No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Abstract
The Māori of Aotearoa New Zealand are a case-study of the negative impacts of colonization on the health of precursor peoples, such as indigenous peoples in Australia, the Americas, and northern Eurasia. But, colonization has such effects regardless of whether colonized peoples eventually become “independent,” or are swamped demographically and politically by a settler population. Indigenous peoples still suffer “internal colonialism” after their country becomes independent (from the United Kingdom for Aotearoa), even in social democracies, simply because majorities, through benign neglect or paternalism, often fail to meet the particular needs of indigenous citizens. Incidentally, “independent” ex-colonies do not escape post-colonialism, because they are subject to interventions by powerful international and bi-lateral agencies, such as structural adjustment policies imposed by the World Bank. This paper uses the epidemiological transition framework, but questions its application to colonized peoples, who often, contrary to the paradigm’s deterministic principle of progress, may suffer “regression” as their very survival is threatened by newly introduced diseases to which they have no immunity. Some, not Māori, even go through demographic collapses.” The eventual Māori transition did follow the conventional framework, but in its “delayed” form. Finally the paper shifts from theoretical dimensions into praxis: health services. It identifies stages in the evolution of these as they affect indigenous people. This is a more detailed overview than the conventional view: a shift from social determinants of health change to the impacts of public health interventions, and from the domination of communicable diseases to non-communicable.
... Similarly, the extract from the rural participant emphasises that while Daniel and his wife managed to 'stay afloat', the worsening financial pressures after the pandemic further strained their wellbeing. In reality, various factors such as the health conditions of care recipients, SES, employment status/stability, institutionalised racism, rural inequities and other structural issues must be considered when exploring the experiences of informal caregivers (see also Allen et al. 2022;Pool 2016;Rua et al. 2023). Research suggests that, even prior to the pandemic, Māori informal caregivers were at greater risk of poor mental health outcomes, partly due to health inequalities and structural violence in Aotearoa New Zealand (Alpass et al. 2013). ...
Drawing upon Tā Mason Durie's Te Whare Tapa Whā model, this research explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and wellbeing of older Māori informal caregivers in Aotearoa New Zealand. Utilising information from 35 in-depth interviews conducted with Māori informal/whānau caregivers, this study identifies that the pandemic impacted the physical and mental health of Māori informal caregivers, facing challenges due to lockdown measures, limited access to support services and increased care responsibilities. However, the study predominantly highlights a range of positive aspects of informal caregiving during the pandemic, such as a sense of purpose and fulfilment in their role, enhanced appreciation for loved ones, and increased hononga and whanaungatanga. The study underscores the importance of cultural values and practices in maintaining the wellbeing of Māori informal caregivers and suggests the need for larger social changes to address structural injustices as well as inequalities. Overall, the study provides insights into the experiences of Māori informal caregivers and highlights the significance of recognising and addressing their health and wellbeing during times of crisis. ARTICLE HISTORY
... As with other colonized indigenous populations, European settlers introduced pathogens to which Māori had no natural resistance; and therefore, survival became a critical issue in the nineteenth century (Pool, 2016). Traditional Māori healthcare relied on natural and spiritual remedies with specialist healers (Tohunga); however, the Tohunga Suppression Act 1907 made the practice of traditional healing illegal (Voyce, 1989). ...
A healthy immune system is required to protect against viral infection and ensure the efficacy of vaccines. Psychological distress can threaten immune resilience, while mindfulness practices can be protective. In New Zealand, Māori experience significantly higher levels of distress compared to non-Māori. The aim of this study was to explore the role of ethnicity in the relations among immunity, depression, anxiety, stress, and mindfulness relate to each other.
Network analysis was used to explore unique relations among distress (depression, anxiety, stress), mindfulness facets, and immune status in matched (age, ranging from 19 to 88 years, sex, and self-classified socio-economic status) samples of Māori (n = 195) and non-Māori (n = 195) participants from New Zealand.
The networks of distress, mindfulness, and immune status were significantly different between Māori and non-Māori participants. The mindfulness facets Describe and Act with Awareness were more strongly positively linked in Māori, and Non-judge and Depression more strongly negatively linked in Māori, while Describe and Non-judge were more strongly positively linked in non-Māori. For both Māori and non-Māori, similarities included a negative link between anxiety and immune status, strong positive links between the distress variables, and positive links between the mindfulness facets of Non-judge and Act with Awareness, Observe and Non-React, and Observe and Describe.
These findings suggest that anxiety is strongly linked to poor immunity across both Māori and non-Māori in New Zealand while networks of mindfulness and distress also demonstrated differences unique for each of these groups. Both similarities and differences between Māori and non-Māori should be considered when developing targeted interventions to improve physical and mental health in New Zealand.
This study is not preregistered.
... 29 These statistics suggest that the health and socio-political systems are not fit-for-purpose, attributed to the ongoing effects of colonialism and racism. 30,31 While governmental reports describe these inequities, links to social determinant causes are only suggested and not yet specifically explored quantitatively. For example, the PMMRC 12,32 and Maternal Morbidity Working Group (MMWG) 13,18 reports cite 'barriers to access and/or barriers to engagement with care were the most common type of contributory factor' to poor outcomes, but do not detail or investigate what the social determinant barriers to access are. ...
Objectives
Aotearoa New Zealand has demonstrable maternal and perinatal health inequity. We examined the relationships between adverse outcomes in a total population sample of births and a range of social determinant variables representing barriers to equity.
Methods
Using the Statistics New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure suite of linked administrative data sets, adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes (mortality and severe morbidity) were linked to socio-economic and health variables for 97% of births in New Zealand between 2003 and 2018 (~970,000 births). Variables included housing, economic, health, crime and family circumstances. Logistic regression examined the relationships between adverse outcomes and social determinants, adjusting for demographics (socio-economic deprivation, education, parity, age, rural/urban residence and ethnicity).
Results
Māori (adjusted odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.18–1.23) and Asian women (adjusted odds ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval = 1.36–1.43) had poorer maternal or perinatal outcomes compared to New Zealand European/European women. High use of emergency department (adjusted odds ratio = 2.68, 95% confidence interval = 2.53–2.84), disability (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98, 95% confidence interval = 1.83–2.14) and lack of engagement with maternity care (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.84–1.95) had the strongest relationship with poor outcomes.
Conclusion
Maternal health inequity was strongly associated with a range of socio-economic and health determinants. While some of these factors can be targeted for interventions, the study highlights larger structural and systemic issues that affect maternal and perinatal health.
Indigenous populations in New World nations share the common experience of culture contact with outsiders and a prolonged history of prejudice and discrimination. This historical reality continues to have profound effects on their well-being, as demonstrated by their relative disadvantages in socioeconomic status on the one hand, and in their delayed demographic and epidemiological transitions on the other. In this study one aspect of aboriginals' epidemiological situation is examined: their mortality experience between the early 1980s and early 1990s. The groups studied are the Canadian Indians, the American Indians and the New Zealand Maori (data for Australian Aboriginals could not be obtained). Cause-specific death rates of these three minority groups are compared with those of their respective non-indigenous populations using multivariate log-linear competing risks models. The empirical results are consistent with the proposition that the contemporary mortality conditions of these three minorities reflect, in varying degrees, problems associated with poverty, marginalization and social disorganization. Of the three minority groups, the Canadian Indians appear to suffer more from these types of conditions, and the Maori the least.
This book provides an overview of the health of developing nations in the early twenty-first century. The basic assumption is that the health of a population is not independent of broader demographic trends, and does follow the health transition model. The coverage is broad, ranging from health transition in developing countries, to the health of women, to an analysis of morbidity. Population health is an essential component of human and social development. As both a means and an end of development, health lies at the heart of underdevelopment, and ranks first on the list of international priorities. The WHO slogan ‘Health for all in 2000’ reflects the spirit of a more general movement in favor of health promotion throughout the world. But the developing world is far from reaching this aim. The health of populations has improved in developing regions but there are still deep inequalities, and serious problems remain, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. After reviewing the core concepts of population health, the book examines health transition in developing countries, a process that has resulted in a double burden of diseases. A discussion of mortality in developing countries serves to highlight the high rates of child mortality in these regions. The book devotes a full chapter to women’s health, and its chapter-length analysis of morbidity highlights the double burden weighing down developing populations and concludes with an analysis of health systems in developing countries.
This book details the interactions between the Seeds of Rangiatea, New Zealand's Maori people of Polynesian origin, and Europe from 1769 to 1900. It provides a case-study of the way Imperial era contact and colonization negatively affected naturally evolving demographic/epidemiologic transitions and imposed economic conditions that thwarted development by precursor peoples, wherever European expansion occurred. In doing so, it questions the applicability of conventional models for analyses of colonial histories of population/health and of development. The book focuses on, and synthesizes, the most critical parts of the story, the health and population trends, and the economic and social development of Maori. It adopts demographic methodologies, most typically used in developing countries, which allow the mapping of broad changes in Maori society, particularly their survival as a people. The book raises general theoretical questions about how populations react to the introduction of diseases to which they have no natural immunity. Another more general theoretical issue is what happens when one society's development processes are superseded by those of some more powerful force, whether an imperial power or a modern-day agency, which has ingrained ideas about objectives and strategies for development. Finally, it explores how health and development interact. The Maori experience of contact and colonization, lasting from 1769 to circa 1900, narrated here, is an all too familiar story for many other territories and populations, Natives and former colonists. This book provides a case-study with wider ramifications for theory in colonial history, development studies, demography, anthropology and other fields. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. All rights reserved.
Why does so much of the world speak English? This book gives a new answer to that question, uncovering a 'Settler Revolution' that took place from the early 19th century that led to the explosive settlement of the American West and its forgotten twin, the British West, comprising the settler dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Between 1780 and 1930, the number of English-speakers rocketed from 12 million in 1780 to 200 million, and their wealth and power grew to match. Their secret was not racial, or cultural, or institutional superiority but a resonant intersection of historical changes, including the sudden rise of mass transfer across oceans and mountains, a revolutionary upward shift in attitudes to emigration, the emergence of a settler 'boom mentality', and a late flowering of non-industrial technologies - wind, water, wood, and work animals - especially on settler frontiers. This revolution combined with the Industrial Revolution to transform settlement into something explosive - capable of creating great cities like Chicago and Melbourne and large socio-economies in a single generation. The 'Settler Revolution' was not exclusive to the Anglophone countries - Argentina, Siberia, and Manchuria also experienced it. But it was the Anglophone settlers who managed to integrate frontier and metropolis most successfully, and it was this that gave them the impetus and the material power to provide the world's leading super-powers for the last 200 years.
New Zealand has experienced a marked increase in immigration since the early 1990s, which has fostered greater ethnic diversity. However, little is known about the changing patterns of spatial differentiation among ethnic groups. Using the New Zealand Census data from 1991 to 2006, we examine the patterns of Asian, Maori, and Pacific people residential segregation from the majority European population. We then assess the effects of ethnic group and geographic level characteristics on the levels of segregation. The results reveal that Pacific people are the most segregated group from Europeans. The levels of segregation have declined only slightly for Maori and Pacific people over time, but increased gradually for Asians. While results show general support for spatial assimilation theory, different sets of factors were found to be associated with levels of segregation for each ethnic minority group.
2 CD-ROM: 1978-1999 and 1978-2010 (Archives: ask a librarian / En archives: demander au Centre de documentation)
Between World War Two and the 1970s, the danger of TB disappeared for most New Zealanders. Conducted against a background of rising living standards, the anti-TB campaign saw dramatic declines in TB mortality and incidence. But tuberculosis proved far more opportunistic than expected. Its continued entrenchment at low levels among New Zealand’s poor frustrated the campaign’s ultimate goal of eradication.In the 1940s, the Health Department’s total commitment to the anti-TB campaign indicated the danger TB represented across society. The nationwide mass X-ray programme reflected the confidence in technology and medical science of the day. It operated for nearly 30 years but its value was largely symbolic. It was a costly means of identifying cases and a more targeted scheme may well have sufficed. BCG vaccination was introduced as the final block in a wall of anti-TB measures and the mass vaccination of school children sought to protect an entire at-risk age group. The timeframe of the anti-TB campaign witnessed the final years of sanatorium treatment. In spite of the isolation and uncertain outcome, these institutions offered many patients a positive experience, safe from the stigmatising attitudes common in society. The drug revolution allowed treatment at home and a reliable cure that, nevertheless, brought its own problems of compliance.The decline in TB was not shared equally. High Maori TB rates fell, but still lagged European rates and, from the 1960s, a growing Pacific Island immigrant population also challenged the goal of eradication. Attempts to control TB at the border reflected racist attitudes of the time. The Health Department grappled with the ethnic diversity of TB incidence and different cultural attitudes to the disease. Now curable, TB’s potential for stigmatisation faded, yet also persisted for those high-risk groups exposed to poverty. By the late 1970s, mainstream society was beginning to stigmatise ethnic minorities and immigrants as ‘responsible’ for TB.This thesis contributes to the history of tuberculosis and public health in New Zealand and internationally. It reveals the shifting ground beneath a public health campaign, not just in medical developments, but in the diversity of the targeted population. The thesis highlights the need for a dynamic and layered approach to public health that anticipates change and diversity and continually adjusts its activities and messages to meet them.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 453-468).
With population ageing becoming an issue of major importance for societies in the developed countries, in both the scientific and policy communities there is widespread interest in the determinants of these structural changes. The focus has been on declines in fertility, arguably the major causal factor, but increasingly analyses are turning to the other major determinant, improving survivorship. This paper relates to this aspect of ageing but not to fertility per se.
Three dimensions of the survival curve have been developed: (1) "horizontalization," which corresponds to how long a cohort and how many survivors can live before aging-related deaths significantly decrease the proportion of survivors; (2) "verticalization," which corresponds to how concentrated aging-related ("normal") deaths are around the modal age at death (M); and (3) "longevity extension," which corresponds to how far the highest normal life durations can exceed M. Our study shows that the degree of horizontalization increased relatively less than the degree of verticalization in Hong Kong from 1976 to 2001. After age normalization, the highest normal life durations moved closer to M, implying that the increase in human longevity is meeting some resistance.
Poverty alleviation in remote indigenous Australia," in First World First Nations. Internal Colonialism and Self-Determination in Northern Europe and Australia
- J Altman
- K May
Altman, J. & May, K. (2011). "Poverty alleviation in remote indigenous Australia," in First
World First Nations. Internal Colonialism and Self-Determination in Northern Europe
and Australia, eds. G. Minnerup & P. Solberg, Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press,
pp. 149-167.
The Maori population. A microcosm of the new world
- W Borrie
Borrie, W. (1959). "The Maori population. A microcosm of the new world," in Anthropology
in the South Seas. Essays Presented to H.D. Skinner, eds. J. Freeman & W. Geddes,
New Plymouth: Thomas Avery, for the Polynesian Society, pp. 247-262.
Maori-Pakeha intermarriage
- J Harre
Harre, J. (1972). "Maori-Pakeha intermarriage," in The Maori People in the 1960s, ed. E.
Schwimmer, Auckland: Longman Paul, pp. 118-131.
- T Kukutai
Kukutai, T. (2011). "Maori demography in Aotearoa New Zealand. Fifty years on," New
Zealand Population Review, Special Edition 37, pp. 45-64.
A study of the causes leading to the extinction of the Maori
- A Newman
Newman, A. (1881). "A study of the causes leading to the extinction of the Maori," Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, pp. 59-77.
Beyond the Imperial Frontier. The Contest for Colonial
- V O'malley
O'Malley, V. (2014). Beyond the Imperial Frontier. The Contest for Colonial New Zealand, Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
Population Division, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
- I Pool
Pool, I. (1985) "Mortality trends and differentials," in The Population of New Zealand 1
(Country Monograph Series 12), Population Division, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok & New York: United Nations, pp. 209-242.
Cross-comparative perspectives on New Zealand's health," in Social Dimensions of Health and Disease
- I Pool
Pool, I. (1994) "Cross-comparative perspectives on New Zealand's health," in Social Dimensions of Health and Disease. New Zealand Perspectives, eds. J. Spicer, A. Trlin & J.
Walton, Palmerston North: Dunmore Press, pp. 16-49.
Health implications of ethnic and gender gaps in survival. A cohort analysis
- I Pool
Pool, I. (2014) "Health implications of ethnic and gender gaps in survival. A cohort analysis," New Zealand Population Review, 40, pp. 41-61.
A history of cohort mortality in New Zealand
- I Pool
- J Cheung
Pool, I. & Cheung, J (2003). "A history of cohort mortality in New Zealand," New Zealand
Population Review, 29:2, pp. 107-138.
Report of the commission appointed to look into the subject of native land laws
- W Rees
- J Carroll
- T Mackay
Rees, W., Carroll, J. & Mackay, T. (1891). "Report of the commission appointed to look into
the subject of native land laws," Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives, G-1, Wellington: Government Printer.
Development theory and policy
- J Stiglitz
Stiglitz, J. (2008). "Development theory and policy," in Development Economics through the
Decades. A Critical Look at the World Development Report, ed. S. Yusuf, Washington
D.C.: World Bank, pp. 139-151.
Report to the Academy of Social Sciences of Australia on the workshop 'Data Sovereignty for Indigenous Peoples: Current Practice and Needs
- J Taylor
- T Kukutai
Taylor, J. & Kukutai, T. (2015). "Report to the Academy of Social Sciences of Australia
on the workshop 'Data Sovereignty for Indigenous Peoples: Current Practice and
Needs,' Australian National University 9-10 July, Canberra," unpublished report
7 August 2015, Australian National University.
The smallpox epidemic among the Maoris of the Northern District
- Hiroa Te Rangi
Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck) (1914). "The smallpox epidemic among the Maoris of the
Northern District," Australasian Medical Congress, 10 th Session, Melbourne, February, pp. 212-224.
Tuberculosis in the Maori
- H Turbott
Turbott, H. (1935). Tuberculosis in the Maori, East Coast, North Island, Wellington: Government Printer.
On the conversion and civilisation of the Maoris of the South Island of New Zealand
- J Wohlers
Wohlers, J. (1881). "On the conversion and civilisation of the Maoris of the South Island
of New Zealand," Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, pp.
123-134.
The Healthy Country? A History of Life and Death
- A Woodward
- T Blakely
Woodward, A. & Blakely, T. (2014). The Healthy Country? A History of Life and Death in New
Zealand, Auckland: AUP.