Salvation and documentation: additional (probable) type material of South American land-snail species (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin

Abstract

Type material of some South American species in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, belonging to different families is documented. It includes 16 species: Bulimus cuneus L. Pfeiffer, 1854, Bulimus proteus Broderip, 1832, Bulimus scalarioides L. Pfeiffer, 1867, Bulimus similaris J. Moricand, 1856, Andinia (Ehrmanniella) dedicata Weyrauch & Zilch, 1954, Helix hettneriana E. von Martens, 1897, Eurycampta hidalgonis Döring, 1877, Helix aequatoris L. Pfeiffer, 1860, Helix bituberculata L. Pfeiffer, 1853, Helix bourcieri L. Pfeiffer, 1853, Helix neogranadensis L. Pfeiffer, 1845, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) bourcieri L. Pfeiffer, 1854, and Helix platygyra Albers, 1857. The concept of the “salvation” of type material is explained.

Full text

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©e authors. is work is freely available under the Creative Com mons Aribution 4.0 International l icence (CC BY 4.0).
V. 45, . 1 8 M 2024
Published by the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, established 1874
Journal of Conchology
Salvation and documentation: additional (probable) type material
of South American land-snail species Gastropoda, Stylommatophora
in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin
A S.H. B1, 2, 3 & J D. A1
1 Natural History Museum, Invertebrate Division, London SW7 5BD, U.K.
2 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural History, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
3 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, NL-2300 Leiden, e Netherlands
Corresponding author: A.S.H. Breure (ashbreure@protonmail.com)
Abstract. Type material of some South American species in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, belonging to dier-
ent families is documented. It includes 16 species: Bulimus cuneus L. Pfeier, 1854, Bulimus proteus Broderip, 1832,
Bulimus scalarioides L. Pfeier, 1867, Bulimus similaris J. Moricand, 1856, Andinia (Ehrmanniella) dedicata Weyrauch
& Zilch, 1954, Helix heneriana E. von Martens, 1897, Eurycampta hidalgonis Döring, 1877, Helix aequatoris L.
Pfeier, 1860, Helix bituberculata L. Pfeier, 1853, Helix bourcieri L. Pfeier, 1853, Helix neogranadensis L. Pfeier,
1845, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) bourcieri L. Pfeier, 1854, and Helix platygyra Albers, 1857. e concept of the “sal-
vation” of type material is explained.
Key words. Achatinidae, Bulimulidae, Clausiliidae, Epiphragmophoridae, Labyrinthidae, Neocyclotidae, Scolodon-
tidae
ZooBank identier. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E76768C1-AF57-40BF-977D-DD7EE426CA56
DOI. hps://doi.org/10.61733/jc onch/4501
I
Type specimens are essential in taxonomy, especially in revi-
sions and descriptions of new taxa. However, type material
was usually not specied by the describing authors in the
18th and 19th centuries when the type concept was uid.
Authors sometimes renamed species if they thought its
given name was not properly latinised (see for example sev-
eral unjustied emendations introduced by Crosse; Breure
et al. 2022b) or would beer applied to another species. is
practice continued until 1895 when the third International
Congress of Zoology developed a system of rules to stabilise
the use of scientic names and the International Commission
of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) was established. us,
working in historical collections, especially those formed
before 1895, is sometimes challenging. Authors oen kept
in their personal collection the specimens on which they
based their species’ descriptions, and aer their death these
type specimens were in many cases sold or auctioned o.
Despite lists that provide some guidance to the depositories
where type material of authors currently may be expected
(Sherborn 1940; Dance 1986; Able et al. 2019), types are
sometimes found in unexpected collections; these lists can
be incomplete and uneven in their accuracy (Taylor 2016).
erefore, inventories or catalogues of types, as complete as
possible, provide important guidance to current and future
taxonomists.
is paper lists a small number of (possible) types of
Neotropical species in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin
and is a supplement to, for example, Kilias (1961), Köhler
(2007), Richling & Glaubrecht (2008), Glaubrecht & Zorn
(2012), and Breure (2013). It also gives reference to type
material of the same species in other museums.
M  
e material was examined during a visit to the Museum
für Naturkunde Berlin (ZMB, with registration numbers
prexed with ZMB/Moll) to study land snails from South
America, especially those from Ecuador and Peru. Speci-
mens of a number of taxa were digitally photographed to
allow for further study and documentation. Measurements
were taken with digital vernier callipers. Other type material,

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 2
when it exists, was located in other museums via personal
access, the literature, or internet sources. e current names
and systematics follow MolluscaBase (2023) unless stated
otherwise. Scale bars are provided in the gures.
Additional abbreviations. Br.Mdg., diameter aperture; D,
shell diameter; H, shell height; H.Mdg., height aperture.
IFML, Instituto y Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argen-
tina; MHNG, Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Geneva, Swit-
zerland; MNHN, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle,
Paris, France; NHM/NHMUK, Natural History Museum
London, U.K.; SMF, Senckenberg Natur-Museum, Frank-
furt am Main, Germany.
S
Family Achatinidae Swainson, 1840
Genus Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906
Protobeliscus fairmaireanus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1853)
Figure 1A–D
Bulimus cuneus Pfeier 1854: 154.
Type locality. “in ripis uvii Mira, reipublicae Aequatoris”.
Label. “Quito”, ex Albers ex Cuming.
Dimensions. “Long. 63, diam. 16 mill.”; gured specimen
H 50 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 264723, one probable syntype.
Remarks. Río Mira is in the department of Valle del Cauca,
Colombia, but there is a second river with the old name
of río Mira (now río San Juan) on the border of the prov-
inces of Carchi and Esmeraldas in Ecuador. See Breure et
al. (2022a: 93) for the distribution of P. fairmaireanus in
Ecuador and Linares & Vera (2012: 212) for Colombian
localities. Although the label shows “Quito”, this should be
interpreted as a proxy for an unknown locality in Ecuador;
in 19th century malacology, it was typical to indicate local-
ities by the capital of a country or even only the name of a
country. Pfeier did not state the number of specimens on
which the description was based. ere is no label with the
handwriting of Pfeier. ree syntypes labelled with the
precise type locality are in NHM (NHMUK 1985073).
Family Bulimulidae Tryon, 1867
Genus Scutalus Albers, 1850
Figure 1. Protobeliscus fairmaireanus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1853). A–C, syntype of Bulimus cuneus L. Pfeier, 1854, ZMB/Moll 264723.
D, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: 10 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 3
Figure 2. Scutalus proteus (Broderip, 1832). A–C, Paralectotype ZMB/Moll 10259. D, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Scutalus proteus (Broderip, 1832)
Figure 2A–D
Bulimus proteus Broderip in Broderip & Sowerby I 1832: 107.
Type locality. “in Peruvia montibus (St. Jacina, near Sam-
anca)”.
Label. “Peru”, ex Cuming.
Dimensions. “long. 18/9, lat. 12/10 poll” [H 47.8, D 30.4 mm];
gured specimen H 41 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 10259, four paralectotypes.
Remarks. Broderip described this species using material
received from the Cuming collection. e number of spec-
imens on which the description was based is unknown.
Köhler (2007: 141) found one lot (ZMB 112702) in the
Albers collection with the same locality, and he considered
this specimen to be a “probable syntype”. Breure & Able
(2014: 157, gs 66A, B, L49i) found specimens in the Cum-
ing collection with a similar label from which they selected
a lectotype (NHMUK 20100638); there are three paralec-
totypes.
Genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847
Bostryx scalariodes (L. Pfeier, 1867)
Figure 3A–D
Bulimus scalariodes Pfeier 1867: 77.
Type locality. “in provincia Conchucos”.
Label. “Peru: Prov. Conchucos”, [ex Pfeier ex Philippi],
Raimondi leg.
Dimensions. “Long. 121/2, diam. 5 mill. Apert. 5 mill. longo,
22/3 lata”; gured specimen H 11 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 264727, one syntype.
Remarks. is was material collected by Antonio Raimondi
(1826–1890) for Philippi, who apparently sent it to Pfeier.
Pfeier did not state the number of specimens on which the
description was based. Although it is likely that this syntype
came from the Pfeier collection, we do not know the com-
plete provenance of the specimen, and there is no label in
Pfeier’s handwriting. As far as we know, there is no addi-
tional type material in other museums.
Genus Drymaeus Albers, 1850
Drymaeus similaris (J. Moricand, 1856)
Figure 4A–D
Bulimus similaris Moricand 1856: 177, pl. 6 g. 8.
Type locality. “Moyobamba”.
Label. “Peru, Terapolo”, ex Albers ex J. Moricand.
Dimensions. “Haut. 23 à 25 mill. Larg. 10 mill.”; gured
specimen H 23 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 264729, two probable syntypes.
Remarks. Moricand did not state the number of specimens
on which the description was based. e label has a mis-
spelled locality, and “Terapolo” should be Tarapoto, which
is near Moyobamba, Peru. In MHNG, Breure (2016: 82,
g. 51) found seven syntypes in the Moricand collection
(MHNG-MOLL-63531).

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 4
Family Clausiliidae J.E. Gray, 1855
Genus Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
Brevinenia dedicata (Weyrauch & Zilch, 1954)
Figure 5A–E
Nenia (Andinia) zilchi Weyrauch ms.
Andinia (Ehrmanniella) dedicata Weyrauch & Zilch in Zilch
1954: 68, g. 5, pl. 5 g. 5.
Type locality. “Peru, An der Landstrasse von Cerro de
Pasco nach Huanuco, 3800 m Höhe, im Tale des Rio Payan-
chan, eine Zuuss des Rio Huallaga”.
Label. “An Landstrasse von Cerro de Pasco nach Huanuco,
3800 m (im Zuusssistem des Huallaga), Peru”, ex Blume ex
Weyrauch, Weyrauch leg.
Dimensions. e dimensions of eight specimens were listed
in a table. H 11.9–14.0, D 4.0–4.5, H.Mdg. 3.5–3.8, Br.Mdg.
3.0–3.5 mm; gured specimen H 14 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 97381, one paratype.
Remarks. is material was distributed under an earlier,
manuscript name; the distribution of material under man-
uscript names was a common practice of Weyrauch (see
Breure & Neubert 2008; Breure 2012). is paratype was
Figure 3. Bostryx scalariodes (L. Pfeier, 1867). A–C, syntype ZMB/Moll 264727. D, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 4. Drymaeus similaris (J. Moricand, 1856). A–C, syntype ZMB/Moll 264729. D, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 5 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 5
received by W. Blume, possibly as part of the paratype mate-
rial that was in Weyrauch’s personal collection (Zilch 1954:
70). Other type material consists of the holotype (SMF
135515), 10 paratypes in SMF (SMF 69816, nine para-
types; SMF 139781, one paratype), and 42 paratypes in
Weyrauch’s personal collection, which could not be located
in the IFML collection.
Family Epiphragmophoridae Homann, 1928
Genus Epiphragmophora Döring, 1875
Epiphragmophora claromphalos (Deville & Hupé, 1850)
Figure 6A–E
Helix heneriana E. von Martens 1897: 40, pl. 7 gs 15–17.
Type locality. “Peru, zwischen Limatambo und Cucahuani
und bei Abancay, 1500–2000 Meter hoch”.
Label. “Peru, Zw. Limatambo u. Curahuari u. bei Abancay
1500–2500m”, Hener leg.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 19–21; min. 16–18; alt. 8–9,
apert. Diam. 91/2 lat. 7 Mill.”; gured specimen D 31 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 44676, one syntype.
Remarks. e locality is partially misspelled; Curahuasi
is the correct name of a place in Abancay Province, Apuri-
mac Deparment, Peru. Some of the labels are in the hand-
writing of Martens. In MolluscaBase (2023) this taxon
is listed as uncertain and unassessed, but, on account of
a label wrien in an unknown hand, H. heneriana is ten-
tatively placed in the synonymy of E. claromphalos. e
MNHN has one lot containing three syntypes of this spe-
cies (MNHN-IM-2000-28799; MNHN 2023).
Epiphragmophora trenquelleonis (L. Pfeier, 1850)
Figure 7A–H
Eurycampta hidalgonis Döring 1877: 315Döring 1878: 234.
Type locality. “la 3a Sierra de Aconjigasta (Pocho)”.
Label. “Sierra de Aconjigasta”, ex Döring.
Dimensions. “Diam. may. 20–29mm; min. 16–24mm; alt.
10–16mm”; gured specimen D 27 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 28500, three paralectotypes.
Remarks. Figure 7 shows two of three specimens; E and
F shows a second specimen which has a dierent shape in
lateral view. e third specimen is broken. e date of publi-
Figure 5. Brevinenia dedicata (Weyrauch & Zilch, 1954). A–C, paratype ZMB/Moll 97381. D, E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar:
5 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 6
Figure 6. Epiphragmophora claromphalos (Deville & Hupé, 1850). A–D, syntype of Helix heneriana E. von Martens, 1897, ZMB/Moll
44676. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 10 mm.
Figure 7. Epiphragmophora trenquelleonis (L. Pfeier, 1850). A–G, syntypes of Eurycampta hidalgonis Döring, 1877, ZMB/Moll 28500.
H, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 10 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 7
Figure 8. Isomeria aequatoria (L. Pfeier, 1860). A–D, probable syntype ZMB/Moll 264728. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar:
line 10 mm.
cation of Döring’s taxon has been frequently misinterpreted
due to the complex and confusing history of the journal in
which it was published. Breure & Miquel (2012) have pro-
vided an overview of relevant papers by Döring, with details
on their dates of publication. Döring (1877: 316, 1878:
235) also described in the same publications the variety
minor, so the dimensions of the nominotypical species are
thus at the larger end of the ranges quoted above. e lec-
totype is in SMF (SMF 7708) and was gured by Cuezzo
(2006: 153, g 6B), who erroneously gave 1875 as the year
of description.
Family Labyrinthidae Borrero, Sei, D.G. Robinson
& Rosenberg, 2017
Genus Isomeria Albers, 1850
Isomeria aequatoria (L. Pfeier, 1860)
Figure 8A–E
Helix aequatoris Pfeier 1860: 133, pl. 50 g. 6.
Type locality. “Republic of Ecuador”.
Label. “Quito”, ex Dunker ex Cuming.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 38, min. 32, alt. 20 mill.”; gured
specimen 34 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 264728, one syntype.
Remarks. See above for the explanation of the locality
“Quito”. Pfeiffer did not state the number of specimens
on which the description was based. There is no label
with the handwriting of Pfeiffer. Three syntypes labelled
with the precise type locality are in NHM (NHMUK
20190602).
Isomeria bituberculata (L. Pfeier, 1853)
Figure 9A–E
Helix bituberculata Pfeier 1853: 242.
Type locality. “prope Tunguragua reipublicae Aequatoris”.
Label. “Quito”, ex Albers ex Cuming respectively ex Dunker
ex Cuming.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 22, min. 181/2, alt. 12 mill.”; g-
ured specimen D 25 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 264712, 264775, one syntype
each; 264799, one probable syntype.
Remarks. See above for the explanation of the locality
“Quito”. Pfeier did not state the number of specimens on
which the description was based. ere is no label with the
handwriting of Pfeier. ree syntypes labelled with the
precise type locality are in NHM (NHMUK 20160369).

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 8
Isomeria bourcieri (L. Pfeier, 1853)
Figure 10A–E
Helix bourcieri Pfeier 1853: 209.
Type locality. “Otoralo reipublicae Aequatoris”.
Label. “Otorale”, ex Pfeier ex Cuming, Bourcier leg. respec-
tively “Otoralo”, ex Albers ex Cuming.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 34, min. 27, alt. 18 mill.”; gured
specimen D 22 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 65897, 264736, respectively
one, and two syntypes.
Remarks. Pfeier did not state the number of specimens
on which the description was based. ere is no label with
the handwriting of Pfeier. e locality was mislabelled
and refers to Otovalo in the province of Imbabura, Ecua-
dor. ree syntypes labelled with the same mislabelled type
locality are in NHM (NHMUK 20160370).
Isomeria hartwegi (L. Pfeier, 1846)
Figure 11A–I
Helix hartwegi Pfeier 1846: 126.
Type locality. “El Catamaija, near Loxa, republic of the
Equator”.
Label. “Loja, Ecuador”, ex Pfeier.
Dimensions. “Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill.”; gured specimen D
25 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 65942, two syntypes.
Remarks. Pfeier did not state the number of specimens on
which the description was based. ere is no label with the
handwriting of Pfeier. e locality refers to Catamayo, in
the province of Loja, Ecuador. ree syntypes labelled with
the precise type locality are in NHM (NHMUK 1966598).
Isomeria jacksoni Solem, 1966
Figure 12A–E
Helix atrata Pfeier 1854: 153.
Type locality. “Puntophaya reipublicae Aequatoris”.
Label. “Puntaphaya”, ex Pfeier ex Cuming, Bourcier leg.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 44, min. 37, alt. 19 mill.”; gured
specimen D 42 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 65891, one syntype.
Remarks. Pfeier did not state the number of specimens
on which the description was based. ere is no label with
the handwriting of Pfeier. e locality was mislabelled and
refers to Puntoplaya in the province of Los Rios, Ecuador
(see Breure et al. 2022a: 218). ree syntypes labelled with
the same mislabelled type locality are in NHM (NHMUK
20160372).
Isomeria neogranadensis (L. Pfeier, 1845)
Figure 13A–E
Helix neogranatensis Pfeier 1845: 64.
Helix neogranadensis Pfeier 1847 [1847–1848]: 296.
Type locality. “in the mountain Quendeu at New Granada”.
Figure 9. Isomeria bituberculata (L. Pfeier, 1853). A–D, probable syntype ZMB/Moll 264775. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar:
line 10 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 9
Figure 10. Isomeria bourcieri (L. Pfeier, 1853). A–D, syntype ZMB/Moll 65897. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 10 mm.
Figure 11. Isomeria hartwegi (L. Pfeier, 1846). A–H, syntypes ZMB/Moll 65942. I, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 10 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 10
Label. “Monte Quenden, Neu Granada”, ex Pfeier ex Cum-
ing.
Dimensions. “Diam. 34, alt. 15 mill.”; gured specimen D
24 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 65899, one syntype.
Remarks. e original name was an “inadvertent error for
‘neogranadensis’” (MolluscaBase 2023). e locality is mis-
spelled and refers to the Quindio Mountains in the Depart-
ment of Quindío, Colombia (see also the remark by Breure
et al. 2022a: 220). Pfeier did not state the number of spec-
imens on which the description was based. ere is no label
with the handwriting of Pfeier. Pfeier (1847: 296) men-
tioned “Mus. Cuming” as the source, but material in NHM
has not been located.
Family Neocyclotidae Kobelt & Möllendor, 1897
Genus Calaperostoma Pilsbry, 1935
Calaperostoma bourcieri (L. Pfeier, 1854)
Figure 14A–E
Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) bourcieri Pfeier 1854: 151.
Type locality. “prope Mindo, reipublicae Aequatoris”.
Label. “Mindo, Ecuador”, ex Pfeier [ex Cuming], Bourcier
leg.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.”; gured
specimen D 15 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 65721, one syntype.
Remarks. Pfeier did not state the number of specimens on
Figure 12. Isomeria jacksoni Solem, 1966. A–D, syntype ZMB/Moll 65891. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 10 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 11
which the description was based. ere is no label with the
handwriting of Pfeier. Two syntypes labelled with the pre-
cise type locality are in NHM (NHMUK 20190595).
Family Scolodontidae H.B. Baker, 1925
Genus Systrophia L. Pfeier, 1855
Systrophia platygyra (Albers, 1857)
Figure 15A–I
Helix platygyra Albers 1857: 94.
Type locality. “Colombia, ad uvium Maranhon”.
Label. “Columbien (Oberen Maranon”, ex Albers, Warsza-
wicz leg.
Figure 13. Isomeria neogranadensis (L. Pfeier, 1845). A–D, syntype ZMB/Moll 65899. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 10 mm.
Figure 14. Calaperostoma bourcieri (L. Pfeier, 1854). A–D, syntype ZMB/Moll 65721. E, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 5 mm.

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 12
Figure 15. Systrophia platygyra (Albers, 1857). A–H, syntypes ZMB/Moll 264702. I, labels, showing provenance. Scale bar: line 5 mm.
e purple ink (“5465”) is characteristic of the Albers collection.
Dimensions. “Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 3 millim.”; gured
specimen D 12 mm.
Type material. ZMB/Moll 264702, three specimens, in-
cluding two syntypes.
Remarks. One of the three specimens is damaged at the
aperture, and a second one at the central pillar. e material
was collected by Józef Warszewicz (1812–1866), one of the
most prolic nineteenth-century plant collectors and one of
the top eld experts on tropical American plants of his time
who spent several years on expeditions to Central and South
America (Köhler 2014). We tried in vain to get details of
Warszewicz’s itenerary in Peru from Jagiellonian University
in Kraków where, beginning in 1854, he was the main gar-
dener at the university’s botanical garden. Albers did not
state on how many specimens his description was based.
Type material in other depositories is not known to us.
D
Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
“e type series of a nominal species-group taxon consists
of all the specimens included by the author in the new nom-
inal taxon” (ICZN 1999, Article 72.4.1, partim). However,
this is not always in accord with the practice of, for example,
19th century authors, who frequently did not list type mate-
rial in their publications. Article 72.4.1.1 rules that “any evi-
dence, published or unpublished, may be taken into account
to determine what specimens constitute the type series”, but
this may lead to diering interpretations of the type locality.
Also the provenance may leave several options open, espe-
cially if it is incomplete and cannot be traced back to the
original source. ose who favour a narrow interpretation
will argue that the type locality of taxon must literally fol-
low the wording in the original publication and a direct link

B & A: Additional types of South American land snails 13
to the describing author must be present in the specimen
data. On the other hand, there are those who recognise that
the type locality need not follow the exact original wording,
or that provenance and the association of specimens to the
describing author can be assumed. is broader approach
to interpretation may be called “salvation” (dixit Eike Neu-
bert) and allows for the possibility to “rescue” material from
historical collections that otherwise would not count as
type material if a narrower interpretation is followed. In the
material discussed in this paper there are two casesBuli-
mus cuneus and Helix bituberculatawhere the type local-
ity is broader than that given in the original publications.
erefore, we consider the specimens as probable syntypes,
and we prefer to salvage them as type material rather to leave
them in oblivion. For several taxa, a link to the describing
author cannot be directly demonstrated (e.g. when there
is no taxon name in the handwriting of Pfeier), but docu-
mentation (i.e. that Cuming was the source) makes it defen-
sible to consider the specimens as types. In these cases we
nd enough evidence to consider specimens as probable
syntypes. In the past we have found slightly more prob-
lematic lots. For example, specimens of Bulimus josephus
Angas, 1878 have a provenance ex Angas but are labelled
“Talamanca Costa Rica”, while the original type locality was
San José, Costa Rica (Angas 1878). Although Talamanca
currently is a small district within San José, there is also a
second-order division within Limón Province and a place of
the same name near the border with Panama. erefore, in
this case, we have chosen to consider the specimens of this
lot as possible syntypes (Breure & Able 2014: 100). Finally,
there are circumstances when material is not considered as
type material but there is evidence for a direct link to the
describing author (e.g. a taxon label in his handwriting).
is material may be called ex auctore and could be a source
for a neotype selection if the original type series is lost.
A
is research was partly funded by a grant from the Mala-
cological Society of London to the senior author, which is
herein gratefully acknowledged. Photographs of the ZMB
specimens were prepared by Christine Zorn, to whom we
are most grateful, and omas von Rintelen gave us permis-
sion to use them. Eugenia Salas kindly informed us which
Clausiliidae were part of the Weyrauch collection in IFML.
R
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