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*Corresponding author: muscardinus@gmx.net
ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA
The Garden Dormouse as a Research and Conservation
Priority in a German Large-Scale Citizen Science Project
Sven Büchner1*, Johannes Lang1, Holger U. Meinig1, Teresa F. Nava1, Katharina Zistl1,
Alina von Thaden2,3, Carsten Nowak2,3, Tobias E. Reiners2, Harald Brünner4, Franz Langer4,
Andrea Andersen5, Uwe Friedel11, Anita Giermann12, Eckardt Kasch6, Mechthild Klocke5,
Andrea Krug13, Jenny Kupfer5, Thomas Mölich12, Hartmut Schmid7, Jutta Schreiner14,
Susanne Steib15, Christine Thiel-Bender16, Nicola Moczek8, Joanna Fietz9 & Christelle Nowack10
1 Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Working Group for Wildlife Research, Frankfurter
Strasse 114, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; E-mails: muscardinus@gmx.net, johannes.lang@vetmed.uni-giessen.de,
holger.meinig@t-online.de, Teresa.Nava@vetmed.uni-giessen.de, katharina.zistl@gmail.com
2 Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystrasse 12, D-63571
Gelnhausen, Germany; E-mails: vonthaden.research@gmail.com, Carsten.Nowak@senckenberg.de, Tobias.Reiners@Senckenberg.de
3 LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
4 Arbeitsgruppe Wildlebende Säugetiere Baden-Württemberg e.V., Birkenstraße 9, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany;
E-mail: Kontakt@agws-bw.de
5 BUND Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e. V. (BUND Friends of the Earth Germany, Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 5,
D-10553 Berlin, Germany; E-mails: Andrea.Andersen@bund.net, Mechthild.Klocke@bund.net, Jenny.Kupfer@bund.net
6 Wörth 4, D-82389 Böbing, Germany; E-mails: eckardtkasch@yahoo.de
7 Prüllstr. 56, D-93093 Donaustauf, Germany; E-mail: hart.schmid@t-online.de
8 PSY:PLAN Institut für Architektur- und Umweltpsychologie, Libauer Str. 14, D-10245 Berlin, Germany; E-mail: moczek@psyplan.de
9
E-mail: Joanna.Fietz@uni-hohenheim.de
10 Bundesprogramm Biologische Vielfalt, DLR Projektträger, Heinrich-Konen-Str. 1, 53227 Bonn, Germany; E-mail: Christelle.
Nowack@dlr.de
11 BUND Naturschutz Bayern, Hessestraße 4, D-90443 Nürnberg, Germany; E-mail: Uwe.Friedel@bund-naturschutz.de
12
13 BUND Niedersachsen, Goebenstraße 3a, D-30161 Hannover, Germany; E-mails: Andrea.Krug@nds.bund.net
14 BUND Rheinland-Pfalz, Hindenburgplatz 3, D-55118 Mainz, Germany; E-mail: Jutta.Schreiner@bund-rlp.de
15 BUND Hessen, Geleitsstraße 14, D-60599 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; E-mail: susanne.steib@bund-hessen.de
16 BUND NRW, Merowingerstraße 88, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; E-mail: christine.thiel-bender@bund-nrw.de
Abstract: The garden dormouse is a European mammal whose range has shrunk rapidly within the last 40–50
years, disappearing from large parts of Central and Eastern Europe. This ongoing decline is worrying,
especially because the underlying reasons are poorly understood. Since 2018, the German-wide project
‘In Search of the Garden Dormouse’ aims to reveal and investigate causes for this drastic decline. The
current garden dormouse distribution has been assessed using a large-scale citizen science approach.
Dormouse records were gathered via an online reporting tool and systematically by biologists and citi-
divided into several isolated areas. The species is currently common in central and southwestern parts
of Germany but has declined or is even locally extinct in several regions. A range loss of ca. 35 % since
Research Article
Acta Zool. Bulg., Supplement 19, Published online 29 December 2023
Proceedings, 11th International Dormouse Conference
Svilengrad, Bulgaria, 9-13 May 2022
https://www.acta-zoologica-bulgarica.eu/2023/Suppl_19_02
2
Büchner S. et al.
1970 could be calculated. The observations in some urban areas are so numerous that vital populations
can be assumed for this part of the range, in contrast to a decline in several low mountainous areas. The
project provides insights into the biology and ecology of an endangered and understudied species; it has
conservation needs with the public.
Key words: In Search of the Garden Dormouse, geographic range, ecology, conservation, Eliomys quercinus
Introduction
As the earth is losing species at an alarming rate
( et al. 2011), adequate data on geographic
distribution and species’ conservation status become
essential for a conservation strategy. Data on species
distribution are generally collected by continuous
et al. 2007, -
et al. 2018, ).
Key principles include an appropriate monitoring
design and its integration into management actions,
involvement of people and organizations, sound
data management and public outreach ( et
al. 2018). At the same time, attributes such as rar-
ity, low detectability, a cryptic lifestyle, and narrow
habitat niches present particular challenges associ-
ated with monitoring of threatened taxa ( et
al. 2007). This is why data collected on threatened
species often focus on geographic distribution and
trends ( 2021). Distribu-
tion maps based on reliable observations represent
-
ing conservation strategies.
The garden dormouse is a European mammal
whose range has shrunk rapidly within the last 40–
50 years, disappearing from large parts of Central
and Eastern Europe ( 2017). This ongo-
ing decline is worrying, especially because the un-
derlying reasons are poorly understood (
2017). Although various hypotheses were discussed
among dormice experts – such as during some of
the previous International Dormouse Conferences
( 2003) - no conspicuous drivers for the
-
trasting habitats occupied by garden dormice. In
Germany, for example, habitats range from vine-
yards, gardens and settlements in the warmest re-
gions, to predominantly cold and damp areas such as
spruce forests and boulders in low mountain ranges
( 2012). Based on this diversity,
garden dormice appear adaptable in terms of habitat.
-
tive conservation strategy look like?
Despite the urgent need for accurate data on the
species’ distribution and its ecology for developing
conservation measures, the garden dormouse has
rarely been in the focus of current research until re-
cently ( et al. 2022). Since 2018, the German-
wide project ‘In Search of the Garden Dormouse’
aims to investigate causes for this drastic decline.
strategy is being developed and will be implement-
ed. In particular, the project encompasses research
on the current versus previous garden dormouse
distribution in Germany; genetic diversity; phenol-
ogy, such as daily activity, timing of hibernation and
feeding ecology and spatial variation in diet com-
position; as well as causes of mortality, diseases
and parasite load. This broad research approach is
realised as a joint project, involving the Friends of
the Earth Germany (BUND), the Conservation Ge-
netics Group at Senckenberg Research Institute, the
Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and several part-
ners as well as hundreds of citizen scientists. The
project is funded within the Federal Programme for
Biological Diversity by the German Federal Agency
for Nature Conservation. Here, we describe the re-
sults of the current garden dormouse distribution in
Germany, representing the basis for all subsequent
conservation measures.
Materials and Methods
The project is the joint work of biologists, students
levels of involvement. A crowd science approach
was chosen to map the distribution of the garden dor-
mouse in Germany. A reporting tool on the project
website was installed (https://www.gartenschlaefer.
de/en/reporting-tool/). One challenge to this approach
some other projects, the ratio of data sets submitted
by volunteers to usable data sets was criticised as low
(Hunter et al. 2012). Limited training, background
knowledge and expertise of CSV can potentially lead
to poor quality or misleading data being submitted
was invested to train volunteers in this project. The
reporting tool collects data on the observed dormouse
species: all four species occurring in Germany could
be reported: garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus),
The Garden Dormouse as a Research and Conservation Priority in a German Large-Scale Citizen Science
3
edible dormouse (Glis glis), hazel dormouse (Mus-
cardinus avellanarius) and forest dormouse (Dryo-
mys nitedula). Respective observation date and lo-
cation (a map application was developed to allow to
mark the point and get geographic coordinates) and
the type of observation are to be added. The reporting
tool also allows adding remarks. Observers are fur-
ther requested to upload images, videos or recorded
Evaluation Criteria (SMEC) (Table 1), which were
2021, et al. 2023).
The online reporting tool is available online
since April 2019. It was promoted and supported
by ongoing public relations work within the project,
consisting of approx. 12,500 media articles (TV, ra-
dio, newspapers and journals until the end of 2021
resulting in 2 billion reads) and social media (about
250,000 post shares p.a.). The project’s actions were
-
tary about the project, a cooperation with Museum
Wiesbaden for a new exhibition entitled Germany’s
Panda – The Garden Dormouse (https://museum-
wiesbaden.de/deutschlands-panda-der-garten-
Citizen Science Forum (https://www.buergerschaf-
fenwissen.de/projekt/spurensuche-gartenschlaefer)
or Environmental Week (hosted by the Federal Pres-
ident of Germany, https://www.woche-der-umwelt.
de/ausstellerKonkret/1587) as well as national and
regional garden dormouse conferences.
Until 15th of December 2022, approx. 5,000
persons reported their observations at the online
done by some of the authors (SB, HM, JL, KZ, TN,
AA) and, since 2022, also supported by special
trained volunteers.
A more labour-intensive involvement for vol-
unteers (more than 450 persons) was taking part in
an active search for the garden dormouse. Methods
used for an active search were footprint tunnels
( et al. 2018, -
et al. 2020), camera traps ( et al. 2016,
2016) and checking of nest-
boxes ( et al. 2020). Active searches were
coordinated by the regional chapters of the BUND
in consultation with the whole project team. The
main focus of the active search were 10 km raster
cells of the European Environment Agency (EEA)-
Table 1. Small Mammal Evaluation Criteria (SMEC) used for evaluating garden dormouse reports (from 2021,
Category Denition
C1 Absolutely unambiguous: The report represents positive evidence. The evidence is substantiated by photos, videos,
C2 Very likely: The report comes from an expert. The report cannot be re-checked; it cannot be re-determined. This
observation is also counted as evidence.
C3 Uncertain: The report cannot be counted as evidence.
C3a
Promising
species are described (e.g., eye mask for the garden dormouse). A longer observation time, e.g., over several min-
C3b Possible: The report is not typical, cannot be clearly assigned to the target species, or there is not enough informa-
tion to assign the report to a higher category.
C4 False report: The report is demonstrably not the target species or the report is obviously incorrectly located (con-
C5
Translocated: This level is particularly important. Strictly speaking, the level translocated is also a sub-level of “ab-
-
tive detection, categories C1 or C2), but the animal did not arrive at the site by natural dispersal but was passively
moved to the site for other reasons. One of the following statements applies to this: The site of discovery is outside
the species area. The site of discovery does not represent a suitable habitat for a population capable of reproducing,
habitats are not considered as category C5.
C6 No assessment possible
C0 Active search without result (so called zero counts, used additionally for the project work, not used in the online
reporting tool)
4
Büchner S. et al.
grid without records so far, and with either (i) old
records, or (ii) close by known populations, or (iii)
several C3a reports from the online reporting tool.
Detailed information was provided to volun-
teers on where and how to use the methods. For
each plot, a consecutive protocol with date, place,
observer and remarks was kept.
Footprint tunnels (7,542 in total) were placed
in transects of 25 tunnels, reduced to 12 tunnels at
some places in 2021. Distances between the tunnels
were 20–25 m. During the active garden dormouse
season, the tunnels were checked every fortnight, the
tracking cards were replaced and the ink refreshed.
key for the footprints. Cards with prints were stored,
soon as a garden dormouse could be reported, the
tunnels were moved to the next transect.
In total, 567 camera traps were used (Minox
DTC 550, Minox GmbH, Isny, Germany). The cam-
era traps were put up at 50–70 cm height from the
ground on a tree trunk. Bait was placed (a sponge
with nut oil or apple juice) at a distance of approxi-
mately 1.5 m. The cameras were checked at least
monthly when batteries and memory cards were ex-
changed. Data on memory cards were uploaded to a
found, the camera was transferred to a new site.
Nestboxes, deployed in 24 transects, played
only a minor role for the search of garden dormouse
presence. A total of 500 wooden boxes measuring
20x20x21 cm were used, sited with the entrance
hole (diameter 32 mm) facing the tree trunk. Vol-
unteers also collected garden dormouse carcasses
( et al. 2023) and DNA samples
and provided them for research.
In addition, we conducted surveys for garden
et al., in press), checked samples in museums in
Germany and the monitoring databases of the Ger-
man Federal States.
All collected data were combined in a central
project database that will be maintained long-term
and available beyond the end of the project. The to-
tal surface area (in km²) of the current range was
calculated according to the guidelines for reporting
the range of a species under the European Habitats
DG
2017,
2010). A ‘gap distance’ of 20 km was used as the
distance between two distribution grids that will not
be joined together to form a single range polygon
but will be shown as discontinuities in a range (DG
2017).
The project has been supported and still is sup-
ported by accompanying social research. The focus
is on the experiences of the CSV in the collaborative
research project and therefore several surveys are
carried out ( 2020).
Results
In total, 16,557 data are included in the database
by December 15th 2022. The majority consists of
records on the garden dormouse (not exclusively
from Germany), followed by C3 reports, records of
edible and hazel dormice, reports of the categories
C4-6 and zero counts (C0). Most of the collected
evidence comes from observations registered on the
online reporting tool (Table 2). Reports of dormice
via this tool were sent in almost daily, with peaks
during the summer months of more than 10 new re-
ports per day.
Garden dormice are currently common in the
central part of Rhineland-Palatinate (RP), south-
ern Hesse (HE) and North Rhine-Westphalia (NW)
along river Rhine. The species also occurs in clus-
ters in the mountains of Harz, Thuringian Schief-
ergebirge and Bavarian Frankenwald and Fichtel-
gebirge as well as the Black Forest (Fig. 1). Some
isolated populations could be documented, which
are leftovers of a formerly larger range. The recent
distribution covers an area of approx. 36,917 km².
Comparing old and recent records (Fig. 1), a
decline or even local extinction can be document-
Table 2. Numbers of records of garden dormice and ori-
gin in the data base of the project “In the search for the
Garden Dormouse”.
Method Number of C1 and C2
evidences
Opportunistic
Online reporting tool 4,681
Reports directly to the team 1,508
Collected carcasses 501
Active search
Footprint tunnels 77
Camera traps* 251
Nest boxes 117
Genetic samples 1,751
Existing data
Data bases of federal states 498
Museum samples 1,523
Total: 10,907
* Excluding images of long-term observations from
special sites
The Garden Dormouse as a Research and Conservation Priority in a German Large-Scale Citizen Science
5
ed for Saxony (SN), parts of Thuringia (TH) and
Hesse, the eastern part of Bavaria (BY) (along the
border to Czech Republic) and the eastern part of
North Rhine-Westphalia. The habitat loss amounts
to approx. 223,022 km² (35.2 %) since 1970.
Concerning the translocated garden dormice,
67 cases of have been documented. These include
individuals trapped at a military air base, at a con-
from known garden dormouse populations. In some
of these cases, it was possible to collect hair or fae-
ces and the region of origin (partly several 100 km
away) could be determined via genetic analysis.
Discussion
Through a multidisciplinary approach including
research institutions, NGOs and a professional in-
volvement of hundreds of citizen scientists, it was
possible to generate comprehensive large-scale sci-
This data now provides a much clearer picture of the
current garden dormouse distribution in Germany.
They also allow deep insights into the biology and
ecology of an endangered species, which will be the
further studies.
Germany by (2012) was based
mainly on expert assessment. Now, with more than
10,000 records, it is possible to describe the distri-
bution of garden dormice in Germany in much more
future distribution trends.
The data quality of the online reports was very
high. We attribute this to the intensive professional
public relations work, which, among other things,
-
tures of the garden dormouse and the (preliminary)
laypersons. The newly developed evaluation crite-
ria SMEC proved themselves very useful in practice
for the database and were helpful in the feedback to
reporting persons.
In total, 66.8 % of the online reports contained
evidence of dormice such as photos (Fig. 2), videos
or recorded calls. The availability of smartphones
with the ability to take high quality photos/videos
even in low light conditions or sound recordings was
very helpful for the project. In addition, many peo-
ple use camera traps in their gardens or on the balco-
ny and were willing to share their observations. Nu-
merous messages accompanying the reports asked
for information about the observed wildlife in the
immediate vicinity. This shows the interest in ani-
mals in general, the lack of knowledge about small
mammals, and at the same time the potential for citi-
zen science projects. It is particularly gratifying that
even carcasses were collected and made available
for further investigations. We therefore conclude
that citizen science can be an extremely powerful
and robust method for mapping small mammal dis-
tributions. We suggest that cautious combination of
citizen science data with long-term expert survey-
ing could be a highly reliable method for monitor-
ing biodiversity. In order to learn systematically
from this experience, a large-scale survey with 4138
CSVs was conducted in September 2022 (
, in preparation).
Even if it is still ongoing, the project has al-
ready yielded the largest data set on Garden dormice
known to us to date. Particularly helpful in the eval-
uation of the data were the targeted active searches
Fig. 1. Records of Garden dormice in Germany and
neighbouring countries between 1970 and 2022
provided as part of the project “In search for the Garden
Dormouse”. Grey squares = 10x10 km raster cell with
Garden dormouse presence between 1970 and 2017;
Black squares = 10x10 km raster cell with Garden
dormouse presence between 2018 and 2022; white circle
= translocated individual.
6
Büchner S. et al.
citizen scientists were keen and happy to detect gar-
den dormice. Fortunately, it was possible to convey
that zero counts were just as important as detections
of garden dormice. The active searches contributed
-
tured the general distribution pattern of the garden
dormouse in Germany and that only individual small
and isolated populations may have been overlooked.
The garden dormouse range in Germany is di-
vided into several isolated parts. The observations
in the urban areas along river Rhine are so numer-
ous that a vital population (or vital populations) can
be assumed for this part of the range, even taking
into account the bias in the number of records due
to more contact between humans and garden dor-
mice in settlements. Occurrences in cities and vil-
lages were known for decades (e.g., 1916,
1922, 1969).
Urban areas can provide good habitats for the gar-
den dormouse and the species has adapted to this
environment like other species, e.g., the Blackbird
(Turdus merula) or the Black Redstart (Phoenicu-
rus ochruros). It remains unclear so far why garden
dormice do not occur in cities along the river Rhine
south and north of the known range or in the eastern
parts of Germany. However, in comparison to older
records, there is no distribution decline in this habi-
tat type, but even a slight spreading of the species
southwards into the city of Mannheim during the
last 30 years. Nevertheless, it must be emphasised
this does not mean there are no threats to the species
in urban areas (see et al. 2023).
Frequent reports of active garden dormice dur-
ing the winter months or individuals found in torpor
in nestboxes during frost periods instead of hiber-
nating in the ground indicate an adaption of the ani-
mals to the urban habitats where food is available
nearly all the year round. Garden dormice in the cit-
ies used bird feeders or directly fed with seeds and
fruits. (1969) previ-
conditions in urban areas with prolonged active sea-
son and consequently having a second litter because
of a better food supply.
In contrast to urban areas, there is a clear and,
in some cases, rapid decline in the low mountain
ranges. For some parts, this is well documented,
such as in the Bavarian Forest where garden dor-
mice have been frequently reported until the 1990s
( 1988, 1996) but could not
-
ony where the decline already started in the 1920s
Fig. 2. Garden dormouse photo as proof for an online report of observation. Photo Jochen Pulch.
The Garden Dormouse as a Research and Conservation Priority in a German Large-Scale Citizen Science
7
and extinction is very likely ( 2009). There
are fewer old data for other parts of Germany, which
general, it can be stated that the decline was greater
in the eastern and central parts of Germany where
the garden dormouse mainly inhabited forests domi-
nated by spruce (Picea abies). However, there are
still populations in such habitats, which is why the
garden dormouse must also be considered a typical
forest species. Consequently, conservation measures
should also be focused on this type of habitat. Bark
beetle (Ips typographus) calamities or the associated
forest treatments with clearing of large areas using
big machinery in response to the calamity are cur-
rently putting these habitats under particular pres-
sure. Therefore, conservation strategies must be
developed and implemented together with the for-
estry sector urgently. Climate change is thought to
impact garden dormouse populations in the south of
its range ( et al. 2017). However, milder
winters and poorer hibernation conditions could
also pose a threat to the species in the low mountain
regions in Germany.
Comparing the distribution of the species over
the time should also take into account that the garden
dormouse is vulnerable to translocations. Its ability to
enter torpor and its adaptability to urban areas may re-
sult in (unintended) transportation in association with
food or other goods. We can assume that at least some
single old observations or museum specimens do not
represent a former permanent occurrence. However,
estimate of a distribution loss of approximately 35 %
since 1970 is therefore very conservative, as all iso-
lated individual specimens were excluded from the
calculation of the former range. Consequently, a
considerable range loss has to be assumed also for
Germany, as is described for the whole species’ range
( 2017). On the other hand, the stable oc-
currences along river Rhine invalidate the assumption
of low habitat suitability for garden dormice in Ger-
many by (2021).
Large mammals seem to have a higher extinc-
tion risk compared to small ones ( et al. 2003,
et al. 2015). However, the recent extinc-
tion rates of all mammals are higher than expected
from the fossil records ( et al. 2011), and
small mammals are as threatened as large mammals
( 2007). In contrast to the charis-
publicity for small mammals and only little attention
has been directed to their conservation. Our garden
dormouse project has shown that a small mammal
-
fully raised awareness on dormouse conservation
needs among the public.
Acknowledgments: Holger Sticht (Cologne) had the initial
idea for a garden dormouse project. His commitment to the spe-
cies and his great enthusiasm eventually led to this joint work.
The project would not have been possible without the support
of several hundred volunteers. We are very thankful for their
contribution. Götz Ellwanger (Federal Agency for Nature Con-
servation) kindly helped us to calculate the garden dormouse
range. Special thanks go to BUND colleagues Christiane Bohn,
Christin Leiberg, Judith Gerick, Jochen Behrmann, Thomas
Norgall, Sina Schröder, Nora Albers, Kai Frobel, Siglinde
Gramoll, Ines Leonhardt, Julia Dreyer and Maren Goschke. The
director of the Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish
at the Justus-Liebig-University Michael Lierz and the team at
the university (Nicolle Bräsel, Eva Marie Famira-Parcsetich,
Christine Jelinek, Franziska Sommer and Irmhild Wolz) are also
acknowledges. We are also grateful to all the students dedicat-
ing their work for the Garden dormouse.
Funding: This project is being funded by the German Federal
Agency for Nature Conservation with resources from the Ger-
man Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conserva-
tion, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection. It is included in
the in the Federal Programme for Biological Diversity.
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