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The Role of IT in the Biopharmaceutical Industry
Abstract
Information technology plays a key role in the biopharmaceutical field, especially in data management, system security, laboratory management systems (LIMS), and the various technology platforms that support clinical trials. IT specialists not only provide infrastructure support, but are also responsible for driving technological innovation and accelerating the drug discovery process.
Big Data and Data Analytics: IT specialists help manage massive amounts of research data, ensuring that it is secure, compliant, and can be analyzed effectively. This is critical for biopharmaceutical companies when working on new drugs.
Automation & Chemistry: By introducing automated processes and advanced analytics tools, IT experts help efficiently optimize workflows from early-stage research to clinical trials.
... Also, the specific gravity of the cement is higher than that for the sediments. Similar results were obtained by [27]. ...
Organic soil is a problematic soil that needs to be treated before construction because of the low shear strength and high compressibility. Using by-product materials, such as fly ash (FA), to improve soils is a cost-effective and sustainable procedure. Because treatment with FA may lead to reduce shear strength, a FA-based geopolymer was used with a cohesive organic soil to substitute the reduction in strength. A series of unconfined compressive strength tests (UCS) were conducted on compacted specimens treated with FA and geopolymer. The geopolymer was produced by adding sodium hydroxide to activate the FA. Different levels of FA content, curing period, and temperature were applied to the specimens. The results indicate that for the FA treated specimens, the UCS decreased as the FA increased. For the geopolymer-treated specimens, as FA percentage in the geopolymer increased, the UCS increased and the axial strain at failure decreased. The optimum content of FA, in the geopolymer, was 20%, and the highest UCS was achieved at a curing period of 28 days at a temperature level of 65°C. Based on the obtained results, FA-based geopolymer can effectively be used to improve the strength of organic soils.
Dam projects require comprehensive studies and a careful implementation process; thus, the causes of the possible failure, during the construction or operation of dams, should be thoroughly investigated. Specifically, geotechnical analysis of seepage, static stability, and seismic stability is essential to be evaluated. Earthquakes shaking imposes additional hysteric and short-term loads in the two directions that may cause serious problems and may lead to dam failure due to settlement, piping, high pore water pressure, and soil liquefaction. In this study, Geo-Studio 2018 software was utilized to evaluate the slope stability and the seepage analysis of Al-Adhaim Dam in Iraq. The dynamic stability of the dam and the soil liquefaction were also evaluated as a result of applying earthquake shaking to the dam. The results obtained from the analysis indicated that the dam was stable in the static condition. Furthermore, the results of the dynamic condition indicated that an earthquake, with an acceleration value of 0.38g and 10 seconds period, caused a vertical displacement of the dam of 0.12 m and reduced the factor of safety to 1.01 which was less than the allowable value. Therefore, geotextile reinforcement was suggested to reduce the effect of the soil liquefaction that was observed in the front shell of the dam. As discussed herein, the reinforcement increased the dam stability as the factor of safety of the dam increased to 1.946 which was within the allowable values © Int. J. of GEOMATE All rights reserved, including making copies unless permission is obtained from the
In the present research, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used for the prediction of surface runoff amounts of the catchment of Al-Masad, in the Western Desert of Iraq. The prediction period was from September 2020 to January 2030. The calibration and verification of this model were performed according to the daily surface runoff data that were measured between 2010 and 2014. Statistical parameters were employed to determine the performance of the model. These parameters were RSR (ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data), NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency), and PBias (percent Bias), which were calculated as 0.58%, 0.71%, and 13% for calibration and 0.55%, 0.74% and 11% for verification, respectively. The results from the model verification and calibration prove that this model was sufficient in simulating the catchment surface runoff. Furthermore, the SWAT model was applied for the prediction of daily, monthly, and yearly surface runoff value of the catchment from 2021 to 2030. The results obtained from the model showed that the annual surface runoff volume of the catchment, throughout the period of the simulation, was between 0.65 and 8.3 million m 3 with an average value of 2.622 million m 3 .
Soil stabilization techniques are widely used for road construction to improve the properties of the subgrade materials. Using new additives and stabilizers to improve soil properties can reduce the costs of construction and reduce the possible negative effects of these materials on the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a liquid based nano-material called EarthZyme (EZ) and cement kiln dust (CKD) as admixtures to improve the soil properties. A mixture of two soils was used in this study which were prepared from mixing sand soil and fine-grained soil. Compaction tests were performed on the soil that was stabilized with the CKD to determine the density-water content relationships. Unconfined compression tests were also conducted on specimens without treatment, specimen treated with the CKD only, and specimens treated with the CKD and the EZ after curing period for seven days. The obtained results indicated that adding the CKD to the soil decreased the values of the unconfined compression strength (UCS) from 5 to 15 percent.
However, adding the CKD reduced the maximum dry density (MDD) from 10 to 12 %. As discussed herein, soil stabilization with the EZ had insignificant effects on the results obtained from the unconfined compression test
Expansive soils are found in many parts of the countries like India, Australia, Ethiopia, Sudan and USA in the form of black cotton soil (BCS). The distress induced by swelling and shrinkage behavior of black cotton soil results in millions of dollars of damage to the construction industry each year. In present study, experimental investigations are carried out for the stabilization of BCS using fly ash (FA) and rice
husk ash (RHA) based geopolymer. For this purpose, a mixture of sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) mixed in the ratio of 1.5 is used as the alkaline activator solution. A mixture of FA and RHA (mixed in weight percentage of 100:00, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 00:100) is used as the precursor and is referred as blended ash (termed
as FARHA) in this paper. Stabilization potential of the geopolymer is determined by conducting unconfined compressive strength test, free swell ratio (FSR) test and shrinkage limit test on the stabilized specimens. Attempts are also made to establish
the effects of varying the quantity of FARHA (5, 10, 15, and 20%) and curing period on strength properties of BCS. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were conducted to analyze the micro-level changes due to geopolymerization. Results obtained from
the experiments indicate that the geopolymerization significantly improves the strength of BCS and at the same time makes it less prone to swelling and shrinkage. Thus, BCS stabilized with blended ash geopolymer can be used as a sustainable alternative to conventional stabilizers.
The normal physiological functioning of multicellular organisms depends on precise communication between cells. Communication achieves this through a variety of signals, with cells using chemical signals, physical contacts and electrical signals to coordinate their behavior. The aim of this paper is to explore the mechanisms of cellular communication, with a special focus on the role of signaling channels (e.g., MAPK channels, Wnt signaling channels) in different biological processes and their effects on growth, development, immune responses, etc.
1. Types of cellular communication
The main types of cellular communication interfaces: self is when a cell releases a signal to itself and responds to it, while paracellular interfaces transmit signals between cells. Self is when a cell releases a signal to itself and responds. or body fluids to a distant target cell.
Self signaling: immune cells typically release cytokines, such as interferon, for regulating their own activation state.
Side signals: such as neurotransmitters released by neurons that act directly on surrounding cells.
External signals: endocrine signals are typical of external signals, which act on external examples of target cells through the blood system, e.g. insulin blood glucose levels.
2. Core mechanisms of incomplete cell signaling
Signal transduction systems consist of a series of proteins that transmit signals through mechanisms such as phosphorylation and protein-protein responses, ultimately triggering cellular responses. Classical signaling includes MAPK signaling input, Wnt signaling input, and PI3K-Akt input.
MAPK failure: this failure produces a key role in cell proliferation and respiration. The activity of this failure increases in the context of prophylactic reactions, immune responses, etc., which ultimately leads to the entry of transcription factors into the nucleus to regulate gene expression.
Wnt signaling failure: During cell growth, this failure directs organ formation by regulating cell half and movement, and also maintains stem cell interstitials in forming somatic cells.
3. Noise and disease signaling
Mutations in cell signaling are closely associated with a variety of diseases, especially cancer formation. Signaling abnormalities may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, disruption of inhibitor mechanisms, and tumors. For example, mutations in the Ras gene may lead to sustained activation of MAPK signaling, which can lead to a variety of cancers. Conversely, deletion of genes that inhibit certain cancers (e.g., p53) can lead to a loss of normal cellular repair and repair function.
4. The role of cellular communication in the immune response
Cellular communication is critical for the effective initiation of an immune response. Immune cells pacific treaty activity through bypass signals to withstand external incoming influences. t cells and b cells activate the immune response through physical contact with the subject's presenting cells, while cytokines regulate the factor response and immune effects through endocrine and autodestructive pathways.
Geopolymers are ceramic-like inorganic polymers produced at low temperature, generally below 100 °C. They consist of chains or networks of mineral molecules linked with covalent bonds. The raw materials are mainly minerals of geological origin, hence the name "geopolymer". They comprise several molecular units for example: silico-oxide (Na, K)-(-Si-O-Si-O-) for (Na, K)-poly(silicate) or (Na, K)-poly(siloxonate), silico-aluminate (Na, K)-(-Si-O-Al-O) for (Na, K)-poly(sialate), ferro-silico-aluminate (Na, K)-(-Fe-O-Si-O-Al-O-) or (Na, K)-poly(ferro-sialate), alumino-phosphate (-Al-O-P-O-) for poly(alumino-phosphate), formed in a geopolymerization process. We focus here on the reactivity of calcined kaolinite, an aluminosilicate oxide Si2O5Al2O2, metakaolin, which led to the discovery of geopolymers 40 years ago. A distinction is made between two synthesis routes: alkaline medium (Na+, K+, Li+, Ca++, Cs+ and the like) and acidic milieu (phosphoric acid, organic carboxylic acids). The alkaline route is the most important, so far. NMR spectroscopy provides data on the molecular structure and polymeric character. The geopolymerization mechanism starts with polycondensation of oligomers into small ribbon-like molecules. This intermediary stage involves several Si-OH groups together with H2O molecules. It is referred to as NASH or KASH by some cement scientists and generalized to the final geopolymer structure. The poly(sialate) final structure consists of well-polymerized individual elementary nanoparticles of 5 to 40 nmin size.
Swelling and shrinkage characteristics of expansive fine grained soil cause volumetric changes followed by distress and damage to the structures. Soil stabilization can be explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical, mechanical or any other means in order to enhance the engineering properties of the soil. Utilization of industrial wastes in soil stabilization is cost effective and environment friendly. This paper presents an experimental study on stabilization of expansive soil using industrial wastes, viz. fly ash and dolochar. The paper includes the evaluation of engineering properties like unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) of expansive soil collected from Balasore district of Odisha stabilized with fly ash and dolochar in different proportions and to predict the influence of these additives on engineering properties and strength characteristics of expansive soil. Both fly ash and dolochar were found to increase the CBR and decrease many index properties such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, swelling index and UCS, thus enhancing the strength parameters of expansive soil.
Alkali-activated cements (AAC) have been extensively studied for different applications as an alternative to Portland cement (which has a high carbon footprint) and due to the possibility of including waste materials such fly ash or slags. However, few works have addressed the topic of stabilised soils with AAC for unpaved roads, with curing at ambient temperature, where the resistance to wetting and drying (WD) as well as the mechanical properties evolution over time is particularly relevant. In this paper, silty sand was stabilised with an AAC synthesised from low calcium fly ash and an alkaline solution made from sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. The evolution of stiffness and strength up to 360 days, the tensile strength, and the performance during WD cycles were some of the characteristics analysed. Strength and stiffness results show a significant evolution far beyond the 28th curing day, but still with a reasonable short-term strength. Strength parameters deduced from triaxial tests were found to be very high with stress–strain behaviour typical of cemented soils. Durability properties related to resistance to immersion and WD cycles were found to comply with existing specifications for soil–cement, giving validity for its use as soil–cement replacement.
http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/KqkS43suKTi4mJPeWQtf/full
This study assesses the laboratory investigation to evaluate the feasibility of using alkaline activation technique for engineering improvement of soils. The originality of this paper stems from the novel two-stage approach. The first stage investigates the effectiveness of locally available precursor in the alkaline activation process by focusing on soil strength improvement. As such, in presence of high alkali solutes (Na-based and Ka-based alkaline activators), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was used as a precursor due to its amorphous nature and high silica-to-alumina ratio. In the second stage of this study, geotechnical model procedure of interaction between a strip footing model and stabilized soil by column technique and the most effective percentage of POFA was performed. According to the test results, applying alkaline activators to soil induced low strengths of up to 159 kPa after 7 days curing. When the POFA content used in alkaline activation increased from 0 to 15%, the UCS values increased up to 226% after similar curing duration. This assertion reflects the fact that the addition of POFA enriched the reactive Si and Al in the matrix, which allowed stronger Si–O–Si and Al–O–Si bonds to form. Curing condition, type and quantity of the alkaline activators were also shown to have significant strengthening effects on the treated soil. In this respect, the use of moderate 10 M NaOH and 10 M KOH were found to be viable as the best concentration for strength improvement of investigated soil when economy and practicality were considered. In terms of using alkali-activators, the use of the NaOH for soil treatment is beneficial in terms of lower cost, since the price of KOH solution is higher than that of the NaOH solution. Results of the second phase showed that a considerable settlement reduction up to 192% of treated columns by means of alkaline activation could be achieved.
Alkaline activation of fly ash (FA) was used to improve the mechanical performance of a silty sand, considering this new material as a replacement for soil-cement applications, namely, bases and subbases, for transportation infrastructures. For that purpose, specimens were molded from mixtures of soil, FA, and an alkaline activator made from sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Uniaxial compression tests showed that strength is highly increased by the addition of this new binder. The results described a high stiffness material, with an initial volume reduction followed by significant dilation. All specimens have clearly reached the respective yield surface during shearing, and peakstrength Mohr-Coulomb parameters were defined for each mixture. The evolution of the microstructure during curing, responsible for the mechanical behavior detected in the previous tests, was observed by scanning electron microscopy. These results were compared with soil-cement data obtained previously with the same soil at similar compaction conditions. The main difference between both binders was the curing rate, with alkali-activated specimens showing a more progressive and long-lasting strength increase. This was analyzed taking into account the chemical process responsible for the behavior of the mixtures.
The effectiveness of fly ash use in the stabilization of organic soils and the factors that are likely to affect the degree of stabilization were studied. Unconfined compression and resilient modulus tests were conducted on organic soil-fly ash mixtures and untreated soil specimens. The unconfined compressive strength of organic soils can be increased using fly ash, but the amount of increase depends on the type of soil and characteristics of the fly ash. Resilient moduli of the slightly organic and organic soils can also be significantly improved. The increases in strength and stiffness are attributed primarily to cementing caused by pozzolanic reactions, although the reduction in water content resulting from the addition of dry fly ash solid also contributes to strength gain. The pozzolonic effect appears to diminish as the water content decreases. The significant characteristics of fly ash that affect the increase in unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus include CaO content and CaO/SiO(2) ratio [or CaO/(SiO(2) + Al(2)O(3)) ratio]. Soil organic content is a detrimental characteristic for stabilization. Increase in organic content of soil indicates that strength of the soil-fly ash mixture decreases exponentially. For most of the soil-fly ash mixtures tested, unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus increased when fly ash percentage was increased. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000502. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
An experimental program was performed to study the effects of cement stabilization on the geotechnical characteristics of sandy soils. Stabilizing agent included lime Portland cement, and was added in percentages of 2.5, 5 and 7.5% by dry weight of the soils. An analysis of the mechanical behavior of the soil is performed from the interpretation of results from unconfined compression tests and direct shear tests. Cylindrical and cube samples were prepared at optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight for unconfined compression and direct shear tests, respectively. Samples were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days after which they were tested. Based on the experimental investigations, the utilization of cemented specimens increased strength parameters, reduced displacement at failure, and changed soil behavior to a noticeable brittle behavior.
Fly ash has a potential to be beneficially used in roadway constructions, including embankments and pavement structural layers such as base/sub-base layers, shoulders, asphalt concrete, and Portland cement concrete, to create longer lasting and sustainable infrastructure. The paper describes a study of the optimization of fly ash-soil mixture for highway embankment construction. The fly ash was collected from a utility power plant in Mississippi. Tests were conducted on soils and fly ash-soil mixtures prepared at optimum water content, including compaction, permeability, and unconfined compressive strength (q u). Addition of fly ash into soil resulted in appreciable increases in the q u of the inorganic soil. After 14 days of curing, the q u of the samples compacted from the fly ash/soil mixtures ranged between 900 kN/m 2 and 9300 kN/m 2 , whereas the soil alone had a q u of 1 to 200 kN/m 2 . The effect of mixing ratio and compaction water content on the geotechnical properties of fly ash/soil mixtures was discussed.
Pavement structures on poor soil sub grades show early distresses causing the premature failure of the pavement. Clayey soils usually have the potential to demonstrate undesirable engineering behavior, such as low bearing capacity, high shrinkage and swell characteristics and high moisture susceptibility. Stabilization of these soils is a usual practice for improving the strength. This study reports the improvement in the strength of a locally available cohesive soil by addition of both fly ash and lime. Analysis using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Zeta Potential and pH value test was carried out in order to elucidate the stabilization mechanism. The micro level analysis confirmed the breaking of montmorrilonite structure present in the untreated clay after stabilization. In the analysis, it was also confirmed that in the stabilization process, pozzolanic reaction dominated over the Cation Exchange Capacity (C.E.C.)
The expansive soils change its form from soft in monsoon to hard in summer. This property of it poses serious problems to lay roads. Hence the engineering properties of the expansive soils need to be improved. Generally, to stabilise the black cotton soil and to improve subgrade or sub base soil strengthlime and cement is used. But the usage of cement and lime is not recommended because of the expensive and energy intensive nature of production as well as the greenhouse gas emission during production. The experimental results of Engineering properties obtained from GGBS stabilised black cotton soil (BCS) is presented in this paper. The research was carried out using 0% to 50% GGBS content with 3M to 11 M NaOH solution. The durability and unconfined compressive strength Tests were performed on the stabilized samples. It is observed that with addition of 40% GGBS and 8 M of NaOH leads to obtain the higher unconfined strength for stabilized BC Soil. Durability test was conducted on the Natural and stabilized Black cotton soil and noted that only 9.2% UCS strength was reduction after 12 number of wetting–drying cycles.
The weak subgrade soil is one of the major challenges for civil engineering applications such as roads and foundations. This study aims to find out the influence of fly ash-based geopolymer on the strength of weak soil to fulfill the requirements of the subgrade layer in the pavement structure. Fly ash particles of class F was used as a raw material for geopolymer synthesis. The alkaline liquid consists of the Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 8 molars solution and Sodium silicate Na2Sio3 in liquid form and the ratio of NaOH:Na2Sio3 remained constant at 60:40 by weight. Low plasticity sandy silt was utilized in the study and stabilized using various proportions of fly ash (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%). Laboratory investigation involves the compaction properties of soil-fly ash mixtures in addition to the mechanical properties including the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test and the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test. The UCS test results revealed that the compressive strength of the soil greatly improved after adding the fly ash-based geopolymer and 20% of fly ash content achieved the highest UCS at 28 days of curing time. The ITS test results exhibited a progressive increase in the tensile strength of the soil with fly ash geopolymer, which corresponds to a great resistance for cracking in the soil. Geopolymer gel was observed in the stabilized soil, as confirmed by the SEM analysis.
This study examined the effects of soil minerals on soil anisotropy and determined the amount of changes in anisotropy during the consolidation process of soils. Soil fabric and anisotropy of kaolinite-rich and illite-rich soils were investigated through shear wave measurements using a newly fabricated consolidation device. Shear wave measurements were performed by placing the bender elements in the horizontal and vertical directions through soil specimens. Two sets of bender elements enabled collection of two types of shear wave measurements: (1) horizontally propagated, vertically polarized shear waves; and (2) horizontally propagated, horizontally polarized shear waves. For both the kaolinite-rich and illite-rich soil types, the measured horizontally propagated, horizontally polarized shear wave velocity (Vs,HH) was higher than the measured horizontally propagated, vertically polarized shear wave velocity (Vs,HV) at corresponding applied stress levels. During the back-pressure saturated, constant rate-of-strain consolidation with bender elements tests on the kaolinite-rich soil type, the fabric anisotropy (in terms of shear wave velocity) began when the vertical effective stress was larger than 400 kPa; for the illite-rich soil type, the fabric anisotropy began at effective stress larger than 600 kPa. The strain-induced anisotropy dominated the soil behavior for both soil types; the rearrangement of soil particles within the soil structure resulted in plastic deformation. These phenomena were much more pronounced for soil samples that were initially mixed at higher values of initial water content from slurry sample prior to preconsolidation. The clay sample prepared with higher initial water content had more particles in the preferred orientation.
The engineering behavior of soil is affected by the presence of organic content in the soil. Previous studies have shown that organic content in clay is a key factor which affects the index properties, unconfined compressive strength and compaction behavior. Fly ash stabilization of clay is a commonly used stabilization method in pavement construction. Presence of organic content affects the stabilization of clay using fly ash, because organic content influences the pH of clay and hence the pozzolanic reaction is also affected. Kaolinite clay with different organic content (9–5%) is stabilized using Class C fly ash. The variation in index properties, unconfined compressive strength and compaction behavior of clay with different organic contents which is stabilized with fly ash is presented. Optimum fly ash requirement is also affected by the presence of organic content in clay. The optimum fly ash content for stabilization of kaolinite with different organic content is also presented in this paper.
Fly ash has a potential to be beneficially used in roadway constructions, including embankments and pavement structural layers such as base/sub-base layers, shoulders, asphalt concrete, and Portland cement concrete, to create longer lasting and sustainable infrastructure. The paper describes a laboratory study of the optimization of fly ash-soil mixture for highway embankment construction. The fly ash was collected from a utility power plant in Mississippi. Tests were conducted on soils and fly ash-soil mixtures prepared at optimum water content, including compaction, unconfined compressive strength (qu), and shear strength tests. Addition of fly ash into soil resulted in appreciable increases in the qu of the clay soil. After 14 days of curing, the qu of the samples compacted from the fly ash-soil mixtures ranged between 940 kPa and 4300 kPa, whereas the soil alone had a qu of 317 kPa. The shear strength of fly ash-soil mixture is improved due to the addition of fly ash. Friction angle increase up to 2-3 times for different fly ash-soil mixtures. A optimum mixing ratio of 60% fly ash and 40% soil is recommended to have the higher compressive strength and shear strength.
The effect of hydrated lime on the petrography and strength characteristics of Illite clay
- A Rastegarnia
- S M S Alizadeh
- M K Esfahani
- O Amini
- A S Utyuzh
A. Rastegarnia, S. M. S. Alizadeh, M. K. Esfahani, O. Amini, and A. S. Utyuzh, The effect of hydrated lime on
the petrography and strength characteristics of Illite clay, Geomechanics and Engineering, 22(2), 143-152,
(2020).
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Strength and Stiffness of a Geopolymer-treated Clayey Soil for Unpaved Roads
- H S Abdulwahed
- K R Aljanabi
- A H Abdulkareem
H. S. Abdulwahed, K. R. Aljanabi, and A. H. AbdulKareem, Strength and Stiffness of a Geopolymer-treated
Clayey Soil for Unpaved Roads, Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(1), 1-9, (2021).
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