Algammal-Nervous System Disorders Supplementary appendix.pdf

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Supplementary appendix
This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed.
We post it as supplied by the authors.
Supplement to: GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional,
and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021:
a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 2024;
published online Mar 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00038-3.

1
Supplemental materials
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a
systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Contents
Supplemental methods ................................................................................................................................. 2
Statement of GATHER compliance ........................................................................................................... 2
Supplemental methods table 1. GATHER checklist ................................................................................... 2
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Supplemental methods table 2. Neurological features of conditions that impact multiple systems. ..... 5
Supplemental methods table 3. Conditions in other neurological disorders category ............................ 5
Supplemental methods table 4. Input data to non-fatal models and most recent dates for data seeking
.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Case definitions and adjustments ............................................................................................................. 8
Supplemental methods table 5. Summary of reference and alternative case definitions ....................... 8
Supplemental methods table 6. ICD-9 and ICD-10 non-fatal coding for each condition* ..................... 14
Summary of Bayesian meta-regression methods ................................................................................... 16
Supplemental methods table 7. Country-level predictive covariates in non-fatal models .................... 16
Supplemental methods table 8. Global Burden of Disease geographical hierarchy .............................. 18
Accounting for transiency of some neurological conditions: two examples .......................................... 20
Supplemental methods table 9. Sequelae included in analysis .............................................................. 21
Neurological outcomes of HIV ................................................................................................................ 49
Supplemental methods table 10. Disability weights used to calculate YLDs .......................................... 49
Analysis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome due to COVID-19 .......................................................................... 62
Data types and modelling methods to estimate deaths ......................................................................... 62
Supplemental methods table 11. Source counts in fatal models ........................................................... 62
Supplemental methods table 12. ICD-9 and ICD-10 fatal coding for each condition ............................. 63
Common ICD-10 vital registration codes for the residual “other neurological disorders” category
globally in 2021 ....................................................................................................................................... 64
Supplemental methods table 13. Predictive covariates included in fatal models.................................. 65
Supplemental results .................................................................................................................................. 67
Supplemental results figure 1. Proportion of total DALYs attributable to different categories of
conditions................................................................................................................................................ 67
Supplemental results figure 2. Age and sex trends in YLDs in 2021 due to neurological conditions ..... 68

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Supplemental results figure 3. Age and sex trends in YLLs in 2021 due to neurological conditions ...... 69
Supplemental results table 1. Global, regional, and national age-standardised prevalence, years lived
with disability, deaths, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (per 100 000) for all
neurological conditions ........................................................................................................................... 70
Supplemental results figure 4. Age-standardised rate of YLDs and YLLs for all neurological health loss
by region in 2021. ................................................................................................................................... 79
Supplemental results table 2. Global, all-age population attributable fractions for risk and
neurological outcome pairs .................................................................................................................... 80
References .................................................................................................................................................. 81
Global Burden of Disease 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators’ contributions ......................... 81
Supplemental methods
0BStatement of GATHER compliance
This study complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting
(GATHER) recommendations. Below is the GATHER checklist.2
1BSupplemental methods table 1. GATHER checklist
#
GATHER checklist item
Description of compliance
Reference
Objectives and funding
1
Define the indicator(s),
populations (including age, sex,
and geographic entities), and time
period(s) for which estimates were
made.
Narrative provided in paper
and
appendix describing
indicators, definitions,
populations, and time
periods
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix (Supplemental
Methods)
2
List the funding sources for the
work.
Funding sources listed in
paper
Abstract (Funding)
Data Inputs
For all data inputs from multiple sources that are synthesized as part of the study:
3
Describe how the data were
identified and how the data were
accessed.
Narrative description of
data seeking methods
provided
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix
(Supplemental
Methods)
4
Specify the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. Identify all ad
-hoc
exclusions.
Narrative about inclusion
and exclusion criteria
provided; ad hoc exclusions
Main text (Methods and
Discussion) and Appendix
(Supplemental Methods)

3
in appendix supplementary
methods
5
Provide information on all included
data sources and their main
characteristics. For each data
source used, report reference
information or contact
name/institution, population
represented, data collection
method, year(s) of data collection,
sex and age ra
nge, diagnostic
criteria or measurement method,
and sample size, as relevant.
An interactive, online data
source tool that provides
metadata for data sources
by component, geography,
cause, risk, or impairment
has been developed, and
data source citations
provided
Appendix (Supplemental
Methods) with additional
information about these
sources available at
https://ghdx.healthdata.org/
6
Identify and describe any
categories of input data that have
potentially important biases (e.g.,
based on characteristics listed in
item 5).
Summary of known biases
provided
Main Text (Discussion)
For data inputs that contribute to the analysis but were not synthesized as part of the study:
7
Describe and give sources for any
other data inputs.
Included in online data
source tool
Global Health Data Exchange
(https://ghdx.healthdata.org/)
For all data inputs:
8
Provide all data inputs in a file
format from which data can be
efficiently extracted (e.g., a
spreadsheet rather than a PDF),
including all relevant meta
-data
listed in item 5. For any data inputs
that cannot be shared because of
ethical or legal reasons, such as
third
-party ownership, provide a
contact name or the name of the
institution that retains the right to
the data.
Downloads of input data
available through online
data tools; input data not
available in tools will be
made available upon
request
Global Health Data Exchange
(https://ghdx.healthdata.org/)
Data analysis
9
Provide a conceptual overview of
the data analysis method. A
diagram may be helpful.
Summary of modelling
process
provided
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix (Supplemental
Methods)

4
10
Provide a detailed description of all
steps of the analysis, including
mathematical formulae. This
description should cover, as
relevant, data cleaning, data pre
-
processing, data adjustments and
weighting of data sources, and
mathematical or statistical
mo
del(s).
Summary of data
extraction, processing, and
modelling processes
provided
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix (
Supplemental
Methods)
11
Describe how candidate models
were evaluated and how the final
model(s) were selected.
Summary of model
evaluation provided
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix (Supplemental
Methods)
12
Provide the results of an
evaluation of model performance,
if done, as well as the results of
any relevant sensitivity analysis.
N/A
N/A
13
Describe methods for calculating
uncertainty of the estimates. State
which sources of uncertainty were,
and were not, accounted for in the
uncertainty analysis.
Provided in main text
methods
narrative
description and appendix
methods
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix (Supplemental
Methods)
14
State how analytic or statistical
source code used to generate
estimates can be accessed.
Included in online data code
tool
Global Health Data Exchange
(https://ghdx.healthdata.org/)
Results and Discussion
15
Provide published estimates in a
file format from which data can be
efficiently extracted.
Published estimates not
available in main text or
appendix will be made
available upon
request.
Main text (Methods, Results
and Discussion) and Appendix
(Supplemental Methods and
Results)
16
Report a quantitative measure of
the uncertainty of the estimates
(e.g. uncertainty intervals).
Uncertainty provided with
all results
Main text (Methods) and
Appendix (Supplemental
Results)
17
Interpret results in light of existing
evidence. If updating a previous
set of estimates, describe the
reasons for changes in estimates.
Discussion of results and
methodological changes
between GBD rounds
provided in manuscript
narrative and appendix
Main text (Methods, Results
and Discussion) and Appendix
(Supplemental Methods and.
Results)

5
18
Discuss limitations of the
estimates. Include a discussion of
any modelling assumptions or data
limitations that affect
interpretation of the estimates.
Discussion of limitations,
including modelling
assumptions and data
limitations, included in
manuscript narrative and
appendix
Main text (Methods and
Discussion) and Appendix
(Supplemental Methods)
2BAbbreviations
Haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice = neonatal jaundice
Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma = neonatal encephalopathy
Neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections = neonatal sepsis
3BSupplemental methods table 2. Neurological features of conditions that impact
multiple systems.
Condition
Neurological features
Congenital birth defects
Cognitive impairment, motor impairment, intellectual disability,
hearing loss
COVID-19
Cognitive impairment, Guillain-Barré syndrome (due to COVID)
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy (including diabetic foot and amputation)
Down syndrome
Intellectual disability, dementia
Echinococcosis
Epilepsy
Klinefelter syndrome
Intellectual disability
Malaria
Long-term consequences of cerebral malaria: motor impairment,
cognitive impairment, epilepsy, blindness
Neonatal jaundice
Long-term consequences: motor impairment, cognitive impairment,
epilepsy, blindness
Neonatal sepsis
Long-term consequences: motor impairment, cognitive impairment,
epilepsy, blindness
Neurocysticercosis
Epilepsy
Other chromosomal
abnormalities
Intellectual disability, dementia
Preterm birth
Long-term consequences: motor impairment, cognitive impairment,
epilepsy, blindness, retinopathy of prematurity
Syphilis
Adult and congenital neurosyphilis
Zika virus syndrome
Congenital (microcephaly)
Supplemental methods table 3. Conditions in other neurological disorders category
Broad category
Conditions*
Nervous system
ICD 9: other and unspecified disorders of the nervous system;
Brain
ICD-9: cerebral degenerations usually manifest in childhood; idiopathic
normal pressure hydrocephalus; corticobasal degeneration; cerebral
degeneration in diseases classified elsewhere; other cerebral degeneration or
unspecified; other demyelinating diseases of central nervous system

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ICD-10: other demyelinating diseases of central nervous system; dementia in
other diseases classified elsewhere; other degenerative diseases of basal
ganglia; systemic atrophies primarily affecting central nervous system in
diseases classified elsewhere
Movement disorders
ICD-10: Huntington’s disease; other extrapyramidal and movement disorders;
extrapyramidal and movement disorders in diseases classified elsewhere;
other extrapyramidal disease and abnormal movement disorders; dystonia;
Spinocerebellar
disease
ICD-9: spinocerebellar disease
ICD-10: hereditary ataxia
Diseases of the spinal
cord
ICD-9: other diseases of spinal cord
ICD-10: other and unspecified diseases of spinal cord; spinal muscular atrophy
and related syndromes
Autonomic nervous
system
ICD-9: disorders of the autonomic nervous system
ICD-10: disorders of the autonomic nervous system
Nerve root/plexus
disorders
ICD-9: other or unspecified nerve root and plexus disorders
Peripheral nerve
disorders**
ICD-9: acute infective polyneuritis; polyneuropathy; hereditary and idiopathic
peripheral neuropathy
ICD-10: inflammatory polyneuropathy
Neuromuscular
disorders
ICD-9: myoneural disorders (eg, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton
syndrome); neonatal myasthenia gravis
ICD-10: myasthenia gravis and other myoneural disorders; disorders of
myoneural junction and muscle in diseases classified elsewhere
Muscle diseases
ICD-9: muscular dystrophies and other myopathies
ICD-10: primary disorders of muscles, dermatomyositis, other and unspecified
myopathies
*Listed conditions correspond to three-digit ICD 9 and 10 coding unless four-digit is required to code to an included
neurological category; see ICD table (supplemental methods table 11) for a granular list of codes included in the ‘other
neurological disorders’ category; **includes fatal outcomes of Guillain-Barré syndrome
Supplemental methods table 4. Input data to non-fatal models and most recent dates for
data seeking
Note that source count numbers are comprehensive for the condition, not just neurological sequelae
unless otherwise specified.
Condition*
Prevalence
Incidence
Other
Countries
with data
Most recent GBD round
with new data added
(clinical or literature)^
AD/HD
172
2
17
49
GBD 2019
Alzheimer’s disease and
other dementias
254
92
225
58
GBD 2021
Autism spectrum disorder
105
0
6
31
GBD 2021
Congenital birth defects
1746
0
188
105
GBD 2021
COVID-19 (long-term)
0
0
26
14
GBD 2021
Cystic echinococcosis
0
358
0
62
GBD 2021
Diabetes
920
214
85
172
GBD 2021

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Down syndrome
1510
0
40
78
GBD 2021
Encephalitis
0
392
1
57
GBD 2021
Epilepsy
384
89
188
94
GBD 2021
Fetal alcohol syndrome
169
0
8
32
GBD 2015
Guillain-Barré syndrome
0
357
44
47
GBD 2021
Idiopathic intellectual
disability
64
0
0
31
GBD 2016
Klinefelter syndrome
834
0
3
45
GBD 2021
Malaria
1846
4957
7530
121
GBD 2021
Meningitis
0
556
345
96
GBD 2021
Migraine
148
4
7
51
GBD 2017
Motor neuron disease
24
48
1
18
GBD 2019
Multiple sclerosis
211
86
29
53
GBD 2021
Neonatal encephalopathy
331
0
747
65
GBD 2021
Neonatal jaundice
62
1
1240
191
GBD 2021
Neonatal sepsis
0
0
349
57
GBD 2021
Nervous system cancers**
6
6230
641
101
GBD 2021
Neural tube defects
1566
0
13
90
GBD 2021
Neurocysticercosis
30
0
0
16
GBD 2015
Other chromosomal
abnormalities
1330
0
23
71
GBD 2021
Other neurological
disorders
N/A (death data only for this group)
GBD 2021 (death data)
Parkinson’s disease
127
45
42
45
GBD 2021
Preterm birth
0
0
2187
176
GBD 2021
Rabies
N/A (death data only)
GBD 2021 (death data)
Spinal cord injury
N/A (nature of injury is calculated from
causes of injury)
GBD 2021 (cause of
injury data)
Stroke (ischaemic)
145
351
173
78
GBD 2021
Stroke (intracerebral
haemorrhage)
143
359
144
76
GBD 2021
Stroke (subarachnoid
haemorrhage)
131
288
102
63
GBD 2021
Syphilis
996
667
24
177
GBD 2021
Tension-type headache
94
0
6
39
GBD 2017
Tetanus
0
0
258
50
Traumatic brain injury
N/A (nature of injury is calculated from
causes of injury)
GBD 2021 (cause of
injury data)
Zika virus disease
0
247
7
60
GBD 2021
*Source counts are for the entire condition and not just the neurological component unless otherwise specified; **nervous
system cancers refers to the combination of “Brain and central nervous system cancer” and “Neuroblastoma and other
peripheral nervous cell tumours”; ^conditions are updated on a rotating basis.

8
Case definitions and adjustments
Non-reference case definition data were adjusted to reference. Input data using different case
definitions were matched by age, sex, location, and year; where possible, within-study comparisons or
validation studies were used. Matched pairs were logit-transformed, and the logit difference was
calculated and used as input data into a meta-regression tool called MR-BRT (meta-regression—
Bayesian, regularised, trimmed; additional information can be found in appendix 1, section 4.4.1 of
citation).[Vos et al.] Meta-regression results were used to systematically adjust non-reference data up or
down to account for under- or over-counting, respectively.
Supplemental methods table 5. Summary of reference and alternative case definitions
Condition
Definition
AD/HD
Reference
An externalising disorder characterised by persistent inattention
and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. As per criteria set by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Fourth Edition, Text Revision, diagnosis requires 6+ symptoms of
inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity to have persisted for at
least six months in two or more settings causing significant
impairment to functioning, with at least some impairing
symptoms present prior to 7 years of age (12 years of age in
DSM-5).
Alzheimer’s disease
and other
dementias
Reference
A progressive, degenerative, and chronic neurological disorder
typified by memory impairment and other neurological
dysfunctions. Defined based on DSM III, IV or V, or ICD case
criteria, including cognitive deficits that must include memory
impairment, functional impairment, and gradual onset and
continued decline.
Alternatives
Diagnosis from clinical records, algorithm criteria, National
Institute on Aging Alzheimer’s disease criteria, 10/66 algorithm
criteria, general practitioner records.
Autism spectrum
disorder
Reference
A group of neurodevelopmental disorders with onset occurring
in early childhood, characterised by pervasive impairment in
several areas of development, including social interaction and
communication skills, along with restricted and repetitive
patterns of behaviours and/or interests, as defined by DSM-5
criteria or equivalent in International Classification of Diseases
(ICD) or Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD), and
estimated from general population surveys with additional case-
finding or total population screening.
Alternatives
Study captures autism instead of autism spectrum disorder,
study is a general population survey without additional case
finding.
Congenital birth
defects
Reference
For this analysis, this category includes congenital heart defects,
other congenital anomalies, Edwards syndrome and Patau
syndrome, and other chromosomal abnormalities that have
neurological outcomes. The case definition of congenital

9
anomalies includes any condition present at birth that is a result
of abnormalities of embryonic development, excluding those
directly the result of infections or substance abuse, and excludes
minor anomalies as defined by European Surveillance of
Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT). Registries with the most
complete list of reported case definitions (highest case
ascertainment) were used as reference registries for each
condition in the congenital birth defect category.
Alternatives
Registries that did not have the highest level of case
ascertainment.
Congenital Zika
virus syndrome
Reference
Zika virus infection during pregnancy leading to fetal
neurological symptoms such as microcephaly or decreased brain
volume, and other congenital malformations. Cases identified
from official reports primarily from the Pan American Health
Organization (PAHO), which further describes criteria for
maternal exposure and child phenotypes.
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COVID-19 (long)
Reference
A SARS-CoV-19 infection leading to new and persistent cognitive
impairment that impacts everyday functioning and lasts at least
three months after acute infection symptom onset.
Alternatives
Outcome definition of cognitive impairment based on “memory
problems”.
Cystic
echinococcosis
Reference
A parasitic disease caused by infection with the Echinococcus
granulosis tapeworm that can spread to humans through
ingestion of soil, water, or food contaminated with the faecal
matter of an infected dog containing infective eggs. Diagnosis
comes from clinical findings, imaging, serology, and tissue
pathology.
Diabetic
neuropathy
Reference
Diabetes: A chronic condition where either the pancreas does
not produce enough insulin or the body is not able to metabolise
insulin properly. This is defined as a fasting plasma glucose
concentration ≥ to 7mmol/L, or use of insulin or diabetes
medication. Neuropathy: People with diabetes mellitus who
have diabetic neuropathy determined by microfilament test.
Diabetic foot: People with diabetes mellitus who have diabetes
foot, which is a poorly healing ulcer. Amputation: People with
diabetes mellitus who have a lower limb amputation.
Alternatives
Diabetes: Blood glucose tests other than reference (includes
fasting plasma glucose threshold other than 7mmol/L, post-
prandial glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, glycated
haemoglobin, and various cutoffs for each test) or USA and
Taiwan insurance claims data. Neuropathy: Diagnosis
determined with test other than microfilament. Amputation:
Amputation of specific part of lower limb (e.g., toes only, feet
only, below ankle only).
Down syndrome
Reference
Also known as Trisomy 21, is the presence of a third copy of
chromosome 21, typically caused by nondisjunction during the
production of gametes. Down syndrome is associated with

10
several specific physical characteristics, including decreased
muscle tone, flat facial features, an upward slant to the eyes,
abnormally shaped ears, a single deep crease across the centre
of the palm, folded skin on the inner corners of the eyes, and
ability to extend joints beyond the usual, among others.
Encephalitis
Reference
A disease caused by acute inflammation of the brain, which can
cause flu-like symptoms such as headaches, fever, drowsiness,
fatigue, and at times, seizures, hallucinations, or stroke.
Reference definition is based on ICD-10 criteria from inpatient
data.
Alternatives
Diagnosis from USA private claims data or epidemiological
surveillance.
Epilepsy
Reference
A condition characterised by recurrent (two or more) epileptic
seizures, unprovoked by any immediate identified cause. Active
epilepsy is at least one epileptic seizure in the past five years,
regardless of antiepileptic drug treatment. Diagnosis criteria
based on “Guidelines for Epidemiological Studies on Epilepsy”
(commissioned by the International League Against Epilepsy).
Alternatives
Lifetime recall of epilepsy.
Fetal alcohol
syndrome
Reference
Caused by maternal drinking during pregnancy and the most
severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD); other
forms of FASD including partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-
related neurodevelopmental disorder, and alcohol-related birth
defects are not included. The syndrome is characterised by
certain patterns of facial anomalies, growth retardation, and
central nervous system neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Diagnostic criteria for active case finding comes from the USA
Institute of Medicine, the British Paediatric Association, and
other recognised bodies in the area.
Alternatives
Passive case finding
Guillain-Barré
syndrome
Reference
An immune-mediated nerve dysfunction that usually occurs as a
complication of respiratory or gastrointestinal infection and
leads to rapid onset of weakness in the feet and legs, and
sometimes the arms, which then progresses toward the trunk.
Cases are identified by doctor diagnosis or other record,
including ICD-coded claims or hospital data.
Idiopathic
intellectual
disability
Reference
A condition of below-average mental ability originating before
age 18, as defined by the American Association on Intellectual
and Developmental Disabilities. A prevalent case is defined as an
IQ score <70.
Klinefelter
syndrome
Reference
Also known as 47 XXY, is a condition in which a male is born with
an extra X chromosome in all or some of his cells; here the
definition also includes other genotypes with supernumerary X
chromosomes, eg, XXXY, XXXXY, etc. The primary feature is
sterility, but it can cause a variety of other conditions, including
weaker muscles, increased height, poor coordination abilities,

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smaller genitals, breast growth, and reduced sexual drive as a
result of lower testosterone levels.
Malaria
Reference
An acute parasitic mosquito-borne disease – detectable P.
falciparum or P. vivax parasites through microscopy and/or rapid
diagnostic tests and clinical symptoms for malaria (fever,
diarrhoea, and/or vomiting). For purposes of this analysis, the
proportion of children under 5 with cerebral malaria who go on
to have long-term disability (motor impairment, intellectual
disability, seizures, blindness).
Alternatives
People in malaria-endemic locations with clinical symptoms
(fever, diarrhoea, and/or vomiting) for whom diagnostic testing
was inconclusive or unavailable.
Meningitis
Reference
A disease caused by inflammation of the meninges, the
protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord,
that is typically caused by an infection in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Symptoms include headache, fever, stiff neck, and sometimes
seizure. Gold-standard diagnosis in inpatient hospital clinical
data or literature via antigen test, blood test, cerebrospinal fluid
test, or latex agglutination test.
Alternatives
Diagnosis from private insurance claims data or via
epidemiological surveillance.
Migraine
A disabling primary headache disorder, typically characterised by
recurrent moderate or severe unilateral pulsatile headaches,
either without aura or with aura (transient neurological
symptoms). Diagnosis based on International Classification of
Headaches (ICD-3) criteria of 5+ attacks that (1) last 4–72 hours,
(2) causes nausea and/or vomiting or photophobia and
phonophobia, (3) has at least two of the following – unilateral
location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe pain, aggravation
by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity; (4) not due
to other diagnosis. Definite migraines meet all of the above
criteria and probable meet all but one of the above criteria.
Alternatives
Other than one-year recall, not representative study population,
low-quality methods (sampling, survey, diagnostic instrument,
diagnostic criteria), poor response rate, headache type assumed
Motor neuron
disease
Reference
A set of chronic, degenerative, and progressive neurological
conditions typified by the destruction of motor neurons and the
subsequent deterioration of voluntary muscle activity. The most
common type is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Gold-
standard diagnosis uses the El Escorial Criteria with clinical
examination, as well as imaging and electrophysiology.
Alternatives
Surveys limited to ALS case finding only.
Multiple sclerosis
Reference
A chronic, degenerative, and progressive condition typified by
damage to the myelin sheaths around neurons. Accepted
diagnostic criteria include McDonald’s, Poser, Schumacher, and
McAllen), or diagnosis via a clinical neurological exam.

12
Neonatal
encephalopathy
Reference
Clinical diagnosis of disturbed neurological function in the
earliest days of life in an infant born at or beyond 35 weeks’
gestation, manifested by reduced level of consciousness or
seizures, often accompanied by difficulty initiating and
maintaining respiration, and by depression of tone and reflexes.
Neonatal jaundice
Reference
Clinical diagnosis of pathological neonatal jaundice or total
serum bilirubin greater than expected for postnatal age and
prematurity (hyperbilirubinaemia).
Neonatal preterm
birth
Reference
Newborn born alive and less than 36 completed weeks of
gestation; ie, birth between [0, 37.0) weeks of gestation; no
adjustment is currently made between different forms of
gestational age dating (obstetric estimate, last menstrual period,
or other).
Neonatal sepsis
Reference
Includes infections during the neonatal period that advance to a
systemic bloodstream infection (sepsis) and infections that occur
during the neonatal period that are not already modelled
separately in the GBD.
Nervous system
cancers
Reference
Malignant neoplasm of the brain or central nervous system, or
peripheral nervous system. Note: This combined nervous system
cancer category is composed of two cancer groupings explicitly
modelled in the GBD: “Brain and central nervous system cancer”
and “Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell
tumours”. This category encompasses paediatric and adult
cases, which includes primary malignancies but not metastases.
Although rare, PNS tumours are included in the category.
Neural tube
defects
Reference
Includes anencephaly, which is the absence of a major portion of
the brain, skull, and scalp, encephalocele, which is characterised
by sac-like protrusions of the brain and meninges through
openings in the skull, and spina bifida, which is when part of the
spinal cord and/or meninges are uncovered by skin. The
reference definitions refer to livebirths including those with
chromosomal anomalies.
Alternatives
Livebirths excluding chromosomal diagnoses, livebirths and
stillbirths
Neurocysticercosis
Reference
A parasitic disease caused by the pig tapeworm Taenia solium
that leads to cysts in the brain and epilepsy. Diagnosis is made in
epilepsy patients with either T. Solium identified in excised
cysticerci from tissues by microscopic examination or
identification of cysticerci using magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), computerised tomography (CT), or X-ray brain scans to
identify cysts and a positive result on CDC immunoblot assay.
Alternatives
An epilepsy patient with calcified cystic lesions in the brain
identified by CT scan, MRI, or X-ray, or a positive result on CDC
immunoblot assay (“probable” case).
Other
chromosomal
abnormalities
Reference
Unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, which are genetic
anomalies that typically occur due to meiotic non-disjunction,
when homologous chromosomes do not separate normally in

13
nuclear division during gamete formation. Other chromosomal
arrangements included here are Triple X syndrome, other
meiotic non-disjunction events, other female sex chromosome
abnormalities, and other unspecified chromosomal
abnormalities.
Other neurological
disorders
Reference
A residual category which groups together neurological
conditions that are not directly estimated in the GBD, for
example muscular dystrophy, Huntington disease, and
myasthenia gravis. A full list of included causes included in this
category are listed in supplemental methods table 4.
Parkinson’s disease
Reference
A chronic, degenerative, and progressive neurological condition
typified by loss of motor mobility and control, most notably
causing tremors. Requires the presence of two of the four
primary symptoms and is consistent with the Gelb criteria: (1)
tremors/trembling, (2) bradykinesia, (3) stiffness of limbs and
torso, and (4) posture instability.
Alternatives
Not population-representative, study excludes nursing homes,
study uses the Movement Disorder Society (MDS) criteria,
United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society (UKPD) Brain Bank
criteria, or does not use explicit criteria.
Rabies
Reference
A viral infection transmitted by animal bite that is almost
universally fatal without prophylactic vaccination. Clinical
diagnosis of rabies excludes cases where intervention prevented
disease following animal bite.
Spinal cord injury
Reference
A spinal cord lesion at or below the cervical level that leads to
partial or total paralysis depending on the level and degree of
injury.
Stroke
(intracerebral
haemorrhage)
Reference
A focal collection of blood within the brain parenchyma or
ventricular system that is not caused by trauma. Stroke cases are
considered acute from the day of incidence of a first-ever stroke
through day 28 following the event. Stroke cases are considered
chronic beginning 28 days following the occurrence of an event;
includes all recurrent stroke events.
Alternatives
Sources including first and recurrent strokes, estimates reported
for all subtypes combined, estimates reported only for cases
which survived to hospital admission.
Stroke (ischaemic)
Reference
Neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral, spinal, or
retinal infarction. Stroke cases are considered acute from the
day of incidence of a first-ever stroke through day 28 following
the event. Stroke cases are considered chronic beginning 28
days following the occurrence of an event, and include all
recurrent stroke events.
Alternatives
Sources including first and recurrent strokes, estimates reported
for all subtypes combined, estimates reported only for cases
which survived to hospital admission.
Reference
Bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between the
arachnoid membrane and the pia mater of the brain or spinal

14
Stroke
(subarachnoid
haemorrhage)
cord). Stroke cases are considered acute from the day of
incidence of a first-ever stroke through day 28 following the
event. Stroke cases are considered chronic beginning 28 days
following the occurrence of an event, and include all recurrent
stroke events.
Alternatives
Sources including first and recurrent strokes, estimates reported
only for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, estimates
reported only for cases which survived to hospital admission.
Syphilis
Reference
Infection with the Treponema pallidum bacterium usually spread
by sexual contact or from a pregnant person to offspring; we
account here for acute and chronic infection, with or without
symptoms, and sequelae of congenital cases that persist after
treatment.
Alternatives
Private insurance claims.
Tension-type
headache
Characterised by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band- or vice-like
pain of mild to moderate intensity in the head or neck.
Diagnosed based on ICD-3 criteria of 10+ attacks that (1) last 30
minutes to 7 days, (2) no nausea or vomiting and no more than
one of photophobia or phonophobia, (3) has at least two of the
following – bilateral location, pressing or tightening quality, mild
or moderate pain, not aggravated by routine physical activity, (4)
not due to other diagnosis. Definite migraines meet all of the
above criteria, and probable meet all but one of the above
criteria.
Alternatives
Other than one-year recall, not representative study population,
low-quality methods (sampling, survey, diagnostic instrument,
diagnostic criteria), poor response rate, headache type assumed
Tetanus
Reference
A life-threatening disease caused by infection with the toxin-
producing bacterium Clostridium tetani and acquired via
contamination of wounds. Tetanus is typically characterised by
generalised, painful muscular spasms, with complications
including mechanical respiratory failure, autonomic dysfunction,
and death. Neonatal tetanus is often caused by contamination of
the umbilical stump; initial symptoms include failure to feed and
excessive crying, progressing to the typical clinical presentation
of tetanus.
Traumatic brain
injury
Reference
Injury to the head that causes short-term and in some cases
long-term damage to the brain, manifesting in loss of
concentration, headaches, memory problems, nausea, dizziness,
and/or mood changes.
Supplemental methods table 6. ICD-9 and ICD-10 non-fatal coding for each condition*
Condition
ICD-9
ICD-10
AD/HD
314.0, 314.01
F90
Alzheimer’s disease
and other dementias
290, 291.2, 291.8, 294, 331
F00, F01, F02, F03, G30, G31

15
Autism spectrum
disorder
299.00, 299.80, 299.8, 299.10
F84.0, F84.1, F84.2, F84.3, F84.4, F84.5,
F84.8, F84.9
Congenital birth
defects
4745, 746
Q20.0, Q20.3, Q21.3, Q21.4, Q22.0,
Q22.1, Q22.2, Q22.3, Q22.5, Q22.8,
Q22.9, Q23.0, Q26.2
COVID-19
N/A
N/A
Cystic echinococcosis
122.0-122.9
B67-B67.9
Diabetes
249, 250, 362
E08, E10-14
Down syndrome
Q90.0, Q90.1, Q90.2, Q90.9
Encephalitis
062, 063, 064, 323
A83-A86.4, B94.1, F07.1, G04-G05.8
Epilepsy
345
G40, G41
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Q86.0
Guillain-Barré
syndrome
357.0
G61.0
Idiopathic intellectual
disability
N/A
N/A
Klinefelter syndrome
758.7
Q98
Malaria
B50-54
Meningitis
036, 047-049.9, 320.0-320.3,
320.5-320.9, 321.5-321.7
A39, A87, G00-G03.0
Migraine
N/A
N/A
Motor neuron disease
335
G12
Multiple sclerosis
340
G35
Neonatal
encephalopathy
768, 768.5, 768.6, 768.7, 768.71,
768.72, 768.73, 768.9, 779.1,
779.2
P21, P24, P91
Neonatal jaundice
N/A
N/A
Neonatal preterm birth
Find
Find
Neonatal sepsis
771
P36, P38, P39
Nervous system
cancers**
191, 191.0, 191.1, 191.2, 191.3,
191.4, 191.5, 191.6, 191.7, 191.8,
191.9, 192, 192.0, 192.1, 192.2
192.3, 192.4, 192.8, 192.9, 194.3,
194.4, 194‡, 194.0‡, and 194.9‡
C47, C47.0, C47.1, C47.10. C47.11,
C47.12, C47.2, C47.20, C47.21, C47.22,
C47.3, C47.4, C47.5, C47.6, C47.8,
C47.9, C47.90, C70, C70.0, C70.1,
C70.5, C70.6, C70.9, C71, C71.0, C71.1,
C71.2, C71.3, C71.4, C71.5, C71.6,
C71.7, C71.8, C71.9, C72, C72.0, C72.1,
C72.2, C72.20, C72.21, C72.22, C72.3,
C72.30, C72.31, C72.32, C72.4, C72.40,
C72.41, C72.42, C72.5, C72.50, C72.59,
C72.8, C72.9, C74‡, C75.1-C75.3
Neural tube defects
740.0, 740.2, 741.0, 741.9, 742.0
Anencephaly: Q00.0, Q00.2;
Encephalocele: Q01.2, Q01.8, Q01.9;
Spina bifida: Q05.0, Q05.4, Q05.6,
Q05.7, Q05.8, Q05.9
Neurocysticercosis
123.1
B69-B69.9
Other chromosomal
abnormalities
Q92.0, Q97.0, Q97.8, Q99.9

16
Other neurological
disorders^
330, 331.8, 331.9, 333, 334,
335.3 336, 337, 341, 349, 349.2,
349.3, 349.8, 353.8, 353.9, 356,
357.0, 357.1, 357.3, 357.4, 357.7,
358, 359, 728.88, 775.2
F02.2, G10, G11, G12, G12.0, G12.1,
G13, G23, G24, G25, G26, G26.0, G36,
G37, G61, G70, G71, G72, G73, G90,
G95, M33
Parkinson’s disease
332
G20
Rabies
071
A82
Spinal cord injury
N33, N34
N33, N34
Stroke (ischaemic)
433-435.9, 437.0-437.1, 437.5-
437.8
G45-G46.8, I63-I63.9, I65-I66.9, I67.2-
I67.3, I67.5-I67.6, I69.3
Stroke (intracerebral
haemorrhage)
431-432.9, 437.2
I61-I62, I62.1-I62.9, I68.1-I68.2, I69.1-
I69.2
Stroke (subarachnoid
haemorrhage)
430-430.9
I60-I60.9, I62.0, I67.0-I67.1, I69.0
Syphilis
094
A52
Tension-type headache
N/A
N/A
Tetanus
037-037.9, 771.3, V03.7
A33-A35.0, Z23.5
Traumatic brain injury
N27, N28
N27, N28
Zika virus disease
N/A
N/A
*ICD codes are comprehensive for the condition, not just neurological sequelae unless otherwise specified; **denotes ICD
codes used for non-fatal analysis only; ‡ Cases and deaths are redistributed by age group between the two GBD causes
‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours’ and ‘other malignant neoplasms’; ^for other neurological
conditions, ICD codes are used for fatal analysis only, the results of which are used to calculate years lived with disability.
Summary of Bayesian meta-regression methods
Modelling details vary by condition but generally use a Bayesian meta-regression tool called DisMod-MR
2.1. DisMod fits an initial model integrated across ages with all available input data regardless of
geography or collection year and calculates predictive covariate coefficients. Then, seven super-region
models are estimated using all relevant data from each respective super-region and the global model as
a prior after adjustment by super-region random effects and covariate coefficients. This process is
repeated for 21 region models, and then 204 country models. Estimates at the most granular level are
summed to get final models at higher levels of the geographical hierarchy.
Supplemental methods table 7. Country-level predictive covariates in non-fatal models
Predictive covariates were used in non-fatal modelling to help inform estimates in data-poor locations
and were selected based on evidence of a relationship between the covariate and respective condition.
These predictive covariates are comprehensive for the condition, not just neurological sequelae.
Condition
Predictive covariates
AD/HD
None
Alzheimer’s disease and
other dementias
Education (years per capita), smoking prevalence
Autism spectrum
disorder
None

17
Congenital birth defects
Legality of abortion
COVID-19
See relevant publication: Hanson et al. 20222
Cystic echinococcosis
Echinococcosis endemicity, urbanicity, proportion of population involved
in agricultural activities
Diabetes
Prevalence of obesity, year, Healthcare Access and Quality Index; Type 1
diabetes only: proportion of live births in women 35+ years, maternal
education (years per capita)
Down syndrome
Legality of abortion, proportion of livebirths to women age 35+,
Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis endemic area, lag-distributed income (per capita)
Epilepsy
Lag-distributed income (per capita), SEV for idiopathic epilepsy
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy (proportion)
Guillain-Barré syndrome
None
Idiopathic intellectual
disability
Lag-distributed income (per capita), SEV for child underweight
Klinefelter syndrome
Legality of abortion, proportion of livebirths to women age 35+,
Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Malaria
See publications for details: Battle et al. 20193, Weiss et al. 20194
Meningitis
Hib3 vaccine coverage (proportion), PCV3 coverage (proportion),
meningitis belt (proportion), proportion of total population covered by
MenAfriVac initiative (meningitis meningococcal type A vaccine),
Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Migraine
None
Motor neuron disease
Average latitude (absolute value), lag-distributed income (per capita)
Multiple sclerosis
Average latitude (absolute value), Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Neonatal
encephalopathy
Antenatal care coverage (1+ visits), in-facility delivery, lag-distributed
income per capita, livebirths among women aged 35+ years, total fertility
rate, maternal care and immunisation, Socio-demographic Index, HAQ
Index, maternal education (6+ years and 12+ years), ambient particulate
matter SEV, household air pollution SEV, SEV for low birthweight, SEV for
short gestation, and SEV for smoking
Neonatal jaundice
Total fertility rate, Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Neonatal sepsis
Lag-distributed income per capita, Socio-demographic Index, HAQ Index,
unsafe water SEV, unsafe sanitation SEV, maternal care and immunisation
index, livebirths among women aged 35+ years, preterm birth SEV, low
birthweight SEV, short gestation SEV, smoking SEV, mortality due to war
and conflict, and neonatal CSMR
Neural tube defects
Folic acid availability, folic acid fortification
Nervous system
cancers*†
Cumulative cigarettes (10 years), education (years per capita), lag-
distributed income (per capita), cholesterol (total, mean per capita),
smoking prevalence, Socio-demographic Index, Healthcare Access and
Quality Index, summary exposure value (SEV) for low fruit, SEV for low
vegetables, SEV for high red meat, litres of alcohol consumed per capita,
systolic blood pressure (mmHg), universal health coverage, health worker
density, maternal care and immunisation

18
Neurocysticercosis
Proportion of population that is Muslim, religion (binary, >50% Muslim),
Socio-demographic Index, pigs raised in extensive agricultural systems (per
capita)
Other chromosomal
abnormalities
Legality of abortion, proportion of livebirths to women age 35+,
Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Other neurological
disorders†
Cumulative cigarettes (5 years, 10 years), education (years per capita), lag-
distributed income (per capita), mean body-mass index, mean cholesterol,
mean systolic blood pressure, pigs per capita, population density over
1000 per square km (percentage), smoking prevalence, Socio-demographic
Index, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, SEV for underweight, SEV for
low fruit, SEV for diet high in red meat
Parkinson’s disease
Smoking prevalence, Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Rabies†
ANC6 coverage proportion, IFD coverage proportion, population density
between 500 and 1000 people per square km (percentage), population
density under 150 people per square kilometre (percentage), SBA
coverage proportion, maternal care and immunisation, Socio-demographic
Index, Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Spinal cord injury
None
Stroke (ischaemic)
SEV for ischaemic stroke, lag-distributed income (per capita)
Stroke (intracerebral
haemorrhage)
SEV for intracerebral stroke, lag-distributed income (per capita)
Stroke (subarachnoid
haemorrhage)
Lag-distributed income (per capita), systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Syphilis
Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Tension-type headache
None
Tetanus
Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Traumatic brain injury
None
Zika virus disease
Healthcare Access and Quality Index, enhanced vegetation index, mean
temperature, rainfall, sanitation, solar radiation
*Nervous system cancers refers to the combination of “Brain and central nervous system cancer” and “Neuroblastoma and
other peripheral nervous cell tumours”; †predictive covariates come from Cause of Death modelling, which is used to inform
non-fatal estimates. Abbreviations: SEV=summary exposure value.
Supplemental methods table 8. Global Burden of Disease geographical hierarchy
The below table is organised by seven super-regions (headers), their corresponding regions (left
column), and each region’s corresponding countries (right column). Countries where subnational
estimates were analysed are noted.
Central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia
Central Asia
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Central Europe
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Hungary, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland (subnational), Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia
Eastern Europe
Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia (subnational), Ukraine
High-income

19
Australasia
Australia, New Zealand (subnational Māori + non-Māori)
High-income Asia Pacific
Brunei, Japan (subnational), Singapore, South Korea
High-income North
America
Canada, Greenland, USA (subnational)
Southern Latin America
Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
Western Europe
Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy (subnational), Luxembourg, Malta,
Monaco, Netherlands, Norway (subnational), Portugal, San Marino, Spain,
Sweden (subnational), Switzerland, UK (subnational)
Latin America and Caribbean
Andean Latin America
Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru
Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Cuba,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto
Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands
Central Latin America
Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico
(subnational), Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela
Tropical Latin America
Brazil (subnational), Paraguay
North Africa and Middle East
North Africa and Middle
East
Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran (subnational), Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
South Asia
South Asia
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (subnational), Nepal, Pakistan (subnational)
Southeast Asia, east Asia, Oceania
East Asia
China, North Korea, Taiwan (province of China)
Oceania
American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam,
Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau,
Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu,
Vanuatu
Southeast Asia
Cambodia, Indonesia (subnational), Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius,
Myanmar, Philippines (subnational), Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-
Leste, Viet Nam
Sub-Saharan Africa
Central sub-Saharan
Africa
Angola, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
Eastern sub-Saharan
Africa
Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia (subnational), Kenya
(subnational), Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South
Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Southern sub-Saharan
Africa
Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa (subnational),
Zimbabwe
Western sub-Saharan
Africa
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria
(subnational), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

20
Accounting for transiency of some neurological conditions: two examples
Disability can either be transient or permanent/progressive depending on the disease, and we account
for this in our analysis. For example, to calculate years lived with disability for headaches, we use a
meta-analysis of 19 studies from “Lifting the Burden” (a collaboration with WHO aimed at headache
data collection using the validated HARDSHIP questionnaire: https://www.l-t-b.org/) to assess both
headache frequency and duration and use this to proportionally split headaches (tension-type and
migraine) into symptomatic and asymptomatic. We have separate health states and disability weights
for each of these categories to reflect the differing impact on health. For epilepsy, we have differing
health states for severe (>= one seizure per month on average) versus less severe (< one seizure per
month) epilepsy, and our case definition specifies “active” epilepsy, defined as having at least one
seizure in the preceding five years, regardless of antiepileptic treatment. We also assess treatment gap
(proportion of those with epilepsy adherent to antiepileptic drugs) and treatment success (proportion
with successfully treated epilepsy), where the corresponding health state for treated epilepsy has a
much lower disability weight than other epilepsy disability weights (0.049 for treated vs 0.263 for less
severe epilepsy, vs 0.552 for severe epilepsy).

21
Supplemental methods table 9. Sequelae included in analysis
Condition
Sequela
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Mild Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Moderate Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Severe Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Symptomatic attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, currently without symptoms
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders with borderline intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders with mild intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders with moderate intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders with severe intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders with profound intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Asperger syndrome and other autistic spectrum disorders
Brain and central nervous system cancers
Diagnosis and primary therapy phase of brain and central nervous system cancers
Brain and central nervous system cancers
Controlled phase of brain and central nervous system cancers
Brain and central nervous system cancers
Metastatic phase of brain and central nervous system cancers
Brain and central nervous system cancers
Terminal phase of brain and central nervous system cancers
Congenital birth defects
Mild hearing loss due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Mild hearing loss with ringing due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Moderate hearing loss due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Moderate hearing loss with ringing due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Severe hearing loss with ringing due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Severe hearing loss due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Complete hearing loss due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Complete hearing loss with ringing due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Moderately severe hearing loss due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Moderately severe hearing loss with ringing due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Profound hearing loss due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Profound hearing loss with ringing due to other congenital anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Developmental delay or mild intellectual disability due to congenital diaphragmatic hernia

22
Congenital birth defects
Severe motor and cognitive impairment due to Edward syndrome or Patau syndrome
Congenital birth defects
Severe motor and cognitive impairment with congenital heart disease due to Edward syndrome or Patau syndrome
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and borderline intellectual disability without heart failure due to other congenital cardiovascular anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and mild intellectual disability without heart failure due to other congenital cardiovascular anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and moderate intellectual disability without heart failure due to other congenital cardiovascular anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and severe intellectual disability without heart failure due to other congenital cardiovascular anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and profound intellectual disability without heart failure due to other congenital cardiovascular anomalies
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and borderline intellectual disability without heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and mild intellectual disability without heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway heart
defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and moderate intellectual disability without heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and severe intellectual disability without heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and profound intellectual disability without heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway heart
defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway heart
defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle
pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle
pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle
pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects

23
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway heart
defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to single ventricle and single ventricle pathway
heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and mild intellectual disability without heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding single
ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and moderate intellectual disability without heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and severe intellectual disability without heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and profound intellectual disability without heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding single
ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding single
ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies
excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies
excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies
excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding single
ventricle heart defects

24
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to severe congenital heart anomalies excluding
single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and borderline intellectual disability without heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and mild intellectual disability without heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels, congenital
valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and moderate intellectual disability without heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and severe intellectual disability without heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels, congenital
valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and profound intellectual disability without heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels, congenital
valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels, congenital
valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels, congenital
valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus

25
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels, congenital
valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to critical malformations of great vessels,
congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and borderline intellectual disability without heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and mild intellectual disability without heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and moderate intellectual disability without heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and severe intellectual disability without heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease and profound intellectual disability without heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and mild heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and moderate heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability, and severe heart failure due to ventricular septal defect and atrial septal
defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to critical malformations
of great vessels, congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus

26
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to severe congenital
heart anomalies excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to single ventricle and
single ventricle pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, borderline intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to ventricular septal
defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to critical malformations of
great vessels, congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to severe congenital heart
anomalies excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to single ventricle and single
ventricle pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, mild intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to ventricular septal defect
and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to critical malformations
of great vessels, congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to severe congenital
heart anomalies excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to single ventricle and
single ventricle pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, moderate intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to ventricular septal
defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to severe congenital heart
anomalies excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to single ventricle and
single ventricle pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to ventricular septal
defect and atrial septal defect
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, profound intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to critical malformations
of great vessels, congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to critical malformations of
great vessels, congenital valvular heart disease and patent ductus arteriosus
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to severe congenital heart
anomalies excluding single ventricle heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to single ventricle and single
ventricle pathway heart defects
Congenital birth defects
Congenital heart disease, severe intellectual disability and controlled, medically managed heart failure due to ventricular septal defect
and atrial septal defect
COVID-19
Post-acute mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19

27
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute mild respiratory and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute mild respiratory and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute moderate respiratory and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute moderate respiratory and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute severe respiratory and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute severe respiratory and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and mild respiratory and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and mild respiratory and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and moderate respiratory and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and moderate respiratory and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and severe respiratory and mild cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Post-acute fatigue syndrome and severe respiratory and severe cognitive symptoms due to COVID-19
COVID-19
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to COVID-19
Diabetes
Diabetic foot due to neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus type 1, without diabetic foot or amputation
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy and amputation with treatment due to diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy and amputation without treatment due to diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes
Diabetic foot due to neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus type 2, without diabetic foot or amputation
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy and amputation with treatment due to diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy and amputation without treatment due to diabetes mellitus type 2
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome

28
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Congenital heart disease and mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Congenital heart disease and moderate dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Congenital heart disease and severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability and mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability and mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability and mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability and mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability and mild dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to Down syndrome

29
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Profound intellectual disability and severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Severe intellectual disability and severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Moderate intellectual disability and severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Mild intellectual disability and severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability and severe dementia due to Down syndrome
Echinococcosis
Epilepsy due to echinococcosis
Encephalitis
Mild behavioural problems due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Mild motor impairment due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Borderline intellectual disability due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Monocular distance vision loss due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Mild intellectual disability due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Epilepsy due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Blindness due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Moderate vision impairment due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Severe vision impairment due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Moderate motor impairment due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Severe motor impairment due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairments due to encephalitis
Encephalitis
Severe motor plus cognitive impairments due to encephalitis
Epilepsy
Idiopathic, seizure-free, treated epilepsy
Epilepsy
Idiopathic, less severe epilepsy
Epilepsy
Idiopathic, severe epilepsy
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mild fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Moderate fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Severe fetal alcohol syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to upper respiratory infections
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to other infectious diseases
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to other neurological disorders

30
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to diarrhoeal diseases
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to lower respiratory infections
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome due to Zika infection
Idiopathic developmental intellectual
disability
Borderline idiopathic developmental intellectual disability
Idiopathic developmental intellectual
disability
Mild idiopathic developmental intellectual disability
Idiopathic developmental intellectual
disability
Moderate idiopathic developmental intellectual disability
Idiopathic developmental intellectual
disability
Severe idiopathic developmental intellectual disability
Idiopathic developmental intellectual
disability
Profound idiopathic developmental intellectual disability
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 1
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, without heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, without heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 1
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Asymptomatic chronic intracerebral haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with asymptomatic heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with mild heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with moderate heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with severe heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with asymptomatic heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with mild heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with moderate heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with severe heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure

31
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Acute intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with asymptomatic heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with mild heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with moderate heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, with severe heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 2, without heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with asymptomatic heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with mild heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with moderate heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, with severe heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 4, without heart failure
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, no dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with mild dementia

32
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, with mild dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, with moderate dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with severe dementia
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Chronic intracerebral haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischemic stroke severity level 1
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischemic stroke severity level 2, without heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischemic stroke severity level 4, without heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischemic stroke severity level 3, without heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischemic stroke severity level 5, without heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischemic stroke severity level 1
Ischaemic stroke
Asymptomatic chronic ischemic stroke
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with asymptomatic heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with mild heart failure

33
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with moderate heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with severe heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with mild heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with moderate heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with severe heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with asymptomatic heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with mild heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with moderate heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with severe heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with mild heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with moderate heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Acute ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with severe heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with asymptomatic heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with mild heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with moderate heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 2, with severe heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 2, without heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with mild heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with severe heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, without heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with asymptomatic heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with mild heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with moderate heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 4, with severe heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 4, without heart failure
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, without heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, no dementia

34
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with mild heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with severe heart failure, no dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, without heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, without heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with mild dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, without heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, without heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with moderate dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 3, without heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, without heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with severe dementia

35
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with severe dementia
Ischaemic stroke
Chronic ischaemic stroke severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with severe dementia
Klinefelter syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability due to Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Mild intellectual disability due to Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Mild intellectual disability with infertility due to Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Borderline intellectual disability with infertility due to Klinefelter syndrome
Malaria
Moderate motor impairment due to malaria
Malaria
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to malaria
Malaria
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to malaria
Malaria
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor impairment due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to malaria
Malaria
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to malaria
Meningitis
Epilepsy due to meningitis
Meningitis
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderately severe hearing loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Profound hearing loss with ringing due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderate motor impairment due to meningitis
Meningitis
Blindness due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderate hearing loss with ringing due to meningitis
Meningitis
Profound hearing loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Mild intellectual disability due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderate hearing loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Severe hearing loss with ringing due to meningitis

36
Meningitis
Borderline intellectual disability due to meningitis
Meningitis
Monocular distance vision loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Severe motor plus cognitive impairments due to meningitis
Meningitis
Mild hearing loss with ringing due to meningitis
Meningitis
Mild motor impairment due to long term due to meningitis
Meningitis
Mild behavioural problems due to meningitis
Meningitis
Severe hearing loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Complete hearing loss with ringing due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairments due to meningitis
Meningitis
Mild hearing loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderately severe hearing loss with ringing due to meningitis
Meningitis
Complete hearing loss due to meningitis
Meningitis
Severe motor impairment due to meningitis
Meningitis
Moderate vision impairment due to meningitis
Meningitis
Severe vision impairment due to meningitis
Migraine
Asymptomatic medication overuse headache due to migraine
Migraine
Symptomatic medication overuse headache due to migraine
Migraine
Symptomatic probable migraine
Migraine
Asymptomatic probable migraine
Migraine
Symptomatic definite migraine
Migraine
Asymptomatic definite migraine
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment, mild respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment, moderate respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment, severe respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment, mild respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment, moderate respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment, severe respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment, mild respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment, moderate respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment, severe respiratory problems, and speech problems due to motor neuron disease

37
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment and mild respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment and severe respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment and mild respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment and moderate respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment and severe respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment and mild respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment and moderate respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment and severe respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate motor impairment due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe motor impairment due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild respiratory problems and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate respiratory problems and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe respiratory problems and speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Moderate respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Severe respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Speech problems due to motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Diagnosis of motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease
Mild motor impairment and moderate respiratory problems due to motor neuron disease
Multiple sclerosis
Mild multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Moderate multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Severe multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Asymptomatic multiple sclerosis
Neonatal encephalopathy
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Mild motor impairment due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and
trauma

38
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor impairment due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor impairment due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal encephalopathy
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor impairment due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor impairment severe due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks

39
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks

40
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity
Neonatal preterm birth
Mild motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Mild motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Mild motor impairment due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to neonatal preterm birth complications <28 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to neonatal preterm birth complications 28–32 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to neonatal preterm birth complications 32–36 wks
Neonatal preterm birth
Moderate vision impairment due to retinopathy of prematurity
Neonatal preterm birth
Severe vision impairment due to retinopathy of prematurity
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor impairment due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor impairment due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neonatal sepsis
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections
Neural tube defects
Severe motor and cognitive impairment due to anencephaly
Neural tube defects
Asymptomatic encephalocele following treatment

41
Neural tube defects
Borderline intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Profound intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Borderline intellectual disability and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild intellectual disability and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate intellectual disability and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe intellectual disability and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Profound intellectual disability and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and borderline intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and borderline intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and borderline intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and mild intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and mild intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and mild intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and severe intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and severe intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and severe intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, borderline intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, borderline intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, borderline intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, mild intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, mild intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida

42
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, mild intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, moderate intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, moderate intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, moderate intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, severe intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, severe intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, severe intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and profound intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and profound intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and profound intellectual disability due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, profound intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, profound intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, profound intellectual disability, and incontinence due to spina bifida
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and borderline intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and borderline intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and borderline intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and mild intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and mild intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and mild intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability due to encephalocele

43
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and severe intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and severe intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and severe intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment and profound intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment and profound intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment and profound intellectual disability due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, borderline intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, borderline intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, borderline intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, mild intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, mild intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, mild intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, moderate intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, moderate intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, moderate intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, severe intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, severe intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, severe intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Mild motor impairment, profound intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Moderate motor impairment, profound intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neural tube defects
Severe motor impairment, profound intellectual disability, and incontinence due to encephalocele
Neuroblastoma and other peripheral
nervous cell tumours
Diagnosis and primary therapy phase of neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours
Neuroblastoma and other peripheral
nervous cell tumours
Controlled phase of neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours
Neuroblastoma and other peripheral
nervous cell tumours
Metastatic phase of neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours
Neuroblastoma and other peripheral
nervous cell tumours
Terminal phase of neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours
Neurocysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis with epilepsy
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability due to other chromosomal abnormalities

44
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability with congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Congenital heart disease and mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Congenital heart disease and moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Congenital heart disease and severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability, mild dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability, moderate dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability, severe dementia, and congenital heart disease due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability and mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability and mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability and mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities

45
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability and mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability and mild dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability and moderate dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Profound intellectual disability and severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Severe intellectual disability and severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Moderate intellectual disability and severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Mild intellectual disability and severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other chromosomal abnormalities
Borderline intellectual disability and severe dementia due to other chromosomal abnormalities
Other neurological disorders
Other neurological disorders
Parkinson’s disease
Mild Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Moderate Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Severe Parkinson’s disease
Rabies
Rabies
Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord lesion at neck level
Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord lesion below neck level
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 1
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, without heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, without heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Asymptomatic chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 1
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with asymptomatic heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with mild heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with moderate heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with severe heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure

46
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with asymptomatic heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with mild heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with moderate heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with severe heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Acute subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with asymptomatic heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with mild heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with moderate heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, with severe heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 2, without heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with asymptomatic heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with mild heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with moderate heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, with severe heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 4, without heart failure
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, no dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, no dementia

47
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, with mild dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, with moderate dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with asymptomatic heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with mild heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with moderate heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, with severe heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 3, without heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with asymptomatic heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with mild heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with moderate heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, with severe heart failure, with severe dementia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage severity level 5, without heart failure, with severe dementia
Syphilis
Neurological problems and cardiovascular complications due to adult tertiary syphilis

48
Syphilis
Severe disfigurement and neurological problems due to adult tertiary syphilis
Syphilis
Severe disfigurement, neurological problems, and cardiovascular complications due to adult tertiary syphilis
Syphilis
Neurological problems due to adult tertiary syphilis
Syphilis
Late symptomatic congenital syphilis, neurosyphilis
Syphilis
Late symptomatic congenital syphilis, unilateral hearing loss
Tension-type headache
Asymptomatic medication overuse headache due to tension-type headache
Tension-type headache
Symptomatic medication overuse headache due to tension-type headache
Tension-type headache
Symptomatic probable tension-type headache
Tension-type headache
Asymptomatic probable tension-type headache
Tension-type headache
Symptomatic definite tension-type headache
Tension-type headache
Asymptomatic definite tension-type headache
Tetanus
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Moderate motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor plus cognitive impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Moderate motor impairment due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Moderate motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Moderate motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Moderate motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor impairment due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor impairment with blindness due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor impairment with blindness and epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe motor impairment with epilepsy due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Mild motor impairment due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Mild motor plus cognitive impairments due to neonatal tetanus
Tetanus
Severe tetanus
Traumatic brain injury
Minor TBI
Traumatic brain injury
Moderate/severe TBI
Zika virus disease
Congenital Zika syndrome

49
Neurological outcomes of HIV
We could not directly isolate neurological outcomes of HIV, and therefore do not include HIV as one of the conditions explicitly quantified in this
analysis. Outcomes such as polyneuropathy (ICD10 G62.9) or HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (e.g. encephalopathy; ICD10 B22) are either
not captured or fall under an HIV residual category in vital registration data mapping and thus cannot be included. Dementia due to HIV is
captured in dementia, and thus is included in this analysis. However, opportunistic infections secondary to HIV, such as cryptococcal meningitis,
are categorized under HIV, and not explicitly quantified as part of HIV (or TB) and therefore could not be added in the aggregations presented in
this paper.
Supplemental methods table 10. Disability weights used to calculate YLDs
Health state
Used for which
condition(s)?
Lay description
Disability weight
(95% UI)
ADHD
ADHD
This person is hyperactive and has difficulty concentrating, remembering
things, and completing tasks.
0.045
(0.028–0.066)
Asperger’s
syndrome and
other ASDs
Autism spectrum disorder
This person has difficulty interacting with other people and is slow to
understand or respond to questions. The person is often preoccupied with one
thing and has some difficulty with basic daily activities.
0.104
(0.071–0.147)
Autism
This person has severe problems interacting with others and difficulty
understanding simple questions or directions. The person has great difficulty
with basic daily activities and becomes distressed by any change in routine.
0.262
(0.176–0.365)
Asymptomatic,
but worry
Motor neuron disease
This person has a disease diagnosis that causes some worry but minimal
interference with daily activities.
0.012
(0.006–0.023)
Behaviour
problems, mild
Encephalitis, meningitis
This person is hyperactive and has difficulty concentrating, remembering
things, and completing tasks.
0.045
(0.028–0.066)
Cancer, diagnosis
and primary
therapy
Nervous system cancer
This person has pain, nausea, fatigue, weight loss, and high anxiety.
0.288
(0.193–0.399)
Cancer,
controlled phase
This person has chronic disease that requires medication every day and causes
some worry but minimal interference with daily activities.
0.049
(0.031–0.072)
Cancer,
metastatic
This person has severe pain, extreme fatigue, weight loss, and high anxiety.
0.451
(0.307–0.600)

50
Cancer, terminal
phase, with
medication
This person has lost a lot of weight and regularly uses strong medication to
avoid constant pain. The person has no appetite, feels nauseous, and needs to
spend most of the day in bed.
0.540
(0.377–0.687)
COVID-19, mild
cognitive
impairment
(same as mild
dementia)
COVID-19
This person has some trouble remembering recent events and finds it hard to
concentrate and make decisions and plans. They may have slight to moderate
difficulty engaging in community affairs, complicated hobbies, and intellectual
interests.
0.069
(0.046–0.099)
COVID-19, severe
cognitive
impairment
(same as severe
dementia)
COVID-19
This person has complete memory loss, no longer recognises close family
members, and requires help with all daily activities, including personal care.
0.449
(0.304–0.595)
Dementia, mild
Alzheimer’s disease and
other dementias, Down
syndrome, other
chromosomal
abnormalities, stroke
This person has some trouble remembering recent events and finds it hard to
concentrate and make decisions and plans. They may have slight to moderate
difficulty engaging in community affairs, complicated hobbies, and intellectual
interests.
0.069
(0.046–0.099)
Dementia,
moderate
This person retains highly learned material, but has severe memory problems,
is disoriented with respect to time and sometimes place. They are severely
impaired in their ability to handle problems and make social judgements. They
require assistance with daily activities, and only retain simple chores and
hobbies.
0.377
(0.252–0.508)
Dementia, severe
The person has complete memory loss, no longer recognises close family
members, and requires help with all daily activities, including personal care.
0.449
(0.304–0.595)
Diabetic
neuropathy
Diabetes (neuropathy)
Has pain, tingling, and numbness in the arms, legs, hands, and feet. The person
sometimes gets cramps and muscle weakness.
0.133
(0.089–0.187)
Diabetic
neuropathy with
diabetic foot
Has a sore foot that is swollen and causes some difficulty in walking.
0.150
(0.103–0.208)*
Diabetic
neuropathy with
treated
amputation
Has lost part of one leg, leaving pain and tingling in the stump. The person has
an artificial leg that helps in moving around.
0.167
(0.114–0.229)*

51
Diabetic
neuropathy with
untreated
amputation
Has lost part of one leg, leaving pain and tingling in the stump. The person
does not have an artificial leg, has frequent sores, and uses crutches.
0.282
(0.198–0.379)*
Encephalitis,
acute
Encephalitis
This person has a high fever and pain, and feels very weak, which causes great
difficulty with daily activities.
0.133
(0.088–0.19)
Epilepsy, less
severe
Epilepsy, echinococcosis,
encephalitis, malaria,
meningitis, congenital Zika
This person has sudden seizures two to five times a year, with violent muscle
contractions and stiffness, loss of consciousness, and loss of urine or bowel
control.
0.263
(0.173–0.367)
Epilepsy, severe
This person has sudden seizures one or more times each month, with violent
muscle contractions and stiffness, loss of consciousness, and loss of urine or
bowel control. Between seizures, the person has memory loss and difficulty
concentrating.
0.552
(0.375–0.71)
Epilepsy, treated
This person has a chronic disease that requires medication every day and
causes some worry but minimal interference with daily activities.
0.049
(0.031–0.072)
Fetal alcohol
syndrome, mild
Fetal alcohol syndrome
This person is a little slow in developing physically and mentally, which causes
some difficulty in learning but no other difficulties in daily activities.
0.016
(0.008–0.03)
Fetal alcohol
syndrome,
moderate
This person is slow in developing physically and mentally, which causes some
difficulty in daily activities.
0.056
(0.035–0.083)
Fetal alcohol
syndrome,
severe
This person is very slow in developing physically and mentally, which causes
great difficulty in daily activities.
0.179
(0.119–0.257)
Headache,
symptomatic,
medication
overuse, due to
migraine or
tension-type
Migraine, tension-type
headache
This person has daily headaches, felt as dull pain and often lasting all day, with
poor sleep, nausea, and fatigue. The person takes medicine for the headaches,
which provides little relief but is needed to avoid having worse symptoms.
0.223
(0.146–0.313)
Headache,
symptomatic,
tension-type
This person has a moderate headache that also affects the neck, which causes
difficulty in daily activities.
0.037
(0.022–0.057)

52
Headache,
symptomatic,
migraine
This person has severe, throbbing head pain and nausea that cause great
difficulty in daily activities and sometimes confine the person to bed. Moving
around, light, and noise make it worse.
0.441
(0.294–0.588)
Hearing loss,
mild
Meningitis
This person has great difficulty hearing and understanding another person
talking in a noisy place (for example, on an urban street).
0.01
(0.004–0.019)
Hearing loss,
mild, with ringing
Meningitis
This person has great difficulty hearing and understanding another person
talking in a noisy place (for example, on an urban street), and sometimes has
annoying ringing in the ears.
0.021
(0.012–0.036)
Hearing loss,
moderate
Meningitis
This person is unable to hear and understand another person talking in a noisy
place (for example, on an urban street), and has difficulty hearing another
person talking even in a quiet place or on the phone.
0.027
(0.015–0.042)
Hearing loss,
moderate, with
ringing
Meningitis
This person is unable to hear and understand another person talking in a noisy
place (for example, on an urban street), and has difficulty hearing another
person talking even in a quiet place or on the phone, and has annoying ringing
in the ears for more than 5 minutes at a time, almost every day.
0.074
(0.048–0.107)
Hearing loss,
moderately
severe
Meningitis
(custom DW from hearing loss impairment envelope)
Hearing loss,
moderately
severe, with
ringing
Meningitis
(custom DW from hearing loss impairment envelope)
Hearing loss,
severe
Meningitis
This person is unable to hear and understand another person talking, even in a
quiet place, and unable to take part in a phone conversation. Difficulties with
communicating and relating to others cause emotional impact at times (for
example worry or depression).
0.158
(0.105–0.227)
Hearing loss,
severe, with
ringing
Meningitis
This person is unable to hear and understand another person talking, even in a
quiet place, is unable to take part in a phone conversation, and has annoying
ringing in the ears for more than 5 minutes at a time, almost every day.
Difficulties with communicating and relating to others cause emotional impact
at times (for example worry or depression).
0.261
(0.175–0.36)
Hearing loss,
profound
Meningitis
This person is unable to hear and understand another person talking, even in a
quiet place, is unable to take part in a phone conversation, and has great
difficulty hearing anything in any other situation. Difficulties with
0.204
(0.134–0.288)

53
communicating and relating to others often cause worry, depression, or
loneliness.
Hearing loss,
profound, with
ringing
Meningitis
This person is unable to hear and understand another person, even in a quiet
place, is unable to take part in a phone conversation, has great difficulty
hearing anything in any other situation, and has annoying ringing in the ears
for more than 5 minutes at a time, several times a day. Difficulties with
communicating and relating to others often cause worry, depression, or
loneliness.
0.277
(0.182–0.387)
Hearing loss,
complete
Meningitis
This person cannot hear at all in any situation, including even the loudest
sounds, and cannot communicate verbally or use a phone. Difficulties with
communicating and relating to others often cause worry, depression, or
loneliness.
0.215
(0.144–0.307)
Hearing loss,
complete, with
ringing
Meningitis
This person cannot hear at all in any situation, including even the loudest
sounds, and cannot communicate verbally or use a phone, and has very
annoying ringing in the ears for more than half of the day. Difficulties with
communicating and relating to others often cause worry, depression, or
loneliness.
0.316
(0.212–0.435)
Infectious
disease, acute
episode, severe
Rabies
This person has a high fever and pain and feels very weak, which causes great
difficulty with daily activities.
0.133
(0.088–0.190)
Intellectual
disability,
borderline
Idiopathic intellectual
disability, neural tube
defects, Down syndrome,
other chromosomal
abnormalities, congenital
birth defects, encephalitis,
meningitis, Klinefelter
syndrome
This person is slow in learning at school. As an adult, the person has some
difficulty doing complex or unfamiliar tasks but otherwise functions
independently.
0.011
(0.005–0.020)
Intellectual
disability, mild
Idiopathic intellectual
disability, autism
spectrum disorder, neural
tube defects, Down
syndrome, other
chromosomal
This person has low intelligence and is slow in learning at school. As an adult,
the person can live independently, but often needs help to raise children and
can only work at simple supervised jobs.
0.043
(0.026–0.064)

54
abnormalities, congenital
birth defects, encephalitis,
meningitis, Klinefelter
syndrome
Intellectual
disability,
moderate
Idiopathic intellectual
disability, autism
spectrum disorder, neural
tube defects, Down
syndrome, other
chromosomal
abnormalities, congenital
birth defects, encephalitis,
meningitis
This person has low intelligence and is slow in learning to speak and to do even
simple tasks. As an adult, the person requires a lot of support to live
independently and raise children. The person can only work at the simplest
supervised jobs.
0.100
(0.066–0.142)
Intellectual
disability, severe
Idiopathic intellectual
disability, autism
spectrum disorder, neural
tube defects, Down
syndrome, other
chromosomal
abnormalities, congenital
birth defects, encephalitis,
meningitis
This person has very low intelligence and cannot speak more than a few
words, needs constant supervision and help with most daily activities, and can
do only the simplest tasks.
0.160
(0.107–0.226)
Intellectual
disability,
profound
Idiopathic intellectual
disability, autism
spectrum disorder, neural
tube defects, Down
syndrome, other
chromosomal
abnormalities, congenital
birth defects, encephalitis,
meningitis
This person has very low intelligence, has almost no language, and does not
understand even the most basic requests or instructions. The person requires
constant supervision and help for all activities.
0.200
(0.133–0.283)
Motor
impairment,
mild, long-term
Encephalitis, meningitis,
motor neuron disease,
preterm birth, neonatal
This person has some difficulty in moving around but is able to walk without
help.
0.01
(0.005–0.020)

55
encephalopathy, neonatal
jaundice, neonatal sepsis,
neural tube defects
Motor
impairment,
moderate
Encephalitis, malaria,
meningitis, motor neuron
disease, preterm birth,
neonatal encephalopathy,
neonatal jaundice,
neonatal sepsis, neural
tube defects
This person has some difficulty in moving around, and difficulty in lifting and
holding objects, dressing, and sitting upright, but is able to walk without help.
0.061
(0.040–0.089)
Motor
impairment,
severe
Encephalitis, malaria,
meningitis, motor neuron
disease, preterm birth,
neonatal encephalopathy,
neonatal jaundice,
neonatal sepsis, neural
tube defects
This person is unable to move around without help, and is not able to lift or
hold objects, get dressed, or sit upright.
0.40
(0.27–0.55)
Motor plus
cognitive
impairment, mild
Encephalitis, meningitis,
preterm birth, neonatal
encephalopathy, neonatal
jaundice, neonatal sepsis
This person has some difficulty in moving around but is able to walk without
help. The person is slow in learning at school. As an adult, the person has some
difficulty doing complex or unfamiliar tasks but otherwise functions
independently.
0.031
(0.018–0.050)
Motor plus
cognitive
impairment,
moderate
Encephalitis, malaria,
meningitis, preterm birth,
neonatal encephalopathy,
neonatal jaundice,
neonatal sepsis
This person has some difficulty in moving around, holding objects, dressing,
and sitting upright, but can walk without help. This person has low intelligence
and is slow in learning to speak and to do simple tasks.
0.20
(0.13–0.29)
Motor plus
cognitive
impairment,
severe
Encephalitis, meningitis,
preterm birth, neonatal
encephalopathy, neonatal
jaundice, neonatal sepsis,
congenital Zika
This person cannot move around without help, and cannot lift or hold objects,
get dressed, or sit upright. The person also has very low intelligence, speaks
few words, and needs constant supervision and help with all daily activities.
0.54
(0.37–0.70)
Multiple
sclerosis, mild
Multiple sclerosis
This person has mild loss of feeling in one hand, is a little unsteady while
walking, has slight loss of vision in one eye, and often needs to urinate
urgently.
0.183
(0.124–0.253)

56
Multiple
sclerosis,
moderate
Multiple sclerosis
This person needs help walking, has difficulty with writing and arm
coordination, has loss of vision in one eye, and cannot control urinating.
0.463
(0.313–0.613)
Multiple
sclerosis, severe
Multiple sclerosis
This person has slurred speech and difficulty swallowing. The person has weak
arms and hands, very limited and stiff leg movement, has loss of vision in both
eyes, and cannot control urinating.
0.719
(0.534–0.858)
Parkinson’s
disease, mild
Parkinson’s disease
This person has mild tremors and moves a little slowly, which causes some
difficulty in walking and daily activities. The person has some trouble
swallowing, talking, sleeping, and remembering things.
0.01
(0.005–0.019)
Parkinson’s
disease,
moderate
Parkinson’s disease
This person has moderate tremors and moves slowly, which causes some
difficulty in walking and daily activities. The person has some trouble
swallowing, talking, sleeping, and remembering things.
0.267
(0.181–0.372)
Parkinson’s
disease, severe
Parkinson’s disease
This person has severe tremors and moves very slowly, which causes great
difficulty in walking and daily activities. The person falls easily and has a lot of
difficulty talking, swallowing, sleeping, and remembering things
0.575
(0.396–0.730)
Respiratory
problems, mild
Motor neuron disease
This person has cough and shortness of breath after heavy physical activity but
is able to walk long distances and climb stairs.
0.019
(0.011–0.033)
Respiratory
problems,
moderate
Motor neuron disease
This person has cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath, even after light
physical activity. The person feels tired and can walk only short distances or
climb only a few stairs.
0.225
(0.153–0.31)
Respiratory
problems, severe
Motor neuron disease
This person has cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath all the time. The
person has great difficulty walking even short distances or climbing any stairs,
feels tired when at rest, and is anxious.
0.408
(0.273–0.556)
Speech problems
Motor neuron disease
This person has difficulty speaking, and others find it difficult to understand.
0.051
(0.032–0.078)
Spinal cord
lesion, at neck
level, treated
Spinal cord injury
This person is paralyzed from the neck down, with no feeling or control over
any part of the body below the neck, and no urine or bowel control.
0.589
(0.415–0.748)
Spinal cord
lesion, at neck
level, untreated
Spinal cord injury
This person is paralyzed from the neck down, with no feeling or control over
any part of the body below the neck, and no urine or bowel control. Arms and
legs are in fixed, bent positions, and the person gets frequent infections and
pressure sores.
0.732
(0.544–0.871)

57
Spinal cord
lesion, below
neck level,
treated
Guillain-Barré syndrome,
spinal cord injury
This person is paralyzed from the waist down, cannot feel or move the legs,
and has difficulties with urine and bowel control. This person uses a
wheelchair to move around.
0.296
(0.198–0.414)
Spinal cord
lesion, below
neck level,
untreated
Spinal cord injury
This person is paralyzed from the waist down, cannot feel or move the legs,
and has difficulties with urine and bowel control. Legs are in fixed, bent
positions, and the person gets frequent infections and pressure sores.
0.623
(0.434–0.777)
Stroke, mild
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around and some weakness in one
hand but is able to walk without help.
0.019
(0.010–0.032)
Stroke,
moderate, with
no heart failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around and in using the hands for
lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming.
0.070
(0.046–0.099)
Stroke, acute,
moderate, with
controlled,
medically
managed heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around and in using the hands for
lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming. Has been diagnosed with
clinical heart failure, a chronic disease that requires medication every day and
causes some worry but minimal interference with daily activities.
0.116
(0.076–0.164)
Stroke, chronic,
moderate, with
controlled,
medically
managed heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around and in using the hands for
lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming. Has been diagnosed with
clinical heart failure, a chronic disease that requires medication every day and
causes some worry but minimal interference with daily activities.
0.082
(0.053–0.118)
Stroke, acute,
moderate, with
mild heart failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around and in using the hands for
lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming. Is short of breath and easily
tires with moderate physical activity, such as walking uphill or more than a
quarter mile on level ground. The person feels comfortable at rest or during
activities requiring less effort.
0.108
(0.074–0.154)
Stroke,
moderate, with
moderate heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, and in using the hands for
lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming. Is short of breath and easily
tires with minimal physical activity, such as walking only a short distance. The
person feels comfortable at rest but avoids moderate activity.
0.137
(0.091–0.191)

58
Stroke,
moderate, with
severe heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around and in using the hands for
lifting and holding things, dressing, and grooming. Is short of breath and feels
tired when at rest. The person avoids any physical activity, for fear of
worsening the breathing problems.
0.236
(0.165–0.319)
Stroke, moderate
plus cognition,
with no heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting
and holding things, dressing, and grooming, and in speaking. The person is
often forgetful and confused.
0.316
(0.206–0.437)
Stroke, acute,
moderate plus
cognition
problems, with
controlled,
medically
managed heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting
and holding things, dressing, and grooming, and in speaking. The person is
often forgetful and confused. Has been diagnosed with clinical heart failure, a
chronic disease that requires medication every day and causes some worry but
minimal interference with daily activities.
0.349
(0.241–0.470)
Stroke, chronic,
moderate plus
cognition
problems, with
controlled,
medically
managed heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting
and holding things, dressing, and grooming, and in speaking. The person is
often forgetful and confused. Has been diagnosed with clinical heart failure, a
chronic disease that requires medication every day and causes some worry but
minimal interference with daily activities.
0.325
(0.219–0.443)
Stroke, moderate
plus cognition
problems, with
mild heart failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting
and holding things, dressing, and grooming, and in speaking. The person is
often forgetful and confused. Is short of breath and easily tires with moderate
physical activity, such as walking uphill or more than a quarter mile on level
ground. The person feels comfortable at rest or during activities requiring less
effort.
0.344
(0.237–0.464)
Stroke, moderate
plus cognition
problems, with
moderate heart
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting
and holding things, dressing, and grooming, and in speaking. The person is
often forgetful and confused. Is short of breath and easily tires with minimal
0.365
(0.253–0.487)

59
failure, no
dementia
physical activity, such as walking only a short distance. The person feels
comfortable at rest but avoids moderate activity.
Stroke, moderate
plus cognition
problems, with
severe heart
failure
Stroke
This person has some difficulty in moving around, in using the hands for lifting
and holding things, dressing, and grooming, and in speaking. The person is
often forgetful and confused. Is short of breath and feels tired when at rest.
The person avoids any physical activity, for fear of worsening the breathing
problems.
0.437
(0.308–0.575)
Stroke, severe,
with no heart
failure
Stroke
Is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and depends on
others for feeding, toileting, and dressing.
0.552
(0.377–0.707)
Stroke, acute,
severe, with
controlled,
medically
managed heart
failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and
depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing. Has been diagnosed
with clinical heart failure, a chronic disease that requires medication every day
and causes some worry but minimal interference with daily activities.
0.573
(0.408–0.720)
Stroke, chronic,
severe, with
asymptomatic
heart failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and
depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing. Has been diagnosed
with clinical heart failure, a chronic disease that requires medication every day
and causes some worry but minimal interference with daily activities.
0.558
(0.389–0.711)
Stroke, severe,
with mild heart
failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and
depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing. Is short of breath and
easily tires with moderate physical activity, such as walking uphill or more than
a quarter mile on level ground. The person feels comfortable at rest or during
activities requiring less effort.
0.570
(0.404–0.720)
Stroke, severe,
with moderate
heart failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and
depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing. Is short of breath and
easily tires with minimal physical activity, such as walking only a short
distance. The person feels comfortable at rest but avoids moderate activity.
0.584
(0.417–0.732)
Stroke, severe,
with severe heart
failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, has difficulty speaking, and
depends on others for feeding, toileting, and dressing. Is short of breath and
feels tired when at rest. The person avoids any physical activity, for fear of
worsening the breathing problems.
0.630
(0.458–0.777)

60
Stroke, severe
plus cognition
problems, no
heart failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding,
toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and
remembering things.
0.593
(0.421–0.747)
Stroke, acute,
severe plus
cognition
problems,
controlled,
medically
managed heart
failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding,
toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and
remembering things. Has been diagnosed with clinical heart failure, a chronic
disease that requires medication every day and causes some worry but
minimal interference with daily activities.
0.608
(0.438–0.759)
Stroke, chronic,
severe plus
cognition
problems,
asymptomatic
heart failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding,
toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and
remembering things. Has been diagnosed with clinical heart failure, a chronic
disease that requires medication every day and causes some worry but
minimal interference with daily activities.
0.593
(0.421–0.747)
Stroke, severe
plus cognition
problems, mild
heart failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding,
toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and
remembering things. Is short of breath and easily tires with moderate physical
activity, such as walking uphill or more than a quarter-mile on level ground.
The person feels comfortable at rest or during activities requiring less effort.
0.605
(0.436–0.758)
Stroke, severe
plus cognition
problems,
moderate heart
failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding,
toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and
remembering things. Is short of breath and easily tires with minimal physical
activity, such as walking only a short distance. The person feels comfortable at
rest but avoids moderate activity.
0.617
(0.448–0.768)
Stroke, severe
plus cognition
problems, severe
heart failure
Stroke
This person is confined to bed or a wheelchair, depends on others for feeding,
toileting, and dressing, and has difficulty speaking, thinking clearly, and
remembering things. Is short of breath and feels tired when at rest. The person
avoids any physical activity, for fear of worsening the breathing problems.
0.659
(0.488–0.808)

61
Syphilis, adult
tertiary,
neurological
problems
Syphilis
This person has some difficulty in moving around, holding objects, dressing,
and sitting upright, but can walk without help. The person has low intelligence
and is slow in learning to speak and to do simple tasks.
0.203
(0.134–0.290)
Syphilis,
congenital,
neurosyphilis
Syphilis
This person has some difficulty in moving around, holding objects, dressing,
and sitting upright, but can walk without help. The person has low intelligence
and is slow in learning to speak and to do simple tasks.
0.203
(0.134–0.290)
Syphilis,
congenital,
unilateral
hearing loss
Syphilis
This person can hear well with one ear but has hearing loss in the other ear,
resulting in some trouble following a conversation in a noisy environment.
0.008
(0.003–0.020)
Tetanus
Tetanus
This person has a high fever and pain, and feels very weak, which causes great
difficult with daily activities.
0.133
(0.088–0.19)
Traumatic brain
injury, mild, long-
term
Traumatic brain injury
Combined disability weight with components of headaches, dizziness, nausea,
difficulty concentrating, anxiety/moodiness, dependencies on others for
feeding, toileting, dressing, walking.
0.132
(0.090–0.182)
Traumatic brain
injury, moderate
or severe, long-
term
Traumatic brain injury
Combined disability weight with components of headaches, dizziness, nausea,
difficulty concentrating, anxiety/moodiness, dependencies on others for
feeding, toileting, dressing, walking.
0.164
(0.112–0.226)
Urinary
incontinence
Neural tube defects
This person cannot control urinating.
0.139
(0.094–0.198)
Vision loss,
moderate
Encephalitis, meningitis
This person has vision problems that make it difficult to recognise faces or
objects across a room.
0.031
(0.019–0.049)
Vision loss,
severe
Encephalitis, meningitis
This person has severe vision loss, which causes difficulty in daily activities,
some emotional impact (for example worry), and some difficulty going outside
the home without assistance.
0.18
(0.13–0.26)
Vision loss,
blindness
Encephalitis, malaria,
meningitis
This person is completely blind, which causes great difficulty in some daily
activities, worry and anxiety, and great difficulty going outside the home
without assistance.
0.19
(0.12–0.26)
Vision loss,
monocular
Encephalitis, meningitis
This person is blind in one eye and has difficulty judging distances.
0.017
(0.009–0.029)
Asymptomatic health states without worry are not included because the disability weight is 0. Custom disability weights for combined health states are not displayed here.
*Disability weights for these diabetes sequela are produced from a combination of two health states: neuropathy and diabetic foot/amputation.

62
Analysis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome due to COVID-19
Data demonstrating an increase in GBS occurrence due to COVID-19 come from the United States PRA
health services medical record database (https://www.iconplc.com/). The occurrence of GBS following
COVID-19 was quantified as the difference in the incidence of GBS in COVID-19 cases and controls in the
PRA database, matched by age, sex, race, month of COVID diagnosis or outpatient visit, and previous
diagnosis of cancer, diabetes, heart failure, and/or stroke. This analysis produced over one million
matched pairs, a large sample size that was beneficial given GBS has a low incidence rate. Data were
tabulated based on COVID-19 case ascertainment as either community cases, hospitalized cases, or ICU
cases. Risk of GBS increased with severity of COVID infection. The main limitations of this approach
include: (1) the risk analysis used data solely from the U.S. but was applied globally; (2) cases were from
the first wave of the pandemic but the risk was applied to the whole pandemic regardless of COVID
variant or vaccination history; and (3) the analysis did not control for other recent infection that could
lead to GBS such as diarrheal disease or influenza.
Data types and modelling methods to estimate deaths
For most conditions, fatal data consisted primarily of vital registration data, along with available verbal
autopsy, registry, mortuary, hospital, police, and census data from 1980 onward. Cause of death data
categorised by ICD or other country-specific classification systems were mapped to individual diseases
within the GBD. Broad category codes (eg, “disorder of central nervous system, unspecified”) or codes for
diseases not considered underlying causes of death (eg, headache) were redistributed as previously
described for GBD.8 A misdiagnosis correction was applied to account for under-coding of certain diseases
including atrial fibrillation, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease, and noise reduction was used to smooth
stochastic temporal variation due to small sample size (Section 2.6 and 2.7 of reference 8, Appendix 1).13
An ensemble modelling approach was used to estimate deaths for each condition.16 Input data and
predictive covariates were used to create component models. The predictive covariates included in each
model are summarised in supplemental methods table 12. Model performance was tested with 30%
holdouts of input data, and models with the highest out-of-sample predictive validity were retained and
ultimately combined into a weighted ensemble used to calculate deaths by age, year, sex, and location.
Supplemental methods table 11. Source counts in fatal models
Condition
Vital registration and
other death data
Number of
countries
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias†
476
54
Encephalitis
3719
147
Idiopathic epilepsy
3560
148
Meningitis
4090
163
Motor neuron disease
3398
124
Multiple sclerosis
3634
125
Nervous system cancers*
6347
160
Neural tube defects
3161
151
Neurocysticercosis
3354
122

63
Other neurological disorders
2823
127
Parkinson’s disease
3437
129
Rabies
3700
147
Stroke (any)
4017
152
Tetanus
4075
160
*Nervous system cancers refers to the combination of “Brain and central nervous system cancer” and “Neuroblastoma and
other peripheral nervous cell tumours”; †data come from non-fatal modelling, which is used to inform fatal estimates.
Supplemental methods table 12. ICD-9 and ICD-10 fatal coding for each condition
Condition
ICD-9
ICD-10
Alzheimer’s disease
and other dementias
290, 291.2, 291.8, 294, 331
F00, F01, F02, F03, G30, G31
Encephalitis
062, 064.9, 139.0, 323
A83-A86.4, B94.1, F07.1, G04-G05.8,
G21.3
Epilepsy
345
G40, G41
Meningitis
036, 047, 049.9, 320.0-320.3,
320.5-320.89, 321-322.9
A39, A87, D86.81, G00, G03
Motor neuron
disease
335
G12
Multiple sclerosis
340
G35
Neonatal
encephalopathy
761.7-761.9, 762, 763, 767, 768,
768.2-768.7, 768.9, 770.1, 779.0-
779.2
P01.7, P02, P03, P10, P11, P12, P13,
P14, P15, P20, P21, P24, P91
Nervous system
cancers*
191, 191.0, 191.1, 191.2, 191.3,
191.4, 191.5, 191.6, 191.7, 191.8,
191.9, 192, 192.0, 192.1, 192.2
192.3, 192.8, 192.9, 194.3, 194.4,
194‡, 194.0‡, and 194.9‡
C47, C47.0, C47.1, C47.10. C47.11,
C47.12, C47.2, C47.20, C47.21, C47.22,
C47.3, C47.4, C47.5, C47.6, C47.8,
C47.9, C47.90, C70, C70.0, C70.1,
C70.5, C70.6, C70.9, C71, C71.0, C71.1,
C71.2, C71.3, C71.4, C71.5, C71.6,
C71.7, C71.8, C71.9, C72, C72.0, C72.1,
C72.2, C72.20, C72.21, C72.22, C72.3,
C72.30, C72.31, C72.32, C72.4, C72.40,
C72.41, C72.42, C72.5, C72.50, C72.59,
C72.8, C72.9, C74‡, C75.1-C75.3
Neural tube defects
740, 741, 742.0
Q00.0-Q00.2; Q01, Q05
Other neurological
disorders
330, 331.8, 331.9, 333, 334, 335.3
336, 337, 341, 349, 349.2, 349.3,
349.8, 353.8, 353.9, 356, 357.0,
357.1, 357.3, 357.4, 357.7, 358,
359, 775.2
F02.2, G10, G11, G12, G12.0, G12.1,
G13, G23, G24, G25, G26, G26.0, G36,
G37, G61, G70, G71, G73, G90, G95
Parkinson’s disease
332, 332.0
F02.3, G20
Rabies
071
A82
Stroke (ischaemic)
433, 434, 435, 437
G45, G46, I63, I65, I66, I67.2-I67.6,
I67.5-I67.6, I69.3
Stroke (intracerebral
haemorrhage)
431, 432, 437.2
I61, 162, I68.1-I68.2, I69.1-I69.2

64
Stroke (subarachnoid
haemorrhage)
430
I60, I62.0, I67.0-I67.1, I69.0
Tetanus
037-037.9, 771.3, V03.7
A33, A34, A35
*Nervous system cancers refers to the combination of “Brain and central nervous system cancer” and “Neuroblastoma and
other peripheral nervous cell tumours”; ‡ Cases and deaths are redistributed by age group between the two GBD causes
“neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours” and “other malignant neoplasms.”
Common ICD-10 vital registration codes for the residual “other neurological disorders”
category globally in 2021

65
Supplemental methods table 13. Predictive covariates included in fatal models
Condition
Alzheimer’s disease and
other dementias†
Education (years per capita), smoking prevalence
Encephalitis
Fraction of children born in a given country-year who have received
three doses of DTP3, squared percentage of women giving birth in a
health facility, lag-distributed income (per capita), sanitation (proportion
with access), improved water source (proportion with access), maternal
care and immunisation, maternal education (years per capita), Socio-
demographic Index, Japanese encephalitis endemic area, Healthcare
Access and Quality Index, SEV for child underweight
Idiopathic epilepsy
Cumulative cigarettes (5-year, 10-year), education (years per capita), lag-
distributed income (per capita), mean body-mass index, mean
cholesterol, mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg), pigs (per capita), SEV
for idiopathic epilepsy, Socio-demographic Index, Healthcare Access and
Quality Index
Meningitis
Lag-distributed income (per capita), sanitation (proportion with access),
improved water source (proportion with access), maternal care and
immunisation, maternal education (years per capita), proportion of the
population in the meningitis belt, Socio-demographic Index, proportion
of population covered by MenAfriVac initiative (meningitis
meningococcal type A vaccine), Healthcare Access and Quality Index, SEV
for child underweight, proportion of population with PCV3 vaccine (5-
year lagged for stockout discontinuities), Hib3 vaccine coverage
Motor neuron disease
Average absolute latitude, diabetes fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L),
education (years per capita), lag-distributed income (per capita), mean
body-mass index, mean cholesterol, mean temperature, sanitation
(proportion with access), improved water source (proportion with
access), Socio-demographic Index, Healthcare Access and Quality Index,
SEV for diet high in fruit
Multiple sclerosis
Average absolute latitude, cumulative cigarettes (5-year, 10-year),
education (years per capita), lag-distributed income (per capita), mean
cholesterol, smoking prevalence, Socio-demographic Index, Healthcare
Access and Quality Index
Neural tube defects
Abortion legality, ANC1 coverage proportion, ANC4 coverage prop, IFD
coverage proportion, maternal educational, Socio-demographic Index,
maternal alcohol during pregnancy, Healthcare Access and Quality Index,
folic acid µg, fortification folic acid, SEV for age-standardised air hap, SEV
for smoking, SEV for diet high in fruit, SEV for diet high in vegetables,
SEV for fasting plasma glucose, alcohol litres per capita
Nervous system cancers*
Cumulative cigarettes (10 years), education (years per capita), lag-
distributed income (per capita), cholesterol (total, mean per capita),
smoking prevalence, Socio-demographic Index, Healthcare Access and
Quality Index, summary exposure value (SEV) for diet low in fruit, SEV for
diet low in vegetables, SEV for high red meat, litres of alcohol consumed
per capita, systolic blood pressure (mmHg), universal health coverage,
health worker density, maternal care and immunisation

66
Other neurological
disorders
Cumulative cigarettes (5 years, 10 years), education (years per capita),
lag-distributed income (per capita), mean body-mass index, mean
cholesterol, mean systolic blood pressure, pigs per capita, population
density over 1000 per km2 (percent), smoking prevalence, Socio-
demographic Index, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, SEV for
underweight, SEV for low fruit, SEV for diet high in red meat
Parkinson’s disease
Average absolute latitude, cumulative cigarettes (10 years), education
(years per capita), lag-distributed income (per capita), mean cholesterol,
sanitation (proportion with access), improved water source (proportion
with access), Socio-demographic Index, Healthcare Access and Quality
Index, SEV for diet high in fruit
Rabies
ANC6 coverage proportion, IFD coverage proportion, population density
between 500 and 1000 people per km2 (percent), population density
under 150 people per square kilometre (percent), skilled birth attendant
coverage proportion, maternal care and immunisation, Socio-
demographic Index, Healthcare Access and Quality Index
Stroke (ischaemic)
Diabetes fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L), lag-distributed income, mean
body-mass index, mean cholesterol, mean systolic blood pressure,
indoor air pollution (household prevalence of cooking with coal or
biomass), outdoor air pollution (PM2.5, micrograms per cubic meter),
proportion over population living above 1500 m elevation, smoking
prevalence, SEV for ischaemic stroke, pulses and legumes (grams per
day), Healthcare Access and Quality Index, diet high in trans fatty acid,
SEV for diet low in fruit, SEV for diet low in vegetables, SEV for diet low
in nuts and seeds, SEV for diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids, SEV
for diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, alcohol litres per capita
Stroke (intracerebral
haemorrhage)
Diabetes fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L), lag-distributed income, mean
body-mass index, mean cholesterol, mean systolic blood pressure,
indoor air pollution (household prevalence of cooking with coal or
biomass), outdoor air pollution (PM2.5, micrograms per cubic meter),
proportion over population living above 1500m elevation, smoking
prevalence, SEV for intracerebral haemorrhage, pulses and legumes
(grams per day), Healthcare Access and Quality Index, diet high in trans
fatty acid, SEV for diet low in fruit, SEV for diet low in vegetables, SEV for
diet low in nuts and seeds, SEV for diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty
acids, SEV for diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, alcohol litres per
capita
Stroke (subarachnoid
haemorrhage)
Lag-distributed income (per capita), mean systolic blood pressure
(mmHg), smoking prevalence, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, SEV
for subarachnoid stroke, alcohol litres per capita
Tetanus
Education (years per capita), lag-distributed income (per capita),
sanitation (proportion with access), Socio-demographic Index,
Healthcare Access and Quality Index, fraction of children born in a given
country-year who have received three doses of DTP3 (lagged five years
for stockout discontinuities)
*Nervous system cancers refers to the combination of “Brain and central nervous system cancer” and “Neuroblastoma and
other peripheral nervous cell tumours”; †predictive covariates for dementia come from non-fatal modelling, which informs
mortality estimates.

67
Supplemental results
Supplemental results figure 1. Proportion of total DALYs attributable to different
categories of conditions.
Supplemental results figure 1. Original neurological grouping = 15 categories included in Feigin et al.
2016 analysis, consisting of brain and central nervous system cancer, dementia, encephalitis, epilepsy,
meningitis, migraine, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, other neurological
disorders, spinal cord injury, stroke, tension-type headache, tetanus, and traumatic brain injury.
Neurodevelopmental and paediatric grouping = AD/HD, autism spectrum disorder, fetal alcohol
syndrome, idiopathic intellectual disability, neonatal encephalopathy, and neural tube defects. Newly
included neurological conditions = Guillain-Barre syndrome, neurocysticercosis, neuroblastoma and
other peripheral nervous cell tumours, and rabies. Other conditions with neurological health loss =
neurological health loss from cerebral malaria, congenital birth defects, congenital Zika, COVID-19, cystic
echinococcosis, diabetic neuropathy, Down syndrome, Klinefelter, neonatal jaundice, neonatal sepsis,
neurosyphilis, other chromosomal abnormalities, and preterm birth.

68
Supplemental results figure 2. Age and sex trends in YLDs in 2021 due to neurological
conditions
Supplemental results figure 2. Age and sex trends in YLDs in 2021 due to neurological conditions. Left
panels show change in counts (top) and age-standardised rates (bottom) over time; right panels show
age patterns in counts (top) and rates (bottom). 95% uncertainty intervals are depicted as shading on
the left, and black bars on the right.

69
Supplemental results figure 3. Age and sex trends in YLLs in 2021 due to neurological
conditions
Supplemental results figure 3. Age and sex trends in YLLs in 2021 due to neurological conditions. Left
panels show change in counts (top) and age-standardised rates (bottom) over time; right panels show
age patterns in counts (top) and rates (bottom). 95% uncertainty intervals are depicted as shading on
the left, and black bars on the right.

70
Supplemental results table 1. Global, regional, and national age-standardised prevalence,
years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (per
100 000) for all neurological conditions
Location
Prevalence
Years lived with
disability
Deaths
Years of life lost
Disability-adjusted life-
years
Global
41204·1
(38654·3–43869·9)
2064·1
(1390–2983·1)
139·0
(121·3–173·3)
3573·3
(3190·9–4134·3)
5637·6
(4829·7–6587·9)
Central Europe, eastern
Europe, and central Asia
44909·3
(42058·8–48072·2)
2102·9
(1434·5–3033·1)
147·8
(134·0–176·3)
2927·8
(2694·8–3323·8)
5030·9
(4295·3–5899·7)
Central Asia
44400·6
(41269·7–47774·5)
2101·6
(1441·2–3007·1)
162·4
(143·6–190·6)
3536·5
(3170·4–3995·0)
5638·2
(4864·2–6630·4)
Armenia
44550·8
(41412·1–47932·0)
2091·6
(1406·4–2985·1)
99·7
(83·5–131·0)
1869·0
(1622·2–2279·2)
3960·8
(3210·9–4924·0)
Azerbaijan
44150·9
(41038·4–47475·4)
2024·2
(1343·9–2965·8)
144·0
(118·5–177·4)
3425·6
(2882·3–4061·9)
5449·8
(4599·0–6565·2)
Georgia
44663·7
(41410·7–48010·8)
2174·3
(1448·3–3131·6)
195·6
(175·9–223·0)
3668·5
(3286·5–4136·8)
5843·0
(5085·4–6824·9)
Kazakhstan
44726·0
(41528·2–48183·0)
2208·9
(1500·7–3187·7)
196·2
(172·3–226·2)
3576·4
(3116·7–4081·2)
5785·5
(4921·7–6865·1)
Kyrgyzstan
44120·0
(40930·5–47633·3)
1972·4
(1309·1–2872·7)
128·0
(106·1–160·9)
3006·3
(2603·1–3484·8)
4979·0
(4141·0–5911·5)
Mongolia
44073·1
(40783·3–47310·6)
2057·7
(1386·3–2991·4)
174·0
(143·3–210·2)
4037·7
(3400·6–4711·2)
6095·4
(5201·6–7136·4)
Tajikistan
44224·8
(41051·0–47680·0)
2033·4
(1341·9–2972·5)
178·4
(146·0–214·5)
4176·8
(3528·2–4860·7)
6210·2
(5221·1–7267·7)
Turkmenistan
43772·2
(40500·1–47138·6)
1996·1
(1329·0–2881·6)
203·6
(163·4–254·7)
5222·9
(4273·0–6232·7)
7219·2
(6156·0–8578·6)
Uzbekistan
44388·5
(41217·8–47770·1)
2103·4
(1433·7–3030·1)
142·0
(120·0–175·4)
3248·6
(2800·3–3807·1)
5352·2
(4550·4–6445·1)
Central Europe
44859·7
(42020·4–48157·3)
2143·3
(1472·2–3108·3)
126·0
(111·5–151·2)
2245·8
(2025·8–2572·7)
4389·3
(3676·9–5314·6)
Albania
43924·5
(40791·5–47446·8)
2071·5
(1402·6–2993·2)
190·2
(157·3–228·4)
3169·1
(2626·8–3791·1)
5240·5
(4310·4–6250·0)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
45366·2
(42245·2–48907·3)
2450·8
(1700·7–3408·9)
147·0
(119·1–178)
2627·5
(2134·2–3120·9)
5078·2
(4192·1–6039·4)
Bulgaria
44715·4
(41504·2–48267·3)
2276·4
(1552·9–3210·0)
232·0
(204·1–261·4)
4133·6
(3588·4–4733·8)
6410·2
(5546·0–7534·0)
Croatia
44350·4
(41327·1–48034·4)
2154·7
(1457·8–3124·2)
103·3
(87·6–132·8)
1792·7
(1532·3–2164·6)
3947·5
(3200·7–4888·5)
Czechia
44545·2
(41490·0–48142·1)
2190·4
(1474·1–3144·6)
74·9
(60·3–102·2)
1313·1
(1091·3–1685·8)
3503·6
(2766·4–4472·0)
Hungary
44555·6
(41504·8–48087·3)
2172·5
(1466·2–3087·8)
88·3
(72·5–116·1)
1632·6
(1372·6–2026·5)
3805·3
(3018·3–4713·3)
Montenegro
44881·4
(41698·1–48388·4)
2239·1
(1530·2–3234·4)
264·0
(228·9–302·6)
4169·3
(3579·8–4871·5)
6408·5
(5524·0–7474·5)
North Macedonia
45167·2
(42105·4–48696·4)
2384·6
(1626·6–3335·7)
315·5
(267·7–363·8)
4850·1
(4038·7–5675·9)
7234·6
(6188·9–8445·7)
Poland
45589·2
(42683·8–48573·3)
2040·8
(1389·7–2960·3)
94·9
(79·4–123·4)
1722·8
(1505·3–2087·0)
3763·9
(3062·0–4682·1)
Romania
44193·9
(41132·9–47689·7)
2147·2
(1464·6–3127·9)
163·4
(142·6–191·1)
2914·0
(2558·4–3323·0)
5061·3
(4319·5–6048·0)

71
Serbia
44694·1
(41553·2–48211·1)
2223·8
(1517·6–3146·6)
197·1
(168·4–232·1)
3321·9
(2838·7–3873·0)
5545·7
(4651·2–6568·5)
Slovakia
44354·4
(41397·8–47857·1)
2188·2
(1500·7–3116·8)
99·9
(81·8–128·1)
1828·6
(1514·2–2243·6)
4016·8
(3289·3–4957·5)
Slovenia
43885·8
(40772·8–47405·3)
2027·1
(1378·9–3005·5)
66·8
(52·2–94·1)
1077·5
(875·5–1422·1)
3104·8
(2405·1–3982·7)
Eastern Europe
45126
(42390·3–48210·1)
2066·8
(1395·6–2987·3)
155·4
(138·7–184·4)
2950·8
(2681–3351·9)
5017·8
(4278·7–5913)
Belarus
43405·7
(40126–46923·6)
1906·7
(1290·1–2770·4)
133·6
(110·2–168·7)
2574·8
(2125·5–3129·7)
4481·7
(3728·6–5500)
Estonia
43608·5
(40362·6–47072·5)
1978·1
(1344·6–2838·7)
74·2
(57·8–104·6)
1385·4
(1144·6–1766·7)
3363·7
(2665–4270·8)
Latvia
43754·3
(40495·3–47324·8)
2061
(1394·1–3004·3)
145
(127·4–171·6)
2604·1
(2294·1–2983·2)
4665·2
(3927·2–5642·9)
Lithuania
44350·6
(41031·1–48002·6)
1966·1
(1324·8–2829·5)
106·8
(89·3–138·2)
1991·3
(1731–2411·5)
3957·6
(3236·2–4862·3)
Moldova
43984·3
(40674·7–47459·4)
2023·5
(1375–2908·3)
118·8
(102–147·7)
2604·4
(2279·1–3068·3)
4628·1
(3896·4–5570·7)
Russia
45245·5
(42553·3–48323·8)
2082
(1400·7–3020·2)
166·6
(150·4–194·2)
3105·8
(2829–3493·5)
5188
(4451·5–6119)
Ukraine
45359·9
(42617·7–48362·9)
2066·6
(1409–2932·6)
138·5
(108·1–181·2)
2778·6
(2201·9–3413·6)
4845·3
(3895–5874)
High income
47134·2
(44134·9–50135·3)
1987·8
(1300·4–2953·1)
69·7
(52·8–102·6)
1238·2
(1031·5–1624·3)
3226·4
(2491·6–4185·1)
Australasia
42441·3
(39561–45581·2)
1783·5
(1209·5–2601·2)
61·8
(46·8–91·5)
1098·9
(910·3–1456·4)
2882·6
(2253·6–3717·3)
Australia
42268·6
(39280·3–45483·6)
1772·3
(1199·4–2591·5)
60·6
(45·6–90)
1082·6
(892·9–1436·7)
2855
(2234·7–3693·4)
New Zealand
43307
(40534·1–46225·5)
1841·4
(1224·7–2708)
68·8
(53·1–102)
1189·5
(994·5–1578·6)
3031·2
(2369·9–3887·8)
High-income Asia Pacific
42535·4
(39908·1–45604·3)
1878·6
(1332·1–2673·5)
65·4
(49·1–96)
1105·3
(913·1–1470·4)
2984·6
(2359·4–3768·2)
Brunei
43389·5
(40095·5–47130·3)
2370·6
(1651·1–3250·4)
107·7
(87·7–139·4)
2075·5
(1765·9–2517·3)
4446·6
(3680·3–5298·8)
Japan
42048·3
(39387·9–44958·9)
1808·3
(1286·4–2578·5)
63·8
(47·8–94·3)
1092·1
(900·9–1459·2)
2901
(2286·8–3647·4)
South Korea
43915·6
(40715–47350)
2061·7
(1409·3–2918·3)
79
(60·8–112)
1260·1
(1041·5–1653·8)
3322·4
(2645–4200·1)
Singapore
40516·6
(37304·2–44021·6)
1795·1
(1276·2–2506·3)
38·9
(26·9–62·1)
684·8
(536·9–957·2)
2480·6
(1907·6–3195·1)
High-income North
America
49791·6
(46771·4–52802·4)
2165·8
(1436·4–3175·7)
73·7
(55·3–111·2)
1331·2
(1098·5–1778·2)
3497·5
(2697·7–4522·9)
Canada
48071·7
(44639·7–51557·8)
2012·9
(1305–3024·3)
57·6
(43·9–85·4)
1079·6
(909·4–1391·4)
3092·9
(2363·8–4082·4)
Greenland
47587·9
(44350·1–51099·2)
1993·8
(1274·8–2982·6)
112·5
(91·5–148·4)
2176·3
(1860·2–2654·8)
4170·3
(3339·1–5208·9)
USA
49980·6
(47021·3–52986·0)
2183·4
(1448·5–3183·7)
75·8
(56·7–114·7)
1362·9
(1120·3–1829·5)
3546·9
(2737·0–4584·8)
Southern Latin America
40078·8
(37083·5–43287·7)
1867·8
(1255·1–2674·3)
73·4
(59·9–102)
1457·8
(1273·8–1805·9)
3326
(2711·4–4134)
Argentina
39904·2
(36946·4–43170·4)
1827·5
(1236·2–2621)
73
(59·1–102·4)
1489·7
(1297·4–1848·3)
3317·7
(2707·1–4139·5)
Chile
40474·1
(37510·8–43638·4)
1959·9
(1306·7–2800·2)
69·6
(57–95·5)
1315
(1146·7–1640·9)
3275·3
(2602·6–4125·3)

72
Uruguay
40010·7
(37056·9–43192·3)
1847·6
(1249–2648·8)
91·8
(78–119·9)
1774·4
(1577·5–2140·7)
3622·3
(2986·3–4400·6)
Western Europe
48055·5
(44933–51202·5)
1918·6
(1194·5–2974·6)
68·6
(51·8–101·1)
1194·7
(998·3–1573·3)
3113·5
(2337–4166·5)
Andorra
47164·7
(43847·3–50648·8)
1857·8
(1154·1–2856·6)
59·1
(38·3–95·7)
1024·5
(692·1–1498·6)
2882·5
(2080·5–3946·2)
Austria
46695·6
(43388·6–50094·9)
1943·9
(1244·2–2918)
59·6
(43·3–92·7)
1019
(820·2–1411·6)
2963·3
(2242·4–3956·2)
Belgium
49879·1
(46527·4–53315·2)
2084·6
(1222·1–3267·1)
69·9
(53–103·7)
1298·4
(1083·6–1688·8)
3383·2
(2461·3–4602·3)
Cyprus
47393·6
(44075·5–51001)
1859
(1121–2874·6)
86·1
(66·3–125·4)
1247·9
(1000·5–1725·4)
3107
(2332·8–4182·6)
Denmark
46413·8
(42972·2–50013)
1624·2
(984·7–2529·7)
71·2
(55·3–103·3)
1233·3
(1037·6–1605·3)
2857·7
(2173·1–3746)
Finland
47782·1
(44405·5–51347·7)
1953·4
(1219·9–2998·7)
73·5
(56·8–106·5)
1282·4
(1075·3–1676·9)
3236
(2466·3–4281·5)
France
46142·3
(42801·8–49652·2)
1752·2
(1079·9–2743·6)
59·5
(45·4–88·2)
1090·3
(912·2–1419·7)
2842·6
(2139·8–3816·1)
Germany
48738·4
(45479·6–52080·8)
2049·2
(1261·1–3235·7)
71·7
(52·6–107·3)
1250
(1022·5–1683·9)
3299·4
(2451·4–4467·2)
Greece
48224·6
(44765·4–51691·8)
1986·8
(1247–3040·4)
93·9
(78·9–124·3)
1617·9
(1427–1988·2)
3604·9
(2827·8–4669·4)
Iceland
47421·4
(44029·6–51117·2)
1879·4
(1177·7–2901·4)
64·2
(48–96·2)
1121·1
(912·4–1514·9)
3000·7
(2251·7–4022)
Ireland
47436·3
(44064·9–50961·4)
1835·3
(1137·7–2849·6)
61·8
(46–93·2)
1079·1
(882·3–1445·5)
2914·6
(2173·3–3955·5)
Israel
47431·3
(44162·9–50946·3)
1866·5
(1160·7–2905·2)
57·9
(41·7–89·6)
979·7
(774·9–1377)
2846·4
(2086·4–3907·9)
Italy
48919·6
(46003–51806·3)
1916·3
(1162·6–3014·1)
74·6
(56·2–110·9)
1205·3
(986·1–1629·6)
3121·8
(2305·3–4208·6)
Luxembourg
46537·5
(43246–50102·8)
1794·5
(1116·7–2763·1)
59
(46·8–82·4)
1019·5
(855·5–1321·2)
2814·1
(2120·4–3778·5)
Malta
47420·2
(44169·6–51028·7)
1890·7
(1151·7–2917·5)
62·7
(46·9–93·3)
1159·3
(943·1–1545·8)
3050·1
(2283–4049·3)
Monaco
47082·1
(43709·7–50606·7)
1804
(1099·8–2798·5)
85·5
(65·3–120·9)
1463·5
(1158·8–1916·7)
3267·6
(2490–4251·9)
Netherlands
48845
(44994·9–52482·7)
1799·2
(1113·6–2796·1)
75·7
(58·1–111·3)
1287·7
(1075·5–1717·9)
3087·1
(2321·4–4091·3)
Norway
49331·1
(46431·6–52332·2)
1887·1
(1164·7–2892·1)
64·8
(48·9–97·7)
1140·7
(946·2–1551·8)
3028·1
(2248·8–4087·4)
Portugal
47516·7
(44196·1–51136·4)
1841
(1110·3–2886)
83·6
(68·5–114·6)
1436·5
(1246·9–1803·3)
3277·7
(2536·7–4319·6)
San Marino
47299·2
(43988·8–50827·7)
1810·9
(1105·9–2830·1)
52
(33·4–81·9)
908·9
(606·4–1358·5)
2719·9
(1899·6–3713·1)
Spain
48872·4
(45419·9–52316·2)
2073
(1309·7–3183·7)
63·4
(47·5–94·3)
1100·1
(903·4–1468·6)
3173·4
(2380·5–4283·2)
Sweden
48947·1
(45940·7–51805·7)
1896
(1178·7–2922·7)
61·9
(46·2–93·7)
1048·2
(853·5–1428·6)
2944·5
(2188·4–3981·1)
Switzerland
44913·2
(41629·6–48213·3)
1882·3
(1195·4–2802·5)
57
(41·1–88)
1016·1
(817·3–1378·9)
2898·6
(2178·9–3860·5)
UK
47980·5
(45095·5–50990·4)
1848·2
(1135·3–2840·9)
66·6
(51·9–97·2)
1210·2
(1033·5–1582·8)
3058·6
(2313·1–4069·3)
Latin America and
Caribbean
43290·2
(40704·3–46199·7)
2188
(1441·1–3197·1)
83·9
(69–112·4)
1973·7
(1717·9–2358·5)
4162
(3339·9–5145)

73
Andean Latin America
35634·5
(32927·1–38584·8)
1806·2
(1224·9–2551·6)
69·1
(54·8–90·5)
1734
(1416–2116·7)
3540·3
(2880·7–4338·2)
Bolivia
35682·5
(33021·9–38737·6)
1832·9
(1227–2636·4)
103·5
(78·3–137·2)
2521·6
(1961·1–3236·1)
4354·5
(3552·2–5308·6)
Ecuador
36310
(33769·7–39225·5)
2112·4
(1397·4–2943·5)
70·1
(54–94·3)
1577·5
(1270·6–1962·2)
3690·1
(2908·8–4656·9)
Peru
35334·6
(32343·6–38308·6)
1648·6
(1098·3–2338·9)
61·1
(45·8–83·6)
1592·7
(1256–2020·5)
3241·5
(2615·5–4003·8)
Caribbean
42779·2
(39969·7–45993·8)
2327·5
(1571·2–3295·6)
112·1
(95·1–136·7)
3203·5
(2731·8–3729)
5531·1
(4660·7–6598·2)
Antigua and Barbuda
43116·8
(40272–46386·2)
2445·4
(1610·6–3434·8)
103·6
(92·6–128·3)
2035·9
(1879·1–2366·8)
4481·4
(3627·7–5508·7)
The Bahamas
42863·4
(40019·3–46001·5)
2385
(1565·6–3395·1)
87·6
(69·7–116·2)
1949·9
(1556·4–2448)
4335·1
(3422·5–5479)
Barbados
42833·8
(40031·9–46093·9)
2347·7
(1553·4–3377·2)
106·1
(83·4–134·1)
2217·1
(1727·9–2787·8)
4565
(3648·6–5664·7)
Belize
42547·5
(39752·1–45750)
2322·6
(1551·4–3331·2)
84·6
(70·6–109·2)
1890·5
(1630·2–2204·8)
4213·4
(3419·6–5174·3)
Bermuda
41354
(38453·3–44511·8)
1984
(1270·2–2881·2)
58·1
(44·6–83·7)
1103·6
(881·7–1443·7)
3087·8
(2366·3–4064·8)
Cuba
41042
(38181·5–44266·4)
1887
(1204·1–2795·3)
83·7
(69·6–110·4)
1673·5
(1429·3–2042·9)
3560·7
(2831·8–4543·3)
Dominica
43374·2
(40542·4–46578·3)
2599·8
(1707·2–3647·1)
136·4
(116·5–166)
3391·3
(2768·5–4174·7)
5991
(4984·7–7213)
Dominican Republic
42831·3
(39991·8–46018·1)
2387·6
(1592·7–3387·9)
105·5
(83–138·4)
2643·8
(2136·1–3265·3)
5031·3
(4062·9–6188·5)
Grenada
43440·6
(40585·9–46728·9)
2543·5
(1708·4–3589·6)
122·8
(104·8–149·5)
2600·5
(2277·7–2995·1)
5144·2
(4240·2–6222·1)
Guyana
45340·5
(42491·7–48737·4)
2959·3
(1995·3–4044·7)
171
(136·7–214)
3938·4
(3073·2–4994·4)
6897·8
(5678·2–8394·8)
Haiti
44068·5
(41198·1–47450·5)
2588·7
(1754·7–3670·3)
238·2
(181·9–300·9)
6474·1
(5214·2–7976·6)
9062·3
(7583·5–10882·2)
Jamaica
42531·4
(39769·4–45685)
2308·9
(1519·3–3319·6)
118·5
(92–149·4)
2520·9
(1945·7–3234·1)
4830·1
(3895·8–5963·8)
Puerto Rico
43391·3
(40497·1–46659·8)
2447·4
(1628·2–3448·7)
45·6
(33·1–68·6)
926·5
(729·4–1234·3)
3374
(2530·6–4396)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
42996·4
(40249·6–46179·6)
2443·8
(1610·8–3467·7)
160·5
(136·9–185·8)
3450·8
(2892·3–4052·8)
5894·9
(4981·9–6936·1)
Saint Lucia
44451·7
(41663·9–47753·9)
2759·8
(1889·3–3881·4)
121·7
(99·9–149·4)
2593
(2101·9–3216·1)
5353·1
(4353·5–6499·3)
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
43710·6
(40991·6–46990·3)
2610·3
(1711·3–3665·2)
120·3
(103·8–145·5)
2519·8
(2162·3–2942·9)
5130·3
(4217·6–6151·2)
Suriname
43834·8
(41038·2–47153·4)
2638·5
(1772·2–3686·6)
130·1
(101–164·2)
3381·6
(2665·2–4121·5)
6020
(4968·7–7336·6)
Trinidad and Tobago
44840·8
(41919·7–48078·9)
2935·2
(1969·1–4129·3)
100·1
(77·4–129·8)
2208·4
(1711·1–2842·2)
5143·8
(4149·5–6480·3)
Virgin Islands
44267·6
(41348·2–47536·6)
2672·4
(1841·6–3827·9)
62·4
(47·7–89)
1292·2
(1017·4–1675·7)
3964·7
(3079·1–5072·7)
Central Latin America
41600·5
(39005·6–44454·7)
2260·8
(1514·9–3222)
68·6
(55–94·2)
1602·7
(1355·3–1956·2)
3864
(3064·5–4804·3)
Colombia
40612·6
(37738·3–43864·1)
2064·9
(1339·3–2993·4)
60·6
(45·1–86·9)
1358
(1070·2–1747·8)
3423·4
(2654·5–4371·2)
Costa Rica
40728·5
(37937·3–43999·8)
2094·5
(1358·5–2998·3)
60·1
(46·2–85·3)
1303·6
(1085·2–1641·5)
3398·6
(2659·5–4280)

74
El Salvador
40887·6
(38072·3–44132·4)
2133·3
(1384·3–3093·9)
63
(46–90·7)
1389·9
(1072·3–1795·6)
3523·5
(2675·1–4511·1)
Guatemala
41863·5
(39101·5–45011)
2414·5
(1610·7–3376·6)
74·8
(58·8–103·3)
1756·6
(1430·6–2183·6)
4171·5
(3322·8–5155·3)
Honduras
41587·5
(38729·7–44785·3)
2351·5
(1558·1–3323·1)
161·6
(132·7–201·2)
3412·9
(2816·4–4141·4)
5764·6
(4806·8–6967·2)
Mexico
42158·6
(39643·3–44909·2)
2354·7
(1559·8–3315·3)
62·3
(50·5–86·1)
1472·9
(1272·6–1810·3)
3828·1
(3014·8–4763·3)
Nicaragua
41308·7
(38477·9–44520·4)
2255·7
(1535·1–3193·6)
63
(47·9–89·5)
1474·1
(1206·3–1877)
3730·1
(2948·2–4704)
Panama
40542·2
(37743·6–43685·2)
2114·7
(1388–3047·9)
73·9
(56·1–98·1)
1568·4
(1248·8–1953·1)
3683·5
(2881·8–4605·8)
Venezuela
41382
(38483·4–44692·2)
2180·1
(1403·3–3186·7)
95
(68·6–126·8)
2238·5
(1654·5–2887·6)
4419
(3498·1–5460·9)
Tropical Latin America
47458·2
(44643·2–50612·5)
2194·8
(1382·9–3275·5)
96·2
(79–131·8)
2134·7
(1885·5–2585·3)
4329·6
(3462–5497·8)
Brazil
47536·7
(44751·2–50715·7)
2194
(1382·9–3273·7)
95·9
(78·7–131·5)
2130·5
(1884·7–2586·4)
4324·6
(3458·3–5497·6)
Paraguay
45182
(42046·3–48493·1)
2216
(1388·1–3321·2)
109·5
(81·7–145·5)
2325·7
(1778·1–2986·1)
4541·7
(3553·6–5764)
North Africa and Middle
East
42526·3
(39912·2–45505·7)
2322·6
(1558·3–3346·4)
144·7
(122·5–180·2)
2946
(2566·4–3483·7)
5268·6
(4388–6356·3)
North Africa and Middle
East
42526·3
(39912·2–45505·7)
2322·6
(1558·3–3346·4)
144·7
(122·5–180·2)
2946
(2566·4–3483·7)
5268·6
(4388–6356·3)
Afghanistan
44463
(41658·3–47780)
2884
(1959·8–4060·8)
256·3
(199·5–312·8)
6694·6
(5412·2–7969·2)
9578·1
(7919·5–11313·3)
Algeria
41322·3
(38422·4–44425·8)
2205·8
(1453·2–3147·3)
146·8
(116·7–187·2)
2452·3
(1974·9–3009·9)
4658
(3764–5703·7)
Bahrain
42118·8
(39176·5–45548)
2523·7
(1676·6–3562)
121·2
(97·4–163·5)
1977
(1627·5–2511·3)
4500·9
(3606·8–5649·6)
Egypt
44233·5
(41513·5–47215·2)
2356·2
(1552·4–3393·4)
215
(175·6–262·9)
3936·9
(3206·6–4738·6)
6293·1
(5252·6–7532·1)
Iran
45467·4
(42892·7–48175·6)
2215·3
(1451·6–3249)
101
(84·5–135·4)
1803
(1580·4–2252)
4018·4
(3207·9–5031·9)
Iraq
43529·2
(40716·6–46759·3)
2770·8
(1872·3–3963·6)
214·9
(174·3–257·3)
4256·2
(3420·1–5062·1)
7026·9
(5826·7–8291·9)
Jordan
42171·7
(39355·9–45572·5)
2401·1
(1607·9–3428)
103·1
(80·2–136·7)
1874·7
(1493·5–2384·3)
4275·9
(3372·2–5422·3)
Kuwait
42267·3
(39402–45611·8)
2500·7
(1645·3–3532)
66·3
(47·3–99·1)
1156·8
(880·4–1581·1)
3657·6
(2772·8–4735·1)
Lebanon
42784·3
(39966–46110·9)
2529·4
(1683·1–3595·4)
79·3
(61·2–115·2)
1414·1
(1148·1–1909·2)
3943·6
(3066·1–5014·1)
Libya
41848·1
(39024·5–45171)
2325·8
(1539·2–3339·9)
123·5
(90·8–170·9)
2632·3
(1977·6–3506·2)
4958
(3928·1–6110·3)
Morocco
42631·5
(39763·5–45881·4)
2459·8
(1643·8–3454·1)
165·1
(127·1–206·3)
3109·9
(2433·7–3780·1)
5569·6
(4483·9–6856·7)
Oman
40632·1
(37795–43827·4)
2187·9
(1452–3119·4)
112·1
(88·6–152·2)
2023·2
(1644·8–2559·5)
4211·2
(3320·8–5188·5)
Palestine
42362
(39469·7–45707·4)
2405·6
(1601·4–3450·9)
156
(132·3–197·6)
2775·5
(2380–3312·6)
5181
(4218·7–6268·4)
Qatar
41883·5
(38892·5–45162·6)
2565·6
(1698–3613·6)
93·2
(68·8–134·8)
1465
(1099·6–2004·5)
4030·8
(3114·2–5212·3)
Saudi Arabia
39380
(36700·9–42502·3)
2225·2
(1479·3–3248·9)
140·2
(113·6–182·1)
2613·6
(2124·5–3275·3)
4838·6
(3965·9–5931·2)

75
Sudan
41070
(38249·9–44230·5)
2048·2
(1326·7–3001·2)
159·8
(123·1–207·8)
3510·9
(2684·5–4492·3)
5558·8
(4446·6–6874·6)
Syria
42373·6
(39616·7–45566·3)
2400·3
(1604–3399·7)
148·4
(114·1–196)
2936·5
(2287–3756·5)
5336·7
(4248·9–6640·5)
Tunisia
41612·3
(38712–44827·3)
2215·3
(1469·6–3238·5)
117·1
(83·7–161·5)
2066·8
(1483·7–2763·7)
4282·2
(3372·9–5449·5)
Türkiye
39770·4
(37278–42750·7)
2166·4
(1433·9–3140·9)
115·6
(91·3–155·3)
2136·5
(1751·9–2688·5)
4303
(3438·9–5335·7)
United Arab Emirates
39970·3
(37071–43171·3)
2233·6
(1474·8–3223)
126·8
(100·9–164·9)
2122·6
(1718·4–2638·9)
4356·3
(3511·2–5381·8)
Yemen
41851·4
(38949·9–44924·2)
2174·8
(1433·5–3126·3)
208·6
(155·1–275·1)
4410·3
(3371·6–5689)
6584·8
(5164·6–8118·9)
South Asia
43445·1
(40894·5–46204·5)
2207
(1469·5–3182·2)
129·3
(113·4–156)
3758
(3360·1–4278·7)
5965·1
(5111·2–6944·1)
South Asia
43445·1
(40894·5–46204·5)
2207
(1469·5–3182·2)
129·3
(113·4–156)
3758
(3360·1–4278·7)
5965·1
(5111·2–6944·1)
Bangladesh
41147·6
(38211·8–44408·2)
2012·8
(1305·2–2957·2)
189·2
(154·6–231·9)
4528·6
(3627·5–5638·8)
6541·3
(5349·4–7962)
Bhutan
40147·6
(37147·5–43437·7)
1836·3
(1167·9–2720·4)
120·2
(94–158·4)
3298·2
(2549·5–4164)
5134·3
(4152·4–6326·7)
India
43746·4
(41241·4–46479·4)
2240·5
(1490·9–3225·7)
113·2
(97·4–141·1)
3042·1
(2666·6–3609·2)
5282·6
(4388·5–6321·5)
Nepal
42184·5
(39308·3–45472)
2154·6
(1391·2–3104·2)
142·5
(117–177·4)
4118·2
(3445·2–4924·1)
6272·5
(5292–7463·8)
Pakistan
43927·7
(41347·3–46644·1)
2216·5
(1472·4–3179·4)
175·3
(146·7–215·6)
6255·4
(5305·1–7273·3)
8471·7
(7193·1–9808·6)
Southeast Asia, east Asia,
and Oceania
36566
(34302·6–38893·7)
1832·9
(1207·5–2665·8)
185·1
(159·5–225·9)
3650·9
(3218·3–4214·2)
5483·7
(4591·9–6407)
East Asia
33675·4
(31485·7–35984·2)
1698·6
(1133·9–2446)
179·5
(149·2–223·2)
3256·7
(2753·8–3862·9)
4955·2
(4093·3–5859·4)
China
33683·1
(31485·2–35988·2)
1693·9
(1129·5–2439·2)
181·8
(150·9–225·9)
3275
(2756·7–3875·2)
4968·8
(4099·9–5888·4)
North Korea
33041·8
(30508–35752·8)
1763·1
(1181·3–2569·7)
228·1
(182·2–282·1)
4935·2
(3937·3–6099)
6698
(5517·5–8070·2)
Taiwan (province of China)
33965
(31409·2–36642·1)
1899·1
(1285·1–2765·2)
63·2
(48·1–93·2)
1176·8
(977·8–1555·9)
3076
(2402·1–3930·4)
Oceania
40010·3
(37092·7–42882·9)
2276·1
(1541·3–3264·5)
196·8
(163·3–239·4)
4641·7
(3851·4–5506·5)
6917·7
(5822·1–8166·8)
American Samoa
42024·3
(38961–45206·5)
2801·6
(1867·5–3880·6)
146·6
(121·6–181·6)
3166·2
(2624·9–3858·6)
5967·7
(4950·1–7212·4)
Cook Islands
41621·6
(38665·9–44812·1)
2654·4
(1729·1–3698·2)
91·8
(71·9–127·6)
1753·3
(1388·9–2245·1)
4407·8
(3531–5479·7)
Fiji
41160·1
(38139·3–44291·8)
2623·6
(1776·8–3708·3)
167
(131·9–209·6)
3623·2
(2830·9–4610·1)
6246·8
(5081·9–7584·6)
Guam
38820·3
(35975·8–41794·3)
2084·8
(1364·6–3022·3)
62·9
(49·9–84·8)
1614·2
(1364·5–1937·3)
3699·2
(2938·5–4604·7)
Kiribati
41176·8
(38363·5–44297·2)
2582·4
(1761·5–3566·3)
240
(196·8–297·6)
6151·8
(5081·9–7516·8)
8733·9
(7434·5–10355)
Marshall Islands
42181·2
(39232·9–45363·4)
2815·4
(1946·1–3879·1)
243·1
(191·4–301·3)
5636·6
(4401–7148·6)
8451·6
(6844·7–10185·6)
Federated States of
Micronesia
40680·5
(37845·9–43733)
2502·9
(1719·3–3566·9)
236·1
(188·8–297·8)
5387·1
(4280·3–6783·4)
7889·7
(6452·6–9479·2)
Nauru
41209·1
(38422·5–44277·6)
2670
(1814·8–3716·3)
281·8
(227·8–350·5)
6832·7
(5484·3–8585·3)
9502·6
(7832·2–11390·4)

76
Niue
41275·4
(38268·6–44413·5)
2642·9
(1777·7–3679·6)
178·3
(146·4–218·2)
4325·3
(3593·3–5156·9)
6967·7
(5812·9–8260)
Northern Mariana Islands
39107·6
(36242·2–42003·1)
2169·2
(1436·8–3164·1)
133·3
(112·9–169)
2638·3
(2265·3–3134·7)
4807·5
(4010·3–5799)
Palau
40853
(38017·3–43943·3)
2643·8
(1788·7–3663·6)
175·7
(143·5–222·7)
3998·5
(3291·2–4882·2)
6642·3
(5559·7–8077·3)
Papua New Guinea
39788·9
(36810·4–42640·6)
2204·1
(1482·2–3189·4)
210·1
(165·3–263)
4898·9
(3897·7–5995·7)
7102·8
(5819·1–8573·2)
Samoa
40536
(37711·6–43615·9)
2492·6
(1670·5–3569·2)
189·3
(158·9–235·6)
4072·7
(3423·4–4975·2)
6565·2
(5503·4–7795·6)
Solomon Islands
39610·3
(36776·8–42613·8)
2260·7
(1514·7–3228·2)
265·3
(218·3–333·1)
5849·3
(4777·8–7314)
8109·8
(6820·1–9717·4)
Tokelau
40976·7
(38078·6–44070·3)
2530·1
(1692·2–3612·2)
176·4
(141·9–222·6)
4704·2
(3980–5514·7)
7234
(6089·2–8397)
Tonga
39921·8
(36970·6–43050·5)
2256·2
(1480·6–3256·9)
115·6
(89·1–154)
2331·8
(1820·2–2974·1)
4588·1
(3685·1–5626·8)
Tuvalu
39574·8
(36721·6–42562·1)
2242·5
(1501·3–3220·1)
213·9
(176·2–263·1)
4822·2
(3992·7–5799·5)
7064·5
(5948·8–8493·8)
Vanuatu
39891·5
(37063·6–42904·8)
2309·8
(1536·9–3337·5)
219·5
(183·1–264·9)
5090·3
(4308·4–6044·6)
7400
(6228·4–8692)
Southeast Asia
42198·1
(39641·1–44804)
2102·4
(1348·4–3075·8)
194·8
(171·9–225·4)
4366·2
(3860–4839·5)
6468·7
(5612·9–7534·1)
Cambodia
41549
(38579·5–44616·7)
2076·3
(1325·6–2990·8)
230·9
(185·1–282·5)
4960·6
(3876·2–6147·4)
7036·6
(5666·7–8481)
Indonesia
42280·4
(39740·2–44741·7)
2030·3
(1268·3–3015·6)
260·6
(218–298·6)
5672·2
(4830–6427·5)
7702·4
(6627·1–8898·2)
Laos
41470·1
(38608·2–44533·3)
2106·8
(1353·2–3093·8)
229·6
(181·1–283)
5623·3
(4363·2–7049·2)
7729·7
(6266·3–9467·9)
Malaysia
40443·9
(37424·3–43457·2)
2146·6
(1406·7–3094·1)
131·3
(112·9–167·3)
2608
(2344·8–3091)
4754·7
(3954·6–5832·1)
Maldives
40667
(37725·5–43640·8)
2054·9
(1313·5–3009·4)
111·2
(90·5–139·7)
2187·8
(1809·8–2622·6)
4242·7
(3405·2–5290·8)
Mauritius
43492·4
(40523–46667·5)
2656·6
(1745·1–3861·8)
104
(90·5–134·8)
2346·8
(2108·9–2727·7)
5003·5
(4114·3–6148·7)
Myanmar
42412·1
(39489·8–45491·2)
2301·6
(1510·1–3307·5)
223·7
(184·6–281·1)
5374·5
(4416·4–6587·8)
7675·8
(6357·7–9217·2)
Philippines
42491·3
(39953·6–44984·8)
2048·3
(1298·6–3055)
151·5
(128·1–185·9)
3635·5
(3167·2–4205·4)
5683·8
(4812·4–6733·9)
Seychelles
42834·4
(39753·2–46011·3)
2474·1
(1650·4–3545·4)
117·5
(99·7–151·3)
2465·1
(2136·2–2910·8)
4939·3
(4033·6–6006·4)
Sri Lanka
43934·4
(41087·5–46994·5)
2734·4
(1855·1–3900·6)
143·7
(101·5–188·2)
2513·8
(1769·8–3371·1)
5248·4
(4029·1–6516·6)
Thailand
43285·3
(40285·5–46303·1)
2188·9
(1378·8–3246·4)
99·3
(75·9–131·9)
2141
(1672·9–2690·3)
4329·9
(3399·5–5426·4)
Timor-Leste
41883·7
(39046·9–44973·5)
2248·1
(1450·6–3241·3)
216·4
(168–267·7)
5070·8
(4088·2–6168·4)
7318·6
(6017–8809·6)
Viet Nam
40975·9
(38012·4–44047·2)
1989·1
(1265·5–2967·3)
235·8
(193·4–277·5)
4528·9
(3660·7–5297·1)
6518
(5456·3–7803·5)
Sub-Saharan Africa
37428·6
(34937–40134·4)
1981·5
(1368·5–2774·8)
196·8
(169·3–237·9)
5801·2
(4994·1–6668·5)
7782·9
(6782·9–8916·4)
Central sub-Saharan
Africa
38582·4
(35831·6–41757·4)
2126·8
(1459·7–2953)
215·5
(168·3–282·2)
5841
(4824·7–7138·5)
7967·5
(6665·8–9546·6)
Angola
38953·3
(36179·5–42134·3)
2318·2
(1582·7–3243·4)
211·4
(165·7–274·2)
5748
(4574·6–7107·7)
8065·9
(6732·4–9818·7)

77
Central African Republic
39367·1
(36651·7–42472·8)
2225·6
(1555·4–3113·9)
290
(214·7–373)
9018·8
(7024·5–11246·2)
11243·4
(9115·4–13528·3)
Congo (Brazzaville)
38724·6
(35978·9–41966·1)
2263·2
(1527·9–3129·8)
213
(170·8–276·6)
5188·2
(4207–6342)
7451·1
(6168·9–8786·3)
DR Congo
38390·3
(35584·6–41595·5)
2038·7
(1373·3–2848·5)
213·9
(161·4–288·9)
5751·9
(4675·2–7142·1)
7789·7
(6467·1–9386·7)
Equatorial Guinea
38647·7
(36010·3–41790·4)
2260·1
(1526·2–3149·5)
168·8
(119·8–247·7)
4201·4
(3049·8–5919·5)
6461·4
(5016·7–8220·8)
Gabon
39207·6
(36516·2–42297·6)
2404
(1606·6–3347·6)
183
(140·5–252)
4404·5
(3394·2–5766·7)
6808·6
(5489·3–8288·1)
Eastern sub-Saharan
Africa
32204·6
(29956·1–34691·7)
1823
(1289·5–2494·4)
197·9
(168·5–238·5)
5650·4
(4885·2–6475·3)
7473·2
(6585–8482·2)
Burundi
32756·9
(30341·9–35480·3)
1904·7
(1331–2625·2)
213·5
(169·5–266·1)
5932
(4870·6–7039·5)
7835·9
(6598·3–9221·5)
Comoros
33454·2
(31013·4–36368·5)
2000·4
(1429·5–2775·5)
189·5
(151·9–242·7)
5403·4
(4397·5–6486·5)
7403·3
(6223·5–8570·7)
Djibouti
32391·3
(30085·8–35112·4)
1827·8
(1280–2498·9)
188
(142·4–254·1)
4747·3
(3645·2–6208·6)
6575
(5367·9–8094·1)
Eritrea
33288·8
(30778·8–36186·4)
2048
(1446·4–2802·3)
237·1
(182·7–313·3)
6271·1
(4800·2–7969)
8318·6
(6708·1–10120·5)
Ethiopia
29334·5
(27155·7–31729·4)
1738·5
(1219·5–2388)
166
(138·7–206·6)
5292·2
(4559·7–6191·1)
7030·5
(6099·4–8149·2)
Kenya
33809·2
(31586–36249·4)
1850·8
(1268–2555·2)
171
(138·4–214·7)
4361
(3792·2–5122·4)
6211·7
(5313–7223·4)
Madagascar
33292·8
(30918·8–35954)
1893·2
(1305·8–2589·4)
258·4
(198·5–319·5)
6483·3
(5183·5–7900·9)
8375·9
(6957·4–9920·7)
Malawi
32492·9
(29957·1–35397·5)
1724·5
(1193·5–2364·4)
234·4
(194·3–289)
6373·5
(5283·4–7608·1)
8097·7
(6860·5–9602·9)
Mozambique
33471
(31002·4–36374·6)
1942·3
(1362–2703·2)
301·5
(236·9–374·6)
8099·3
(6394·1–9846·9)
10041·3
(8139–12030)
Rwanda
32313·7
(29951·9–35069·4)
1847
(1302·6–2529)
198·3
(152·1–253)
5067·3
(4021·6–6231·1)
6913·8
(5740·3–8311·5)
Somalia
33840·6
(31421·8–36537·4)
1808·7
(1269·7–2518·6)
269
(202·1–344·9)
8568·1
(6537·7–11205·8)
10374·2
(8281·8–12996·1)
South Sudan
32570·7
(30056·2–35419·8)
1692·6
(1197·7–2371·9)
231
(174·5–305·2)
8073·4
(6055·7–10362·5)
9764·8
(7693·4–12235·7)
Uganda
32553·6
(30126·4–35298·5)
1823·3
(1283·1–2516·3)
171·9
(135·8–223·6)
4943·8
(4053·8–6063·6)
6766·8
(5724·1–8076·6)
Tanzania
32568·6
(30028·7–35422·2)
1791·8
(1232·1–2454·2)
171·8
(134·5–223)
4368·2
(3454·2–5451·9)
6159·8
(5058·2–7414·1)
Zambia
35345·1
(32486·7–38202)
2065·5
(1410·2–2873·4)
246·3
(192·5–311·2)
6514·2
(4984·6–8386·7)
8579·1
(6987·9–10471·1)
Southern sub-Saharan
Africa
39697·4
(37215·3–42317·6)
2162·3
(1493·2–3013·7)
162
(143·6–193·9)
3909·5
(3494·7–4478·9)
6072
(5258·6–7015·7)
Botswana
38770
(35968·2–41982·9)
2244·4
(1502·8–3090)
154·6
(127·2–198·1)
3803·8
(3110·5–4607·8)
6048
(5046·6–7285·7)
Eswatini
38605·6
(35742·4–41813·1)
2159·1
(1479·3–3057·6)
214·1
(157·2–289·1)
5163·1
(3715·6–6988·5)
7322
(5683·5–9128·4)
Lesotho
38302·9
(35505·4–41530·1)
2018·7
(1402·8–2845·8)
275·3
(217–346·4)
7043·9
(5532·2–8744·1)
9062·5
(7512·8–10965·6)
Namibia
38177·1
(35365·5–41290·5)
2065·3
(1372·1–2906·4)
204·1
(158·1–256·4)
4556·2
(3510·6–5788·4)
6621·4
(5401·3–8180)
South Africa
40110·9
(37663·3–42642·6)
2181·9
(1514·2–3058·1)
149·3
(131·7–181·6)
3525·6
(3171–4018·3)
5707·6
(4906·4–6636·2)

78
Zimbabwe
38280·6
(35457–41496·9)
2048·4
(1385·6–2867·3)
218·5
(179·1–266·5)
5431·1
(4389·3–6649·4)
7479·1
(6255·1–8892·3)
Western sub-Saharan
Africa
40967·8
(38251·6–43720·2)
2026·6
(1342·5–2930·3)
198·4
(169–239·9)
6163·8
(5131–7314·6)
8190·6
(6986–9548·9)
Benin
40832·5
(38019·7–43962·5)
2164·7
(1441·8–3085·2)
217·1
(182·7–261)
6349·9
(5262·4–7731·8)
8514
(7228·6–10143·3)
Burkina Faso
40088·6
(37092·1–43144·1)
1905·4
(1252·8–2790·1)
175·8
(146·1–217·4)
5288·5
(4367·7–6277·6)
7193·4
(6031·2–8507)
Cabo Verde
40952·2
(38118–44063)
2294
(1546·6–3288·4)
144·8
(116·7–179·7)
3228·6
(2556·3–3953·4)
5522·6
(4529·8–6706)
Cameroon
40201·2
(37247·5–43237)
2025·5
(1329·5–2974·3)
211·6
(166·1–279·9)
5887·6
(4606·4–7470·9)
7912·9
(6490–9537·9)
Chad
40240·5
(37315·7–43170·6)
1956·8
(1292–2863·7)
246·3
(195·9–305·6)
7971·5
(6386·4–9874·3)
9927·5
(8255–11898·7)
Côte d'Ivoire
40577·9
(37675·1–43668·7)
2151
(1439·3–3092)
207·9
(165·8–259·5)
6152·2
(4872·5–7549·4)
8302·8
(6833·5–9902·3)
The Gambia
41156·7
(38193·4–44268·8)
2173·3
(1472·3–3099·9)
238·7
(188·7–295·2)
6505·4
(5303·8–7904·3)
8678·6
(7272·8–10370·6)
Ghana
40693·1
(37744·4–43770·3)
2149·5
(1423·2–3066·2)
251·3
(200·6–309·3)
6749·6
(5381·6–8204·4)
8898·6
(7377·5–10648·4)
Guinea
40479·9
(37648·2–43374)
1990·6
(1328·2–2946·1)
230·7
(182·7–290·6)
6873·9
(5311·6–8751·9)
8863·3
(7183–10901·3)
Guinea-Bissau
41046·8
(38200·7–44128·3)
2175·5
(1423·9–3140·9)
301·1
(243·3–361·8)
8459·1
(6877·9–10207·2)
10633·9
(8939·6–12766·4)
Liberia
40884·9
(38045–44122)
2135
(1444·6–3041·9)
210·1
(164·1–270·4)
5995·1
(4550·7–7956·7)
8129·6
(6500·2–10124)
Mali
41449·2
(38491·2–44488·9)
2192·2
(1445·1–3121·2)
196·8
(158·6–242·4)
6345·8
(5205·7–7547·1)
8537·5
(7167·4–10133·8)
Mauritania
40990·2
(38065·5–44174)
2138·1
(1416·1–3035·9)
183·5
(143·6–233·9)
4687·2
(3813·7–5695·1)
6825·3
(5726·8–8117·5)
Niger
40535·3
(37581·6–43739·2)
1930·2
(1254·9–2818·1)
203·7
(158–253·8)
5830·5
(4531·7–7342·6)
7759·4
(6273·3–9359·5)
Nigeria
41350·5
(38752·7–44021·6)
1967·6
(1281–2877·9)
176·7
(149·4–220·3)
5975·6
(4843–7188·3)
7943·1
(6687·3–9358·8)
São Tomé and Príncipe
40830·2
(37965·2–43874·5)
2263·5
(1523·7–3258·6)
173·9
(149·9–208·7)
3936·8
(3294·4–4790·1)
6200·2
(5243·5–7350·7)
Senegal
41264·2
(38395·2–44345·8)
2272·5
(1509–3285)
211·9
(168·9–267·4)
5597·1
(4540·4–6713·5)
7869·4
(6574·3–9297·8)
Sierra Leone
40367·8
(37471·1–43440·1)
1980·3
(1347·3–2873)
224·5
(180·4–283·7)
6871·2
(5352·9–8681·9)
8851·1
(7133·5–11095·5)
Togo
40280·7
(37263·9–43444·6)
2027
(1384·7–2946)
228·7
(178·2–293·7)
6267·4
(4795–8062·8)
8294
(6685·7–10237·3)
Estimates are provided as mean estimates per 100 000 with 95% uncertainty intervals. Locations are
organized hierarchically – regions are listed below their respective super region, and countries are listed
below their respective region.

79
Supplemental results figure 4. Age-standardised rate of YLDs and YLLs for all neurological
health loss by region in 2021.

80
Supplemental results table 2. Global, all-age population attributable fractions for
risk and neurological outcome pairs
Population-attributable fraction (percentage with 95% uncertainty intervals)
Stroke
Dementia
Encephalitis
Idiopathic
epilepsy
Idiopathic
intellectual
disability
Meningitis
Multiple
sclerosis
Parkinson’s
disease
Ambient
particulate matter
pollution
16·7
(11·6-21·0)
0·1
(0·1-0·2)
0·5
(0·3-0·7)
Household air
pollution (solid
fuels)
11·3
(6·5-19·5)
0·4
(0·3-0·5)
1·7
(1·4-2·2)
Lead exposure
7·5
(-1·0-16·7)
63·1
(33·3-81·1)
Diet low in fibre
2·5
(-0·6-5·2)
Diet low in fruits
6·0
(0·4-10·6)
Diet low in
vegetables
1·6
(0·4-2·6)
Diet low in whole
grains
1·9
(-2·0-5·3)
Diet high in red
meat
-3·2
(-13·4-4·7)
Diet high in sodium
10·9
(2·9-23·2)
High alcohol use
5·3
(1·3-9·9)
7·4
(5·3-9·6)
High body-mass
index
4·8
(0·4-9·9)
7·1
(-1·8-20·0)
High fasting
plasma glucose
10·3
(8·1-12·5)
14·6
(1·2-29·4)
High LD L
cholesterol
13·1
(4·6-21·3)
High systolic blood
pressure
57·3
(42·7-68·4)
Kidney dysfunction
9·4
(6·9-11·8)
Low physical
activity
2·1
(0·6-3·9)
Smoking
14·1
(2·6-26·5)
4·3
(1·0-8·0)
11·4
(8·4-14·8)
-9·5
(-15·8--2·8)
Second-hand
smoke
4·5
(1·0-8·0)
Short gestation
0·7
(0·5-0·8)
2·4
(2·0-3·0)
Low birth weight
1·4
(1·2-1·6)
5·3
(4·5-6·5

81
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Global Burden of Disease 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators’
contributions
Managing the overall research enterprise
Hailey Hagins, Christopher J L Murray, Kanyin Liane Ong, Valery L Feigin, Theo Vos, and Tarun Dua.
Writing the first draft of the manuscript
Jaimie D Steinmetz, Katrin Maria Seeher, Nicoline Schiess, Bochen Cao, Chiara Servili, Vanessa Cavallera,
and Max L Mehlman.
Primary responsibility for applying analytical methods to produce estimates
Jaimie D Steinmetz, Emma Nichols, and Madeline Moberg.
Primary responsibility for seeking, cataloguing, extracting, or cleaning data; designing or coding
figures and tables
Jaimie D Steinmetz, Katrin Maria Seeher, Emma Nichols, and Ewerton Cousin.
Providing data or critical feedback on data sources
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Jaffar Abbas, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Hedayat
Abbastabar, Mozhan Abdollahi, Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar, Rami Abd-Rabu, Auwal Abdullahi, Aidin
Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Ahmed Abualhasan, Oladimeji M
Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Tayo Alex Adekiya, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Aanuoluwapo
Adeyimika Afolabi, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed,
Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Budi Aji, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Fares

82
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Algammal, Abid Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Syed Mohamed
Aljunid, Joseph Uy Almazan, Sami Almustanyir, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Zaid Altaany, Nelson Alvis-
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Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Khanh Duy Khanh Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Mohamed Fahmy
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Saad Javeed, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Catherine Owens Johnson, Walter D Johnson, Jost
B. Jonas, Abel Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Rizwan
Kalani, Feroze Kaliyadan, Himal Kandel, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, André Karch, Nicholas J Kassebaum,
Harkiran Kaur, Gbenga A. Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Cathleen Keller, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu
Khajuria, Mohammad Khammarnia, Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Yusra H Khan, Mahammed Ziauddin
Khan suheb, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Sorour Khateri, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib,
Grace Kim, Jihee Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Soewarta Kosen, Kewal Krishan, Vijay

83
Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu,
Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Tri Laksono, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Savita Lasrado, Kamaluddin
Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Long Khanh Dao Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda,
Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Yo Han Lee, Wei Li, Jue Liu, Wei Liu, László Lorenzovici,
Stefan Lorkowski, Jailos Lubinda, Zheng Feei Ma, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azzam A
Maghazachi, Azeem Majeed, Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas, Kashish Malhotra, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi,
Deborah Carvalho Malta, Aseer Manilal, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Francisco
Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Winfried März, Roy Rillera Marzo, Andrea Maugeri, John J. McGrath, Jitendra
Kumar Meena, Walter Mendoza, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Ritesh G Menezes, Atte Meretoja, Irmina Maria
Michalek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Prasanna Mithra, Biru Abdissa
Mizana, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mustapha Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed,
Syam Mohan, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Holger Möller, Lorenzo Monasta, Maryam Moradi,
Yousef Moradi, Sumaira Mubarik, Faraz Mughal, George Duke Mukoro, Admir Mulita, Francesk Mulita,
Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Ganesh R Naik, Hastyar Hama Rashid
Najmuldeen, Hossein Namdar Areshtanab, Shumaila Nargus, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Hadis Nasoori,
Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Charles Richard James Newton,
Dang H Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen,
Robina Khan Niazi, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dieta
Nurrika, Bogdan Oancea, Ismail A. Odetokun, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute,
Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Aislyn U Orji,
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh
Padukudru P A, Kevin Pacheco-Barrios, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raffaele Palladino, Demosthenes
Panagiotakos, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Helena
Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Shahina Pardhan, Romil R Parikh, Jay Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar,
David M. Pereira, Jeevan Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Simone Perna, Hoang Tran Pham, Gabriel D. Pinilla-
Monsalve, Ramesh Poluru, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Elton Junio Sady
Prates, Natalie Pritchett, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Fakher Rahim, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Masoud
Rahmati, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Nemanja Rancic,
Sowmya J Rao, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Salman Rawaf, Christian Razo, Nima Rezaei, Taeho Gregory
Rhee, Stephen R Robinson, Mónica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever,
Emma L B Rogowski, Michele Romoli, Luca Ronfani, Priyanka Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Aly M A Saad,
Korosh Saber, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Mahdi Safdarian, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian,
Marwa Rashad Salem, Sara Samadzadeh, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Damian
Francesco Santomauro, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Aswini Saravanan, Arash Sarveazad, Maheswar
Satpathy, Mete Saylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Markus P Schlaich, David C Schwebel, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie,
Mihretu Tagesse Sergindo, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Moyad jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh,
Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mohammad Anas Shamsi, Mohd Shanawaz, Amin Sharifan,
Rajesh Sharma, Maryam Shayan, Jiabin Shen, Suchitra M Shenoy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Aminu Shittu, K
M Shivakumar, Sunil Shrestha, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Garima Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Sarah Brooke
Sirota, Shravan Sivakumar, Yerukneh Solomon, Yonatan Solomon, Michael Spartalis, Benjamin A Stark,
Timothy J Steiner, Lars Jacob Stovner, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Jing Sun,
David Sunkersing, Chandan Kumar Swain, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Shima Tabatabai, Mircea Tampa,
Ker-Kan Tan, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Tala Tillawi,
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Phu Van Tran, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay,

84
Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Srikanth Umakanthan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Alireza Vakilian, Sahel Valadan
Tahbaz, Jef Van den Eynde, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Balachandar Vellingiri,
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Vasily Vlassov, Simona Ruxandra
Volovat, Theo Vos, Loc Tri Vu, Yasir Waheed, Shu Wang, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Abrha Hailay
Weldemariam, Ronny Westerman, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Lauren B Wilner, Charles D A
Wolfe, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Suowen Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Yuichiro Yano, Alex
Yeshaneh, Siyan Yi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mikhail
Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Francis Zeukeng, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Abzal Zhumagaliuly,
Magdalena Zielińska, Yossef Teshome Zikarg, and Mohammad Zoladl.
Developing methods or computational machinery
Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mozhan Abdollahi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Syed Anees
Ahmed, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Mohammed Albashtawy, Hediyeh Alemi, Abdelazeem M.
Algammal, Hubert Amu, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Ahmed Y Azzam, Kavita Batra, Rose G Bender, Aadam
Olalekan Bodunrin, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Hitesh Chopra, Kaleb Coberly,
Rosa A S Couto, Xiaochen Dai, Frances E Dean, Hiwot Dejene, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, M Ashworth
Dirac, Thanh Chi Do, Khanh Duy Khanh Doan, Iman El Sayed, Mohammad Amin Elahi Najafi, Mehdi
Emamverdi, Ayesha Fahim, Ali Fatehizadeh, Lisa M Force, Quan Gan, William M. Gardner, Haftay
Gebremedhin Gebreslassie, Sherief Ghozy, Ali Golchin, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Mohammad
Hamiduzzaman, Nicholas Nathaniel Hartman, Mohammad Hasanian, Simon I Hay, Mohammad Heidari,
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Md. Nazmul Huda, Hong-Han Huynh, Farideh Iravanpour, Morteza Jafarinia,
Somnath Jana, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Farnaz Kalantar, Mohammad Khammarnia, Sorour Khateri,
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Adnan Kisa, Chandrakant Lahariya, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau,
Thao Thi Thu Le, Sang-woong Lee, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Ali H Mokdad,
Yousef Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Jonathan F. Mosser, George Duke Mukoro, Admir Mulita,
Francesk Mulita, Christopher J L Murray, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Abdallah Y Naser, Dang H
Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Andrew T Olagunju,
Michal Ordak, Aislyn U Orji, Hoang Tran Pham, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Ali
Rajabpour-Sanati, Nemanja Rancic, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Christian Razo, Mónica Rodrigues, Emma L B
Rogowski, Koushik Roy Pramanik, Enrico Rubagotti, Korosh Saber, Umar Saeed, Sara Samadzadeh,
Abdallah M Samy, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Maheswar Satpathy, Mehdi Sayyah, Sarah Brooke
Sirota, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Chandan Kumar Swain, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Tala Tillawi, Theo Vos, Ronny
Westerman, Lauren B Wilner, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Alireza Zali, Ghazal G Z Zandieh, Mohammed G M
Zeariya, and Peng Zheng.
Providing critical feedback on methods or results
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Jaffar Abbas, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Hedayat
Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Mozhan Abdollahi, Rami Abd-Rabu, Deldar
Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Aidin Abedi, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Hassan Abidi, Richard
Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Woldu Aberhe Abrha, Ahmed Abualhasan, Eman Abu-Gharbieh,
Salahdein Aburuz, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi,
Tayo Alex Adekiya, Wirawan Adikusuma, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Tsion

85
Afework Afework, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Ali Afraz, Saira Afzal, Shahin Aghamiri, Antonella
Agodi, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad,
Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Luai A.
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Budi Aji, Olufemi Ajumobi, Seyed Esma'il Akade,
Hossein Akbarialiabad, Karolina Akinosoglou, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Maxwell Akonde, Syed Mahfuz Al
Hasan, Fares Alahdab, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer, Mohammed
Albashtawy, Mohammad T. AlBataineh, Hediyeh Alemi, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Adel Ali Saeed Al-
Gheethi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Musa
Mohammed Ali, Rafat Ali, Shahid Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Zahid Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Yousef
Alimohamadi, Ahmednur Adem Aliyi, Mohamad Aljofan, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Suvarna Alladi, Joseph
Uy Almazan, Sami Almustanyir, Basem Al-Omari, Jaber S Alqahtani, Ibrahim Alqasmi, Rustam Al-Shahi
Salman, Zaid Altaany, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yaser Mohammed Al-
Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H Alzoubi, Reza Amani, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri,
Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Jimoh
Amzat, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Dhanalakshmi
Angappan, Teklit W Angesom, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Razique Anwer, Mosab Arafat, Demelash
Areda, Hany Ariffin, Hidayat Arifin, Mesay Arkew, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi
Artanti, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Ali A Asadi-Pooya, Tilahun Ferede Asena, Mohammad Asghari-
Jafarabadi, Muhammad Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Kendalem Asmare Atalell, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari,
Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb,
Abolfazl Avan, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Olatunde O Ayinde, Seyed
Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Zahra Azizi, Ahmed Y Azzam, Mahsa Babaei,
Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Soroush Baghdadi, Sara Bagherieh, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig,
Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Shivanthi Balalla, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Maciej Banach, Soham
Bandyopadhyay, Indrajit Banerjee, Mehmet Firat Baran, Miguel A Barboza, Martina Barchitta, Mainak
Bardhan, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Amadou Barrow, Hamideh Bashiri,
Hameed Akande Bashiru, Afisu Basiru, João Diogo Basso, Sanjay Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha,
Kavita Batra, Bernhard T Baune, Neeraj Bedi, Ahmet Begde, Tahmina Begum, Babak Behnam, Amir
Hossein Behnoush, Yannick Béjot, Alehegn Bekele, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Rose
G Bender, Bright Benfor, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Betyna N Berice, Paulo J G
Bettencourt, Abhishek Bhadra, Devidas S. Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava,
Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Ali Bijani, Boris
Bikbov, Mariah Malak Bilalaga, Atanu Biswas, Veera R Bitra, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin,
Archith Boloor, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Maria L. Bringas Vega, Julie Brown, Danilo
Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Richard A Burns, Yasser Bustanji, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem
Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Lucas Scotta Cabral, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Ismael R
Campos-Nonato, Chao Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Andre F Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-
Orjuela, Adriano Casulli, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L. Catapano, Arthur Caye, Ester Cerin, Pamela R
Uscamaita Chacón-Uscamaita, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Endeshaw
Chekol Abebe, Hui Chen, Jianqi Chen, Saravana Babu Chidambaram, Ritesh Chimoriya, Abdulaal
Chitheer, Yuen Yu Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Rajiv
Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Chung, Alyssa Columbus,
Josielli Comachio, Joao Conde, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Vera Marisa Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Rosa A S
Couto, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi, Sriharsha Dadana,

86
Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Emanuele D'Amico, Hadi A Danawi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi
Dandona, Amira Hamed Darwish, Saswati Das, Subasish Das, Ana Maria Dascalu, Nihar Ranjan Dash,
Mohsen Dashti, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Diego De Leo, Amin Dehghan,
Azizallah Dehghan, Hiwot Dejene, Daniel Demant, Andreas K Demetriades, Solomon Demissie, Xinlei
Deng, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Kuldeep Dhama, Samath Dhamminda
Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Mahmoud Dibas, Delaney D Ding, M
Ashworth Dirac, Mengistie Diress, Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Khanh Duy Khanh Doan, Milad
Dodangeh, Mohamed Fahmy Doheim, Deepa Dongarwar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Senbagam Duraisamy,
Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sulagna Dutta, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Hisham Atan Edinur, Michael
Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Mohammad Amin Elahi Najafi, Noha Mousaad
Elemam, Frank J Elgar, Islam Y Elgendy, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Legesse Tesfaye
Elilo, Richard G Ellenbogen, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed A Elmonem, Mohammed
Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Mehdi Emamverdi, Theophilus I Emeto, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Adeniyi
Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Jawad Fares, Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani, Andre Faro, Farshad
Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Mobina Fathi, Saeid Fathi, Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima, Valery L Feigin, Alireza
Feizkhah, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Alize J Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Neda
Firouraghi, Florian Fischer, Ana Catarina Fonseca, Lisa M Force, Takeshi Fukumoto, Muktar A. Gadanya,
Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Yaseen Galali, Nasrin Galehdar, Quan Gan, Aravind P Gandhi, Balasankar
Ganesan, William M. Gardner, Naval Garg, Shuo-Yan Gau, Rupesh K. Gautam, Teshome Gebre, Mesfin
Gebrehiwot, Haftay Gebremedhin Gebreslassie, Lemma Getacher, Bardiya Ghaderi Yazdi, Fariborz
Ghaffarpasand, Reza Ghanbari, Sailaja Ghimire, Ali Gholami, Elena Ghotbi, Sherief Ghozy, Paramjit Singh
Gill, Logan M. Glasstetter, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Ali Golchin, Mahaveer Golechha, Davide Golinelli,
Mansueto Gomes-Neto, Alessandra C Goulart, Anmol Goyal, Richard J Gray, Michal Grivna, Habtamu
Alganeh Guadie, Bin Guan, Stefano Guicciardi, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Hanbing Guo, Bhawna
Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Farrokh
Habibzadeh, Vladimir Hachinski, Rasool Haddadi, Mostafa Hadei, Nils Haep, Teklehaimanot Gereziher
Haile, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Mohammad Hamiduzzaman, Hannah Han, Junwei Hao, Harapan
Harapan, Habtamu Endashaw Hareru, Netanja I. Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, Nicholas Nathaniel
Hartman, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Faizul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Shoaib Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour,
Hadi Hassankhani, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Johannes Haubold, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat,
Mohamed I Hegazy, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Hamed Hesami,
Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Howard J. Hoffman, Ramesh Holla, Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf, Nobuyuki
Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md. Belal Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Hosseinzadeh, Chengxi Hu, Md. Nazmul Huda, Javid Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-
Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mehran Ilaghi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D.
Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Farideh Iravanpour, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Faisal Ismail, Gaetano
Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C D Iwu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Ali Jaan, Louis Jacob, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh,
Mahboobeh Jafari, Morteza Jafarinia, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Abhishek
Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Roland Dominic G. Jamora, Somnath Jana, Nilofer Javadi, Saad Javeed,
Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Heng Jiang, Catherine Owens Johnson, Mohammad Jokar, Jost
B. Jonas, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir,
Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Vidya Kadashetti, Fatemeh Kafi, Rizwan Kalani, Farnaz Kalantar, Feroze Kaliyadan,
Ashwin Kamath, Sagarika Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Amit Kandel, Himal Kandel, Kehinde Kazeem
Kanmodi, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Jafar Karami, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Hanie Karimi, Arman

87
Karimi Behnagh, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Navjot Kaur, Gbenga A.
Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Cathleen Keller, Mohammad Keykhaei, Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri, Yousef
Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Faham
Khamesipour, Mohammad Khammarnia, Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Yusra H Khan, Mahammed
Ziauddin Khan suheb, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Tripti Khanna, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh,
Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Mohammad Saeid Khonji,
Fatemeh khorashadizadeh, Moein Khormali, Jagdish Khubchandani, Saeid Kian, Grace Kim, Jihee Kim,
Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Sonali Kochhar, Ali-
Asghar Kolahi, Kamrun Nahar Koly, Farzad Kompani, Walter J Koroshetz, Masoumeh Kourosh Arami, Ai
Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Md
Abdul Kuddus, Ashish Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Netsanet Bogale Kumsa,
Satyajit Kundu, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Dian Kusuma, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La
Vecchia, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tri Laksono, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Tea
Lallukka, Judit Lám, Savita Lasrado, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Basira Kankia Lawal, Long
Khanh Dao Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Yo Han
Lee, Matilde Leonardi, Temesgen L. Lerango, Ming-Chieh Li, Wei Li, Virendra S Ligade, Stephen S Lim,
Chaojie Liu, Jue Liu, Wei Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Stany W Lobo, Giancarlo Logroscino, Graciliana Lopes, László
Lorenzovici, Stefan Lorkowski, Joana A Loureiro, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Ricardo Lutzky
Saute, Zheng Feei Ma, Mahmoud Mabrok, Monika Machoy, Farzan Madadizadeh, Azzam A Maghazachi,
Nastaran Maghbouli, Soleiman Mahjoub, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Jeadran N. Malagón-
Rojas, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi,
Deborah Carvalho Malta, Aseer Manilal, Vahid Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Bishnu P.
Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Jose Martinez-Raga, Santi Martini, Francisco
Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Winfried März, Roy Rillera Marzo, João Massano, Yasith
Mathangasinghe, Richard James Maude, Andrea Maugeri, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, Colm
McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Walter
Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Mohsen Merati, Atte Meretoja, Alexander Merkin, Abera M Mersha,
Tomislav Mestrovic, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie, Le Huu Nhat
Minh, Reza Mirfakhraie, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mehdi Mirzaei, Awoke Misganaw,
Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Biru Abdissa Mizana, Madeline E Moberg, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Nouh
Saad Mohamed, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Hiwa Mohammadi, Shadieh Mohammadi, Soheil Mohammadi,
Marita Mohammadshahi, Mustapha Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam
Mohan, Hoda Mojiri-forushani, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Holger Möller,
Lorenzo Monasta, Md Moniruzzaman, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maziar
Moradi-Lakeh, Negar Morovatdar, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F. Mosser, Elias Mossialos, Majid
Motaghinejad, Seyed Ehsan Mousavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Lorenzo Muccioli, Faraz Mughal, George Duke
Mukoro, Admir Mulita, Francesk Mulita, Christopher J L Murray, Fungai Musaigwa, Ahmad Mustafa,
Ghulam Mustafa, Sathish Muthu, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R Naik,
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Nichols, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, Vikram Niranjan, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali
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Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Jaffar Abbas, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael
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Ramadan, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Sheena Ramazanu, Nemanja Rancic, Indu Ramachandra Rao,
Sowmya J Rao, Deepthi Rapaka, Vahid Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Mehran Rashidi Alavijeh, Ashkan
Rasouli-Saravani, Salman Rawaf, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Atefe Rekabi Bana, Giuseppe
Remuzzi, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Abanoub Riad, Stephen R Robinson, Mónica
Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Michele Romoli, Luca Ronfani,
Priyanka Roy, Koushik Roy Pramanik, Enrico Rubagotti, Milagros A Ruiz, Tom C Russ, Katharina S
Sunnerhagen, Aly M A Saad, Korosh Saber, Morteza SaberiKamarposhti, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed,
Usman Saeed, Mahdi Safdarian, Rajesh Sagar, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes
Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Hossein
Salehi omran, Marwa Rashad Salem, Sohrab Salimi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Sara Samadzadeh, Saad
Samargandy, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi,
Damian Francesco Santomauro, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Aswini Saravanan, Arash Sarveazad,
Maheswar Satpathy, Mete Saylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Nicoline Schiess, Art Schuermans,
David C Schwebel, Katrin Maria Seeher, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Pallav Sengupta, Dragos Serban,
Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Mohammad Shabani, Maryam Shabany, Mahan Shafie, Saeed Shahabi,
Samiah Shahid, Moyad jamal Shahwan, KS Shaji, Adisu Tafari T Shama, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim,
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammad Anas Shamsi, Mohd Shanawaz, Medha Sharath, Amin Sharifan,
Manoj Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Shashank Shekhar, Jiabin Shen, Mika
Shigematsu, Aminu Shittu, K M Shivakumar, Fereshteh Shokri, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil
Shrestha, Akhenaten Benjamin Siankam Tankwanchi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,
João Pedro Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Shravan Sivakumar,
Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Ranjan Solanki, Hamidreza Soleimani, Solikhah Solikhah, Yerukneh Solomon,
Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Joseph R Starnes, Antonina V Starodubova, Dan J Stein, Timothy J
Steiner, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Muhammad Suleman, Abida Sultana, David Sunkersing, Chandan Kumar
Swain, Mindy D Szeto, Shima Tabatabai, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Azin Tahvildari, Ardeshir
Tajbakhsh, Mircea Tampa, Jacques JL Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Haosu Tang, Nathan Y. Tat, Vivian Y
Tat, Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Arian Tavasol, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Arash
Tehrani-Banihashemi, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Edosa

93
Geta Tesfaye, Riki Tesler, Ocean Thakali, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Amanda G Thrift, Jansje Henny Vera
Ticoalu, Tala Tillawi, Marcello Tonelli, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Nghia Minh Tran, Ngoc-Ha Tran,
Phu Van Tran, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Aristidis
Tsatsakis, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Chukwudi S. Ubah, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Inam Ulhaq,
Muhammad Umair, Srikanth Umakanthan, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran
Unnikrishnan, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Jef Van den Eynde, Priya Vart,
Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Balachandar Vellingiri, Narayanaswamy
Venketasubramanian, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Dominique Vervoort, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Leonardo
Villani, Andres Fernando Vinueza Veloz, Maria Viskadourou, Vasily Vlassov, Simona Ruxandra Volovat,
Theo Vos, Loc Tri Vu, Birhanu Wagaye, Waseem Wahood, Fang Wang, Shu Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-
Pang Wang, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Robert G Weintraub, Ronny Westerman, Joanna L Whisnant,
Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Barbara Willekens, Andrea
Sylvia Winkler, Charles D A Wolfe, Ai-Min Wu, Sajad Yaghoubi, Galal Yahya, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin
Yang, Yao Yao, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Alex Yeshaneh, Metin Yesiltepe, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yiğit,
Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hadiza Yusuf, Mohammad Zahedi, Fathiah Zakham, Ramin Zand,
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Zelalem Banjaw Zegeye, Francis Zeukeng, chunxia Zhai, Haijun Zhang,
Hanqing Zhao, Yang Zhao, Magdalena Zielińska, Yossef Teshome Zikarg, and Mohammad Zoladl.
Managing the estimation or publications process
Auwal Abdullahi, Saira Afzal, Mohammed Albashtawy, Hediyeh Alemi, Liaqat Ali, Joseph Uy Almazan,
Hany Aly, Ahmed Y Azzam, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Rosa A S Couto, Hiwot Dejene, M Ashworth
Dirac, Thanh Chi Do, Khanh Duy Khanh Doan, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hailey Hagins, Teklehaimanot Gereziher
Haile, Simon I Hay, Hong-Han Huynh, Farideh Iravanpour, Gaetano Isola, Morteza Jafarinia, Sathish
Kumar Jayapal, Aliasghar Karimi, Mohammad Khammarnia, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Chandrakant
Lahariya, Thao Thi Thu Le, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Mustapha Mohammed,
Ali H Mokdad, Christopher J L Murray, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Olivia D Nesbit, Hien Quang
Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Kanyin Liane Ong,
Mahesh Padukudru P A, Hoang Tran Pham, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Nemanja Rancic, Aly M A Saad,
Korosh Saber, Abdallah M Samy, Maheswar Satpathy, Mehdi Sayyah, Sunil Shrestha, Jaimie D Steinmetz,
Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Theo Vos, and Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin.