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Water Reuse in Industrial Symbiosis
Abstract
Water is indispensable and irreplaceable resources. It is consumed every day and everywhere
from domestic use to agricultural, industrial purposes. By its sector, industry accounts for 12%
of global water withdrawal (UN Water, 2021), and this is estimated to increase faster than that
of agriculture. Growth of industrial water use is predicted in almost every country in the world
including Africa, where the water demand is expected to escalate by 800% by 2050 (Boretti
and Rosa, 2019). Water-intensive industries, such as manufacturing, chemicals, mining and
textile, are particularly vulnerable to fluctuating water availability. It is prospected these highly
water-dependent businesses with the famous brands will face the big reputational threats as
well as unpredictability due to water shortage (WWF, 2009).
Becker (2019) highlighted the importance of Integrated Industrial Water Management referring
the fact that water crisis will cause the most crucial social impacts in next 10 years. As solutions
to buffer water risk in industry, water reuse, Industrial Symbiosis and Eco-Industrial Park (EIP)
were suggested. The concept of water reuse emerged to change conventional way of water
consumption (use and disposal) to circular economical approach (reduce, reuse and recycle)
within a single plant. Technologies, such as water pinch and mathematical optimization, were
devised to maximize water efficiency and minimize the wastewater discharge (Yoo et al.,
2007).
The development of water reuse network evolved from a single plant-based to multiple user
level (Misrol et al., 2021), and this can be explained by the concept of Industrial Symbiosis
(IS). According to Chertow (2000), Industrial symbiosis is defined as “traditionally separate
industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of
materials, energy, water, and by-products.” Participants can benefit by sharing by-product,
waste, and utilities that enlarge revenue and reduce the cost of raw materials, facility
maintenance, and waste disposal (Lovelady et al., 2009). As a similar concept to Industrial
Symbiosis, Eco- Industrial Park (EIP) is often accompanied with IS since both are based on
businesses cooperation. However, to perform as EIP, there are more requirements to fulfil
including application of renewable energy and geographical vicinity between partners. In other
words, IS can take place between physically distant partners although geographic proximity
was selected as a key factor of collaboration (Chertow et al., 2000).
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The major industrial companies located in the Kwinana Industrial Area (KIA) produce many industrial, agricultural and mining chemicals and refined materials, for national and international markets. With over 150 documented product and by-product exchanges, Kwinana is considered to be one of the best examples of industrial symbiosis (IS) in the world. A new model of IS comprised of four dimensions is under development, whereby whilst each dimension is unique, collectively, they interact to characterise an industrial estate, thus contributing to the evolutionary understanding of IS. We investigate the basis for this model through an analysis of two water circular economy examples as they relate to Western Australia’s premier industrial area, the KIA. Case studies will consider a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) project that failed and the process water interconnectedness of enterprises operating successfully as a sub-ecology within the industrial cluster. Apart from the traditional product and by-product dimension of IS, three additional dimensions seem to be playing a crucial role in the KIA, these being the skilled workforce, support industry and governance dimensions. We provide additional context for the water-related examples of the circular economy at Kwinana by exploring a new four-dimensional model for IS.
Water is used intensively by various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and the public. Increasing global water demand and the effects of climate change are leading to overuse of water resources in many regions. One strategy to meet these challenges is to implement an integrated industrial water management, e.g., by water reuse or the use of alternative water resources. The development of new concepts and technical, digital, and nontechnical innovations together with priorities will continue to set the course for future integrated water management, particularly in the industrial environment.
The 2018 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report stated that nearly 6 billion peoples will suffer from clean water scarcity by 2050. This is the result of increasing demand for water, reduction of water resources, and increasing pollution of water, driven by dramatic population and economic growth. It is suggested that this number may be an underestimation, and scarcity of clean water by 2050 may be worse as the effects of the three drivers of water scarcity, as well as of unequal growth, accessibility and needs, are underrated. While the report promotes the spontaneous adoption of nature-based-solutions within an unconstrained population and economic expansion, there is an urgent need to regulate demography and economy, while enforcing clear rules to limit pollution, preserve aquifers and save water, equally applying everywhere. The aim of this paper is to highlight the inter-linkage in between population and economic growth and water demand, resources and pollution, that ultimately drive water scarcity, and the relevance of these aspects in local, rather than global, perspective, with a view to stimulating debate.
The project was established to evaluate options for diverting locally available treated wastewater into the Superficial Aquifer in the Cockburn Sound catchment to raise groundwater levels, improve non-potable water supplies and security for heavy industry, reverse seawater intrusion, and improve the condition of groundwater-throughflow wetlands that have been seriously impacted by lower groundwater levels in recent decades. While answering a local non-potable water need, the project aimed to help answer state-wide questions, thereby facilitating more widespread adoption of MAR in areas containing residential developments. These areas are losing throughflow wetlands of considerable economic, environmental and social value. They are also experiencing a loss of water for irrigating public open space as well as domestic gardens, the formation of acid sulphate soils as previously wet areas dry, and the gradual accumulation of salts in poorly flushed aquifers as is becoming evident as the climate dries and groundwater gradients fall in south west Western Australia.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the first phase of the Korean National Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) Development Program from 2005 to 2010. The main objectives of this review are to introduce how Korea established its own approach to nationwide eco-industrial development and to examine the program's successes and limiting factors to draw lessons about how industrial symbiosis can be developed successfully elsewhere. The Korean EIP program emerged from a context of 50 years of industrial development to transform traditional industrial structures into EIPs using cleaner production at the industrial park level. During the first five years, regional EIP centers established at five pilot sites developed and implemented 47 resource-sharing projects, which generated considerable economic and environmental benefits. This was possible due to an institutional system that effectively combined top-down and bottom-up approaches and to the mediating role of regional EIP centers, which bring together local stakeholders from businesses, governments, and research organizations. By learning during the first phase, Korea has established its own model for eco-industrial development that will continue to develop during the second and third phases.
This study assesses the strategy and performance of Eco-industrial Park (EIP) initiative implemented by Korea Industrial Complex Corporation (KICOX) with the support of Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Korea since 2005 to 2013 and recommends future directions. After the concept of EIP based on industrial symbiosis (IS) is introduced, the background and implementation procedure of the EIP initiative are described. Then, economic and environmental achievement was assessed. During the project periods (2005-2013), 449 industrial symbiosis project were explored, among which 296 projects have been implemented. Among (Of these 296 projects,) them, 244 projects have been completed in which 118 projects have been commercialized which shows 48% commercialization rate of the completed projects. Through these commercialized projects, around 311.1 billion won/year of economic benefits and reduction of waste by-products of 828,113 tons/year, wastewater of 215,517 tons/year, reduction in energy consumption of 250,475 toe/year and GHG emission reduction of 1,107,189 tCO_2/year were achieved. This results confirmed that EIP initiative based on industrial symbiosis can enhance eco-efficiency of industrial parks and harmonize economy and environment. However, there are obstacles like absence of interagency coordination and cooperation, laws and institutional barriers, increased demand for local governments, funding for project investment. Thus, to utilize EIP initiative as a strategic tool for competiveness and environmental management of industrial parks, it needs intergovernmental collaboration and interdisciplinary approach to lower barrier in implementation.
Regional synergies concern the capture, recovery and reuse of by-products, water and energy between industrial operations in close proximity. The Centre for Sustainable Resource Processing (CSRP) undertakes applied research to further advance regional synergies in the Kwinana Industrial Area in Western Australia in order to achieve greater efficiencies in water, energy and materials consumption and reduction in waste and emission generation. The Kwinana Industries Council (KIC) and its member organisations recognise water consumption and disposal as key environmental issues. Some 30 companies in Kwinana consume a total of more than 35 000 ML/yr of fresh water. Over the past years significant progress has been made towards the reduction of water consumption and improvements in effluent disposal. As part of the CSRP Kwinana Synergies Project, water balances for the ten major water consuming companies have been completed, including workshop sessions with company staff on water synergy opportunities. This work resulted in a set of synergy opportunities which are currently being pursued. In parallel to the Kwinana project, the CSRP has commissioned a supporting project that delivers a toolkit to guide a more targeted and less resource intensive way to identify feasible water synergy opportunities. One of these tools focuses specifically on water, and takes count of input and output water flows within a given industrial area to deliver listings of prioritised water synergy opportunities. This paper discusses the water mapping and workshop approach taken in Kwinana and its outcomes, which are to identify and evaluate water synergy opportunities. The results from the trial application of the developed Regional Eco-Efficiency Opportunity Assessment Toolkit are also presented.
Abstract Industrial symbiosis, as part of the emerging field of industrial ecology, demands resolute attention to the flow of materials and energy through local and regional economies. Industrial symbiosis engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products. The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity. This paper reviews the small industrial symbiosis literature and some antecedents, as well as early efforts to develop eco-industrial parks as concrete realizations of the industrial symbiosis concept. Review of the projects is organized around a taxonomy of five different material exchange types. Input-output matching, stakeholder processes, and materials budgeting appear to be useful tools in advancing eco-industrial park development. Evolutionary approaches to industrial symbosis are found to be important in creating the level of cooperation needed for multi-party exchanges.
Australia is experiencing increasing scarcity of fresh water due to declining rainfall and increased temperatures. Water is a key focus in the Kwinana industrial area, Western Australia's major heavy industrial region, where some 30 companies consume more than 35 000 mega litres per year of fresh water. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made towards the reduction of water consumption and improvements in effluent disposal in Kwinana. Another way to advance sustainable water use is through the realisation of regional synergies. These concern the capture, recovery and reuse of water and energy byproducts from other industries in close proximity. With up to 50 existing synergies already in place, Kwinana is recognised as a world leading example; however, more synergy opportunities appear to exist. Research is being undertaken to further develop synergies in Kwinana and also to deliver a targeted and customised toolkit. This article presents the research results, to date, including an overview of the Kwinana industrial area, and examples of existing water synergies showing their sustainability benefits and success factors.
The concept of circular economy has received much attention due to growing global concern on resource depletion and environmental protection. There are studies to minimize freshwater reduction via mathematical modelling methods. However, study to explore possibilities of combining both domestic and industrial wastewater regeneration, reuse, and resource recovery in a centralised facility is yet to be made. This study develops a non-linear programming (NLP) model that could optimise water regeneration and reuse network, as well as biogas generation from the selected wastewater streams. The main objective is to maximize profit from the network established. A superstructure that consists of sources, regeneration units, outsourced water, freshwater, mixers-demands, and biogas systems is developed. The sources are from domestic and industrial wastewaters. A combination of the sources, regenerated sources, outsource water, and freshwater is performed in the mixers, subject to the demands’ flowrate and contaminant properties, namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P). The formulations also incorporate the techno-economic elements such as mass balance and equipment cost. The processing fee and selling price items are also introduced in the model to ensure that the participants (the sources providers, the centralized water utility facility provider, and the demands) obtain benefits from the integration works. The case study results show that the reused water can be mixed with the freshwater for the boiler feed water and cooling water application with a total supply of 656 m³/h. Connection cost and nanofiltration (NF) cost contribute in a relatively large portion of the annual cost. The selling price of the supplied water is the most important factor that determines the overall systems’ economics compared to other items. The annual profit obtained is USD 1,015,784 and the payback period obtained is 3.13 years. Total freshwater consumption is reduced by 34 %. This model provides insights on how both domestic and industrial wastewaters can be symbiotically integrated in a centralized facility.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to apply reverse osmosis (RO) to the treatment of industrial wastewater from a large petrochemical complex in Southern Brazil, in order to verify the conditions of liquid effluent reuse and improve them, especially to reduce the consumption of natural water by some production structures such as boilers and cooling towers.
Design/methodology/approach
The petrochemical wastewater was submitted to pretreatment using a sand filter and activated carbon filters. Tests were conducted using RO equipment with a production capacity of 0.25 m ³ h ⁻¹ composed of a spiral membrane module with a membrane area of 7.2 m². Pressures of 8, 12 and 15 bar were applied with reject flow maintained constant at 10 Lm ⁻¹ .
Findings
The experiment results indicated optimum RO performance since more than 90 percent extraction was obtained for most of the compounds present in the petrochemical wastewater.
Originality/value
By checking the aspects involved, as well as providing some relevant considerations about, this study promotes the application of RO to get a satisfactory water reuse in similar industries, thereby decreasing both the volume of water extracted from wellsprings and the amount of wastewater released into water bodies.
Since 1989, efforts to understand the nature of interfirm resource sharing in the form of industrial symbiosis and to replicate in a deliberate way what was largely self-organizing in Kalundborg, Denmark have followed many paths, some with much success and some with very little. This article provides a historical view of the motivations and means for pursuing industrial symbiosis - defined to include physical exchanges of materials, energy, water, and by-products among diversified clusters of firms. It finds that "uncovering" existing symbioses has led to more sustainable industrial development than attempts to design and build eco-industrial parks incorporating physical exchanges. By examining 15 proposed projects brought to national and international attention by the U.S. President's Council on Sustainable Development beginning in the early 1990s, and contrasting these with another 12 projects observed to share more elements of self-organization, recommendations are offered to stimulate the identification and uncovering of already existing "kernels" of symbiosis. In addition, policies and practices are suggested to identify early-stage precursors of potentially larger symbioses that can be nurtured and developed further. The article concludes that environmentally and economically desirable symbiotic exchanges are all around us and now we must shift our gaze to find and foster them. © 2007 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yale University.
This work is aimed at developing an optimization-based approach to the design and integration of eco-industrial parks (EIPs). Focus is given to the management of water among multiple processes in a common EIP facility. Recycle, reuse, and separation using interception devices are considered as possible strategies for managing wastewater. A source-interception-sink structural representation is used to embed potential configurations of interest. The representation accounts for the possibilities of direct recycle, material (waste) exchange, mixing and segregation of different streams, separation and treatment in interception units, and allocation to process users (sinks). Then, the EIP design problem is formulated as an optimization program whose objective is to minimize cost of the EIP while determining optimal recycle and separation strategies. A case study is solved to illustrate the applicability of the devised approach. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Since 1989, efforts to understand the nature of interfirm resource sharing in the form of industrial symbiosis and to replicate in a deliberate way what was largely self‐organizing in Kalundborg, Denmark have followed many paths, some with much success and some with very little. This article provides a historical view of the motivations and means for pursuing industrial symbiosis—defined to include physical exchanges of materials, energy, water, and by‐products among diversified clusters of firms. It finds that “uncovering” existing symbioses has led to more sustainable industrial development than attempts to design and build eco‐industrial parks incorporating physical exchanges.
By examining 15 proposed projects brought to national and international attention by the U.S. President's Council on Sustainable Development beginning in the early 1990s, and contrasting these with another 12 projects observed to share more elements of self‐organization, recommendations are offered to stimulate the identification and uncovering of already existing “kernels” of symbiosis. In addition, policies and practices are suggested to identify early‐stage precursors of potentially larger symbioses that can be nurtured and developed further. The article concludes that environmentally and economically desirable symbiotic exchanges are all around us and now we must shift our gaze to find and foster them.
As a subdiscipline of industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis is concerned with resource optimization among colocated companies. The industrial symbiosis complex in Kalundborg, Denmark is the seminal example of industrial symbiosis in the industrial ecology literature. In spite of this, there has been no in-depth quantitative analysis enabling more comprehensive understanding of economic and environmental performances connected to this case. In this article some of the central industrial symbiotic exchanges, involving water and steam, in Kalundborg are analyzed, using detailed economic and environmental data. It is found that both substantial and minor environmental benefits accrue from these industrial symbiosis exchanges and that economic motivation often is connected to upstream or downstream operational performance and not directly associated with the value of the exchanged byproduct or waste itself. It is concluded that industrial symbiosis, as viewed from a company perspective, has to be understood both in terms of individual economic and environmental performance, and as a more collective approach to industrial sustainability.
This article considers new and existing technologies for water reuse networks for water and wastewater minimization. For the
systematic design of water reuse networks, the theory of the water pinch methodology and the mathematical optimization are
described, which are proved to be effective in identifying water reuse opportunities. As alternative solutions, evolutionary
solutions and stochastic design approaches to water system design are also illustrated. And the project work flow and an example
in a real plant are examined. Finally, as development is in the forefront in process industries, this paper will also explore
some research challenges encountered in this field such as simultaneous water and energy minimization, energy-pinch design,
and eco-industrial parks (EIP).
The realization of regional synergies in industrial areas with intensive minerals processing provides a significant avenue toward sustainable resource processing. This article provides an overview of past and current synergy developments in two of Australia's major heavy industrial regions, Kwinana (Western Australia) and Gladstone (Queensland), and includes a comparative review and assessment of the drivers, barriers, and trigger events for regional synergies initiatives in both areas. Kwinana and Gladstone compare favorably with well-known international examples in terms of the current level and maturity of industry involvement and collaboration and the commitment to further explore regional resource synergies. Kwinana stands out with regard to the number, diversity, complexity, and maturity of existing synergies. Gladstone is remarkable with regard to unusually large geographic boundaries and high dominance of one industry sector Many diverse regional synergy opportunities still appear to exist in both industrial regions (particularly in Kwinana), mostly in three broad areas: water, energy and inorganic by-product reuse. To enhance the further development of new regional synergies, the Centre for Sustainable Resource Processing (CSRP), a joint initiative of Australian minerals processing companies, research providers, and government agencies, has undertaken several collaborative projects. These include research to facilitate the process of identifying and evaluating potential synergy opportunities and assistance for the industries with feasibility studies and implementation of selected synergy projects in both regions. The article also reports on the progress to date from this CSRP research.
The Korea National Cleaner Production Center (KNCPC) affiliated to the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) has started a 15 year, 3-phase EIP master plan with the support of Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Energy (MOCIE). A total of 6 industrial parks, including industrial parks in Ulsan city, known as the industrial capital of South Korea, are planning projects to find the feasibility of shifting existing industrial parks to eco-industrial parks. The basic survey shows that Ulsan industrial complex has been continuously evolving from conventional industrial complexes to eco-industrial parks by spontaneous industrial symbiosis. This paper describes the Korean national policies and the developmental activities of this vision to drive the global trend of innovation for converting the existing industrial parks to eco-industrial parks through inter-industry waste, energy, and material exchange in Ulsan Industrial complexes. In addition, the primary and supportive components of the Ulsan EIP pilot project, which will be implemented for 5 years is elaborated with its schedules and economic benefits.
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