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Placemaking for Autism Spectrum Disorder Children

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Abstract

In light of the autism spectrum disorder children isolation in recreational spaces, it stems from the absence of specific criteria for designing and selecting recreational spaces that consider their personal characteristics, social, vital, and psychological needs. The study aims to enhance the recreational environment for autism spectrum disorder children by providing a suitable recreational space suitable for their needs and personal characteristics that helps them to integrate with their peers through the activities between them. Additionally, the research focuses on their awareness of the recreational elements and their ability to interact with them. By using the inductive method to study the characteristics and needs of the autism spectrum disorder child, recreational space elements, and the five urban design theories. To access an analytical framework describing the relationship between autism spectrum disorder child and recreational space through five theories of urban design, to be applied to a sample consisting of 10 autism spectrum disorder children by observing them in the garden that was selected according to the space criteria that was deduced in the analytical part. In addition to using the qualitative methodology by applying some measurement tools on each child before and after the experiment to interpret the behavior of each child, and using the quantitative methodology by using tables and graphs for the results of measuring the sense of psychological security scale before and after the experiment, urban design theories questionnaire, observation form, and explaining all the data to obtain grades that describe the measurement criteria. The study finds out that the criteria chosen for the garden were correct by comparing the results of the psychological security scale before and after the experiment, which showed improvement in the sense of security for 7 autism spectrum disorder children, interaction and Perception of garden elements, and interaction with users. في ظل ما يعانيه الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد من انعزال في الفراغات الترفيهية ناتج من عدم وجود معايير محددة لتصميم واختيار فراغ ترفيهي يراعى سماته الشخصية واحتياجاته الاجتماعية والحيوية والنفسية داخله. لذلك فإن الهدف الأساسي للبحث هو تطوير البيئة الفراغية للطفل التوحدي من خلال وجود فراغ ترفيهي ملائم مع احتياجاتهم وسماتهم الشخصية ويساعدهم على الدمج مع أقرانهم من خلال الأنشطة المشتركة بينهم، وادراكهم لمكونات الفراغ الترفيهي من حولهم والتفاعل معه. وذلك باستخدام المنهج الاستقرائي (Inductive Method) لدراسة سمات واحتياجات الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد ودراسة الفراغ الترفيهي ومكوناته ونظرياته الخمسة، للوصول إلى تحليل يصف العلاقة بين الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد والفراغ من خلال نظرية استعادة الانتباه، وألجشطلت، والتكامل الحسي، وعناصر الوضوح، والاحتمال والملاذ، للتطبيق على عينة مكونه من 10 أطفال من ذوي اضطراب طيف التوحد من خلال الملاحظة المباشرة عليهم في الحديقة التي تم اختيارها طبقاُ لمعايير اختيار الفراغ التي تم استنباطها في الجزء التحليلي. واستخدام المنهجية الكيفية (Qualitative Methodology) وذلك بتطبيق بعض أدوات القياس على كل طفل قبل وبعد التجربة لتفسير السلوك الصادر من كل طفل، واستخدام المنهجية الكمية (Quantitative Methodology) وذلك عن طريق استخدام الجداول والرسومات البيانية لنتائج مقياس الشعور بالآمن النفسي قبل وبعد التجربة واستبيان نظريات التصميم العمراني واستمارة الملاحظة، وشرح كافة البيانات ومعالجتها للحصول على درجات تصف أوزان متوسطات المعايير. تتكون الرسالة من ثلاثة أبواب، الباب الأول هو الإطار النظري، يتكون الإطار النظري من فصلين وهما الأول والثاني، الفصل الأول يقدم دراسة نظرية عن التوحد وخصائصه (اجتماعية - سلوكية – معرفية – خصائص متعلقة باللعب)، وسماته وتاريخه وبعض التعريفات الخاصة بالاضطراب، ومستويات الأداء (عالي - متوسط – منخفض) والنظريات المفسرة له (بيئية - عضوية - العقل - التنفيذية – التسمم بالمعادن – اللقاحات)، الهدف من الفصل الأول هو معرفة مدى قصور الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد لأنه سيؤثر لاحقاً في عملية اختيار نظريات التصميم العمراني الملائمة مع هذا القصور سواء بالتكامل أو معالجة ذلك القصور. الفصل الثاني هو دراسة لمرتادي الفراغ الترفيهي سواء كان للطفل التوحدي أو الطبيعي، لمعرفة سمات واحتياجات كل منهما، يقدم الفصل الثاني دراسة نظرية عن السمات العامة للطفل التوحدي والطفل الطبيعي (التواصل - اللغة – التكرار والتشابه – التعامل مع المحفزات الخارجية – الأنشطة – التفاعل)، ودراسة احتياجات كل منهما في الفراغ الترفيهي (حيوية -اجتماعية - نفسية)، ودراسة المساحة الشخصية لكل منهما لمعرفة القدرة الاستيعابية للفراغ الترفيهي. الهدف من الفصل الثاني هو معرفة معايير الدمج بين الطفلين التي سيتم تطبيقها لاحقاً في الإطار التحليلي للوصول للأنشطة المشتركة بينهم داخل الفراغ الترفيهي. الباب الثاني هو الإطار التحليلي، وهو إطار لربط قصور الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد واحتياجاته وسماته وخصائصه والبرامج التدريبية ومستوي أداءه بالفراغ الترفيهي أي تطويع الفراغ الترفيهي لتمثيل تصميم مكاني ملاءم للطفل التوحدي. الفصل الثالث يدرس كيفية اختيار نوعية النشاط لفراغ عام ملائم للطفل التوحدي ولعينة الدراسة التي تقع في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة والمتأخرة وبرنامج تدريبي التدخل باللعب لذلك وقع الاختيار على الفراغ الترفيهي، في الفصل الثالث أيضاً سيتم دراسة العلاقة بين مستويات اضطراب طيف التوحد (عالي -متوسط – منخفض) وانعكاس ذلك على الفراغ الترفيهي عن طريق تحديد نقاط القوة والضعف في كل مستوى، نقاط القوة تتحول لفرص داخل الفراغ الترفيهي ونقاط الضعف تتحول إلى احتياجات يجب أن يوفرها الفراغ الترفيهي للطفل التوحدي حتى يصبح ملائم للطفل التوحدي، كما سيتم دراسة البرامج التدريبية للطفل التوحدي وكيفية تطبيقها في الفراغ الترفيهي وهى محاولة لإثبات دور الفراغ الترفيهي في تنمية ومعالجة الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد لاستيعاب اختلافه، كما سيتم دراسة معايير الدمج التي تم التوصل إليها في الإطار النظري داخل الفراغ الترفيهي، وهى محاولة للوصول إلي مؤشرات لفراغ ترفيهي يستوعب احتياجات كل من الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد والطبيعي ولمعرفة منطقة التوافق بينهما، منطقة التوافق هي المنطقة التي ستحدد نوعية الأنشطة المشتركة بينهما داخل الفراغ الترفيهي. الفصل الرابع يقدم دراسة لربط نظريات التصميم العمراني الخمسة بالطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد، هذا الربط يكون من خلال التكامل أو معالجة قصور الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد. لصياغة معايير اختيار الفراغ الترفيهي الملائم له، تم الوصول إلى خمس نظريات تتلاءم مع الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد (نظرية استعادة الانتباه – نظرية ألجشطلت – نظرية التكامل الحسي – نظرية الاحتمال والملاذ – نظرية عناصر الوضوح)، هذه النظريات تعالج قصور الذاكرة والانتباه والادراك للطفل التوحدي وتتكامل مع احتياجه للوضوح والملاذ داخل الفراغ الترفيهي تم صياغة المعايير عن طريق طرح بعض التساؤلات الخاصة بمبادئ نظرية استعادة الانتباه لاستنتاج معايير تتوافق مع الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد، وعن طريق عمل استبيان الكتروني اختباري لصياغة معايير خاصة بالنظريات الأربعة (ألجشطلت -التكامل الحسى -عناصر الوضوح -الاحتمال والملاذ)، من خلال هذه المعايير يمكن صياغة استمارتين للرفع العمراني لفراغ التجربة لمعرفة الفراغ الملائم لعينة الدراسة استمارة منبثقة من نظرية استعادة الانتباه، وهي النظرية التي تستوعب العمليات العقلية للطفل التوحدي من الذاكرة والانتباه، واستمارة منبثقة من النظريات الأربعة، وهي النظريات التي تستوعب قياس لمكونات الفراغ الترفيهي العام لكي يصبح ملائم للطفل التوحدي. الباب الثالث خاص بالدراسة التطبيقية، بداية من بناء النموذج مروراً بالدراسة التطبيقية لفراغ الدراسة (الحديقة)، وصولاً بنتائج التجربة ومناقشتها. النموذج هو الطريقة التي سيتم تطبيقها على عينة الدراسة في الحديقة، وذلك من خلال وضع فروض نظرية للنموذج واشتراطات لاختيار العينة ومعايير القياس والاوزان النسبية لها لاستنتاج أدوات القياس، معايير القياس تشمل مجموعتين، مجموعة خاصة بقياس مدي ملائمة الفراغ الترفيهي للطفل التوحدي والمجموعة الثانية تمثل رصد لسلوكيات الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد في الفراغ الترفيهي. ولكي يتم تطبيق هذه المعايير تم وضع اوزان نسبيه لها تمثل مد ملائمة مكونات ومحددات الفراغ لعينة الدراسة والفعل الإيجابي للطفل التوحدي في الحديقة، يلي ذلك تصميم واختيار أدوات القياس فالمجموعة الثانية ستمثلها استمارة الملاحظة، والمجموعة الأولي سيمثلها استمارتين للرفع العمراني. في النموذج أيضاً سيتم وضع اشتراطات لحدود العينة تتمثل في أطفال تقع تحت مستوى أداء يقع بين (العالي والمتوسط) ومرحلة طفولة مبكرة ومتأخرة، وتحتوي على أطباء وأخصائيين للقيام بالدعم وبعض الاختبارات على العينة. الفصل السادس هو فصل الدراسة التطبيقية، فبعد تحديد عينة الدراسة واختيار الفراغ الترفيهي الملائم لها تم التوصل إلى فراغ ترفيهي يتمثل في الحديقة الملحقة بمكتبة شبرا الخيمة العامة وعينة دراسة تحتوى على 10 أطفال توحديون، تمت زيارة الحديقة في الساعة العاشرة يوم الثالث عشر من شهر أغسطس لعام 2022م ولمدة ثلاث ساعات، وتم تطبيق أدوات القياس على الأطفال في عينة الدراسة سواء كانت أدوات قياس قبل التجربة تتمثل في البطاقات البصرية لتهيئة الأطفال أو مقياس الشعور بالآمن النفسي قبل التجربة، أو تطبيق الملاحظة المباشرة عليهم من خلال استمارة الملاحظة لرصد سلوكياتهم وتفاعلهم مع مكونات الحديقة، أو تطبيق أدوات القياس بعد انقضاء الثلاث ساعات كمقياس الشعور بالآمن النفسي أو استبيان نظريات التصميم العمراني. نتائج التجربة في الحديقة اثبتت صحة المعايير التي تم اختيار الحديقة عليها من خلال مقارنة نتائج مقياس الشعور بالأمن النفسي قبل وبعد التجربة التي أظهر تحسن في الشعور بالأمان لدى 7 أطفال، والتفاعل وأدراك مكونات الحديقة، والتفاعل مع مرتاد الفراغ. خلصت التجربة إلى أن النظريات التي تم اختيارها لاستنباط معايير اختيار الفراغ الترفيهي الملائم لأطفال اضطراب طيف التوحد أثبتت صحتها، سواء كانت هذه المعايير منبثقة من نظرية استعادة الانتباه أو نظريات التصميم العمراني الأربع، وأن هناك أولوية لعملية تطبيق نظريات التصميم العمراني عند اختيار الفراغ الترفيهي الملائم لأطفال طيف التوحد تبعاً لمتوسطها المعياري الذي تم استنتاجه في التجربة، نظرية ألجشطلت تحتاج إعادة صياغة لمبادئها لعدم ملاءمتها لطبيعة اضطراب طيف التوحد. كما يمكن رصد ردود فعل الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد على الفراغ الترفيهي سواء بالرفض أو الإيجاب من خلال تقييم تفضيلاته لمكونات الفراغ المادية وتقدمه في اللعب المرتبط بالوقت، كما يمكن دمج الطفل الطبيعي و الطفل ذو اضطراب طيف التوحد في فراغ ترفيهي واحد مع الآخذ في الاعتبار الحفاظ على المساحة الشخصية لكل منهما ووضع أنشطة مشتركة بينهم، من خلال التجربة يمكن ادراج اللعب كأحد البرامج التدريبية لأطفال طيف التوحد، ينتج عن ذلك مساهمة الفراغ الترفيهي كجزء من العلاج للطفل التوحدي.
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

(ASD)
Placemaking for Autism Spectrum Disorder Children
 /       


2024



(ASD)
Placemaking for Autism Spectrum Disorder Children
 /       



2024
.       -  
     -  
     




(ASD)

      



















  ASD     




2024








  :



:

 



:


 
  

 
 









:

 























 

(ASD)




:





(Inductive Method)



10

(Qualitative Methodology)

(Quantitative Methodology)













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 ................................................................................................................
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 .....................................................................................................................
 ....................................................................................................................
 .....................................................................................................................
 ..........................................................................................................
 ...................................................................................................
2.0 ......................................................................................................
3.0 .. 
4.0 ...........................................................................................................
 ......................................................................................................
 ................................................................................................................


 ................................................................................................... 
 ................................................................................................... 
 ............................................................................................................. 
 ........................................................................................................ 
 ..................................................................................................... 
 ............................................................................................................ 
 ........................................................................................................ 
1 ................................................................................................. 
 ......................................................................................................... 
 ............................................................................... 
 ............................................................... 
 .................................................................. 
 .................................................................. 
 .................................................................. 
 ................................................................................................. 



 ...................................... 
 ............................................................. 
 ........................................................... 
 ......................................................................... 
(APA) Applied Behavior Analysis .................................... 
occupational therapy ................................................................. 
language therapy-Speech ................................................... 
Physical therapy ...................................................................... 
5.6.1Music therapy ....................................................................... 
6.6.1Art Therapy ................................................................................. 
 ....................................................................................................... 

 ........................................................................................................................ 
 ........................................ 
 ..................................... 
 .................................................................................. 
........................................................................... 
 .......................................... 
 ............................................................................................... 
 ............................................................................ 
 ................................. 
 ...................................................................................................... 


 ................................................................................................................ 
 ..................................................................................................... 
 ................................................................................................... 
 ......................................................................................... 
  ......................................................... 
 ................................... 
 .............................................................. 




 ......................................................... 
 ............................................................................................. 
 ...................................................................................................... 

 ................................................................................................. 
Attention Restoration Theory ............ 
 ...................................................................................... 
 .......................................................................... 
 ...................................................................................... 
 ................................................................................... 
 ...................................................................................... 


Gestalt theory ............................................................................ 
Sensory integration theory ................................................... 
Elements of legibility .......................................................... 
Prospect and refuge theory .............................................. 
 ..................................................................... 
1 .......................................................................................... 
 ................................................................................................ 
 ...................................................................................................... 


 ................................................................................................. 
 ................................................................................................ 
 ...................................................................................................................... 
 .........................................................................................................    ......................................................    ........................    ................................................................................................   .........................................................................   .........................................................................................................    .....................................................    .................................................   .................................................................................................. 





 .............................................................................. 
 .................................................................................................. 
 .............................................................................................. 
 ........................................................................ 
 ...................................................... 
 ................................................................................ 
 ............................................... 
 .......................................................................................................... 
 .............................................................. 
 ................................................................... 
 ......................................................................... 
 ........................ 
 ........................................... 
 ............................................................................................................ 
 .................................................................................................. 

 .................................................................................... 
 ........................................................................................... 
 .................................................................................................................. 
 ................................................................................................................. 
 ......................................................................................................................... 
CARS .....................................................................................  2 .......................................   ........................................................................................   ............................................   .......................................   .........................   ..................................................................................  ................................................................................   ................................................................................................................   ...............................................................................................................   .............................................................................................................  Abstract .................................................................................................................... 




  .............................................................   ..........................................................................
  .................................................................................   .....................................................................................   ..............................................................................................   ........................................................................................................
  ..............................................................   ......................................................................................................   .....................................................................   .............................................................................   ......................................................................................................   ..................................................................................................... 
 ..................................................................................................   ........................................................................................................   .........................................................................................   ............................................................................................ 
  .............................................................................................   ........................................................................................    .................................................................   ...............    ....................    .............................................................   ............................................................................................ 
  ........................................................................   ..........................................................................................................   ..................................................................................................   ......................................................................  Child friendly neighborhood. ..........................................................................   ............................................................................................    ....................................................................................................   Arts Garden ..................................................................................................   Physical therapy .......................................................................................... 


  ................................................................................................   Piano Stairs ................................................................................................    Art Therapy Activities ..................................................................................   .............................................................   ............................................................................................    .................................................................    ..............................................    ..........................................    ......................................................................    ....................................................................    .................................................................................................    .................................................................................................    .....................................................    ........................................................ 
  ......................................................    ....................................................    ...................................................................    ...............................................................................    ...............................................    ................................... 
  .................................................................................    ...............................................................................    ..............................................................    ....................................................................................    ......................................................................................    ......................   ........................................................................................... 
  ...................................................................   ..........................................................   ....................................................................................    ..........................................................................    ..................................................   ............................. 
 .....................................................................................   .....................................................................................  ..................................................................................   ......................................................................................................   ............................................................................................. 


the Northern School for Autism ....................................................................   .....................................................................   .....................................................................    ..........................................................................   ...............................................................................    .........................................................    .....................................................    ........................................................................................    ........................................................................................    ....................................................................................    .......................................................................................    ..................................................................    .......................................................................    ................................................................    .......................................................................    ........................................    .....................................................................   ................... 
 ..........................   ....................................   ....................................   ...............................................   ..................................   .....................................    ...................................................................    .....................................    .........................................   .................................................................................   ........................................................................................... 
 3 ......................................................................................................  3 .......................................................................................................  3 ............................................................................  3 ........................................................................   ....................................................... 
 ................................  .................................................. 
.............................................................................................   ........................................................................................... 


 ........................................................................................   ........................................................................................ 
 .........................................................................................   .........................................................................................   ................................................................................   ....................................................................................... 
  ................................................................................   .......................................................................................  3 .....................................................................  3 ................................................................ 
3 ......................................................................  3 .....................................................  3 ....................................................................  3 ...................................................................  3 .....................................................................................................  3 ...............................................................................  3 ...................................................................................  3 ...................................................................  3 .........................................................................  3 ...........................................................................................  3 ............................................................................  3 ..................................................................  3 .............................................................................  3 ................................................................................   .................................................................................................   .....................................................................   .......................................................  3 ............................................................................ 
3 ...........................................................  3 .......................................................................  3 ...................................................................................................  3 ...........................................................................................  3 ....................................................................  3 ..................................  3 ...........................................................  3 ................................   ...................................  3 ................................................................ 


3 .................................................  3 ..............................................................................   ........................................................................................ 
 3 ..........................................................................  3 .................................................. 
3 ..............................  3 ................................................  3...........................................................  3...........................................................................  3............................ 
3 .........................................  3 ...............................................................  3 ......................................................................  3 .........................  3 .....................................................................................................  3 ............................................................................  3 .....................................................................................  3 ......................................................................................  3 ..........................................................................................  3 ..................................................................... 
3 .................................................................  3  ................................................................  3  ............................................................................  3  ............................................................. 

  ................................................................................   ............................... 
 ........................................................ 
 .....................................   ................................   ............................................................................. 
  ....................................................  ......................................................................... 


 .......................   ................................   .................   .....................................   ..............................................................................   ................................................    ..........   .........................................................   ................................................... 

 ..........................................................................   ........................................................................   ................   ...................................................................................   ................................................................. 
 . 
 ..........................................................................................   ...................................   .............................. 
 ..................................   ......................................................   ............................................   ...................................................... 
 .......................................   .....................................................   ................................................................................   .............................................................................   ...................................................   ......................................   ................................................   ..........................................................   ............   .......................................... 
 .....   ...............................................   .....................   ...........................................................   .................................... 
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 











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



Cognitive Urbanism



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


.
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Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU)project (2018), Project Coordinator: Manuel Posada,
https://www.autismeurope.org/programme-asdeu-autism-spectrum-disorders-in-the-european-union-2015-
2017/, (last accessed 31 August 2023)
2
Mostafa, M (March 2008): An architecture for autism: Concepts of design intervention for the autistic user.
International Journal of Architectural Research, vol/2, issue/1, pp. 189-211..
3
Rapp, A and Cena, F (October 2019): Designing an urban support for autism. Conference Paper, 21st International
conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services, Taipei, p3.

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
Universal Design

Design
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Inclusive 



2


ASD


2.0  

.


1
https://www.planning.org/planning/2021/spring/well-designed-public-spaces-are-inclusive-ones/, (last accessed
20 August 2023)
2
https://academythinkinteriordesign.medium.com/designing-inclusive-and-accessible-public-spaces-fostering-
community-engagement-in-parks-, (last accessed 20 August 2023)
Universal Design
Inclusive Design
design for ASD
04

 

https://www.glassdoor.com/Photos/The-
New-England-Center-for-Children-Office-
Photos-IMG1521109.htm
 03
google Earth
02
google Earth

3 | P a g e
3.0  


1

    
2
  
4.0  1 
 2  3   4   5  5.0 
1 

 2 


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Ismail, Z, and Nazri, N (2016): A framework for educational building facilities for children with autism in Malaysia.
International journal of humanities and cultural studies, vol/3, issue /1, pp. 2158- 2176.
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2017 WISE40

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

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
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  
        

 

 
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  
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
1  2  3  4 
6.0  Research Method 



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1
2016
2
Sarah (2020): , https://m7et.com/childhood-stages-and-their-
characteristics/, (last accessed 11 November 2023).
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2015
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http://mohe.gov.sy/master/Message/Mc/saja%20khodra.pdf, (last accessed 2 June 2023).
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

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

CarsIQ

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2 

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6 | P a g e






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


7.0 
06      10
   
      

  


7 | P a g e
  
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



 





06
9 | P a g e



ASD  
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


10 | P a g e





 "autos"  
1
 
   




 
2
ASD
3
   
4
 neurodevelopmental disorders  
5
  
6

7
-DSM v 
8

1
WebMD (2013) What Does the Word ‘Autism’ Mean?, http://www.webmd.com/brain/ autism/history-of-
autismHistory, (last accessed 30 August 2021).
2
https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF/,, (last Accessed
26 April 2021).
3
ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder
4
   
ADHD ASDdyslexia
5
Alshuaibat, S (2018): 100 days kit for school age children, From the child and adolescent mental health center of
excellence, Dubai: autism speak, pp 6-7. https://www.autismspeaks.org/tool-kit/100-day-kit-school-age-children
(last accessed 10 December 2022).
6
20163 168347379
7
DSM v: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
8
V-DSM


11 | P a g e

1
     
2
 
 
3
 


4

 
5
 


6
 

7

1
200825
2
2015
9
http://nceee.edu.eg/puplic/images/nceee/pdf/adala3.pdf , (last accessed 24 June 2023)
3
Sensory Integrationprocessan innate neurobiological   (Ismail, Z, and Nazri, N (2016),
cit, op)
4
2016
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5
2011 123298328
6
20121 638
7
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12 | P a g e
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1
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3
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 
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4
11
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

2016



  
      1   2  3  4  5  6 
 
2011
 

2012



2004


2005
 
Gerlach, 2003



2016


1
2003
2
Gerlach, E (2003): Autism treatment guide. Texas: future horizons, p20.
3
19931
4
2016 70131.

21
21

13 | P a g e
 
11

 


1
 
(Eugen Bleuler)
1921
 
2
1943Leo Kenner

 
Mentally retarded 


3
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4

Early Infantile Autism
Hans Asperger1943
Autistic Psychopathy
5
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2013Asperger syndrome

6
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SchizophreniaDSM-II
1980
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7
1
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2
201610
3
2016131
4
Schopler, V, and Mesibov, B (1992): High-functioning individuals with autism. Boston: springer MA Publisher.
5
2011 123298328.
6

7
201511

1921


1943



1943

DSM-II
1960

DSM-III
1980

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DSM-v
2013
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2
 
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Peptide
 
Peptides

Peptides
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5
134
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1
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2
2007 44
3
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4
2010
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5
Rogers J, and Hepburn, H, and Wehner, E (2003): Parent reports of sensory symptoms in toddlers with autism and
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
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2016353
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20183450
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2013 8230255
3
201634
4
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4
2 
     
5
 
6
RSCA  
1
2011 123302
2
2015 .
3
2015.
4
Engel, A (2011): Physical activity participation in children with autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory study.
unpublished Msc, Master of Science University of Toronto, USA.
5
Engel, A (2011): op.cit.
6
Childhood Autism Rating Scale

19 | P a g e
 
1
   

 
2
functional levels of Autism DSM-5  
3
4
1.5.1
Asperger Syndrome  

. 


5
6
.
2.5.1
 
1
2020 16276290
2
2020 16278
3
Not available (25 August 2022) :,
https://altibbi.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-
%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF-
%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87-8119, (last access 1 January
2024).
4
Rudy, Lisa (30 October 2021): Understanding the Three Levels of Autism. Reviewed by steven gans, Verywell
health, https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-three-levels-of-autism-260233, (last access23 February
2022).
5
20041
6
201328

20 | P a g e
 
3.5.1
 
   
 

 
1
 
1.6.1(APA) Applied Behavior Analysis
  

2
ʻ
3

   
4
2.6.1 occupational therapy
 
1
201634.
2
2011298328
3
2008 
4
200764

21 | P a g e


1
.
3.6.1language therapy-Speech

 
2
4.6.1Physical therapy




ASD


3
 14
5.6.1 Music therapy
 
Occupational

4
AAMT
5

  
6.6.1 Art Therapy
AMTA
 

1
Bumin, G, and Huri, M, and Salar, S, and Kayihan, H (2015): Occupational therapy in autism. In (Chapter 9) autism
spectrum disorder - Recent Advances, London: Intech. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/47512, (last
accessed 7 September 2023).
2
Vitaskova, K, and Kytnarova, L (2017): The role of speech and language therapist in autism spectrum disorders
intervention an inclusive approach. in advances in speech-language pathology, London: Intech.
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56560, (last accessed 7 September 2023).
3
Physical Therapy for Autism:https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/treatments/physical-
therapy, (last accessed 10/2/2022).
4
American Music Therapy Association
5
201811016
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1
  
2

3
   
7.6.1play therapy
  


4
 
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Sensory play
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20154 4107127
2
2006 120
3
Mcelroy, S.,and Warren, A, and Jones, F. (2006): Home-based art therapy for olderadults with mental health
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Kelly, K (2009): Play therapy and the effects on social skills in children with autism. Unpublished Ms school
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2002
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collaborates-richard-dattner-architectdesigner-
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20/sensory-play-activities-the- -of-
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http://sa3eidz.blogspot.com/2012/12/blog
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   



 

ASD 

1 
2 

3 

4 


26 | P a g e












1


1.2 






2





3
2.2   
1
2016 2812951
2
2007 9
3
2016 7028

27 | P a g e
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1
   
 
2
 
  

1

2
2012 ICCAE
https://iccae.journals.ekb.eg/article_44394_1e2a06325d157c2edb1e296edcf06d0f.pdf, (last access 1 December
2023)

  

   
111
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1
2













3
4



 
5


 
6








7







8



9








10

 


11

1
Arnaiz, P, and Segado, F, and Albaladejo, L (2011): Autism spectrum disorders - from genes to environment.
Edited by Tim Williams, Croatia: Intech.
2
Richer, J, and Nicoll, S (1971): A playroom for autistic children, and its companion therapy project. British Journal
of Mental Subnormality, vol/33, pp. 132143
3
1999.
https://ebook.univeyes.com/57225,(last accessed 31 August 2023).
4
2018
.
https://ds.univoran2.dz:8443/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4617/1/th%C3%A8se.pdf, (last accessed 24 June 2023)
5
20092
6
200951
7
2010
94100
8
Alshuaibat, S (2018): 100 days kit for school age children, From the child and adolescent mental health center of
excellence, Dubai: autism speak, pp 6-7. https://www.autismspeaks.org/tool-kit/100-day-kit-school-age-children
last accessed 10 December 2022).
9
2018.
10
201829
11
1999.
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1
1 


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2
      
   
3


4


5
1
20162951
2
20053216274
3
2020
511239.
4
2015
58
http://mohe.gov.sy/master/Message/Mc/saja%20khodra.pdf, (last accessed 2 June 2023).
5
202030.
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112

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2  
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1
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2
3 
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3



13
 














2.3.2  1  


4

1
1985
https://www.ebooksar.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-
%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3-pdf, (last accessed 31 August
2023).
2
Gill, T, and Byles, G (2010): Playgrounds and playground equipment, in Design standards for urban infrastructure,
Texas: John Willy &Sons.
https://www.cityservices.act.gov.au/plan-and-build/standards-codes-and-guidelines/legacy-
documents/design_standards_for_urban_infrastructure, (last accessed 4 July 2023).
3
20162951.
4
Simonoff, E, and Pickles, A, and Charman, T, and Chandler, S, and Loucas, T, and Baird, G (2008): Psychiatric
disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a

21
21
21

31 | P a g e

1



2


3




4
2 
5
 

6
.

3 



7
8



population-derived sample. Journal of the american academy of child & adolescent psychiatry, vol/47, issue/8, pp.
921-929.
1
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d8a7d8a3d984d8b7d981d8a7d984-d8a7d984d8b0d98ad986-d98ad8b9d8a7d986d988d986-d985d986-
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201519
4
2018 19399432.
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21
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12
ʻ
14.2


3
1 Over Stimulation
 2 

 3 

242

4
5
1 
 2 

 3 



  


1
Graziano, M, and Cooke, D (2006): Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior.
Neuropsychologic, vol/ 44, issue/ 6, pp 845- 859.
2
Gessaroli, E, and Santelli, E, and Pellegrino, G, and Frassinetti, F (2013), op.cit, pp1-8.
3
2012 37
4
Lomranz J, and Shapira A, and Choresh N, and Gilat Y (1975): Children’s personal space as a function of age and
sex. Dev psychol, vol/11, issue/5, pp. 541-545.
5
Cassidy J, and Berlin L (1994): The insecure ambivalent pattern of attachment: theory and research. Child dev,
vol/65, issue/4, pp 971-991
114


https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D
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
243
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


1
Gessaroli, E, and Santelli, E, and Pellegrino, G, and Frassinetti, F (2013), op.cit, pp1-8.
2
2018 
https://pscentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CFS-Activity-Catalogue-ARABIC.pdf, (last accessed 5 May
2023)
3
Vranić, A (2003): Personal space in physically abused children. Environment and Behavio journal, vol/35, issue/4,
pp 550-565.

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2
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 115

 Gessaroli, and Santelli, and Pellegrino,
and Frassinetti20135
 116


 Vranić, A

2003561
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117
36 | P a g e
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ASD 
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2 
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3 
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4 
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37 | P a g e
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


28
812


























1.1.3





1
.




2

1
Mitchell, D (1995The End of Public Space? People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy. Annals of the
Association of American Geographers, Vol/ 85, pp.108-133.
https://bpb-us-e2.wpmucdn.com/sites.middlebury.edu/dist/c/2991/files/2014/01/Mitchell-End-of-Public-
Space.pdf, (last accessed 17 November 2023)
2
Ismail, s (2018): The social and technological dimensions and their impact on the formation of urban spaces in
cities, case study of public spaces in public housing. Journal of urban research, vol/28, issue/1, pp 34-51.

21
21
21
22
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&u
rl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hess.eu%2
Fen%2Fnews%2Fexperten-
interviews%2Furban-public-
spaces&psig=AOvVaw0y02vC5Vm0N

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2.1.3




1



2
1    
   

 


  

3
 2 
       
       

4
3 
      
      

1
Grabowska, J (2018): New urban recreational spaces. Attractiveness, infrastructure arrangements, identity. The
example of the city of Łódź. Miscellanea geographica regional studies on development Journal, vol/22, issue/4,
pp. 219-224.
2
Gandah, F (2017): Children & outdoor urban spaces planning. Arts and design studies, Vol/55, pp. 27- 32.
3
2015 .
http://thesis.mandumah.com/Record/208088/Details, (last access 1 December 2023).
4
2015
42Central park 
http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/a
rticle/0,31489,1843404_1843415_2114553,00.ht
ml
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40 | P a g e
3.1.3
Gandah, 2017


1


1  2 
 3 
 1 
 2  3 
4.1.3 



2
.






3


4


1
Gandah, F (2017): op.cit
2
Gandah, F (2017): op.cit, p30
3
2012  ICCAE.
4
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

6،2 
Child friendly neighborhood Gandah, 2017, p30.
Green areas
Basic Services
Accessibility and
Connectivity
Variety of
Activity setting
freedom of
movement
Minimal
litter of trash

41 | P a g e





5.1.3











2.3 
1

functional levels of Autism 
1 
2 
3 
1
Rudy, Lisa (30 October 2021): Understanding the Three Levels of Autism. Reviewed by steven gans, Verywell
health, https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-three-levels-of-autism-260233, (last access 23 February
2022).
 27
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-
three-levels-of-autism-260233

42 | P a g e


22






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1
Kandola, Aaron (31 October 2021): Levels of autism: Everything you need to know. Medically reviewed by
Timothy Legg, Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325106, (last access 23
February 2022).
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44 | P a g e
3.3 


7
 
 
  
 
 

23


45 | P a g e









(APA) Applied
Behavior Analysis



   
1

occupational therapy
 






 
 

 Speech-language
therapy
 


 Physical therapy


  

  


Music therapy
  



 
1
Tola, G, and Talu, V, and Congiu, T, and Bain, P, and Jutta, L (2021): Built environment design and people with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a scoping review. Int J environ res public health, vol/18, issue/6, pp. 2-14.
 28Els for Autism
Sensory Arts Garden
https://thefield.asla.org/cate
gory/healthcare-and-
therapeutic-design
 29Physical therapy 
https://theracareaz.com/phys
ical-therapy-and-autism/
 211Piano
Stairs
https://www.feeldesai
n.com/piano-stairs-
make-music.html
 210
https://www.alamy.com/sto
ck-photo-young-afro-
drummer-on-stairs-friendly-
afro-child-with-drum-
playing-99673872.htmll

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 Art therapy


   

 
 Play therapy






23

 
22



   
 212 Art
Therapy Activities
https://carmenbp
ingree.com/blog/
art-therapy-
activities-for-
autism/l

21
21
21

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
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511239
2
Woll, A, and Awamleh, A (2014): The influence of Physical exercise on individuals with autism: Is physical exercise
able to help autistic? Journal of social sciences, vol/10, pp 40-50.
3
2000128.
 17،2


https://afilii.com/en/crater-
lake-urban-play-sculpture-by-
24-studio
 16،2

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/2853453
26373777709/=0CBEQjRxqFwoTC
MiS07P934EDFQAAAAAdAAAA
ABAE
 15،2

https://www.saferplay.eu
14،2
https://www.sutcliffeplay.co.uk/
autism-autistic-play-area

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 
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
 2 
 3 

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2
 

 

1
Gandah, F (2017): Children & outdoor urban spaces planning. Arts and design studies, Vol/55, pp. 27- 32.
2
2020
511239.
 21،2
https://www.outdoordesign.com
.au/news-info/equal-play-for-
meade-reserve-park/6804.htm
 20،2
https://redmonkeyplay.co.uk/s
ensory-playground-equipment
 18،2

https://www.google.com/u
rl?sa=i&url=https%3A%2
F%2Fwww.archdaily.com
%2F957524%2Fpublic-
spaces-and-the-challenges-
 19،2

https://www.google.com/u
rl?sa=i&url=https%3A%2
F%2Fwww.childinthecity.
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 
2
     

1
Gill, T, and Byles, G (2010): Playgrounds and playground equipment. in Design standards for urban infrastructure,
Texas: John Willy &Sons. https://www.cityservices.act.gov.au/plan-and-build/standards-codes-and-
guidelines/legacy-documents/design_standards_for_urban_infrastructure, (last accessed 4 July 2023)..
2
2015
16
http://nceee.edu.eg/puplic/images/nceee/pdf/adala3.pdf , (last accessed 24 June 2023
 22،2 
https://ar.momkidzone.com/7
-best-running-games
 23،2 
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 25،2
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 24،2
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236

54 | P a g e
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
236
55 | P a g e


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ASD  
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1 
2 
3 
4 
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5 
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
56 | P a g e












Linkage Theory

1
Gestalt
Theory
2
ttention AThe
Restoration Theory

3
Elements of legibility

4

 Sensory integration theory

5
Prospect and refuge theory

6
1
2020101 8392
2
Scott T, and Dunn W (2007): Sensory processing in children with and without autism: A comparative study using
the short sensory profile. American journal of occupational therapy, vol/61, issue/2, pp. 190-200.
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Bernardo, F, and Ramos, I, and Silva, C, and Manso, C (2021): The restorative effect of the presence of greenery
on the classroom in children’s cognitive performance. Sustainability (MDPL), vol/13, issue/6, pp. 1-15.
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Ashburner J, Ziviani J, and Rodge S (2008): sensory processing and classroom emotional, behavior, and
educational outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. American journal of occupational therapy,
vol/62, issue/5, pp 564- 573.
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Schaaf, R, and Miller, L (2005): Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with
development disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, vol/11, pp 143-
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Talay, A, and Wood, K (2000): Unusual sensory sensitivities in autism: A possible crossroads. International journal
of disability, development and education, vol/47, issue/2, pp. 201212.
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57 | P a g e

25
11
25

















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



21
21
21

59 | P a g e










Attention Restoration Theory

 



1

.

2
ART
3
DAF

4

1 Fascination
 2 Extension or Connection
 3 Compatibility
characteristics of the environment

4 Independence
1
18
2
ART: Attention Restoration Theory.
3
DAF: Directed Attention Fatigue, Distraction
4
Kaplan, S (1995) The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework. Journal of environmental
psychology, vol/15, issue/3, pp 169-182.

60 | P a g e


1 Fascination


 2 Extension or Connection



 3 Compatibility

 4 Independence





124


 
1

1 

 2 

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
 3 
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


2
3
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

 27


5

.



.

.




1
212010https://www.youm7.com/(last
accessed 14 november 2021).
2
Shareef, S (2019): The impact of color and light on children with autism in interior spaces from an architectural
point of view. Arts and technology, vol/11, issue/2, pp. 135-164.
3
Coulter, R (2009): Understanding the visual symptoms of individuals withautism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Optometry and vision development, vol/40, issue/3, pp.164175.
4
Shareef, S (2019),op. cit, p157
5
Shareef, S (2019), op. cit.

21
21

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 
1
  2 

2
3  

3
  



4
5

 




 




 



1
Shareef, S (2019), op. cit, p158.
2
Gandah, F (2017): op.cit.
3
20224
4
Abd Kadir, N (2020): Understanding the parental challenges in raising autism children. Journal of management
Info, vol/7, issue/2, pp. 62-75.
5
The Dos & Don’ts When Interacting With Autistic Children (Desember 2021),
https://www.elemy.com/studio/autism/how-to-interact-with-autistic-children/, (last accessed 1 March2022)

21
21
21

63 | P a g e
324


1 
1



 2 

2
4.2.4 






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3
1 
 2  3 
 


4
5
1 

1
Solomon, O (2010): What a dog can do: children with autism and therapy dogs in social interaction. Journal of the
society for psychological anthropology. Vol/38, issue/1, pp. 143- 166.
2
201516.
3
Gandah, F (2017): op.cit, p. 29.
4
Ismail, S(2018): op.cit.
5
2003 11
http://srv4.eulc.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/Thesis/BrowseThesisPages.aspx?fn (last accessed 1 March 2020)
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  2482492
50



     

 


  

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2


 251

2


3
1  

1
Shareef, S (2019), op. cit.
2
Shareef, S (2019), op. cit.
3
Bradecka, B (2020): Classroom design for children with an autism spectrum. Bristol: IOP Conference Series,
Materials science and engineering, vol/960, issue/2, p2.
the Northern School for Autism

Mostafa, m (2015):
Architecture for Autism: Built
Environment Performance in
Accordance to the Autism
ASPECTSS Design Index, An
International JournalAnnual
Review, vol/11 p64


Shareef, S (2019), p160
 
the Northern School for Autism

Mostafa, magda
(2015), p64

 Shareef, S (2019), p160

68 | P a g e
2 

 3 
 4 



1 
  2 



    



 252


3 
 
 
 7545 

4 





 2
54




 254


3







 53،2
252

https://buildingbridgescouns
elling.ca/calgary-therapy-
dogs

21

69 | P a g e
3.4 
 

1
2
3
Gestalt theory1 
Wilhelm Wundt
Gestalt

2 
4
5
6

Structure

  Insight
  Understanding
 1 Organization

7

1
Scott T, and Dunn W (2007): Sensory processing in children with and without autism: A comparative study using
the short sensory profile. American journal of occupational therapy, vol/61, issue/2, pp. 190-200.
2
198370199250
3
Gabriels L, Agnew A, Miller J, Gralla J, Pan Z, Goldson E, Ledbetter C, Dinkins p, and Hooks E (2008): Is there a
relationship between restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors and interests and abnormal sensory response in
children with autism spectrum disorders. autism spectrum disorders, vol/2, issue/ 4, pp 660670.
4
Scott T., and Dunn W (2007): op. cit.
5
1983
6
Gabriels L, Agnew A, Miller J, Gralla J, Pan Z, Goldson E, Ledbetter C, Dinkins p, and Hooks E (2008): op. cit.
7
2018 117

70 | P a g e


1,2,3




Proximity










   




Similarity

















Closure












Simplicity
 






  



1
1
Scott T., and Dunn W (2007): op. cit.
2
2018
3
3
Gabriels L, Agnew A, Miller J, Gralla J, Pan Z, Goldson E, Ledbetter C, Dinkins p, and Hooks E (2008): op. cit.
 55،2
201819
 56،2

https://www.baianat.com/ar/bo
oks/graphic-design/visual-
perception-and-its-role-in-the-
development-of-innovation
 57،2
2018
21
 58،2

https://www.mah6at.net9

21

71 | P a g e
3 
1
2
3


Visual Perceptions


4












5
6
Sensory integration theory1 
Jean Ayres





1
Scott T., and Dunn W (2007): op. cit.
2
1983
3
Gabriels L, Agnew A, Miller J, Gralla J, Pan Z, Goldson E, Ledbetter C, Dinkins p, and Hooks E (2008): op. cit.
4
201817
5
Gabriels L, Agnew A, Miller J, Gralla J, Pan Z, Goldson E, Ledbetter C, Dinkins p, and Hooks E, op. cit, PP 660-670.
6
Schaaf, R, and Miller, L (2005): Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with
development disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, vol/11, pp 143-
148.
 59،2

Gaines
K, Bourne A, Pearson M, and Kleibrinik M
(2016), p13

72 | P a g e


2 

Adaptive Behavior


1
Tactile

.  Vertiberlar

.  Proprioceptive

3 





2
1
Thompson, C (2011): Multi-sensory intervention observational research. International journal of special
education, vol/26, issue/1, pp. 202-214.
2
Degen, M, and Rose, G (2012): The sensory experiencing of urban design: the role of walking and perceptual
memory. Urban studies, vol/49, issue/15, pp. 3271-3287.

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4321
Elements of legibility 1 

Kevin LynchKevin Lynch


2 
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


  

  
  

 


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 62،2

 https://lindaontherun.com/4-days-in-paris-
itinerary
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
https://semanurcan.wordpress.com/2019/10
/27/the-city-image-and-its-elements-by-
kevin-lynch
 260
http://www.hotels-wd.com/hotels856
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
Wayfinding





Kevin Lynch





1
2
3
Prospect and refuge theory1 

LorenzJan Appleton


2 
Jan Appleton

  
1
Talay, A, and Wood, K (2000): Unusual sensory sensitivities in autism: A possible crossroads. International journal
of disability, development and education, vol/47, issue/2, pp. 201212.
2
Dosen A, and Ostwald, M (2013): Prospect and refuge theory: Constructing a critical definition for architecture
and design. The International Journal of Design in Society, vol/6, issue/1, pp. 9-23.
3
Jordan, R (2003): Social play and autistic spectrum disorders: A perspective on theory, implications and
educational approaches. Autism journal, vol/ 7, issue/ 4, pp 347360.
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
 63،2
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
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


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 
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1
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

2
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19

Excell
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Questionnaire link:
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265
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.
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266
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77 | P a g e


0
20
40
60
80




%.


268




269
0
20
40
60
80
100


 
 


 

 
270
0
20
40
60
80
100
() ()

78 | P a g e


 
      272





  
271
44
46
48
50
52
54
()
      
74.35 63.2 55.1 57.9 21.1 26.3 52.6
 25.65 36.2 42.6 42.1 78.9 73.7 47.4
74.35
63.2
55.1
57.9
21.1
26.3
52.6
25.65
36.2
42.6
42.1
78.9
73.7
47.4

 272


79 | P a g e
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80 | P a g e
   
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275
1  
2 
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3 
 
4 
   
211
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5
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
81 | P a g e
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1. 2. 3.
 4. 5.
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276

83 | P a g e
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 ASD 
1 
2 
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3 
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84 | P a g e
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



 


1 
2  
3   

 1 


 2 

 3 

4 
 5 



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
  

2
2
1.2.5 




 2.2.5 
 3.2.5   
1
2
I  II 
 III  IV 

4.2.5 
 5.2.5  I  II 


1
2016
2
2009

86 | P a g e
I 
 II cars

 III 
 7.2.5 
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1.2 
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31
1     
  
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2    
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88 | P a g e
   4
 
1
    
 
5

70

 
3 
 
 
31


Group
G
Standard
S
Indicators
I
Weight
W
Total Weight
T.W
 Total Weight for space
T.W.S

Total Weight for sample
T.W.P
Number
N
1
29

21

89 | P a g e
Group 1G1  1 S1
I1  2 S2 I2
32
G1
S1
I1







4575
3045

















S2
I2















90 | P a g e




 











 
Group 2G2  S3
I3 A
    



21
21
21

91 | P a g e
33
G2
S3
I3
A



 












1





























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

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1
Rezq, Mohamed, and Abdelfattah, Mohamed (2022): Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Non-Visual Sensory
Stimuli in the Design of Public Parks: A Case Study of Al-Azhar Park, Cairo, Egypt. 47(4), MANSOURA ENGINEERING
JOURNAL, pp 14-27.

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0



1
  
33


21
21
21

93 | P a g e
34
G
S1
I1
W
T.W
G1


1

S117
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
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1
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
1
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
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
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1
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
1
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1
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1
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1
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
1
S2
I2



S219

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
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
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



S3
I3



S316





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
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



94 | P a g e
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
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
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
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









1

G1=(𝑇. 𝑊. 𝑆 𝑇. 𝑊
100
2
G2=(𝑇. 𝑊. 𝑃 𝑇. 𝑊 × 𝑁
100
533






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 
1 

 2 
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 3 
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
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












37

36


98 | P a g e






39

38

311

310


99 | P a g e
26
  
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                      
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  
312

313


100 | P a g e
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   
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30
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103 | P a g e

7
 
 


   

 

 



 




104 | P a g e
4.5  



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
315
105 | P a g e

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ASD 
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1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
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
106 | P a g e
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 2 

 3 

 4 


 5  6 
 7  8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 


107 | P a g e

  316
  37
1.1.6

1 
2  
3   
4 
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2.1.6  
1  
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2 
1
1
 
3        
2.6      
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319
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  

 
2
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



3
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
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 28  
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1833   19
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 

4575
35
 
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3.5  1

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 
1:1
45
1:2 30
326
327
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18
33
31
18.28
9.52
14.04
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

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
4
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


















 

 
5


 






















 

6





7

 415
 
329 

3.5
1

328

330





331


113 | P a g e


7

 415759
  10616  

3 π2271.5² 7 
 7 




8






 






 
9





  
 

G1=(𝑇. 𝑊. 𝑆 𝑇. 𝑊
100
G1=(14 17
)×100= 82.3%



14

114 | P a g e























 










  


   






 


332 


http://escd-
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

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333








 

115 | P a g e





 
   


 
 









 






 

 


 



    



 



 




G1=(16 18
)×100= 88.8%

16
 

 

21
21

116 | P a g e
 
82.388.8
   
3.6 

26

3
3
 
1.3.6 
 
33
6.5
5.6
4.73.8






336

 
310
 

117 | P a g e
336

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3
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 


118 | P a g e
2.3.6
3
AB
CDEFGHIJ

78
G216
1016160

100
75
G2=(𝑇. 𝑊. 𝑃 𝑇. 𝑊 × 𝑁
100= =(120 16 ×10) × 100 =75%
310
33
 
3103
36337
(A) (B) (c) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J)
 10 11 11 814 14 14 17 719
 14 13 13 16 10 10 10 717 5
10 11 11
8
14 14 14
17
7
19
14 13 13
16
10 10 10
7
17
5
0
5
10
15
20

  2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )
3

119 | P a g e



(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(J)
T.W
sample

1


7
  
 56105.6
2


10
3
 

4
4


2
5


2
6


9
7


5
8


1
9


8
10


6
11


4
12


3
 


2454.8
13


5
14


2
15


2
16


4
17


10
18


10




2773.8
19


4
20


7
21


3
22


6
23
     


0
24


0
25


10
1326.5
26
3

3

41.6
46
46
33
58
58
58
70
29
79
120

5.275
 




21

120 | P a g e
3.3.6
7





338


339340





If


I






6

8



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 
 
 


338 
339 
340 

121 | P a g e
3


5

341
342








3
3





343344

4.6  

32
345
342 
341

343


344
 

122 | P a g e
.641.
345
.642.
case A case B case C case D case E case F case G case H case I case J
 53 60 57 58 52 54 59 55 55 58
 55 54 57 58 43 43 51 41 48 41
53
60 57 58
52 54
59
55 55 58
55 54 57 58
43 43
51
41
48
41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70



  2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )
345
337


123 | P a g e
2.4.6

346

1 
2 
3 
311

311

1 70







2 20


346
3 



4   







2
20

7
70

1
10

10
100

346
 






21
21
21

124 | P a g e




312
347
348
(A) (B) (c) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J)
 33 58 33 33 58 58 92 67 33 58
33
58
33 33
58 58
92
67
33
58
0
20
40
60
80
100

 2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )
3

125 | P a g e
1.5.6 


(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(J)


1


1
10
2


1
3
  (L)
2
4



6
60
5


6
6
     

3
30
7
  

7
70
8
     


10
100
9
 

3
65
10
        

10
11
        


7
70
12
 
7

33
58
33
33
58
58
92
67
33
58

52.3

3 
3
3 
3 


337

126 | P a g e
2.5.6
348349















65


70
6
      
 10 60 30 70 100 65 70
 42.6 25.65 36.2 42.1 78.9 73.7 47.4
10
60
30
70
100
65 70
42.6
25.65 36.2 42.1
78.9 73.7
47.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120

  2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )
3
76.25 100
65 70
60.52 78.9 73.7 47.4
  
 

 
3


127 | P a g e
 



10

82.388.8




10
350





10


88.8
82.3











5.64.83.8
6.5





7







350
128 | P a g e



ASD 
1 
2 
3 


129 | P a g e

10



1 

2 
3 
4 6

335
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

1.1.7 

10









351








3

130 | P a g e
7.2.6 





103
6

3.1.7 

28
1


313

4.1.7  
13610



1
Simonoff, E, and Pickles, A, and Charman, T, and Chandler, S, and Loucas, T, and Baird, G (2008): Psychiatric
disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a
population-derived sample. Journal of the american academy of child & adolescent psychiatry, vol/47, issue/8, pp.
921-929.

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
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3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12



  
 3 6 10
 630
 000
 110
              
 




21
21
21

131 | P a g e
5.1.7  

7


314



3839
















 





 









3 

21
21
21

132 | P a g e
6.1.7 
10

4

354







112


7.1.7  








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




3
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
355
8.1.7 
315


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356
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



82.388.8
9.1.7 
  
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70
2


100
3

×
90
4

100
5

100
6
  

×
×
×
70
3

 




134 | P a g e
4
316
316


1


 1   

 2 

  3
2


 1 

 2   32 2
3   
3


 















135 | P a g e
4


 1  2  
10.1.7 

(F)(I)
 
 


317
317


1 






(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(J)

41.6
46
46
33
58
58
58
70
29
79


33
58
33
33
58
58
92
67
33
58
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
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21
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21
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21
21
21
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136 | P a g e
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2 
3 
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4 
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5 
6 
7 
8 








1.2.7









318


137 | P a g e
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138 | P a g e
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20

5
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34
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



3
            
 80 50 90 70 10 0 0 10 10 0 0 50 60
 10 30 10 30 60 20 0 0 0 0 0 50 20
 10 10 0 0 30 40 90 60 30 0 0 0 20
 010 0 0 0 40 10 30 60 100 100 0 0
80
50
90
70
10 0 0 10 10 0 0
50 60
10
30
10
30
60
20
0 0 0 0 0
50
20
10 10 0 0
30 40
90
60
30
0 0 0
20
010 0 0 0
40
10
30
60
100 100
0 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120






2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )
2 per. Mov. Avg. ( )

21
21
21

140 | P a g e

357
1 



358359
2 










360


361
I
(F)

3

360®
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3 
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
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3 


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
Pica

1
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
362
3 



4 




355
1 
2 





1
Autism treatment network, and Autism intervention research network on physical health (2006): Pica disorder
Dubai: autism speak.
https://www.autismspeaks.org/sites/default/files/pica-professionals-arabic.pdf, (last access 27 November 2023).
3Autism treatment network, and Autism intervention
research network on physical health (2006) , p1

142 | P a g e


 
  








(I)



(I)









143 | P a g e
2.2.7 
321
321





9
90

8
80

7
70

4
40
910


1
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
1
Jervis, G, and Jervis, K (2013): Sensory Play, Over 65 Sensory Bin Topics with Additional Picture Books,
Supplementary Activities, and Snacks for a Complete Toddler Program. South Carolina: CreateSpace Publishing.
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70
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70100
10070
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31470
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2  
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3 
322
322
3.5.1   



323
323









5
6


4


9

 


10
9.5

9



10
10


10



7
7



7





44 31









21

21
21
21

147 | P a g e



349

10
7
6.5
4.25368
1.5.7 


369
1 







324
3 

368


148 | P a g e
324
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 
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 
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 
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2 

3
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3  


4 6
 

21
21
21

149 | P a g e
5  


6  
7   
8  
9
10610

9 


370
5.2.7 


3 

 4 










3 

150 | P a g e
325





1
10




2
8.125




3
7




4
6.5



5
4.25



 
326



























 

21
21

21
21
21

151 | P a g e
6.2.7 



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327
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3


10



8 



6



3

8.2.7 


347
348
1 

 2 

 3 

I

 4 




21
21
21

21
21

153 | P a g e
3.7 
  
 
4.25
 






















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ii 
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iii 

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

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 
 
  
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  
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
   
1
15
2
Prendeville, J, and Prelock, P (2006). Peer play interventions to support the social competence of children with
autism spectrum disorders. Semin speech lang, vol/27, issue/1, pp.32-46.
3
2016 35.
4
Pollack, E, and Wilczynski, S (2009): Evidence-based practice and autism in the schools. Massachusetts: National
Autism Center (Nac).

156 | P a g e

 (I)(f)  
 

11

  

  
4.7 

1 


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2 
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3 
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4 
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5 
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6 
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7 
8 
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9 
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10 
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11 
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12 
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13 
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14 
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15 
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16 
17 
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1 
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2 

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3 
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4 
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158 | P a g e
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1
CARS
1
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed_Alqahtani/publication/317336202_mqyas_tqyym_altwhd_lltf
wlt_-_karz-2-ST_Arabic_adaptations_of_The_Childhood_Autism_Rating_Scale_CARS-2-
ST/links/59a6b36e4585156873cfb09f/mqyas-tqyym-altwhd-lltfwlt-karz-2-ST-Arabic-adaptations-of-The-Childhood-
Autism-Rating-Scale-CARS-2-ST.pdf
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160 | P a g e
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164 | P a g e
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166 | P a g e
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3 3
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 ×
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2

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
3

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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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