comparison with the control treatment
(p < 0.05). GP reduced blood triglyceride level yet was ineffective on blood total antioxidant capacity
and malondialdehyde. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with GP, could improve productive
performance and the egg quality of Japanese quails. Nonetheless a comprehensive study needs to be
performed in order to evaluate the impact of quail dietary ginger supplementation on productive
performance and egg quality and their stability during storage time for commercial use.
... Water extraction has been widely developed to replace the use of organic solvents in the extraction of antioxidant bioactive compounds in antioxidant extraction for food additives and medicinal compounds [11]. As a polar solvent with high number of hydrogen bond in its structure [12], water is nontoxic, cheap, and highly available [13]. Furthermore, water has better affinity to the solute [14] and is more efficient than nonpolar solvent [8]. ...
... Several studies had focused on the development of accelerated water extraction (AWE) as a solidliquid extraction technique that was developed to substitute organic solvents in antioxidant extraction for medicinal compounds or food additives [3]. As polar solvent, the dielectric constant of water is high because of the hydrogen bond in its structure [12]. Water extraction become an interesting method which is widely applicable in bioactive extraction because it is natural, non-toxic, low cost green solvent and has been recognized as a safe solvent by food and nutraceutical industries [13,2]. ...
Proanthocyanidin extraction for antioxidant material from intact red sorghum grains in agitated vessel had been investigated. The optimization and the appropriate kinetic evaluation were useful to conduct the engineering design of the developed process. Concentrations of the proanthocyanidin compounds in the aqueous extract were affected by the agitation speed and extraction time. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum values of agitation speed and time for getting maximum extraction performance and to develop the appropriate kinetic model for illustrating the extraction phenomena. This research also evaluated the characteristics of the obtained extract. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined using Response Surface Methodology. The concentration of proanthocyanidin compound in the extract was predicted to be maximum at 405.05 rotations per minute (rpm) of agitation speed and 133.03 minutes of extraction time. The values of R ² of the regression equations were 99.45%. In the kinetic modeling, the mechanistic model turns to be much more accurate than the second order kinetic. The extract from the optimum process had 0.837 mg/ml of proanthocyanidin concentration and was proven to be effective in scavenging 64.02% of free radicals in the 100 μM DPPH in 30 minutes.
... The obtained ginger essential oil was collected and stored in the room temperature for further use. The extraction done for all the six solvents and their yields were noted [19]. The obtained ginger oil acetone extract was centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm and the sample were checked for its OD by using UV-Spectrophotometer to send to HPLC. ...
The ginger and its extracted compounds were used for many centuries to cure various alignments including joint pain, cold, indigestion etc. Its rich phytochemistry can play a vital role in our health aspects. Ginger (Zingiber officnale) is an herbaceous plant which enormously used in food preparation. Ginger is spread around Southeast Asian and tropical region around the world. The pungence nature of ginger mainly due to the presence of poly-phenolic compounds [6]- gingerol and [6]-shogaol. The bioactive compounds like [6]- gingerol and its dehydrated form [6]-shogaol can inhibits the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, along with this properties it can reduce the pro-inflammatory molecules like prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. Ginger is a known medicinal herb since centuries it can be a good source in reducing blood glucose level, LDL-cholesterol and can inhibit the growth of tumorous cells. It has been used widely as a spice and as herbal medicinal product due to its beneficial characteristics.
... The obtained ginger essential oil was collected and stored in the room temperature for further use. The extraction done for all the six solvents and their yields were noted [19]. The obtained ginger oil acetone extract was centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm and the sample were checked for its OD by using UV-Spectrophotometer to send to HPLC. ...
Herbal medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders in many traditional medicinal systems around the world. Usage of this herb found in Indian and Chinese medicinal systems. The availability of ginger herb is Universal these days, where it is cultivated for its underground stem (Pseudo-stem). Most commonly used part is rhizome. This ginger rhizome has many therapeutic uses including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetics, antioxidant, anti-microbial and also curing in vomiting, constipation, indigestion, cold, fever,cough, nausea, reparatory conditions, bronchitis etc., these activities were checked using different solvents of different polarity. Arthritis is known for its ex treme joint pain and swelling may be treated by using ginger essential oil extract. It was studied that it has the capacity to reducing the pro-inflammatory molecules by lowering the RA-F, CRP, ESR level in the blood.The essences of ginger are due to the chemicals present in them. The products obtained from the ginger like essential oil and oleoresin are used all around the world for its food and pharmaceutical properties.The bioactive compounds like [6]-gingerol and its dehydrated form [6]-shogaol can inhibits the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, along with this properties it can reduce the pro-inflammatory molecules like prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2.It also observed by the recent studies that the ginger and its extract have the capacity of suppressing the leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. To this effect in-vitro study conducted in the lab shows the maximum inhibition as well as maximum protection by the ginger essential oil extract. The essential oil extraction were administered external apply and the variation in the certain proteins and inflammation related antibodies were studied.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale L. Z.o.) is a well-known spice that has been used for centuries as a food ingredient and in traditional medicine. One of the primary active components of ginger is gingerol, which has been studied extensively for its potential health benefits and has significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiulcer properties, confirming traditional use of ginger in ancient medicine as a home remedy for various ailments. Gingerol extraction techniques, health implications, bioavailability, and targeting signaling pathways in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are areas of active research because it may be a promising therapeutic agent for various GI disorders including obesity, inflammation, diabetes, cancer and functional GI disorder. This review paper provides an overview of the current understanding of gingerol extraction techniques, the potential health benefits associated with gingerol consumption, and the mechanisms of action by which gingerol exerts its effects in the GI tract. In addition, this paper highlights the challenges associated with achieving optimal bioavailability of gingerol and potential strategies for improving its bioavailability. Finally, this paper explores the potential of targeting signaling pathways in the GI tract as a means of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of gingerol. The research summarized in this abstract suggests that gingerol may be a promising therapeutic agent for various GI disorders. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which gingerol exerts its effects and to optimize its delivery and dosing for maximal therapeutic benefit.
Herbal medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders in many traditional medicinal
systems around the world. Usage of this herb found in Indian and Chinese medicinal systems.
The availability of ginger herb is Universal these days, where it is cultivated for its
underground stem (Pseudo-stem). Most commonly used part is rhizome. This ginger rhizome
has many therapeutic uses including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetics, antioxidant, anti�microbial and also curing in vomiting, constipation, indigestion, cold, fever, cough, nausea,
reparatory conditions, bronchitis etc., these activities were checked using different solvents of
different polarity. Arthritis is known for its extreme joint pain and swelling may be treated by
using ginger essential oil extract. It was studied that it has the capacity to reducing the pro�inflammatory molecules by lowering the RA-F, CRP, ESR level in the blood. The essences of
ginger are due to the chemicals present in them. The products obtained from the ginger like
essential oil and oleoresin are used all around the world for its food and pharmaceutical
properties. The bioactive compounds like [6]- gingerol and its dehydrated form [6]- shogaol
can inhibits the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, along with this property it can
reduce the pro-inflammatory molecules like prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2.
It also observed by the recent studies that the ginger and its extract have the capacity of
suppressing the leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. To this effect in- vitro
study conducted in the lab shows the maximum inhibition as well as maximum protection by
the ginger essential oil extract. The essential oil extraction was administered external apply
and the variation in the certain proteins and inflammation related antibodies were studied.
Ginger is one of the commonly used spices that has been exhibited to have pharmaceutical activities. These therapeutic properties are mainly attribute to gingerols and shogaols. In this study, the bioactive compounds of ginger rhizome were extracted. Silica gel column chromatography was employed to isolate gingerol. Gingerol obtained with acceptable purity. In order to enhance gingerol bioavailability, chitosan nanoparticles containing gingerol were prepared. Encapsulation efficiency was 80%. AFM and DLS analysis were performed to evaluate size and size distribution of nanoparticles. Results show that the nanoparticles have spherical morphology, narrow size distribution with average particle size of 21.11 nm. Cellular toxicity of nanoparticles in MCF-7 cell line was calculated using MTT method. The results indicate that chitosan nanoparticles containing gingerol, have good inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells. The nanoparticles eliminated 90% of cancer cells in 48 hours.
Alternative methods are currently being investigated to reduce the overuse of organic solvents, which have serious environmental and health consequences. Certain promising green technology-based alternative extractions are employed in a wide range of bioactive and nutraceutical extractions, including ultrasonication, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Super- and subcritical fluid extractions, on the other hand, are sufficiently sophisticated green technologies that have superior efficacy and selectivity for the extraction of nonpolar and low-polar constituents. In this regard, this chapter gives an overview of the process, the theory of super- and subcritical extraction, and the role of pivotal variables for optimal extraction. Additionally, recent findings of the principal phytochemical and bioactive compounds extracted by this process with their nature, biological activities, and stability during and after processing are discussed.
Ginger has been widely used for different purposes, such as condiment, functional food, drugs, and cosmetics. Gingerols, the main pungent component in ginger, possess a variety of bioactivities. To fully understand the significance of gingerols in the food and pharmaceutical industry, this paper first recaps the composition and physiochemical properties of gingerols, and the major extraction and synthesis methods. Furthermore, the pungency and bioactivity of gingerols are reviewed. In addition, the food application of gingerols and future perspectives are discussed. Gingerols, characterized by a 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl moiety, are divided into gingerols, shogaols, paradols, zingerone, gingerdiones and gingerdiols. At present, gingerols are extracted by conventional, innovative, and integrated extraction methods, and synthesized by chemical, biological and in vitro cell synthesis methods. Gingerols can activate transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and induce signal transduction, thereby exhibiting its pungent properties and bioactivity. By targeted mediation of various cell signaling pathways, gingerols display potential anticancer, antibacterial, blood glucose regulatory, hepato- and renal-protective, gastrointestinal regulatory, nerve regulatory, and cardiovascular protective effects. This review contributes to the application of gingerols as functional ingredients in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Herbal medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders in many traditional medicinal systems around the world. Usage of this herb found in Indian and Chinese medicinal systems. The availability of ginger herb is Universal these days, where it is cultivated for its underground stem (Pseudo-stem). Most commonly used part is rhizome. This ginger rhizome has many therapeutic uses including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetics, antioxidant, anti- microbial and also curing in vomiting, constipation, indigestion, cold, fever, cough, nausea, reparatory conditions, bronchitis etc., these activities were checked using different solvents of different polarity. Arthritis is known for its extreme joint pain and swelling may be treated by using ginger essential oil extract. It was studied that it has the capacity to reducing the pro- inflammatory molecules by lowering the RA-F, CRP, ESR level in the blood. The essences of ginger are due to the chemicals present in them. The products obtained from the ginger like essential oil and oleoresin are used all around the world for its food and pharmaceutical properties. The bioactive compounds like [6]- gingerol and its dehydrated form [6]- shogaol can inhibits the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, along with this property it can reduce the pro-inflammatory molecules like prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. It also observed by the recent studies that the ginger and its extract have the capacity of suppressing the leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. To this effect in- vitro study conducted in the lab shows the maximum inhibition as well as maximum protection by the ginger essential oil extract. The essential oil extraction was administered external apply and the variation in the certain proteins and inflammation related antibodies were studied.
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an alternative technique implemented water as a solvent. The objective of this work was to extract Zingiber zerumbet rhizome using SWE at a temperature range from 100ºC to 180ºC with duration from 5 to 25 min. The extracts were analysed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA). Soxhlet extraction using ethanol was used for a comparison purpose. Results showed the highest TPC and TFC was obtained at 180ºC and 25 min extraction, with the yield of 18.52 mg GAE/gDW and 2.34 mg QE/gDW of rhizome for TPC and TFC, respectively. RSA at peak of 83.9 % inhibition at the condition of 180ºC and 10 min extraction. In comparison to Soxhlet extraction, the extract after SWE gives the highest amount of TPC and RSA. However, the values for TFC are lower as compared to ethanolic extract. Therefore, SWE process for Zingiber zerumbet extract is favourable for higher TPC and RSA. A direct linear correlation between the RSA with the TPC and TFC of the extracts shows that a strong correlation was observed between TPC and the RSA with the R² obtained was 0.910 as compared to moderate correlation (R²=0.785) perceived in TFC. Thus, it shows higher radical scavenging activity in Zingiber zerumbet was contributed by phenolic content as compared to its flavonoid content. In overall, SWE is a potential alternative extraction process that should be further explored. © 2018 Materials and Energy Research Center. All rights reserved.
Software energy consumption is a performance related non-functional requirement that complicates building software on mobile devices today. Energy hogging applications are a liability to both the end-user and software developer. Measuring software energy consumption is non-trivial, requiring both equipment and expertise, yet many researchers have found that software energy consumption can be modelled. Prior works have hinted that with more energy measurement data one can make more accurate energy models but this data was expensive to extract because it required energy measurement of running test cases (rare) or time consuming manually written tests. We address these concerns by automatically generating test cases to drive applications undergoing energy measurement. Automatic test generation allows a model to be continuously improved in a model building process whereby applications are extracted, tests are generated, energy is measured and combined with instrumentation to train a grander big-data model of software energy consumption. This continuous process has allowed the authors to generate and extract measurements from hundreds of applications in order to build accurate energy models capable of predicting the energy consumption of applications without end-user energy measurement. We clearly show that models built from more applications reduce energy modelling error.
The purpose of this review is to give the reader a thorough background to the fundamentals and applications of pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the analysis of bioactive compounds. We summarize the field in the period 2009–14, and include fundamentals of water as a solvent: equipment; method optimization; applications; coupling; and, future prospects. We highlight that solvent properties of water are tunable by changing the temperature, particularly self-ionization, dielectric constant, viscosity, diffusivity, density and surface tension. Furthermore, important aspects to consider are the risk of degradation of the analytes and other potential reactions, such as hydrolysis, caramelization and Maillard reactions that may lead to erroneous results. For the extraction of bioactive compounds, we report PHWE methods based on using water of 80–175°C and short extraction times. In conclusion, PHWE provides advantages over conventional extraction methods, such as being “greener”, faster and more efficient.
The improvement of sample-preparation and extraction techniques for determinations of natural bioactive compounds is very important. New concepts relate to not only enhancement of extraction efficiencies but also environmental impact. This evolution towards Green Analytical Chemistry is to new extraction and sample-preparation processes that should be faster, more reproducible and more environmentally friendly.Compressed fluid-based sample-preparation techniques (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction) demonstrate good capabilities. In this review, we update knowledge on the techniques together with the main technical developments and the most notable recent applications for the extraction of bioactive compounds.
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has become a popular green extraction method for different classes of compounds present in numerous kinds of matrices such as environmental, food and botanical samples. PHWE is also used in sample preparation to extract organic contaminants from foodstuff for food safety analysis and soils/sediments for environmental monitoring purposes. The main parameters which influence its extraction efficiency are namely the temperature, extraction time, flow rates and addition of modifiers/additives. Among these different parameters studied, temperature is described as the most important one. It is reported that the extraction of certain compounds is rather dependent on pressurized water with different applied temperature. Thus, the stability and reduced solubilities of certain compounds at elevated temperatures are highlighted in this review. With some modifications, a scaled-up PHWE could extract a higher amount of desirable compounds from solid and powdered samples such as plant and food materials. The PHWE extracts from plants are rich in chemical compounds or metabolites which can be a potential lead for drug discovery or development of disease-resistant food crops.
Plants and algae are the main sources of natural bioactive compounds used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is very important to achieve an efficient and safe technique to recover bioactive compounds while maintaining their quality and properties. Subcritical water extraction is the most promising engineering approach that offers an environmentally friendly technique for extracting various compounds from plants and algae. Application of pressurized water and high temperature in subcritical phase is able to modify the dielectric constant and polarity of the solvent which then contributes to a better extraction process. The technique improves the mass transfer rate and preserves the biological potency of the extracts. This article reviews current studies on the extraction of bioactive compounds from various species of plants and algae using the subcritical water technique and discusses its effects and benefits for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
This work reports the extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) roots using sub and supercritical CO2 and compressed propane as solvents. Antioxidant activity effect and phenolic content were evaluated on the extracts obtained. The extractions were performed in a laboratory scale unit at pressures of 8.0 MPa, 16.5 MPa and 25.0 MPa using CO2 and 3.0 MPa, 6.5 MPa and 10.0 MPa using propane, and at 293.15 K, 313.15 K and 333.15 K for both solvents. The operating conditions tested achieved a maximum yield of 3.21 wt% for the CO2 extraction and 2.75 wt% for the extraction using propane as solvent. When CO2 was used as solvent, the pressure and temperature presented significant effect on the extraction yield. When propane was used, the most important variable was the pressure that presented a positive effect on the extraction yield. The chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography and were similar for the two solvents, in which the main compounds were α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene, geranial, β-bisabolene and β-eudesmol. The antioxidant activity assays were performed on the extracts obtained using the phosphomolybdenum reducing method. The extracts obtained using supercritical CO2 and compressed propane presented antioxidant effects. The highest antioxidant activity (931.67 ± 2.51 mg of α-tocopherol/g of extract) was found for extracts obtained using supercritical CO2 as solvent at 313.15 K and 16.5 MPa.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) is a popular spice used in various foods and beverages. 6-Gingerol is the major bioactive constituent responsible for the antiinflammatory, antitumour and antioxidant activities of ginger. The effect of application of α-amylase, viscozyme, cellulase, protease and pectinase enzymes to ginger on the oleoresin yield and 6-gingerol content has been investigated. Pre-treatment of ginger with α-amylase or viscozyme followed by extraction with acetone afforded higher yield of oleoresin (20%±0.5) and gingerol (12.2%±0.4) compared to control (15%±0.6 oleoresin, 6.4%±0.4 gingerol). Extraction of ginger pre-treated with enzymes followed by extraction with ethanol provided higher yield of gingerol (6.2-6.3%) than the control (5.5%) with comparable yields of the oleoresin (31-32%). Also, ethanol extract of cellulase pre-treated ginger had the maximum polyphenol content (37.5mg/g). Apart from 6-gingerol, 6-paradol along with 6- and 8-methyl shogaols were the other important bio-active constituents in the oleoresin from cellulase-treated ginger.
The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls (MEPH) on free-radical and active-oxygen species was investigated. MEPH showed marked activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, indicating that MEPH has effective activities as a hydrogen donor and as a primary antioxidant to react with lipid radicals. MEPH also possessed antioxidative activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2 radical anion), indicating that MEPH has a scavenging activity on H2O2 and O2 radical anion. The scavenging effect of MEPH on hydroxyl radical was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. MEPH exhibited a marked scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical, and the scavenging activity of MEPH depended on its concentrations. These results indicate that MEPH is also active as an oxygen scavenger and as a secondary antioxidant. The overall antioxidant effect of MEPH on lipid peroxidation might be attributed to its properties of scavenging free-radical and active-oxygen species.
To develop an efficient green extraction approach for recovery of bioactive compounds from natural plants, we examined the potential of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) with bioethanol/water as solvents. The advantages of PLE over other extraction approaches, in addition to reduced time/solvent cost, the extract of PLE showed a distinct constituent profile from that of Soxhlet extraction, with significantly improved recovery of diarylheptanoids, etc. Among the pure solvents tested for PLE, bioethanol yield the highest efficiency for recovering most constituents of gingerol-related compounds; while for a broad concentration spectrum of ethanol aqueous solutions, 70% ethanol gave the best performance in terms of yield of total extract, complete constituent profile and recovery of most gingerol-related components. PLE with 70% bioethanol operated at 1500 psi and 100 °C for 20 min (static extraction time: 5 min) is recommended as optimized extraction conditions, achieving 106.8%, 109.3% and 108.0% yield of [6]-, [8]- and [10]-gingerol relative to the yield of corresponding constituent obtained by 8h Soxhlet extraction (absolute ethanol as extraction solvent).
Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Tibb-Unani herbal medicines for the treatment of various illnesses that involve inflammation and which are caused by oxidative stress. Although gingerols and shogaols are the major bioactive compounds present in Zingiber officinale, their molecular mechanisms of actions and the relationship between their structural features and the activity have not been well studied.
The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of gingerols and their natural analogues to determine their structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms.
The in vitro activities of the compounds [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol were evaluated for scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, inhibition of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced nitrite and prostaglandin E(2) production in RAW 264.7 cells.
In the antioxidant activity assay, [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol exhibited substantial scavenging activities with IC(50) values of 26.3, 19.47, 10.47 and 8.05 microM against DPPH radical, IC(50) values of 4.05, 2.5, 1.68 and 0.85 microM against superoxide radical and IC(50) values of 4.62, 1.97, 1.35 and 0.72 microM against hydroxyl radical, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of these compounds also enhanced with increasing concentration (P<0.05). On the other hand, all the compounds at a concentration of 6 microM have significantly inhibited (P<0.05) f-MLP-stimulated oxidative burst in PMN. In addition, production of inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE(2)) has been inhibited significantly (P<0.05) and dose-dependently.
6-Shogaol has exhibited the most potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which can be attributed to the presence of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone moiety. The carbon chain length has also played a significant role in making 10-gingerol as the most potent among all the gingerols. This study justifies the use of dry ginger in traditional systems of medicine.
A rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol in rat plasma after oral administration of ginger oleoresin. Plasma samples extracted with a liquid-liquid extraction procedure were separated on an Agilent Zorbax StableBond-C(18) column (4.6 mm x 50 mm, 1.8 microm) and detected by MS with electrospray ionization interface in positive selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Calibration curves (1/x(2) weighted) offered satisfactory linearity (r(2)>0.995) in a wide linear range (0.0104-13.0 microg/mL for 6-gingerol, 0.00357-4.46 microg/mL for 8-gingerol, 0.00920-11.5 microg/mL for 10-gingerol and 0.00738-9.22 microg/mL for 6-shogaol). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was in a range of 3.57-10.4 ng/mL. The analytes and internal standard can be baseline separated within 6 min. Inter- and intra-day assay variation was less than 15%. This developed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of ginger oleoresin after oral administration to rats. Glucuronide of 6-gingerol was determined after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis for more information, and the intestinal glucuronidation was further confirmed by comparison of plasma samples of hepatic portal vein and femoral vein.
Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinalis, one of the most widely used species of the ginger family, is a common condiment for various foods and beverages. Ginger has a long history of medicinal use dating back 2500 years. Ginger has been traditionally used from time immemorial for varied human ailments in different parts of the globe, to aid digestion and treat stomach upset, diarrhoea, and nausea. Some pungent constituents present in ginger and other zingiberaceous plants have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and some of them exhibit cancer preventive activity in experimental carcinogenesis. The anticancer properties of ginger are attributed to the presence of certain pungent vallinoids, viz. [6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol, as well as some other constituents like shogaols, zingerone etc. A number of mechanisms that may be involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its components have been reported from the laboratory studies in a wide range of experimental models.