Evaluate sediment transport formulas in the Euphrates river upstream Ramadi barrage in the west of Iraq

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RESEARCH ARTICLE | FE BR UA RY 14 2024
Evaluate sediment transport formulas in the Euphrates river
upstream Ramadi barrage in the west of Iraq 
Sadeq Oleiwi Sulaiman ; Abu Baker Ahmed Najm; Mohammad Falah Allawi; Nadhir Al Ansari;
Ammar Hatem Kamel
AIP Conf. Proc. 3009, 030067 (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0190517
17 February 2024 20:31:02

Evaluate Sediment Transport Formulas in the Euphrates
River Upstream Ramadi Barrage in the West of Iraq
Sadeq Oleiwi Sulaiman1,a), Abu Baker Ahmed Najm1,b), Mohammad Falah
Allawi1,c) Nadhir Al Ansari2,d) and Ammar Hatem Kamel 1,e )
1College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Ramadi -Iraq.
2Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea 97187-Sweden
a) Corresponding author: sadeq.sulaiman@uoanbar.edu.iq
b) abubaker_ded@uoanbar.edu.iq
c) mohmmd.falah@uoanbar.edu.iq
d) nadhir.alansari@ltu.se
e) ammar.kamel@uoanbar.edu.iq
Abstract. The sediment problem in rivers is one of the common problems faced by most hydraulic establishments such as
dams, water treatment plants, and other facilities. It is necessary to measure and evaluate the quantity of sediment for
bedload and suspended load through the water stream before establishing any facility. There are several formulas used to
calculate sediment transport around the world. The validity of these formulas has been verified in several regions. However,
the conditions for applying these formulas differ from one region to another, and the accuracy of using one of these formulas
in one region may be better than using it in another region. This study aims to evaluate these formulas used to calculate the
sediment transport in the Euphrates River upstream of Ramadi Barrage in the west of Iraq. The field data were used to
evaluate the different sediment transport equations and compare the calculated data with the measured data using statistical
methods to find the best equations that can be applied in the study area. The Bagnold equation was more accurate than
other formulas in determining the amount of sediment transport in the Euphrates River upstream Ramadi barrage.
INTRODUCTION
Rivers are a complex system that contains many variables that need continuous study as they affect the nature and
characteristics of the river, and this, in turn, affects the various human agricultural, industrial, and tourism activities
along the course of the river [1-3]. The characteristics of the sediments that constitute the bed and banks of the river
are among the variables that play an important role in determining its hydraulic properties [4-6]. Therefore, the water
resources engineers attach great importance to the study of these materials and the equations that control their
movement along the course of the river [7-9]. The sediment discharge plays a major role in determining the hydraulic
and environmental characteristics of the river through their impact on the speed and nature of river flow, the shape of
the bed and banks of the river as a result of erosion and sedimentation processes, and the formation of river islands
[10–12]. Thus, sediment transport has a direct impact on the quality of the river water as well as the nature of the
aquatic plants and river organisms in the area [13–15]. The case study is the Euphrates River upstream Ramadi Barrage
in Al Anbar province in the west of Iraq as shown in Fig. 1. The Palestine Bridge on the highway crossing the
Euphrates River in the study area was used to make the various measurements. In this research, the various hydraulic
and geotechnical data required to apply the equations of sediment transfer on the Euphrates River in the study area
were collected to determine the convergence of the results of these equations with the measured data.
2nd International Conference for Engineering Sciences and Information Technology (ESIT 2022)
AIP Conf. Proc. 3009, 030067-1–030067-8; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0190517
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4835-3/$30.00
030067-1
17 February 2024 20:31:02

FIGURE 1. The study area of the Euphrates River in Al Anbar Province, Iraq.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Five sites were selected along the cross-section of the Euphrates River in the study area for the purpose of making
measurements and samples [16–18]. Data of the width of the river, water depth, flow velocity, bedload, suspended
load, bed material particle size, and water temperature for the Euphrates River at the study area were done for five
sites along the river cross-section every month for four-month from Feb./2019 to Jon./2019. The total width of the
river was divided into five sections, starting from the left bank of the river, with distances as follows: 40m, 50m, 50m,
50m, and 40m. Where measurements and sampling tools were used in the centers of these distances and for five
columns A, B, C, D, and E along the cross-section of the river. A BLS30 Bedload sampler, Depth-integrating
suspended sediment sampler, and Van Veen Grab (VVG) were used for collecting bedload, suspended load, and bed
material for taking a sample from each five vertical along the river cross-section [19][20]. The Echosounder, flow
current meter, and thermometer was used to measure the depth of flow, flow velocity, and water temperature for each
one of five verticals along the river cross-section, Fig. 2. The measured data gained in five months are summarized in
Table 1. A total load of sediment transport of the Euphrates River in the study area was composed of suspended and
bed loads. Several equations deal with the total sediment load in the rivers. The famous equations which are used
worldwide to deal with total load in sediment transport are Yang (1973), Ackers and White (1973), Shen and Hung
(1972), Engelund and Hansen (1972), and Bagnold (1966) [21]-[25]. These equations were used to calculate the total
sediment load of the Euphrates River in the study area and compare the results with field measurements.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
FIGURE 2. The measurement and sampling tools (a) BLS30 Bedload sampler (b) Depth-integrating suspended-sediment
sampler (c) Van Veen Grab (VVG) (d) Echosounder (e) Thermometer, and (f) Flow current meter
RESULTS
The total sediment load was measured in each of the five columns of the river section by using measurements of
the bedload and suspended load and based on the measured river discharge by knowing the flow velocity and the
cross-sectional area of the river.
The total sediment load was also calculated using the different equations, and the total sediment rates for each
column along five months were calculated by using the mentioned equations. Fig. 3 shows the comparison between the
measured total sediment load with the total sediment load calculated by each of the five equations used in this study.
The correlation values between the observed sediment load and the data obtained using several empirical equations are
shown. It should be mentioned that, according to the correlation coefficient value, all equations produced results that
were acceptable and correct. The findings showed that Bagnold and England fared reasonably similar to each other and
performed better than other suggested formulae [26][27]. The two most common measures used in checking
experimental results are the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) methods. The two
different statistical indicators (RMSE) and (MAE) were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods.
Figures 4, 5, and Table 2 show the RMSE and MAE values for each equation. It can be noted that the Bagnold methods
is superior to other methods. The results indicated that the SSL data computed by the Bagnold method has less error
than other equations. Based on RMSE and MAE, the Bagnold method is better than all suggested methods for
calculating total sediment load data.
DISCUSSION
The reliability of the used equation to be applied in the case study can be expressed in terms of MAE and RMSE
indicators. The less values of these indicators give better regression. There is a direct relationship between the
correlation coefficient and both RMSE and AME when field measurements and computed values are used as inputs.
The correlation coefficient values in Fig. 3, and the value of RMSE and AME in Table 2 and Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 showed
that most of the equations in this study achieve good correlation values for all measured and calculated values. But
the values achieved by the Bagnold equation were the best among the equations when applied to find the values of the
total load in the Euphrates River in the study area.
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TABLE 1. Data collected.
Month
Vertical
Depth (m)
Average velocity
(m/s)
Water
Temperature
(0C)
Bedload
g / 30 min
Suspended load
concentration
g/L
D65 (mm)
D90 (mm)
Feb.
A
3.5
0.35
11.7
45.2
0.18
0.28
0.38
B
5.7
0.41
11.8
153.6
0.23
0.32
0.28
C
8.2
0.55
11.9
204.3
0.35
0.24
0.29
D
6.8
0.45
12.0
233.4
0.29
0.24
0.34
E
2.6
0.31
11.8
66.7
0.21
0.25
0.39
Mar.
A
3.2
0.30
16.5
64.9
0.13
0.29
0.38
B
5.4
0.43
16.8
181.2
0.22
0.32
0.28
C
8.1
0.50
16.7
95.8
0.28
0.24
0.29
D
6.6
0.41
16.8
176.5
0.23
0.24
0.34
E
2.6
0.33
16.6
34.5
0.15
0.25
0.39
Apr.
A
3.6
0.33
19.3
26.3
0.23
0.29
0.38
B
5.7
0.45
19.2
211.2
0.31
0.32
0.39
C
8.3
0.56
19.3
324.5
0.34
0.25
0.34
D
7
0.44
19.4
196.2
0.18
0.25
0.29
E
2.7
0.38
19.5
72.1
0.11
0.24
0.34
May
A
3.4
0.32
23.7
53.6
0.16
0.23
0.39
B
5.6
0.39
23.8
208.2
0.15
0.29
0.39
C
8
0.52
23.8
319.1
0.36
0.24
0.27
D
6.5
0.38
23.8
244.8
0.31
0.24
0.29
E
2.4
0.31
23.7
48.3
0.13
0.24
0.34
Jun.
A
3.4
0.34
26.4
19.3
0.16
0.25
0.39
B
5.5
0.39
26.7
127.2
0.25
0.28
0.29
C
8.1
0.48
26.5
255.1
0.29
0.23
0.29
D
6.5
0.47
26.7
178.6
0.21
0.24
0.29
E
2.5
0.29
26.4
33.7
0.12
0.26
0.33
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
FIGURE 3. Scatter plots for measured and calculated total sediment load using five different empirical equations. a) Calculated
by Ackers and White (ton/day), b) Calculated by England (ton/day), c) Calculated by Shen (ton/day), d) Calculated by Bagnold
(ton/day), e) Calculated by Yang (ton/day).
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TABLE 2 Statistical indicator values for evaluating the performance of equations
Method
RMSE
MAE
Ackers and White
2.885
2.14
Engelund and Hansen
2.71
2
Shen and Hung
3.11
2.35
Bagnold
0.77
0.57
Yang
2.86
2.16
FIGURE 4. RMSE value for each proposed empirical equation.
FIGURE 5. MAE value for each proposed empirical equation.
CONCLUSIONS
The problem of sediment transport through rivers and natural channels is one of the important and complex issues
facing specialists in the field of water resources management. A number of important decisions that will be taken in
the field of improving and developing river environments and determining the method of work of the facilities built
on the banks of these rivers and canals are dependent upon what's the quantity and distribution of total sediment load
in the river. In view of the existence of a large set of equations and formulas in which to predict the amount of total
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sediment load passing through the section of the river, and the fact that each of these equations can give better results
than the other in certain circumstances and locations, the results of these equations were compared with the results of
field measurements of the Euphrates River in the study area. The results of the study proved that the Bagnold equation
was the closest and most accurate to field measurements, and therefore it can be adopted when calculating the total
amount of sediment transported through the cross-section of the Euphrates River in the study area.
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