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Bhattacharjee, IJPSR, 2023; Vol. 14(8): 3728-3741. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3728
IJPSR (2023), Volume 14, Issue 8 (Review Article)
Received on 24 November 2022; received in revised form, 09 February 2023; accepted 27 May 2023; published 01 August 2023
APPLICATIONS OF LAPORTEA INTERRUPTA AS A TRADITIONAL THERAPEUTIC AGENT
BY THE TRIBES OF TRIPURA AND IT’S POTENTIALITY IN PHARMACEUTICALS
Surajit Bhattacharjee
Department of Biological Sciences, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar English Model School, Government of Tripura,
Agartala - 799004, Tipura, India.
ABSTRACT: Tripura is a small hilly state in the northeastern region of
India. The state has abundant precious plants with medicinal values,
naturally increasing principally in hilly areas. The agro-climatic environment
favors miscellaneous medicinal plants and is a hot spot for native medicinal
plants. Many of the tribal peoples of the state are living in the deep forest
area with adverse communication. From ancient times they have been using
plant and their products to treat different body problems as they are familiar
with the medicinal properties of locally available medicinal plants. Different
parts of those medicinal plants are rich in different compounds and bioactive
molecules like flavonoid, alkaloid, sterol, etc.. They use them in aqueous
extract, raw, dried, or by preparing in different ways in patients suffering
from different complications. The plant products protect against
complications like indigestion, constipation, insomnia, chest pain, etc.
Laportea interrupta is a plant that belongs to the Urticaceae family and is
used by the tribals of Tripura as a therapeutic agent against several diseased
conditions. The plant also has the potential to boost pharmaceutical products
in the future.
INTRODUCTION: Among the two major groups
of living organisms, plants are an important
creature to regulate the function of the biosphere.
Life would not be continued on Earth without
plants. People depend on plants for basic human
requirements, such as food, clothing, shelter, and
medicine 1. In this modern age, approximately 25%
of the total drugs are prepared from plants and
many others are artificial alternatives prepared on
the model compounds purified from the plant
species in current pharmacopeia 2, 3.
QUICK RESPONSE CODE
DOI:
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(8).3728-41
This article can be accessed online on
www.ijpsr.com
DOI link: http://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(8).3728-41
According to the report of the World Health
Organization (WHO), about 80% of the world
population is concretely dependent on drugs based
on plant substances 4, as a result, these practices is
associated with the reduction of the side effects of
self-medication 5.
World health organization documented that
traditional medicine refers to health practices,
moving towards knowledge and values
incorporating plant, animal, and mineral-based
medicine, religious therapies, physical techniques,
and exercises, applied especially or combined to
treat, detect and restrict illnesses or maintain well-
being 6. In developing countries, more than 80% of
the population of the human need for initial health
care is still conditioned on traditional medicines,
most of which are plant-derived drugs.
Keywords:
Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity,
Thrombolysis, Fetal- maternal health
Correspondence to Author:
Dr. Surajit Bhattacharjee
Post Graduate Teacher,
Department of Biological Sciences,
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar English Model
School, Government Of Tripura,
Agartala - 799004, Tipura, India.
E-mail: surajit.hptu@gmail.com
Bhattacharjee, IJPSR, 2023; Vol. 14(8): 3728-3741. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3729
Approximately 13% of 50,000 plant species used
worldwide for medicinal purposes are angiosperms
7. Among the 17,000 species of higher plants in
India, 7500 species are well well-known for their
medicinal uses in Ayurveda and are followed by
„Siddha and Unani‟, the oldest medical systems that
have reported nearly 2000 species in the
subcontinent of India. An age-old document named
“The Charak Samhita”, informed the construction
of 340 herbal drugs and their native uses on herbal
therapy 2, 3. The Himalayan Region of India is well-
known for its rich biodiversity. It supports about
18,440 plant species, where 8,000 species of
angiosperms, 44 gymnosperms species, 600 species
of pteridophytes, 1,737 no. of species of
bryophytes, 1,159 species of lichens, and 6,900 no.
of fungi species are present. 96.3% of
Angiosperms, 3.0% of Pteridophytes, and 0.6% of
Gymnosperms of this region are well-known for
their medicinal values 7.
Northeast India is the highest reservoir of plant
diversity in India and contains approximately 50%
of India‟s entire plant diversity 8. This part of India
also contains 40% of India‟s endemic plant species
9. This part of India has a massive diversity of life-
saving medicinal plants and is a vital bio-resource.
Several ethnobotanical studies were completed by
different researchers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 which is
documented information on the distribution and the
utilization of medicinal plants by native tribes. This
is principally due to the residents of a variety of
groups of trebles having their individual cultures
and prosperous home-grown conventional
knowledge. Tripura is a tinny hilly state located in
the Northeastern region of India. It is bordered by
Bangladesh on its three sides, excluding a small
part in North-East India connected with Cachar
district of Assam and Mizoram, with a prosperous
diversity of flora and fauna different researchers 15.
Three distinct physiographic zones are there in the
state, namely i) hill ranges ii) undulating plateau
land and iii) low-lying alluvial land. More than
60% of the state is hilly, is roughly transverse by
five major hill ranges in a north-south direction,
and continues southward into Chittagong Hill
Tract. The state's area is 10,497.69 sq km and is
located between 22o7' and 24o2' North latitudes and
91o0' and 92o0' East longitudes with the Tropic of
Cancer passing throughout it 16. The state's climate
is tropical as the Tropic of Cancer is passing across
the state. The state's general weather is hot and
humid with severe winter. The Agartala
meteorological station records Tripura's average
minimum and maximum temperature ranging
between 16°C and 34°C, respectively 17. The
average annual rainfall in the state varies between
2, 250 mm and 2,500 mm. Depending on the
palynological sequence, the study of Bhattacharyya
et al., 18 concluded that a significant alteration in
the vegetation and area of human invasion vis-à-vis
climate occurred over time. The vegetation of
Tripura has not been constantly affected by
climatic alterations as being situated close to the
Bay of Bengal. With the initiation of agriculture in
and around the state, the forests became more and
more open with the extensive growth of herbs and
shrubs 18.
With various types of languages, traditions and
culture, 19 tribal groups have been settled down on
different hilly regions of Tripura. Tripuri, Reang,
Jamatia, Mog, Noatia, Chakma, Halam, Kuki,
Lushai and Uchai are the main ethnic communities
of the state 19. Since the beginning, the tribal of
Tripura were dependent on their adjacent forest not
only for cultivation but also for various essential
forest products for their existence. The food habit
of the primitive ethnic communities of Tripura is
dissimilar from the present. Lack of appropriate
agricultural knowledge results in lower economic
return. It bounds them on forest vegetables, wild
fruits, tubers, leaves, roots, from their adjacent
dense forest rich in flora and fauna. Rich natural
resources like dense forests, plenty of medicinal
plants and 19 ethnic groups thriving in harmony
with nature can lure anyone to study the forest
resources used by tribes in Tripura.
There are indeed many medicinal plants in Tripura
whose potential activities have been established,
such as anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant
capacity, cardiovascular boosting capacity, anti-
microbial potentiality, anti-helmenthic activity,
anti-cancerous activity, etc. We gathered the
published literature on ethnobotanical plants from
the Urticaceae plant family in Tripura, which ethnic
peoples of Tripura use. Though all the 10 species of
this family of Tripura have so many bioactive
molecules and more or less medicinal impacts so,
the aim of this review is to understand better the
Bhattacharjee, IJPSR, 2023; Vol. 14(8): 3728-3741. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3730
current trends in research addressing the expansion
of the agents from Laportea interrupta species,
which is used against different diseases by the
tribes of Tripura. The results of this review could
facilitate to the provision of date knowledge about
the therapeutic potentiality of Laportea interrupta
plants and to develop existing knowledge lacking
to develop future research by recognizing areas
where more focus should be given.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronically
on various databases, most of the literature search
was conducted, for example, SciFinder 20.
Supplementary information was gathered from
reliable and genuine databases like PubMed 21,
Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, the
ecdysteroids and Google Scholar, and the
electronic database (http://ecdybase.org). For this
methodical review, the Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
(PRISMA) guiding principle were followed 22.
Suitable and high-class publications were collected.
Editorial letters, book chapters, abstracts of
conferences, and unpublished results were not
included. Only the articles written in English were
included in this review preparation. Most important
keywords used to prepare this review are
phytoecdysteroids, phytoecdysones, ecdysteroids,
ecdysones, secondary metabolites, phyto-
insecticides, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-
microbial, antidiabetic, anticancer properties, in-
vitro and in-vivo studies.
Ethnobotanical Studies of Tripura: So far as the
study of Tripura ethnobotany is concerned, very
slight works is being conducted on this topic.
However, some research articles are there
associated with this topic are – an ethnobotanical
survey on medicinal plants of Majumdar et al., 23
documented 33 medicinal plants approved by tribal
and non-tribal medicine men of Tripura state; in
another study of Majumdar & Datta 24 documented
50 ethnomedicinal plants and their practice by
Tripuri tribe in various disease conditions. About
170 ethnomedicinal plants of Tripura were used by
different tribes of Tripura, and explaining the local
spreading of mostly 184 medicinal tresses was
acknowledged by Majumdar et al., 25.
The ethnobotanical practices of plants by the
Tripuri and Reang tribes of the state were reported
by Das et al., 26. Das and Deb 27 documented 255
no. of plant species of Tripura which have
medicinal values. The observation of Deb et al., 28
explains the use of 39 medicinal plants by the
Darlong community of Tripura. 86 plants with
ethnomedicinal significance belong to diverse
families reported in a study by Dey et al., 29.
Pandey and Mavinkurve 30 have reported using 19
angiosperm and 1 Pteridophyte plant by the
Chamka community of Tripura.
In a study by Shil et al., 31 on native knowledge of
medicinal plants practiced by the Reang tribes of
Tripura to treat diseases reported a total of 125
medicinal plants species which belongs to 116 nos.
of genera with 59 families were presented, which
are used for the treatment of 42 different ailments.
Majumdar & Gupta 32 reported 50 medicinal plants
with their traditional uses of treatment among the
tribes of Tripura. In a study of De 33 documented
25 nos. of plant species of Tripura with their
application and medicinal impacts. Debbarma et
al., 34 documented 51 species of traditional
medicinal plants of Tripura. In a survey by
Shiddamallayya et al., 35 in the forests of the North
District of Tripura collected 223 plant specimens
from 178 genera of 73 families and enlisted 98
medicinal plants with traditional practices.
Plant Species of Urticaceae Family and their
Traditional Medicinal Uses in Tripura:
The Urticaceae are a family of flowering plants
comprising several renowned and valuable plants.
According to the Royal Botanic Gardens database,
this family has about 2,625 species grouped into 53
genera 36. According to the Tripura Biodiversity
Board, 20 species of 10 genera of this family plant
are found in Tripura 37. Among the 20 species of
this family, those which are documented for their
medicinal value in Tripura till today are described
below below:
Laportea interrupta plant species of the family
Urticaceae has medicinal value and is found in
Tripura, reported by the study of Majumdar and
Datta, 38. The same study also reported that the root
of the plant is used with leaves of Eriocaulon
cinereum and Holarrhena antidysentirica in the
ratio of 2:1:1 to prepare a formulation which has
used for anti-inflammatory purposes by the tribes
of Tripura 38.
Bhattacharjee, IJPSR, 2023; Vol. 14(8): 3728-3741. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3731
Sarcochlamys pulcherima (Roxb.) is a shrub type
of plant species belonging to the Urticaceae family.
This plant has medicinal value and is found in the
Dharamanagar and Kanchanapura sub-division
forests of North District, Tripura 35.
Boehmeria macrophylla is a Urticaceae family
plant used by the Reang tribes of Tripura and is
locally known as Muithlimsu (in Reang). The
decoction of its root is used to treat a female
disease called leucorrhoea 31.
Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) is a tree species of
the Urticaceae family. It is found in Tripura and has
medicinal uses by the tribal communities of the
state 35.
Urtica dioica is a plant species of Urticaceae with a
common name, Stinging nettle, in Tripura. The
leaves of this plant contain bioactive molecules like
flavonoids, tannin, volatile oil, etc., and are used by
both the tribal and non-tribal communities of the
state. According to the state's people, the leaf juice
can treat the disease if used habitually after bath 29.
Boehmeria platyphylla is a wild type of plant
species of the Urticaceae family, locally known as
Uliatora in Bengali and Rojanti in Kokborok 24.
The documentation of Majumdar & Datta, 24 also
explained that 1/2 cup of its leaf infusion, along
with slight sugar, is used to by the tribal
communities of Tripura against acute dysentery.
Boehmeria macrophylla is a shrub plant species of
the Urticaceae family with medicinal value found
in the Dharamanagar and Kanchanapura sub
division forests of North District, Tripura 35.
Urtica parviflora is a species which is commonly
known as drona among the populations of Tripura.
The plant is belonging to the Urticaceae family. It
has medicinal property and its leaves are used to
treat disease by the tribes of Tripura 27.
Debregeasia longifolia is a wild species of
Urticaceae family of plants commonly found in
Tripura and has medicinal properties. In a technical
report, by Tripura Biodiversity Board, about the
indigenous traditional knowledge of Tripura
Majumdar & Gupta 32 reported that this plant is
locally known as Thepanin Kokborok and Nicchia
in Bengali, and its leaves are used by the tribes of
Tripura. In this documentation, they were also
reported that they administrated the tender leaves
as vegetables during dysentery, and they apply
crushed leaves paste as a poultice to treat arthritis
32.
Maoutia puya (Hook.) is a weed type of plant
species belonging to the Urticaceae family. This
plant has medicinal value and is found in the
Dharamanagar and Kanchanapura sub-division
forests of North District, Tripura 35.
Morphology and Distribution of Laportea
interrupta: The plant Laportea interrupta is an
annual herb up to 1 m. tall. It belongs to the
Urticaceae family of the plant kingdom. The stems
are a little woody at its base, frequently branched,
with strewn stinging hairs up to 1.5mm. long,
occasionally raised on protuberances ± 1mm. high;
green to dark brown coloured bark. The habitat of
the plant is lowland of rain-forests, mostly along
with roads, riverine forests, as well as moist places
in the wooded grasslands and is natively distributed
in tropical regions of South Africa, the Arabian
Peninsula, Mozambique, tropical & subtropical
regions of Asia to NW. Pacific 39, 40. The plant
leaves have internally grooved petioles, broader on
the way to the base, extremely close to the tip with
a little groove, cuspidate just before the frontal part
with a longer tip, and are also covered with hair-
like structure and burning. In their small and
divided peduncles flower grows 41.
Phytochemicals Constituents of Laportea
interrupta: The extract of Laportea interrupta
(whole plants) prepared in ethanol showed the
occurrence of alkaloids, tannins, gums, reducing
sugar, glycosides, flavonoids, and steroids 42. The
experiments of Selvam et al., confirmed that
phytochemical like saponin is found only in the
aqueous solution of L. interrupta, but not in its
methanolic extract, cardiac glycoside is found only
in the methanolic extract of L. interrupta, but is not
found in the aqueous extract of this plant, and the
other phytochemicals which are available in both of
the extracts of this plant are tannins, terpenoids,
flavonoids and glycosides 43.
Traditional Medicinal uses of Laportea
interrupta: Laportea interrupta is an
ethnomedicinal plant that is found in the western
Bhattacharjee, IJPSR, 2023; Vol. 14(8): 3728-3741. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3732
ghat region of India, including Tripura. The
traditional healers and the tribes use different parts
of the plant for the management of a variety of
illnesses of humans 38, 44. The people of Manokwari
District, West Papua of Indonesia, use the leaves to
treat malaria human body 45. The root of the plant
is boiled with water up to the boiling point, and by
cooling, it is used twice a day for shower to treat
dermatitis by the people of Kerela 44. In the
treatment of urinary diseases 46 and to treat the
problem of impotency 47 this plant substances are
used. Ethnomedicinally substances of this plant are
used in West Africa to treat various problems like
hay fever, chest problems, treating agent of
blennorrhoea as a diuretics, headache, reduction in
severe menstrual bleeding, arthritis treatment,
management of anaemia, complications of kidney,
as well as the pain management 48. The Philippines
traditionally use this plant to manage different
problems such as cough, asthma, muscular pain and
carbuncles 49. It has been used conventionally in
different countries to treat different female diseases
like premenstrual complications, hormonal
imbalance, osteoporosis, menorrhigia, etc. and
male problems like prostate diseases 50.
Results of Different Experiments on Laportea
interrupta: The result of this experiment of them 42
is tabulated below:
TABLE 1: DIFFERENT PHYTOCHEMICALS PRESENT IN L. INTERRUPTA
Name of the Phytochemicals present in L. interrupta
Aqueous extract
Ethanolic extract
Mthanolic extract
Saponins, Alkaloids, Terpenoids,
Flavanoids, Glycosides 43
Alkaloids, Tannins, Steroids, Gums,
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Reducing sugar 42, 51
Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Cardiac
glycosides, Flavanoids, Glycosides 43
TABLE 2: DIFFERENT PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF L. INTERRUPTA
Used materials of L.
interrupta
Pharmacol-ogical
activity
Study
Substance
Positive
Control
Effect
Mechanism
Ref.
Whole plant extract
Evaluated antioxidant
activity
DPPH
Ascorbic
acid
Antioxidant
Free
radicalscaven-ging
42, 52
EE, PESF, CTSF &
ASF extract of whole
plant
Thrombolytic activity
is evaluated
Human
Blood
Streptoki
nase
Thrombolysis
Lysis of blood clot
42
EE, PESF, CTSF &
ASF extract of whole
plant
Membrane stabilizing
activity
Human
erythrocyte
Acetyl
salicylic
acid
Survivability of
cell
RBC haemolysis
42
EE, PESF, CTSF &
ASF extract of whole
plant
Evaluated cytotoxic
activity
Brine
shrimp
Vincristin
Sulphate
Cytotoxicity
mortality rate of
cells
42
Leaf decoction
Support of fetal-
maternal health
female
mice
Purified
water
Support of
fetal-maternal
health
Increasing
angiogenesis, fetal
growth, and
maternal health
53
Leaves
Treatment of malaria
Human
-
Cures malaria
-
45
Leaves
Relives pain
Human
-
Reduces
muscular pain
-
45
EE, PESF, CTSF &
ASF extract of whole
plant
Evaluated anti-
microbial activity
Various
Gram +Ve
and Gram -
Ve bacteria
Ciproflox
acin
Kills bacteria
Inhibition of
bacterial growth
42, 45
EE = Ethanol extract, CTSF = Carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction, PESF = Pet Ether soluble fraction, ASF = Aqueous soluble
fraction.
DISCUSSION: Antioxidants are artificial or
natural substances with many health-beneficial
potentials and may reduce or delay several types of
damage to cells 54, 55. They are found in various
natural sources, including fruits and vegetables.
They are associated with reducing and protecting
against complications like cancers, coronary heart
disease, diabetes, myocardial infarction,
cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative
diseases, osteoporosis, etc. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60.
Endogenous and physiological reactive oxygen
species (ROS) are formed in the cell due to
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3733
oxidative stress, specifically as the by-products of
oxidative chain reactions that occur in
mitochondria 61, 62. Generation of a reasonable
quantity of ROS provides positive effects on
maintaining homeostasis of the body, including the
healing of wounds, pathogen killing, etc. But the
excess formation of ROS disrupts the metabolic
fucell's metabolic functions malfunctioning the
concerned tissue, which leads to damage to the
functioning organ's function Antioxidant
substances can reduce and alter the changes which
occur due to excess formation of ROS in tissues
and prevent oxidative damage of the concerned
organ 61, 63. On the other hand, superoxide and
hydroxyl radicals are the primary oxygen free
radicals that are generated in various reduction
reactions in the cell from molecular oxygen, and
excess formation of them is also associated with the
formation of plenty of diseases like cardiovascular
complications 61, diabetes 65, stroke, cancer 66 etc.
Different studies suggested that the effects of
antioxidant substances alter all the changes
associated with forming primary oxygen free
radicals in the cell and protect different tissues
from damage 61, 63. Antioxidants are also reported
to alter the changes in lipid profiles toward the
normal range and prevent cardiovascular damage
61. The studies of Uddin et al., 42 and Gruyal, 52
confirmed the presence of antioxidants in the
Laportea interrupta extract by the free radical
scavenging activity; it may reduce such types of
metabolic damage in different tissues.
FIG. 1: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF KEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN, CATECHIN AND CHRYSIN 67
The formation of blood clots inside the blood
vessels, which prevents blood flow through the
blood vessels, is called thrombosis. At the site of
injury, platelets of circulating blood are gathered by
playing a major role in developing thrombus, and
coagulation of blood and are associated with the
formation of thrombin and fibrin; leads to the
damage of different organs and tissues due to the
cessation of essential material supply to the target
organ 68. When it occurs in venous or arterial
circulation, it creates major medical complications
like myocardial infarction (heart attack) and
strokes, the most common reason for death in the
developed world 69. In a study of Kiran et al, 70 on
obstructive prosthetic valve thrombosis with
streptokinase and tenecteplase statistically showed
improved safety and earlier improvement by
thrombolysis process. Plant materials that have
antithrombotic properties are very much useful in
the treatment of blood clots 71. While the study of
Jahan et al, 51 proved that the whole plant extract of
Laportea interrupta has thrombolysis properties in
human blood so, it may be used in the treatment of
thrombosis. The cell membrane is an essential
biological barrier for maintaining human
homeostasis, and the breakdown of the stability of
the membrane leads to the formation of different
pathophysiological complications 72. The body's
internal environment is separated from the external
environment due to biological barriers. It protects
various disease formations like inflammatory
bowel disease 73, coeliac disease 74 and graft versus
host disease 75. The results occurred due to the
denaturation of membrane protein, inactivation of
enzymes, etc., leading to changes in the
permeability of the membrane and ultimately
reducing ion flux, leaking of electrolytes, alteration
in actual water content, construction of toxic
components, and a common disturbance of
homeostasis which inhibits cell survivability 76. An
important characteristic of multiple sclerosis
pathophysiology is the blood–brain barrier
breakdown. Dysregulation of blood the brain–brain
barrier, mediated by the immune system, permits
the passage of activated inflammatory cells into the
brain; as a result, it induces demyelination, axonal
failure, and damage of other tissues 77, 78. The study
of Jahan et al., 51 by using human erythrocyte
evaluated that the extract of Laportea interrupta
prevents hemolysis of RBC and enhances the
survivability of cells, so it can be used to maintain
the normal homeostasis of cells and to prevent the
Bhattacharjee, IJPSR, 2023; Vol. 14(8): 3728-3741. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3734
pathophysiology mentioned above. Cancer is one
of the most shocking intimidations to mankind as it
is the second leading cause of death worldwide
after cardiovascular death. According to the study
by Sung et al., 79 new cancer cases are
approximately 19.3 million, and about 10.0 million
cancer-related deaths occurred in 2020 globally.
As the frequently diagnosed cancer subtype, breast
cancer has overtaken lung cancer, through recent
cases approximately at 2.3 million (11.7%),
followed by lung cancer (11.4%), colorectal cancer
(10.0%), prostate cancer (7.3%), along with
stomach cancer (5.6%). Lung cancer still remained
the chief reason of deaths related to cancer, with
1.8 million deaths approximately (18%), followed
by colorectal cancer (9.4%), liver cancer (8.3%),
stomach cancer (7.7%), and breast (6.9%) cancers
of females 79. The transfer of cancerous cells from
one part to another part of the body is called
metastasis. The expansion of metastases occurs due
to the cancer cells departing their formation site,
transport in the vascular system, continuous
pressure in blood vessels, gathering at the new
cellular environment of a secondary position, and
getting away with a lethal struggle with the
components of the body's immune cells 80, 81.
It is the hallmark of cancer responsible for the
maximum number of deaths related to cancer 82.
Metastasis development is a highly multifaceted
process that is a chief problem in cancer
management. The cancer patients may extend
metastasis after years or even a decade after the
detection of the initial tumour develops, and the
metastasis progression level becomes more
complex 83. Conventional anticancer chemotherapy
is the process in which tumor cells are killed
selectively by the use of cytotoxic drugs or by
arresting the growth of cancerous cells permanently
due to the interference of the drugs with the
synthesis of DNA or by the damage of DNA by the
chemicals of the drugs which ultimately lead to the
death of the tumor cells 84. Fewer efficiency and
severe unpleasant effects are related with the
conventional anti-cancer chemotherapeutics, and
high drug resistance are the main drawbacks in the
treatment and management of cancer 85. All these
complications are connected with the continuous
conventional anti-cancer management such as
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and trans-arterial
chemoembolization, necessitating alternatives,
preferably natural products derived from plants.
Fascinatingly, plant anti-cancer natural products are
not merely natural and comparatively safe. Still,
they also exert multi-functional biological actions
important for restoring several deregulated cell
signaling pathways in different pathological
conditions, including cancer. For illustration,
various natural substances like as hispolon (derived
from a therapeutic mushroom, Phellinus linteus) 86,
oleandrin (derived from Nerium oleander) 87,
catechins (derived from green tea) 88, apigenin,
nobiletin, and tangeretin 89 have established multi-
target anti-cancer property against large cancer
phenotypic hallmarks together with invasion, cell
proliferation, and metastasis 90. Depending on these
greater anti-cancer activities of natural products,
predominantly from the plant kingdom have
established a potential therapeutic agent against
cancer 90, 91. In their study, Jahan et al., 51,
evaluated that the extract of Laportea interrupta
has cytotoxic activity so it may have anti-cancerous
properties.
Angiogenesis is the process that develops new
blood vessels from existing blood vessels in the
body 92. Expect some pathological conditions;
angiogenesis conducts wound healing to repair
blood transport to the affected tissues after injury
93. In the uterus of a female, it forms naturally at
the time of the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle to
convert the follicles that are ovulated into the
corpus luteum to enhance the synthesis of
progesterone hormone and to reconstruct the
endometrium of uterus that receives the implanting
embryos 94. For this reason, angiogenesis needs
endothelial passage, proliferation, and segregation
of the pre-existing blood vessels inside because
they support the capillaries to begin the
construction of new tube-like structures and
secondary dilatation of vessels to improve the
circulation and uptake of nutrients 92. Along with
an increase in neighboring or systemic angiogenic
factors with the breakdown of basement membrane
and subsequently of endothelial tissue to provide
convenience in the proliferation and endothelial
migration, this multi-step process begins. With the
engagement of smooth muscle cells, the
differentiation of endothelium leads to the
formation of tube-like structures which supports
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3735
mature vessels 95, 96. The steps of angiogenesis that
occur in the case of different organs, the same steps
of this process such as proliferation, differentiation,
and migration of endothelial cells, occur within the
pre-existing micro-vessels of trophoblast
97. Vasculogenesis is the process in which de
novo vascular formation occurs during embryo
formation. It starts with angioblasts (endothelial
progenitor cells formation) in the allantois of the
extraembryonic mesoderm of the female body 98.
Along with the expansion of placental
morphogenesis, the vessel's formation in the
placenta also expands throughout pregnancy 99. In
both the tissues of the maternal and fetal placenta
angiogenesis occur in extensive mode. The
placenta develops like an extensively vascularised
100 during the late gestation period of pregnancy.
Different studies on animals explored that, during
the late gestation period, the enhanced blood flow
through the placenta depends on angiogenesis and
vasodilatation of the vessels of the uterus and
placenta, which are very much vital for the usual
growth, survival, well-being, etc. of the fetus,
newborn baby and the pregnant mother 101. In the
placenta, widespread neovascularization is
facilitated by the periodic increase in the inner part
of uterus and the flow of blood during the gestation
period. During the implantation and placentation of
the fetus, the flow of blood occurs to the fetal,
maternal, and placental units, during the connection
of maternal-fetal circulations inside the placenta,
progressively rises until the mid-gestation period of
pregnancy, at that time considerably elevates at the
final one-third segment of the gestation period,
fundamentally maintaining the velocity according
to the rate of the enlargement of the fetus 94.
As the study of Guzman et al., 53 reveals that the
leaf decoction of Laportea interrupta in female
mice supports fetal-maternal health by increasing
angiogenesis, fetal growth, and maternal health, so
it may be a valuable substance for the above case.
The vector-borne disease malaria is one of the most
serious infective diseases in the world; it is
troublesome for almost half of the population in the
world and led to the death of hundreds of thousands
of people 102. Five species of single-celled
eukaryotic protozoa, namely Plasmodium parasites,
is responsible for the formation of this disease
(mostly Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium
falciparum) and are transmitted due to the bite of
female mosquitoes of Anopheles spp. 103. After the
entry of the malarial parasite into the human body,
rupture of the first liver schizont of plasmodium
and discharge of merozoites into the peripheral
circulation shows the symptoms of the
commencement of malaria infection in an ill patient
and this phenomenon is silent for a huge number of
patients who will be turned into sick clinically 104.
The presence of symptoms (fever) in the patients
without clinical or laboratory signs to specify
severity or the dysfunction of vital organs is
defined as uncomplicated malaria 105.
During an early stage of malarial infection within
the human host, ingestion of macrophage by
merozoites, schizonts which are ruptured, or in the
circulation the presence of antigen-presenting
trophozoites or spleen leads to the liberation of
TNF-α is occurs 106, 107. Thus, the human clinical
disease is the outcome of the interface of the
preprogrammed biology of the parasite in concert
with the pathophysiological feedback of human
health 108. Various fevers, anemia, and coma,
among many others, are the final results of clinical
104, 109. Among the different kinds of strategies to
control malaria caused by the infections of
Plasmodium in humans besides Long-lasting
insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor
residual insecticide spraying (IRS) relies on drugs
105. Mass distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets
among people provides grand success as a strategy
to stop the spread of these parasites and has greatly
reduced malarial deaths since the century turn
110. Traditional health practitioners have used plants
extremely to avoid or treat infections caused by
plasmodium and near about 137 no. of plants
belong to 48 families that they engage for this
purpose 111.
As the study of Lense 45 evaluated that the leaf
extract has anti-malarial properties, so it can be
employed to prevent malaria.
A Major Medical Problem in the World is
Muscular Pain: commonly 60% to 85% of the
population has had back pain which has a non-
specific muscular source for a few movements in
lifetime prevalence) 112. Chronic muscular pain is
still a significant clinical problem which is
understood poorly. Muscle pain occurs by the nerve
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3736
end plates, particularly for recognizing ischemia,
mechanical forces, and tissue damage within
muscle 113. The pain is categorized as two types
namely primary chronic pain if it is cannot be
attributed to an identified disease or injure
development directly, or as secondary chronic pain
which is occurred due to a disease or process that
straightly influence the bones, joints, muscles,
and/or linked with soft tissues of the body 114. The
second type of group explains a collection of
diverse states of pain occurred due to the infection,
accumulation of crystal, and auto-inflammatory
development which is responsible for continual
local or systemic swelling and/or alterations of
structures. Importantly it is also remarkable that the
diseases of central nervous system is linked with
harsh spasticity and can also result in
musculoskeletal pain. These situations distribute a
general thread of constant pain sustained daily,
such as activity restriction and emotional suffering
115. So, chronic pain of the musculoskeletal system
has a major communal and emotional collision
which comprises diminished socialization,
incapability to work, failure of self-determination,
nervousness, depression, and fear for the future 116.
A formation of excess amounts of reactive oxygen
species leads to muscular fatigue and reduces the
performance of the concerned muscles;
supplementations of fruit-derived polyphenols are
very useful to increase exercise performance by
recovering the muscular damage 117. As the leaf of
Laportea interrupta prevents muscle pain,
according to the report of Lense, 45, it can be used
to manage such complications.
FIG. 2: BENEFCIAL ACTIVITIES OF LAPORTEA INTERRUPTA
Medicines prepared from plant substances have
regularly been introduced to manage various
diseases, including infections conducted by bacteria
and fungi 118, 119. Progressively, various anti-
microbial mechanisms are developed by plants to
defend them from communicable diseases,
generally by manufacturing compounds with anti-
biofilm and bacteriostatic activities without
biocidal consequences 120. The compounds with
anti-microbial properties from plants with
medicinal value may reduce the growth of the
organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and
protozoa by diverse mechanisms in respect to those
of which are currently used as anti-microbials and
possibly with an important clinical significance in
the management of microbial strains which are
resistant 121. Some anti-microbial substances can
inhibit protein synthesis by altering bacterial
ribosome subunits and are very effective in
combatting infections conducted by bacteria
122. DNA gyrase is an enzyme vital for bacterial
DNA's synthesis, replication, repair, and
transcription processes. Therefore, some anti-
microbial compounds provide anti-microbial
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3737
activity by altering the activity of the gyrase
enzyme 123. Transglucosilases and trans-peptidases
are the enzymes that are mainly associated with the
formation of cell wall of bacteria. Some of the anti-
microbial agents bind with the peptide substrate of
the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cells as a result
it prevents enzyme reaction and leads to the
disruption of cell wall formation of bacteria 124.
For many research groups, searching for new
phytochemicals from kingdom plantae, with anti-
microbial properties is the vital goal oriented with
chemistry and pharmacology of medicine 125.
Studies of Uddin et al, 42 and Lense 45 showed that
the extract of Laportea interrupta has anti-
microbial activity, so it can be used to identify the
phytochemicals which has anti-microbial activity
and present in it.
FIG. 3: CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF PHYTOCHEMICALS WITH ANTI-MICROBIAL PROPERTIES 126, 127, 128
CONCLUSION: Different properties of Laportea
interrupta plant, is explained in this review,
reported from 1981 to 2021. The diverse bioactive
properties of Laportea interrupta plants like
antioxidant, antimalarial, thrombolytic, cytotoxic,
membrane stabilizing, anti microbial activity etc.
Fig. 2 are reported here. Besides these, various
mechanisms by which various plant substances
perform their medicinal actions is also discussed.
However, although abundant research was
conducted on this plant over the past three decades,
most of the outcomes mentioned in this current
review are based on the survey types of works with
very limited in-vivo and clinical studies. This
review explains the potentiality of biological and
medicinal properties of the different parts of the
plant, which may be utilized in the pharmacological
development at the end of various confirmatory
researches on their efficacy and safety.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I sincerely thank the
Eco Club of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar English Model
School and all the members of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
English Model School for helping me with
indicative support for carrying out the review work.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Not applicable.
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How to cite this article:
Bhattacharjee S: Applications of Laportea interrupta as a traditional therapeutic agent by the tribes of Tripura and it‟s potentiality in
pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(8): 3728-41. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(8).3728-41.
