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Affecting and spatializing future(s) among young entrepreneurs in the South Italy
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This article explores the concepts of resonance and alienation. Resonance is the phenomenal core of the relationship between social subject and the recreation of meaning. This is normatively neutral concept . Normatively desirable resonance involves enchantment Alienation derives from a particular relationship between subject and object, whereby the object controls the social subject. This is normatively objectionable because the subject becomes a means to the ends of the object. There are two form of alienation, means-ends alienation, (consumerism or exploitation) and end-state alienation(acceleration, reification, and utopian projects). In end-state alienation the social subject loses all capacity for living in the present, thus enchanted resonance disappears.
Affect and emotion have come to dominate discourse on social and political life in the mobile and networked societies of the early 21st century. This volume introduces a unique collection of essential concepts for theorizing and empirically investigating societies as Affective Societies. The concepts promote insights into the affective foundations of social coexistence and are indispensable to comprehend the many areas of conflict linked to emotion such as migration, political populism, or local and global inequalities. Adhering to an instructive narrative, Affective Societies provides historical orientation; detailed explication of the concept in question, clear-cut research examples, and an outlook at the end of each chapter.
Lefebvre famously had asked how "éspace" and "spacialité" contribute to the constitution of societal order. In this paper we want to propose an answer to this question by sketching a new social theory in the making. On this basis we address the recent societal transformations, as they are indicated by empirical research, in terms of the re-figuration of spaces. Finally, we want to provide some preliminary specifications of what we mean by the re-figuration of space with reference to the processes of polycontexturalization, mediatization and translocalization. By polycontexturalization we mean that increasingly there are arrangements of space and multiple references to hitherto different spatial scales and dimensions which take effect or are put into effect simultaneously. Individual and collective actors are confronted with the challenge of following different spatial logics at the same time. By mediatization we refer to the fact that the constitution of space takes place in mediated forms spurred by advances in digital communication technologies. Proactive and reflexive communicative acts on different scales and levels, at once digital and face-to-face, are thus made possible or become inevitable. As a result of mediatization and multiple processes of circulation involving human beings, things and technologies, polycontexturalization implies what has come to be called translocalization, i.e. a continual coupling of different locations in conjunction with an increase in relevance of the individual location.
The authors summarize 35 years of empirical research on goal-setting theory. They describe the core findings of the theory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives. The external validity and practical significance of goal-setting theory are explained, and new directions in goal-setting research are discussed. The relationships of goal setting to other theories are described as are the theory’s limitations.
This chapter adopts a sociological approach to conceptualize futurity as a horizon of expectations. It provides a practical application of sociological theory—future present and present future, horizon of expectations, futurization and defuturization—to contemporary discourse. It observes that hegemonic discourses emphasize ‘defuturization’—decreasing the openness of people’s present futures—and explores the problems this poses for the self-expression of younger generations. As well as exploring the impact of futurity/defuturization upon the development of processual research methods, the chapter reflects upon ways in which sociology may intervene in communicative practices and foster the capacity of individuals to work through their own horizons of expectations and open up the present future.
The aim of this contribution is to analyze the work experiences of 50 precarious young people, interviewed in a city of Northern Italy, Turin, and in a city of the South, Catania. The subjective points of view, the definitions, the perceptions and the strategies of the interviewees are investigated in relation to the transition to adulthood, phase of the life course (Elder 1995) that they are experiencing in a historical period and in societies marked by work precariousness as a state of generalized and permanent insecurity (Bourdieu 1998), and paying attention to the role of the territorial context. How can living in Turin and Catania change the interpretation that the young individuals give of their own precariousness, the “navigationµ strategies of it and the possible “exit strategiesµ and where instead transversal similarities between the young people interviewed in the two cities emerge? What dimensions do influence differences and transversality? The present paper explores these questions.
This paper is aimed at understanding how we engage with the future in different ways in everyday life. Many empirical studies have emphasised that what we usually call 'imagination' of the future takes diverse forms and meanings. Varied narratives of the future that are possible coexist in daily life in a bumpy, semiconscious and occasionally tense dialogue with one another. To understand this variation of narratives, a thorough exploration of the different modes of engaging with the future that various forms of agency bring into play is required, together with a sensitive empirical analysis. I use Thévenot's theory of regimes of engagement as a starting point to at least partially explain this variety. Thévenot's idea that different types of individual involvement in relation to different definitions of the relevant reality (e.g. familiarity, plans and the public domain of justification and exploration) contain interesting implications for the analysis of what I define as modes of engagement with the future. As involved as we are with social reality through specific formats, so are we with the future. As the 'relevant reality' is different according to the regime of engagement that we are involved in, the nature of anticipation also varies. The future is 'made and measured' within the logic of probability in the regime of plans; of possibility in the regime of justification; of practical anticipation in the regime of familiarity; and of discovery in the regime of exploration. This perspective helps to avoid a reification of the future as something that is
The aim of this article is to offer a cartography of the current debate on critical agency, starting from the inner ambivalences of the modern notion of critique as resistant negation and affirmative creation of new practices. First, the article discusses the double-faced nature of critique and its interpretations in the European tradition of critical thought. It then engages in reflection on some alternative pathways to conceptualizing critical agency developed by American pragmatism, as well as by anti-Eurocentric and anti-anthropocentric theoretical approaches. The aim of this investigation is to understand the premises for developing critical agency in contemporary historical conditions, and to shed light on the characteristics of critical agency at a time when critique can no longer be solely an unmasking tool, while we have not abandoned the aspiration to link the contingency of situated critical agencies with an image of the future.
This article examines the difficulty of researching the intangibility of the future. Drawing on recent work on visual and sensory sociology, affect, and futurity, I propose that inventive methodologies provide some ways of grasping, understanding, and attuning to the future. To develop this argument, I pay close attention to the Children of Unquiet (2013-2014) film project by artist Mikhail Karikis, which involved Karikis working with children to probe the possible futures of a site that was once invested with hope and progress, but has since been depopulated. In turning to an art project, my intention is to examine the resonances between the project and some of the concerns of a sensory sociology of the future. In particular, I discuss the participation of children, and a conceptualization of hope as potentiality, open, affective and in the present. In conclusion, I explicate how the article seeks to contribute to a sensory sociology of the future by offering some indicative coordinates for this emerging field of research, including its involvement in creating conditions through which possible futures might be invented.
This article concerns the temporality of debt. Against the claim that the society of
debt has emptied out futures via the elevation of the promise to pay to a total social
fact, it suggests that the time of securitized debt is speculative in form. Thus, in the
time of securitized debt, pasts, presents and futures do not stand in a pre-set relation
to one another, but are open to a constant state of revision: they may be drawn
and redrawn, assembled and disassembled, set and reset. This time is tracked across
changing schedules of household and personal debt − and crucially in the logics
of accumulation via securitized debt – to argue that far from emptying out futures
debt society demands subjects who must constantly adjust to recalibrations of pasts,
presents and futures as well as to changes in the relations between and across these
states.
Does neoliberalism matter for cities, urbanization processes, urban governance and policies? How and to what extent? What does this even mean? These questions are important as neoliberalism is a contentious and powerful political project and paradigm. This paper argues that: (1) it may be fruitful to be clearer about the meaning of neoliberalism rather than adopting an encompassing constructivist framework; and (2) that neoliberalism may not explain that much about the current transformation of urbanization processes and cities. Instead, these mechanisms need to be better specified and their limits defined: urban worlds and the urbanization processes of cities do not change all the time, in all ways. Rather than embracing the multiple, ever-changing forms of neoliberalism and the contructivist framework underpinning this position, this paper identifies a set of central points to define neoliberalism by contrast to liberalism, as one possible working definition of neoliberalism. Secondly, it discusses the neoliberalization of cities and urban policies, recognizing that cities change for many reasons, of which neoliberalism is just one.
Con il termine de-generazione l’A. segnala l’avvio di una trasformazione profonda nei rapporti tra le generazioni. Sulla scorta di una recente letteratura, l’A. prende in esame le caratteristiche demografiche, sociali ed economiche di una trasformazione che negli ultimi decenni ha investito pressoche tutti gli ambiti della condizione giovanile: la formazione, la sfera familiare e affettiva, il mercato del lavoro, le prospettive previdenziali, il tenore di vita, la giustizia distributiva ecc. Nella gran parte delle societa avanzate, la condizione dei giovani, rispetto alle restanti classi d’eta della popolazione, e caratterizzata da almeno tre primati negativi invarianti: la piu bassa intensita di lavoro, il piu elevato rischio di poverta e la maggiore deprivazione materiale. La recente crisi economica ha ulteriormente accentuato questo processo di "de-generazione". La crisi ha colpito in modo particolare i giovani, che ne hanno sopportato i costi maggiori. La crescita della disoccupazione e della poverta e destinata a ipotecare pesantemente il tenore di vita delle future generazioni, i giovani come gli anziani.
Focusing on post-industrial economies, the study examines social inequality and changing experiences of time, space, culture, travel, the environment and globalization. Through a comparative analysis of the UK and US, Germany and Japan, the authors show how restructuration after organized capitalism has its basis in increasingly reflexive social actors and organizations. The consequence is not only the much-vaunted "postmodern condition' but a growth in reflexivity. In exploring this new reflexive world, the authors argue that today's economies are increasingly economies of signs - information, symbols, images, desire - and of space, where both signs and social subjects - refugees, financiers, tourists, flaneurs - are mobile over ever greater distances. They show how an understanding of such flows contributes to the analysis of changes in social relations, from the organization of work to the "culture industries', from the formation of an underclass to new forms of citizenship. -Publisher
AbstractJ. T. Fraser highlighted the distinctive connections between the different levels of temporality that characterize the human timescape. In this context, he also demonstrated a clear awareness of the relationship between sociotemporality and the existential processing of time. Human experience, in its myriad expressions, bears the mark of the social processes and dynamics within which it takes shape. Analyzing this relationship, we can assert that identity itself is marked by the conception of time that characterizes a given historical period. Processes of social change, forms of experience, identities and expressions of subjectivity are therefore interwoven. The ways in which we experience and conceive of time should therefore also be interpreted in the light of this interconnection. In this particular period, information technologies appear to have the power to redefine the whole of human experience, including our experience of time. After analyzing the close relationship between time and identity, and the multiplicity of temporal dimensions it comprises, referencing social phenomenology, the paper explores the nature of the processes of change that characterize our era—starting from the crisis of the future and the dynamics connected to the acceleration of time. The general aim is to highlight the link between historical times, social times and individual times. It looks at the reflection formulated by J. T. Fraser on the multiplicity of times as it relates to the analytical tools developed by the sociology of time.
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SHORT DESCRIPTION In the first part, this module explains why autobiographical interviewing is an open avenue to the analysis of deep suffering and its biographical meaning, as well as to the analysis of all types of biographical identity developments and infringements. The epistemic power of extempore autobiographical narration to reveal biographical processes (such as trajectories of suffering and metamorphosis processes) is demonstrated. The general features of autobiographical narrative texts are explicated and related to the social and biographical processes they express. The general analytical stance (pragmatic refraction) is explained of how to use these features for biographical research in a non-naive way.
This essay is concerned with the intersection of lived time, time as represented and urban space - especially around everyday practice. As such it follows in a long pedigree of works addressing time and space in the city. However, what I want to try and rethink some approaches to offer a less stable version of the everyday, and through this a sense of practice as an activity creating time-space not time space as some matrix within which activity occurs. The essay thus addresses the paradox that Stewart identifies where the ‘temporality of everyday life is marked by an irony which is its own creation, for this temporality is held to be ongoing and non-reversible and, at the same time characterized by repetition and predictability’ (1984, p14). I want to thus look both at stability but also the emergence of new possibilities through everyday temporality. To do this I want to proceed through four circuits, each picking up and expanding upon the previous, developing and transforming it. The first circuit serves to locate the everyday through the study of temporality. The study of the chronopolitics and regulation of daily life serves as an entree into why ‘the everyday’ matters. The multiple rhythms and temporalities of urban life this form the back-cloth for this essay; what Lefebvre evoked, but hardly explained, as a rhythmanalysis. The second circuit picks up on this but to adds the insights of time-geography in the paths and trajectories that individuals and groups make through the city. Introducing a sense of human action and motility into the experience of time offers a new step while the combination of time-space routines serves to link the everyday to the reproduction of social regularities (Pred 1982). However, the sense of time-space created through time geography is rather rarefied, so the third circuit seeks to develop a critique and step sidewise through a concern with the differences between lived and represented times - a focus on experiential time-space that will lead to considering phenomenological accounts. Time and space cease to be simply containers of action. These it will be suggested begin to offer a sense of space-time as Becoming, a sense of temporality as action, as performance and practice; indeed the difference as well as repetition. The possibility as Grosz (1999) argues for not merely the novel, but the unforeseen. However, the fourth circuit suggests that these still share an idea of the self-presence of everyday experience, and will open up ideas of events as problematising the everyday. This attempts to both keep a sense of fecundity in the everyday without it becoming a recourse to ground thinking in an ‘ultimate non-negotiable reality’ (Felski 2000:15). The essay then argues for a sense of greater instability - or perhaps better, fragility - within the everyday. This essay thus focuses on the flow of experience for the social subject. It is also important to think through the topology and texture of temporality in the urban fabric, the city as well as its people, but that is a task for a different occasion (see Crang & Travlou, 2001).
Future Matters concerns contemporary approaches to the future – how the future is known, created and minded. In a social world whose pace continues to accelerate the future becomes an increasingly difficult terrain. While the focus of social life is narrowing down to the present, the futures we create on a daily basis cast ever longer shadows. Future Matters addresses this paradox and its deep ethical implications.
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