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International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM)
||Volume||12||Issue||03||Pages||3238-3245||2024||
Website: https://ijsrm.net ISSN (e): 2321-3418
DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v12i03.el01
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3238
Crafting a Strong Research Design: A Step-by-Step Journey in Academic
Writing
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3030-1094
School of Management, Hebei University
ZIP Code 071000, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive guide for researchers aiming to formulate a robust research design in
academic writing. By addressing the definition, significance, and components of research design, this
study aims to bridge the knowledge gap and equip researchers with the necessary tools to enhance the
quality and reliability of their research. The originality of this study lies in its holistic approach, offering a
step-by-step journey that covers various research methods and their suitability for different contexts, as
well as crucial components of research design such as sampling strategies, data collection instruments, and
data analysis techniques. By enhancing researchers' understanding of research design, this study aims to
empower them to produce high-quality research and make meaningful contributions to their fields of
study.
Keywords: Academic writing; data collection instruments; data analysis techniques; research design;
reliability; robust methodology; sampling strategies; validity
1. Introduction
In the realm of academic writing, the formulation of a robust research design plays a critical role in ensuring
the validity and reliability of a study. Research design is crucial in academic writing, providing a structure
that guides the research process and ensures the study's validity and reliability (Arabian, 2014; Adebiyi &
Abayomi, 2016). The choice of statistical design and analysis is also vital, with clear objectives essential
(Salkind, 2010). In academic writing, the research design is a crucial component, influencing the structure
and content of the research article (Candlin et al., 2015). A research design serves as the blueprint, providing
a systematic structure and methodology to guide researchers in collecting and analyzing data. It
encompasses various elements such as selecting research methods, sampling strategy, data collection
instruments, and data analysis techniques. Roy (2021) states that research design is a crucial aspect of
academic writing, encompassing various types and characteristics.
However, scholars often need help comprehending the concept and purpose of a research design and its
impact on the effectiveness of their scholarly work. Marshall and Newton (2013) highlight the need for a
new epistemology of practice, emphasizing the importance of scholarly design in practice-based research.
Schwartz-Shea and Yanow (2011) underscore the role of interpretive research design, which needs to be
addressed in positivist-centered training. Gschwend and Schimmelfennig (2007) emphasize the need for a
clear plan in research design, while Kuenen and Redström (2013) call for a focus on the methodological
structures of design research practices.
Addressing these challenges is crucial because a robust research design can uphold the credibility and rigor
of a study, leading to accurate results and reliable conclusions. A poor research design leads to missed
opportunities for problem-solving and a limited understanding of essential issues (Harwell, 2011). A weak
study design can lead to poor-quality data, compromising validity (Damato, 2013). Additionally, the
plethora of literature on research design needs to be clarified, necessitating a clear understanding of the
various approaches (Abutabenjeh & Jaradat, 2018). Many researchers need a comprehensive understanding
of how to develop and implement a research design that aligns with the objectives of their study. This
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3239
knowledge gap can hinder their ability to produce high-quality research and contribute meaningfully to their
field of study.
Previous studies have touched upon research design, but their coverage has been limited and fragmented.
While some studies have explored specific aspects of research design, such as sampling techniques or data
analysis methods, comprehensive guides still need to be developed to holistically address formulating a
robust research design. Consequently, researchers often struggle to synthesize and apply the fragmented
knowledge, resulting in suboptimal research designs and compromised study outcomes.
The primary research question guiding this study is: How can researchers formulate a robust research
design in academic writing?
Our study aims to achieve the following objectives to address this research question:
To provide a clear and comprehensive definition of research design and its significance in academic writing.
To explore various research methods and their suitability for different research objectives and contexts.
To identify critical components of a robust research design, including sampling strategies, data collection
instruments, and data analysis techniques.
This study holds considerable significance for the academic community, as it will provide a comprehensive
and accessible guide for researchers to develop robust research designs. By bridging the knowledge gap and
equipping researchers with the necessary tools and understanding, this study aims to enhance the quality and
reliability of academic research across disciplines. Consequently, it will enable researchers to contribute
meaningfully to their fields and facilitate the progress of scientific knowledge.
This paper is organized as follows: following this introduction, the second section will provide a thorough
definition and overview of research design, highlighting its pivotal role in academic writing. The third
section will delve into a detailed discussion of various research methods and their suitability in different
research contexts. In the fourth section, we will analyze the critical components of a robust research design,
including sampling strategies, data collection instruments, and data analysis techniques. Finally, the paper
will conclude with a summary of the main findings and recommendations for future research in the field of
research design.
2. Research design: Definition and significance in academic writing
The research design is a crucial aspect of academic writing in research, providing a systematic plan to study
a scientific problem (Indu & Vidhukumar, 2020). It is the conceptual blueprint for research, guiding data
collection, measurement, and analysis (Akhtar, 2016). The choice of the research design is influenced by the
type of evidence needed to answer the research question (Akhtar, 2016), and it can be qualitative,
quantitative, or a combination of both (Adebiyi & Abayomi, 2016). The selection of an appropriate research
design is guided by a careful analysis of the research problem, questions, theoretical framework, and
relevant literature (Asenahabi, 2019).
Furthermore, the research design serves as the foundation of a study, determining the overall structure and
methodology for conducting research. It encompasses the planning, organizing, and executing a research
project, providing a structured framework for researchers to collect, analyze, and interpret data. A
comprehensive definition of research design is crucial for researchers to understand its significance in
academic writing and its impact on the validity and reliability of their study (Godin & Zahedi, 2014).
Moreover, the research design refers to the systematic approach researchers employ to address a research
question or hypothesis, ensuring that relevant data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in an organized and
rigorous manner. It involves making strategic choices regarding various elements of the research process,
including selecting appropriate research methods, formulating research objectives and questions,
determining the study population and sample, choosing data collection tools, and adopting proper data
analysis techniques.
The significance of research design in academic writing cannot be overstated. A well-designed research
study provides a strong foundation for generating reliable and valid results. The research design plays a
crucial role in the outcome of a study, as it determines the rigor and appropriateness of the method used
(Van Haselen, 2004). It enables researchers to gather relevant and robust evidence to support their claims
and contributes to advancing scientific knowledge. By following a systematic research design, researchers
can ensure that their study design aligns with the research objectives and enhances their findings’ internal
and external validity.
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3240
The research design plays a crucial role in the research process, serving as a framework for the study and
guiding data collection and analysis (Bannan-Ritland, 2003). It is essential for establishing cause-and-effect
relationships between variables and controlling for extraneous factors (Jang, 1980). Through careful
selection and manipulation of variables, researchers can investigate how changes in one variable affect
another. It enables researchers to draw meaningful conclusions and make causal inferences, crucial in
influencing policy, theory, and practice.
Additionally, the research design serves as a roadmap for researchers, guiding them through each step of the
research process. It helps researchers anticipate potential challenges and pitfalls, allowing them to mitigate
potential biases and limitations. A well-designed research study also enhances the replicability and
generalizability of findings. By clearly documenting the research design, researchers enable others to
replicate their study, verify their results, and build upon their findings, ultimately fostering scientific
progress.
In academic writing, a robust research design adds credibility to a study and enhances its impact. Journals
and academic reviewers rigorously evaluate the research design to assess the validity and reliability of the
study. A well-designed research study is more likely to be published in reputable academic journals
(Damato, 2013), increasing its visibility and influence within the scholarly community.
In summary, a comprehensive understanding of the research design is essential for researchers. It plays a
vital role in underpinning the structure and methodology of their study, determining the quality and
reliability of the research findings. A well-designed research study enables researchers to generate valid and
reliable results, make causal inferences, guide policy and practice, and contribute to advancing scientific
knowledge. In academic writing, a robust research design enhances the credibility and impact of a study,
increasing its chances of publication and recognition within the scholarly community.
3. Research methods for different objectives and contexts
Selecting the appropriate research method is crucial to designing a robust research study. The choice of a
research method depends on the research objectives, the nature of the research question, and the specific
context in which the study is conducted. Understanding the different research methods and their suitability
for various research objectives and contexts is essential for researchers to ensure the validity and reliability
of their findings.
3.1. Experimental research method
Experimental research is a valuable method in various fields, including innovation (Sørensen et al., 2010),
market research (Ryals & Wilson, 2005), the economics of education (Keskin & Yilmaz, 2020), and design
science research (Kampling et al., 2016). Sørensen et al. (2010) and Ryals and Wilson (2005) both highlight
the potential of experimental methods in generating applicable knowledge and insights. Keskin and Yilmaz
(2020) emphasize the importance of experimental methods in educational interventions. Kampling et al.
(2016) underscore the need for more cumulative research in design science, suggesting that experimental
research can contribute to theory development.
The experimental research method involves manipulating independent variables to observe the effects on
dependent variables. This method is well-suited for establishing cause-and-effect relationships and testing
hypotheses. It is often used in controlled laboratory settings, where researchers can tightly control variables
and minimize external influences. Experimental research is beneficial for investigating interventions,
treatments, and impact evaluations.
3.2. Survey research method
Survey research is a valuable method for gathering information on a large scale (Alderman & Salem, 2010).
It is beneficial in communication research, providing insight into respondents' views and opinions (Senam &
Akpan, 2014). However, the success of a survey depends on the precision of its objectives, questions, and
response choices, as well as the selection of respondents and the reliability and validity of the instrument
(Fink, 2010). Despite its benefits, survey research has limitations, such as potential biases and the need for
careful interpretation of the findings (Abbott, 1971).
The survey research method involves collecting data from a sample of respondents through structured
questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can be conducted through various modes, such as face-to-face, online,
and telephone interviews. This method is suitable for exploring individuals’ or groups' attitudes, beliefs,
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3241
opinions, and behaviors. Surveys provide researchers with quantitative data that can be analyzed statistically
to reach conclusions. They are widely used in social sciences, market research, and opinion polls.
3.3. Qualitative research method
Qualitative research is valuable for exploring complex social and behavioral issues, particularly in public
health (Dongre et al., 2010; Isaacs, 2014). It provides an in-depth understanding and can be used alongside
quantitative methods to enrich data analysis (Camic et al., 2003). The methodology involves systematic
study of phenomena, with a focus on understanding the "why" rather than the "what" (Walker, 1987). It is
handy for exploring the experiences and perspectives of individuals and can be applied in various settings
and scenarios.
Qualitative research is focused on understanding the meaning, experiences, and perspectives of individuals
or groups. This method involves collecting detailed and in-depth data through interviews, observations, and
document analysis. Qualitative research is beneficial for exploring complex phenomena, uncovering
subjective experiences, and generating rich and contextualized data. It is often employed in anthropology,
sociology, psychology, and education.
3.4. Case study research method
Case study research is a widely recognized and robust method, particularly in social science studies, due to
its ability to provide in-depth explanations of complex issues (Zainal, 2007; M-zaidah, 2007; Soy, 2015). It
is precious in exploring and understanding social and behavioral problems and fields such as education, law,
and medicine (Soy, 2015).
The case study research method involves an in-depth examination of a particular case or phenomenon within
its real-life context. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of a complex issue or situation. Case
studies often utilize multiple data collection methods, such as interviews, observations, and document
analysis, to gather rich and detailed information. This method is suitable when exploring unique or rare
cases, studying causal mechanisms, or conducting exploratory research in specific contexts.
3.5. Action research method
Action research, a method rooted in post-positivist assumptions, has gained significance in information
systems research (Baskerville, 1999). It is characterized by a participatory approach and a five-step model
and is often used in healthcare research to generate new knowledge and improve practice (Vallenga et al.,
2009). The method's potential for theory development in health care delivery has also been highlighted
(Huxham, 2003). Webb (1989) further emphasizes the importance of the action researcher's personal
experiences and feelings in the research process and the need for reflexive analysis.
Action research is a collaborative and iterative approach involving researchers and practitioners working to
identify and solve practical problems. It aims to generate knowledge that can directly inform and improve
practice. Action research follows a cyclical process of planning, action, observation, and reflection, with
continuous feedback and adaptation. This method is highly relevant in education, healthcare, and
organizational development.
3.6. Mixed methods research
Mixed methods research integrates quantitative and qualitative research methods within a single study. Hai-
fei (2009) emphasizes the interdependence of these methods, with qualitative research serving as the
foundation for quantitative research. Abuhamda et al. (2021) underscore the importance of using both
methods in tandem, particularly in education, to enhance the quality of research outcomes. This approach
allows researchers to combine the strengths of both techniques, providing a more comprehensive
understanding of the research question. Mixed methods research is appropriate when triangulating data,
evaluating complex interventions, or exploring multiple facets of a research problem.
In sum, researchers need to consider the research objectives, questions, and the nature of the research
problem when selecting the appropriate research method. Each research method has strengths and
limitations and is best suited for specific research objectives and contexts. Careful consideration of these
factors will ensure that the research method aligns with the study’s aims and enhances the validity and
reliability of the research findings.
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3242
In the next section, we will delve into the critical components of research design, including sampling
strategies, data collection instruments, and data analysis techniques, to further enhance the quality and rigor
of the study.
4. Components of a robust research design: Sampling, instruments, analysis
The research design encompasses a range of elements, including problem-solving, data interpretation, and
ethical considerations (Salkind, 2010). The qualitative tradition, particularly in fields like nursing,
emphasizes the importance of the research question, data collection, and analysis (Deslauriers, 2001). A
robust research design comprises several vital components that work together to ensure the validity and
reliability of research findings. These components include sampling strategies, data collection instruments,
and data analysis techniques.
Sampling strategies, mainly qualitative research, are crucial to research design (Omona, 2013). They are
significant in ensuring the reliability, validity, and generalizability of study results, especially in tourism and
hospitality (Teeroovengadum & Nunkoo, 2018). The selection of an appropriate sampling method, whether
probability or non-probability, is also essential, depending on the research question and the desired level of
detail (Setia, 2016). Sampling from a population is often more practical and cost-effective. But
understanding how the data arrived in the database is essential for drawing accurate conclusions (Turner,
2020).
Several scholars underscore the importance of collection instruments in research design. Kozinetz (1992)
emphasizes the role of data collection forms in defining necessary variables and ensuring reliable data.
Souza et al. (2014) further highlight the need for instrument selection to prioritize validity, reliability, and
comparability with previous studies. Makbul and Buijs (2021) underscore the significance of appropriate
data collection methods and instruments in ensuring the representativeness and accuracy of research findings.
McLaren (2011) extends this discussion to information systems research, advocating for a design science
approach that emphasizes the practical utility of research instruments.
Data analysis techniques are crucial in research design, particularly in the behavioral and social sciences
(Keppel & Zedeck, 1990). While there is a growing trend toward using sophisticated multivariate techniques,
basic procedures such as mean, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation remain powerful tools (Khan & Adil, 2013).
Data analysis is essential for generating new knowledge and solving existing problems and can be applied
qualitatively and quantitatively (Alem, 2020). The selection of appropriate research design and data analysis
procedures is a critical aspect of post-graduate research and can significantly impact the quality of the study
(Orluwene & Ajala, 2020).
Carefully considering and selecting the above components is vital for researchers to generate accurate and
meaningful results.
4.1. Sampling strategies
Sampling refers to selecting a subset of individuals or units from a larger population for study. The choice of
sampling strategy depends on the research objectives, the target population, and the available resources.
Different sampling strategies include:
Probability sampling
It involves randomly selecting participants from the target population, ensuring that everyone is equally
likely to be included in the study. Standard probability sampling methods include simple random, stratified,
cluster, and systematic sampling. Probability sampling provides a higher degree of representativeness and
allows for statistical generalization.
Non-probability sampling
It involves selecting participants based on non-random criteria, such as convenience, judgment, or quota.
Non-probability sampling methods include purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and convenience
sampling. While non-probability sampling may lack statistical generalizability, it can be helpful in
qualitative research or studies with limited resources.
Mixed methods sampling
Probability and non-probability sampling techniques may be employed in mixed methods research to gather
diverse perspectives and complement quantitative and qualitative data collection.
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3243
4.2. Data collection instruments
Data collection instruments are tools used to collect data from research participants. The selection of
appropriate instruments depends on the research question, research objectives, and the type of data needed.
Commonly used data collection instruments include:
Questionnaires
Structured surveys or questionnaires help collect quantitative data from large samples. They typically
comprise standardized questions with predetermined response options, allowing for efficient data collection.
Interviews
Depending on the research goals, interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. Interviews
enable researchers to gather in-depth and nuanced information, allowing for a more thorough exploration of
research topics.
Observations
Observations involve systematically watching and recording behaviors, interactions, or events in a natural or
controlled setting. Observations can be a participant (the researcher is engaged) or non-participant (the
researcher remains detached).
Document analysis
It involves examining existing documents, records, or texts to extract relevant data. Documents can include
written materials, archives, speeches, policies, or social media content.
Psychometric instruments
These instruments measure psychological constructs, such as personality traits, attitudes, or mental health.
They often employ scales, questionnaires, or inventories with established reliability and validity.
4.3. Data analysis techniques
Data analysis techniques involve processing, organizing, summarizing, and interpreting collected data to
draw meaningful conclusions. The appropriate data analysis techniques depend on the research objectives,
research design, and data collection type. Standard data analysis techniques include:
Quantitative analysis
It involves numerical analysis of collected data, typically using statistical techniques. Quantitative analysis
allows for examining patterns, relationships, and statistical significance. Statistical methods may include
descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, regression analysis, factor analysis, or multivariate analysis.
Qualitative analysis
Qualitative analysis involves interpreting and making sense of non-numerical data, such as interview
transcripts, observation notes, or textual documents. Common qualitative analysis techniques include
thematic analysis, content analysis, grounded theory, or discourse analysis.
Mixed methods analysis
In mixed methods research, data from both quantitative and qualitative sources are analyzed separately and
then integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research question or objectives. Integration
methods include merging data sets, embedding, or linking quantitative and qualitative data.
A robust research design ensures that sampling strategies, data collection instruments, and data analysis
techniques align with the research objectives and questions. Each component enhances the validity,
reliability, and generalizability of research findings. By thoughtfully selecting and implementing these key
components, researchers can strengthen the quality and impact of their study.
5. Conclusion
This study has provided a comprehensive guide to formulating a robust research design in academic writing.
By exploring the definition and significance of research design, discussing various research methods and
their suitability for different objectives and contexts, and analyzing the critical components of a research
design, including sampling strategies, data collection instruments, and data analysis techniques, this study
aims to enhance the quality and reliability of academic research across disciplines.
However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of this study. While we have presented a broad
overview of research design, it is only possible to cover some aspects in-depth due to the vastness and
complexity of the topic. Additionally, the context and applicability of research design may vary across
Fodouop Kouam Arthur William, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 03 March 2024 EL-2024-3244
different academic disciplines and research domains. Researchers are encouraged to explore discipline-
specific research design textbooks and consult experts in their respective fields for detailed guidance.
Further research is warranted to delve deeper into specific aspects of research design, such as advanced
sampling techniques, innovative data collection instruments, and emerging data analysis methods.
Additionally, studies focusing on applying research design principles in specific disciplines or research areas
would be valuable. Investigating the impact of different research design choices on study outcomes and
exploring strategies to mitigate potential biases and limitations would also contribute to advancing research
design methodologies.
By continuously refining and expanding our understanding of research design, researchers can elevate the
quality of their scholarly work, foster scientific progress, and make meaningful contributions to their fields
of study.
Acknowledgment
The author is grateful to each person who supported the redaction of this work.
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