No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Influence of various tillage systems and tillage speed on some soil physical properties
Abstract
Soil cultivation techniques can change the physical properties of soil and have the potential to influence the growth and productivity of crops. In the 2022 season, a research study was carried out on Gypsfreous soil in the College of Agriculture fields at Tikrit University. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the physical properties of the soil are influenced by three different plow types and varying plowing speeds. The study was planned using split plots within a Complete Randomized Blocks Design, with three types of plows (moldboard plow, disc plow, and chisel plow) and three tractor speeds (3.8, 5.8, and 7.6 km h ⁻¹ ) as the experimental treatments.
The experiment's findings indicated that the moldboard plow resulted in a greater reduction in bulk density compared to the disc plow. Consequently, the soil's bulk density decreased, and the percentage of porosity increased. On the other hand, the chisel plow had the lowest soil-specific resistance value and the highest soil volume disturbed value. The speed of operation above 3.8 km h ⁻¹ proved to be the most effective in reducing bulk soil density, increasing soil porosity, and reducing specific soil resistance. However, at a speed of 7.6 km h ⁻¹ , the soil volume disturbed was significantly higher than at other speeds. Additionally, the experiment's findings demonstrated that the moldboard plow, operating at a speed of 3.8 km h ⁻¹ , was significantly more effective than other methods in decreasing the soil's bulk density, increasing the porosity percentage, and reducing the specific soil resistance. Conversely, the chisel plow, working at a speed of 7.6 km h ⁻¹ , had a significant advantage in achieving the highest value for the volume of soil disturbed.
... The soil collected in front of the plow shears with S2 was a higher than the pressure which imposed of this speed leaded to produced bigger clods caused to increase the soil strength due to decrease soil fragmented, and increase and P.R which in return decrease f. The reverse case occurred with S3 had major pressure with more soil pulverized to give the lowest values for and P.R and a higher f (Table 1; Isaak et al., 2024). Effect of the position of soil sample (Td and Sd) on , f and P.R. ...
... The S2 caused a collection of the tilled soil in front of the plow higher than the other treatments, and this increased the compacting pressure that is imposed on the soil under tillage depth and this pressure is being on the deep depth (D3). (Medina et al., 2012;Yang et al., 2021;Isaak et al., 2024). ...
The soil compaction of moldboard plowing appears as a plow pan, which causes many problems such as resisting root growth, lowering drainage and degrading of soil structure. This study was carried out to determine the effect of surface tillage via using the moldboard plow of 30 cm depth under three operational speeds {S1=0.49, S2 =0.74, and S3 =1.05 m.s-1 } on the soil bulk density (), total porosity (f) and penetration resistance (P.R). Soil property of three depths with intervals 10 cm were measured for two positions: {topsoil depth (Td) which represent 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm and subsoil depth (Sd) which represent 30-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm}. The study results indicated that the lowest values for (0.86 and 0.69 Mg.m-3) and P.R (983.61 and 118.44 kN.m-2), and the highest values for f (67.52% and 74.05%), were recorded under the treatments of S3, and Td, respectively. The soil depth has a significant effect on the P.R only; the D1 reached the lowest value (861.47 kN.m-2). The overlapping of S3×Td has recorded the lowest values for (0.51 Mg.m-3) and P.R (106.42 kN.m-2) and the highest value for f (80.82%). The moldboard plow disturbed the topsoil aggregates so that the Td was more homogeneous forces (no significant differences between its depths). However, the weights of the soil depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and 40-50 cm were accumulate on the (50-60cm) which get the highest value of (1.34 Mg.m-3) and P.R (2561.78 kN.m-2), and the lowest value of f (49.46%). The triple interaction was significant with regard to and f only. The treatment S3TdD3 recorded the lowest value for (66.67%) and the highest value for f (82.48%) compared the treatment of S2SdD3, which reached the highest and the lowest f.
... The best outcome was attained through a sequence of agricultural practices: summer ploughing at a 30 cm depth, harrowing with a disc harrow at a 12 cm depth during autumn, and two rounds of seedbed preparation using a seedbed cultivator at a 10 cm depth just before spring sowing (47). The mouldboard low, with a speed of 3.8 km/h, outperformed other methods in reducing soil bulk density, increasing porosity, and decreasing specific soil resistance (48). Repetitive use of cultivators not only leads to the formation of hardpan but also negatively impacts root development and penetration (49). ...
Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non edible oil seed crop which is known for its oil content (48–60 percent) and it accounts for 0.15% of the global production of vegetable oil. In recent years, farmers have preferred castor cultivation due to its suitability for both rainfed and irrigated conditions. But the farmers face many challenges, which includes labour scarcity, pest incidence, high input and labour costs, inadequate market information, etc. Due to a significant labour shortage, the area under this crop is gradually decreasing. The high reliance on human labour which leads to the incompletion of various agronomic operations on time. In these circumstances, the cultivation of castor by adopting various mechanization techniques for critical operations such as field preparation, sowing, fertilizer application, weeding, irrigation, crop protection measures and harvesting will be the solution for getting higher productivity and profitability by spending minimum expenses. Adapting mechanization is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals by enhancing production through timely farm operations, minimizing losses and reducing operational costs through efficient management of expensive inputs.
... Several studies have claimed that chisel ploughing can be even more effective than mouldboard ploughing in reducing soil bulk density. In this regard, disc ploughless tillage is inferior to both mouldboard and chisel ploughing, but the aspects of soil bulk density formation under the influence of tillage are also dependent on the speed of tillage machinery, which was not considered as a factor in this study (Isaak et al., 2024). However, in this study, a very subtle difference was found between mouldboard and ploughless tillage options in terms of soil bulk density. ...
The main goal of the study was to establish the influence of various tillage systems on the agrophysical properties of dark-chestnut soil under short-grain crop rotation in the irrigated conditions of southern Ukraine. The research was carried out during 2021-2022 in a stationary experiment on a four-field crop rotation: grain maize – winter rapeseed – winter wheat – soybeans. The experimental field was in the semi-arid steppe climate zone at the Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Three tillage systems were studied for their influence on soil bulk density, porosity, and water permeability, namely: mouldboard-differentiated ploughing tillage; differentiated chisel tillage; and differentiated ploughless tillage with soil slitting. Soil bulk density was determined using the core method. Soil porosity was calculated as the ratio of total bulk density to solid fraction bulk density. Water infiltration rates, established through the water absorption test method, were used to measure soil water permeability. The results of the study were statistically analysed using the common ANOVA procedure with Fisher’s least significant difference test at P<0.05. In addition to the agrophysical parameters of the soil, the energy output of the crop rotation was assessed. It was established that mouldboard tillage did not provide significant benefits in terms of bulk density and soil porosity. However, ploughing showed the best results for soil water permeability across all crops in the rotation. The highest energy output of crop rotation (119.1 GJ/ha) was recorded for the ploughless-differentiated tillage system with soil slitting, whereas the mouldboard ploughing and chisel tillage systems produced somewhat lower energy yields of 112.0 and 108.6 GJ/ha, respectively. Therefore, ploughless-differentiated tillage with soil slitting is the most effective option for short-grain crop rotations in irrigated conditions of southern Ukraine, in terms of creating optimal soil agrophysical properties and achieving the highest crop productivity
Tillage is one of the most important operations in the preparation of land for growing crops. Among secondary tillage implements, power harrows, which have a series of PTO-driven rotors which rotate about their vertical axis, are widely adopted in soil-working operations. Typically, this kind of implement is highly energy consuming, due to the heavy mechanical loads required to pull the harrow and the PTO (Power Take-Off) torque needed to drive the rotors.
This paper reports the results of extensive in-field experimentation in which the relationship between the operating conditions of a tractor - power harrow system and the mechanical loads (i.e. PTO torque and draught) were investigated in two different test site fields. The test parameters consisted of: nominal tractor speed (3, 6, 9 and 12 km h⁻¹), nominal working depth (6, 9 and 15 cm) and rotor speed (285 and 411 rpm) at a PTO speed of 1000 rpm. The data was statistically analysed by means of a linear mixed effect model to assess the differences in the tractor - harrow system performances measured under different working conditions. The presented results show which operating conditions can be favourable regarding energy and fuel consumption as this information may be very useful to farmers to reduce costs. Moreover, the measured mechanical loads concerning PTO torque and draught may also be beneficial for manufacturers to improve the design of these kinds of implements.
An experiment was conducted in fields of Agriculture college, University of Basrah. The experiment was designed with split-spilt plots in Complete Randomized Blocks Design Treatments included three types of moldboard plows: helical, semi digger and general –purpose, three soil moisture content levels (10.23,16.47 and 24.68%), and four tractor speed of 0.41, 0.56, 0.86 and 1.21 m sec -1 . The soil physical properties were determined after plowing soil by using three types of moldboard plow. The results showed that there was significant effect of moldboard plow types, soil moisture content and tractor speed on soil physical properties including bulk density, soil porosity, soil penetration resistance and pulverization ratio. Results also indicated that the effect of interaction among plow types, soil moisture content and tractor speed was significantly on soil penetration resistance and pulverization ratios while it had not significantly effect on bulk density, soil porosity. In general, soil physical properties, had been improved when using high tractor speed and moderate soil moisture content whereas optimal operation was obtained when using general-purpose plow type and high tractor speed of 1.12 m sec -1 and soil moisture content of 16.47% where this combination gives low bulk density (0.96Mg m-3), high soil porosity (63.90%) high soil pulverization ratio (74%) and low soil penetration resistance (623.47 kN m-2).
This study was conducted in telefar region, Mosul governorate during agriculture season 2002-2003 to study the effect of three plow types (mold board , Chisel and one way disk) with two plowing depths (10-15 cm) and (15-20 cm) and two sprinkler irrigation system on soil physical properties (bulk density , porosity , moisture content and soil penetration resistance) randomized complete block design (split – split plot design) was used and the results analyzed statistically. The results showed that the one way disk plow with the solid set sprinkler irrigation system surpassed in bulk density and porosity after plowing. The same plow with the two studied depth and the same irrigation system after germination irrigation and final irrigation surpassed in bulk density and porosity as well as soil penetration resistance characteristics. In moisture content of the soil the one way disk plow with depth of plowing (15-20) cm and the a center pivot sprinkler irrigation system significantly surpassed after plowing and after germination irrigation. After the final irrigation, the moldboard plow and the same plowing depth and the same irrigation system surpassed in moisture content characteristic.Also the moldboard plow with the plowing depth (10-15) cm with irrigation system surpassed in soil penetration resistance .
The research was carried out at Hummaidat township 15km west of Mosul city to investigate the effect of disk angle (35ْ,42ْ,and 48ْ) of the vertical disk plow with three plowing speeds (4.86,7.24 and 9.30)km/hr on number of masses exceeded 10 cm/m2, bulk density, porosity, effective plowing depth, coefficient of working width, slippage percentage, field efficiency, effective field capacity, pulling force, drawbar power and the power lost due to slippage. Results showed that the effect of interaction between disk angle and plowing speeds was significant in bulk density and power lost due to slippage while there were no significant differences concerning other studied characteristics. The disk angle 42o showed higher significance in the effective plowing depth, coefficient of working width, bulk density and porosity .
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of heavy chisel plow at the end of January during agricultural season ( 2018) In the area of Baweizah of the district of Talkif / Ninavah province which is located north east of the city of Mosul Which is far (13) Km about the city center.Soil texture was silty clay by using two levels of factory of level plowing, the first level was add the tubular rolleron the chisel plow and the second level was without the tubular rollerfrom the chisel plow . also two levels of depth plow .the first was (8-10 cm) and the second was (12-14 cm) and three levels of speed included ( 2.4, 4.3 and 7.1) km/h. to study their effect in some mechanical properties , the experience was factorial with three replication . The differences have been tested by Duncan.the important results are in the following: excelled (add the tubular roller) in the following properties (,Volume of soil disturbed,depth achieved,the appearance tillage), while the level (withput roller reducer) excelled in properties (Draft force ,specific resistance), while does not appear any moral differences in the following properties (Fuel consumption).At same time excelled the speed (2.4)km/h in the following properties (Draft force, specific resistance, Depth actual of plowing), While the speed (7.1)km/h excelled in the following properties (Fuel consumption ,volume of soil disturbed, the appearance tillage). RegisterThe interaction between the first level tillage (add the roller reducer) and the first forward speed (2.4) km/h record moral superiority in the following properties (Depth actual of plowing) while the interaction between the first level tillage and the Third forward speed (7.1) km/h record moral excelled in the properties (Volume of soil disturbed ,The appearance tillage), while the interaction between the Second level tillage (without the tubular roller) and the first forward speed (2.4)km/h moral excelled in the following properties (Draft force, specific resistance), while the interaction between the second level tillage (without the tubular roller) and the third forward speed (7.1) km/h moral excelled in the properties(Fuel consumption)
This experiment was carried out at the college of agriculture fields – University of Tikrit during the season (2006-2007) in Gypsfreous soil to study of the effect of two plow types and different plowing speed on some soil physical properties and some field technical indications. Two plows (moldboard plow, Dick plow) and different plowing speeds (2,4,6)km/hr (three replication for each treatment combination).Split Plot Design experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design is employed.
The result obtained revealed that the moldboard plow gave the lowest bulk density and gave the largest Porosity and gave the lowest slipping percentage respectively. while the disk plow gave the largest soil volume disturbed and effective field capacity and field efficiency respectively. While the first plowing speed (2)km/hr gave the lowest slipping percentage and the largest field efficiency respectively. The third plowing speed (6)km/hr gave the largest soil volume disturbed and effective field capacity respectively.
The result obtained revealed that the moldboard plow and with the first plowing speed (2)km/hr gave the lowest bulk density and gave the largest Porosity and gave the lowest slipping percentage respectively. while the disk plow with the third plowing speed (6)km/hr gave the largest soil volume disturbed and effective field capacity respectively.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of speed, depth of tillage and removing the standard weights from the New Holland TD80 tractor on mean weight diameter and the total percent of soil porosity. The experiment was carried out in silty clay loam soil on a farm of College of Agric. / Baghdad University in 2010. Three levels of speed included 3.21, 5.37, 7.04 km/h which represented the main plots ,two levels of weights included standard weights and removing standard weights which represented the sub plots, and three levels of depth included 10, 15 and 20cm which represented the sub – sub plots were used in this experiment . The experiment was designed according to a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that increasing tillage speed for the machinery unit from 3.21 to 5.37 and to 7.04 km/h caused significant decrease in mean weight diameter and soil porosity with decrease ratio 4.26%, 2.30% for mean weight diameter and 2.7%, 1.7% for soil porosity. The addition of weights caused a significant decrease in mean weight diameter and porosity with decrease ratio 2.39% and 1.76% respectively. The results also showed that Increasing tillage depth from 10 to 15 and to 20 cm caused a significant increase in mean weight diameter with increase ratio 7.37% , 7.86% , and significant decrease in soil porosity with decrease ratio 4.34%, 5.42% . the conclusion for this research showed that the Increasing tillage speed for the machinery unit (chisel plow and New Holland TD80 tractor) and weights addition to the tractor rear wheel caused significant decrease in mean weight diameter and soil porosity
This research was conducted to study the exploitation of speed and working width for different tractors with best performance rate and lower costs, and study of the efficiency and amount disbursed energy. The research was conducted in the Dibs region in Kirkuk governorate in September 2015, in two different locations of the soil texture, Randomized complete block design by split split plot system with three replications and Duncan test were used to compare the means of treatment at 5%. The results showed the best quadrate interaction which achieved the best technical results, economically and indicators of the power indicators in speed (6.24Km/h) and working width (120cm) with three tractors in the first location where it was found that the tractor size (82KW) have achieved higher value of effective field capacity of (0.529 ha/h) and less fuel consumption at a rate (14.37L/ha) and the soil distribution volume was (1052m³/ha) and with the least specific resistance (55.41kN/m²) and with highest efficiency to exploit and the amount of spent energy of (18.04mj/ha) with less energy requirements (32.05KW.h/ha) and highest the specific energy efficiency (SEE) (76.87%) and lowest value of amount of spent energy (599mj/ha), followed by the tractor (67KW) and then tractor (56KW), while outperformed tractor (56 KW) superiority recorded the highest power delivery efficiency at a rate of (34.64%) and lower costs of plowing (40642 ID/ha), followed by the tractor (67kw) while registered tractor (82KW) less the value of the power delivery efficiency at a rate of (24.68%) and the highest costs to the process of plowing at a rate (75.295ID/ha), apparently through these results that the tractor (82KW) is the best productive and technically taking into account the size of the agricultural lands and irrigation method to complete the work on time has been shown through the study of productivity and the technical and economic specifications possibility of reaching a better productivity and better performance at the lowest costs. © The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science - College of Agriculture\Baghdad University 2015.
Abstract
A filed experiment was conducted in silty clay soil to evaluate the effect of two Chesil plow types (traditional Chesil plow and Modified Chesil plow), two operating depths (10 and 20 cm) and three forward speeds (0.51, 0.72 and 0.99 m/sec) on draft energy, specific energy, practical productivity and soil volume distribution.
The results were showed significant superiority for modified Chesil plow in higher soil volume distribution and practical productivity, but the traditional chisel plow was indicated significant superiority in lower draft energy and lower specific energy.
The results also showed increase soil volume distribution and draft energy, and decrease specific energy and practical productivity when increasing operating depth from 10 to 20 cm.
The increase forward speed from 0.99 m/sec leaded to increase soil volume distribution and draft energy and decrease specific energy and practical productivity.
Therefor, recommended using modified Chesil plow on forward speed 0.99 m/sec in operating depth 20 cm to arrival higher soil volume distribution and higher practical productivity, while to arrival lower draft energy recommended using traditional Chesil plow on forward speed 0.51m/sec in operating depth 10 cm. and to arrival lower specific draft energy recommended using traditional Chesil plow on 0.51 m/sec in operating depth 20 cm.
Key words: Chesil plow, Energy requirement, filed performance.
There is a need for in-situ soil moisture conservation in arid and semi-arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for agriculture. For this purpose, a combination implement [integrated reservoir tillage system (RT)] comprised of a single-row chisel plow, single-row spike tooth harrow, modified seeder, and spiked roller was developed and compared to the popular tillage practices, viz., minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) in an arid Mediterranean environment in Egypt. The different tillage practices were conducted at tillage depths of 15, 20, and 25 cm and forward speeds of 0.69, 1, 1.25, and 1.53 m s−1. Some soil physical properties, runoff, soil loss, water harvesting efficiency and yield of wheat were evaluated. The different tillage practices caused significant differences in soil physical properties as the RT increased soil infiltration, producing a rate of 48% and 65% higher than that obtained in MT and CT, respectively. The lowest values of runoff and soil loss were recorded under RT as 4.91 mm and 0.65 t ha−1, whereas the highest values were recorded under CT as 11.36 mm and 1.66 t ha−1, respectively. In conclusion, the RT enhanced the infiltration rate, increased water harvesting efficiency, reduced runoff and achieved the highest yield of wheat. The best tillage operating parameters appeared to be at a tillage depth of 20 cm and speed between 1.00 and 1.25 m s−1.
A two year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on soil physical properties and crop yield of melon. Tillage treatments in the study were moldboard plow + two passes of disk harrow as conventional tillage (CT), two passes of disk harrow as reduced tillage (RT), one pass of disk harrow as minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) as direct drilling method. The statistical results of the study indicated that tillage method significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected crop yield, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, total soluble solids and root dry matter, but there was no significant differences in other components such as number of plants per hectare, number of fruits per plant and root length. The maximum value of crop yield (27.2 t ha-1), number of plants per hectare (6360) and number of fruits per plant (1.9) was obtained in case of CT treatment, while maximum value of fruit weight (3.6kg), total soluble solids (10.25%), root length (42.3cm) and root dry matter (72.5%) was observed in case of RT treatment. Also, maximum value of fruit length (29.0cm) and fruit diameter (17.2cm) was noted in case of MT treatment. Conversely, the minimum value of crop yield (20.6 t ha-1), number of plants per hectare (5910), fruit weight (1.9kg), fruit length (26.4cm), fruit diameter (14.1cm), root length (36.6cm) and root dry matter (54.1%) was obtained in case of NT treatment, while minimum value of number of fruits per plant (1.2) was observed in case of RT treatment. Moreover, minimum value of total soluble solids (9.75%) was noted in case of MT treatment. The statistical results of the study also indicated that tillage method significantly affected soil physical properties. The soil of the CT treatment had consistently the highest moisture contents (19.6%) and the lowest bulk density (1.41g) and penetration resistance (560 kPa); while the soil of the NT treatment had the lowest moisture contents (16.8%) and the highest bulk density (1.52g) and penetration resistance (1250 kPa). Therefore, moldboard plow followed by two passes of disk harrow was found to be more appropriate and profitable tillage method in improving soil physical properties and crop yield of melon due to reduced soil compaction, increased soil moisture content, enhanced seed-soil contact and suppressing weed growth.
The compact disc harrow due to post-harvest tillage is used to incorporate the stubble and plant residues into soil, to induce their decomposition and to increase mineralization. The high-cut winter rape stubble is often main challenge of clear disc harrowing, especially in clay loam soil at minimum expenditure of fuel consumption. The aim of this study was to find optimal tillage performances and determine the fuel consumption what required to achieve the preferred level of stubble tillage in loam and clay loam soil after winter oilseed rape harvest. The tillage quality and fuel consumption were investigated in dependence on harrow disc angle (10°, 15° and 20°), tillage depth (5 and 8 cm) and working speed (1.4; 1.9; 2.5; 3.1; 3.6 m∙s⁻¹). The tractor “CASE 135″ was instrumented with data acquisition system and was used to measure fuel consumption, actual working speed and implement draft. Research developed the efficient adjustment of aggregate regime mode to the best soil structure and plant residue incorporation. The beneficial relationship was established by obtaining tillage quality level to fuel consumption, which varied from 2.6 to 5.9 L·ha⁻¹ in depending of soil type (loam and clay loam). Based on research results, the optimal fuel consumption (2.85 L·ha⁻¹) was identified at disk harrow adjustment: disc angle 10°, working speed 3.5 m∙s⁻¹ on both soils, but in different tillage depth 8 cm on loam and 5 cm on clay loam soil.
Field experiments were conducted on a clay soil at Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul. The study included the use of three distances between subsoiler plow tines bilateral 1.1,1.5 and 1.75 meters and three penetration angles of subsoiler plow tines bilateral 30,40 and 50degree and forward speed of the tractor 2.37 and 3.50 km/h and its impact onwidth and dimension of depth critical, vibration, fuel consumption, Percentage change in the penetration resistance of the soil and percentage change in porosity, The results showed all the traits affected significantlydistances between subsoiler plow tines, penetration angles of subsoiler plow tines and forward speed of the tractor.The best resultsachieved were that when interaction distance of 1.5 meters and the angle of penetration of 30 degrees and forward speed of the tractor2.37 km/h. Where recorded the lowestvibration value 0.40 m/sec2, and the highest width and dimension of depthcritical ,percentage change in the penetration resistance of the soil and percentage change in porosity values of 18.22cm , 33.25cm, 80.82% and 53.71%,respectively. Lessfuelconsumptionwas 9.39L/hwhen interaction distance of 1.5 meters and the angle of penetration of 30 degrees and forward speed of the tractor3.50 km/h.
Tillage is an operation to improve soil conditions for optimal crop emergence and yield. Different tillage implements and operational variables may affect soil physical properties. An experiment with different primary tillage implements and operating speeds and their influence on physical properties of loamy soil and wheat seedling emergence was conducted in northeast Anatolia in 2003. The compared tillage implements were: 1. Moldboard plow (MP); 2. Slatted moldboard plow (SMP); 3. Disk plow (DP); 4. Chisel plow (CP); and primary tillage + rotary harrow systems (mounted at the back of this primary tillage): 5. MPH, 6. SMPH, 7. DPH, and 8. CPH. In the experiment, the operating speeds used for each tillage implement were 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 m s-1. Effects of tillage implements on mean weight diameter (MWD), moisture content, penetration resistance, bulk density, and emergence rate index (ERI) were determined. Tillage implements had a significant effect on soil physical properties and ERI. The best ERI and optimum soil physical properties were found with the operating speed of 1.5 m s-1.
The effect of two types of plows with different depths and speeds on the performance of the mechanical unit and some physical properties of the soil
- S Al-Sharifi
- Al-Sharifi, S.
Al-Sharifi, S. (2009). The effect of two types of plows with different depths and speeds on the performance
of the mechanical unit and some physical properties of the soil. Babylon University Journal: Pure and
Applied Sciences, 17: 182-205.
Study effect of moldboard plow shares shape design locally made on some performance parameter and soil physical properties
- A Abdullah
- A D Ghazwan
- Abdullah, A.
Abdullah, A. and Ghazwan, A.D. (2012). Study effect of moldboard plow shares shape design locally made
on some performance parameter and soil physical properties. Kirkuk University Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 3(2): 36-51.
Study the effect of tractor and plow , cultural distance in some performance parameters ,soil physical properties and corn yield
- M A Al-Jubouri
- Al-Jubouri, M.A.
Al-Jubouri, M.A. (2012). Study the effect of tractor and plow, cultural distance in some performance
parameters,soil physical properties and corn yield. Al Furat Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(1): 148-163.
A study of the effect of the type of smoothing machine, the practical speed of the mechanical unit, and the planting distances on some performance indicators, physical soil characteristics, and cotton yield
- M A Al-Rubaie
- Al-Rubaie, M.A.
Al-Rubaie, M.A. (2012). A study of the effect of the type of smoothing machine, the practical speed of the
mechanical unit, and the planting distances on some performance indicators, physical soil characteristics, and cotton yield. Al Furat Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(4): 177-193.
Influence of Plowing System on zea maize production and some soil characteristics
- Q Ali
- A Manahil
- H Amir
- Ali, Q.
Ali, Q., Manahil, A., and Amir, H. (2011). Influence of Plowing System on zea maize production and some
soil characteristics. Technical Journal, 24(1): 260-268.
Studying the effect of tillage depths and practical speed of mechanical unit on some of soil physical properties and the growth of maize
- F J Alsaady
- Alsaady, F.J.
Alsaady, F.J. (2013). Studying the effect of tillage depths and practical speed of mechanical unit on some
of soil physical properties and the growth of maize. Al Furat Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(3):
280-287.
Evaluation the performance of developed moldboard plow and it's effect on some performance indicators of the machinery unit
- K Al-Abiedi
- M Nassar
- Al-abiedi, K.
Al-abiedi, K., Nassar, M., and Abdul-Jabbar, E. (2016). Evaluation the performance of developed moldboard plow and it's effect on some performance indicators of the machinery unit. The Iraqi Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 47(6): 1514-1519.
Some of soil physical properties under the influence of different plows
- F Al-Taee
- Y Al-Tahan
- S A D Abd-Alaziz
- AL-Taee, F.
AL-Taee, F., AL-Tahan, Y., and Abd-Alaziz, S.A.D. (2015). Some of soil physical properties under the
influence of different plows. Kirkuk University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(1): 166-181.
Impact of different tillage practices on soil moisture content, soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance in Oyo metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria
- J Gbadamosi
- Gbadamosi, J.
Gbadamosi, J. (2013). Impact of different tillage practices on soil moisture content, soil bulk density and
soil penetration resistance in Oyo metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and
Technology, 3(9): 50-57.
Effect of some tilt angles of disc plow and tillage speeds on some soil physical and vitality properties in gypsiferous soil
- M Isaak
- Isaak, M.
Isaak, M. (2011). Effect of some tilt angles of disc plow and tillage speeds on some soil physical and vitality
properties in gypsiferous soil. Journal Of Kirkuk University For Agricultural Sciences, 2(1): 115-123.
Principles of sustainable soil management in agroecosystems
- R Lal
- B A Stewart
- Lal, R.
Effect of tillage speeds and cover height angles of rotary plow on some Gypsiferous soil physical properties
- T Turki
- M Isaak
- Turki, T.
Turki, T. and Isaak, M. (2011). Effect of tillage speeds and cover height angles of rotary plow on some
Gypsiferous soil physical properties. Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS), 2(1):
108-114.
Efficiency of disc harrow adjustment for stubble tillage quality and fuel consumption
- V Damanauskas
- V Aleksandras
- Damanauskas, V.
The effect of locally modified plow on some soil physical properties compared it with other plows
- A A Jasim
- A K J Alssadi
- Jasim, A.A.
Jasim, A.A. and Alssadi, A.K.J. (2014). The effect of locally modified plow on some soil physical properties
compared it with other plows. IRAQ Journal of Agricultural Research, 19(3): 165-175.
Effect of plow type and practical speed of the tractor at two soil moisture levels on some performance indicators and soil physical properties
- A Jassim
- S Al-Sharifi
- Jassim, A.
Jassim, A. and Al-Sharifi, S. (2007). Effect of plow type and practical speed of the tractor at two soil
moisture levels on some performance indicators and soil physical properties. Babylon University Journal/Science, 2(14): 181-188.
Comparison of energy used and effects on bulk density and yield by tillage systems in a semiarid condition of Mexico
- A López-Vázquez
- M Cadena-Zapata
- S Campos-Magaña
- A Zermeño-Gonzalez
- López-Vázquez, A.
Comparison of energy used and effects on bulk density and yield by tillage systems in a semiarid condition of Mexico
- R Lal
- B A Stewart
- A López-Vázquez
- M Cadena-Zapata
- S Campos-Magaña
- A Zermeño-Gonzalez
Lal, R. and Stewart, B.A. (2013). Principles of sustainable soil management in agroecosystems. CRC Press.
López-Vázquez, A., Cadena-Zapata, M., Campos-Magaña, S., Zermeño-Gonzalez, A., and Mario, M.-D.
(2019). Comparison of energy used and effects on bulk density and yield by tillage systems in a semiarid
condition of Mexico. Agronomy Article, 9(4): 1-18.