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Fall (December) 2023, Volume 4, Issue 9, 142-154
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
Training on Increasing of Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction
and Mental Health of a Petroleum Employees
Fatemeh. Hematian1 & Mahtab. Moraveji2*
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran
2. *Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery,
Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
ABSTRACT
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Background and Aim: One of the major challenges of managers at different levels of
the organization is how to create a suitable platform for employees so that they can
perform their duties properly with responsibility and a sense of commitment, have the
ability to adapt and adapt to the environment and enjoy their work and life. The main
goal of this study was to investigate the Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress
Reduction training on increasing of emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and mental
health of a petroleum employees. Methods: The research method of this study was a
quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group, and the statistical
population of this research was consisted off all employees who referred to the
occupational health center of this Petroleum company in June 2022. Among a statistical
sample of 200 male volunteers who referred to this center, those their GHQ-28 score
were one standard deviation above the cutoff point, 40 individuals were selected by
purposive sampling method and randomly divided them to two experimental and
control groups. The experimental group underwent eight sessions of 90-minute
mindfulness-based stress reduction training (Kabat Zain, 2003), but the control group
did not receive any training. The research instruments were the emotional intelligence
questionnaire (Bradbury & Greaves, 2005), the general health questionnaire (Goldberg
& Hillier, 1978) and the Minnesota job satisfaction questionnaire (Weiss, Davis,
England, and Lafquist, 1977). SPSS-24 was used for statistical analysis of data.
Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that mindfulness-based
stress reduction training is effective on emotional intelligence, mental health, and job
satisfaction. Also, the results indicated that mindfulness-based stress reduction training
was also effective on the subscales of emotional intelligence and mental health.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that stress reduction training based on
mindfulness can be used to increase emotional intelligence, mental health and job
satisfaction of employees in industrial companies.
Article type
Original research
Pages: 142-154
Corresponding Author’s Info
Email:
mahtabmoraveji@gmail.com
Article history:
Received: 2022/07/21
Revised: 2023/08/20
Accepted: 2023/08/25
Published online: 2023/12/01
Keywords:
Emotional Intelligence, Mental
Health, Mindfulness-Based
Stress Reduction, Shazand
Arak Petroleum Company
This work is published under CC BY-NC 4.0 licence. © 2023 The Authors.
How to Cite This Article:
Hematin, F., & Moraveji, M. (2023). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on Increasing of
Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction and Mental Health of a Petroleum Employees. Jayps, 4(9), 142-154.
journal of
Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies
www.jayps.iranmehr.ac.ir
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Introduction
The concern in the field of adolescent mental
health and its impact on psychological and
behavioral development and functions has
increased significantly with the increase in the
prevalence of mental disorders among
adolescents in recent years (Abdollahi
Bagharabadi, 2018). One of the disorders that
has a negative impact on the mental health of
adolescents is oppositional defiant disorder
(Liu, Chang, and Lee, 2021), which is one of
the most common causes of referral of
adolescents to psychotherapy and counseling
clinics. (Faramarzi, Abedi, and Ghanbari, 2012).
This disorder may start at the age of 3, but it
usually starts at the age of 8. In fact, the age of
onset is usually between 8 and 12 years, and its
prevalence before puberty is higher in boys
(Sadock, 2015). Barclay (2013) states that
"oppositional defiant disorder is a stable pattern
of negativity, disobedience, stubbornness,
hostility and defiance towards authority figures"
(Barclay, 2013). Signs and symptoms of
oppositional defiant behavior can be a gateway
to other psychiatric disorders in adulthood
(Sentivanay & Balazs, 2018). Also, the
prognosis of oppositional defiant disorder is
unfavorable. It is associated with an increased
risk of conduct disorders, substance abuse,
antisocial personality disorders, and anxiety
disorders (Folino, 2011), eating disorders,
schizophrenia, and mania (Kim-Cohen et al.,
2003) in the future (Pazhunia et al., 2019). This
disorder is characterized by a pattern of
anger/irritability, stubborn/disobedient behavior,
or revenge-seeking behavior that is displayed
during interactions with at least one person
other than a sibling. (Arias, Aguayo, and Navas,
2021).
Therefore, one of the major problems of
adolescents who are involved in oppositional
defiant disorder is anxiety. Anxiety, with a
prevalence of about 2-5%, means severe and
extreme fear of situations where there is a
possibility of analyzing a person's behavior and
fear of negative evaluation in social situations
(American Psychiatric Association, 2016).
Anxiety is the third most common
psychological disorder and a debilitating
disorder that has a chronic and continuous
process and often begins in childhood or early
adolescence due to the experience of
mistreatment and adversity and spreads in youth
and adulthood (Sadock, 2015). However,
estimates of the prevalence of anxiety disorders
in children and adolescents vary widely, but it is
estimated that the lifetime prevalence of anxiety
disorders in children and adolescents is around
15 to 20 percent (Zu et al., 2019). An important
point that can double the importance of paying
attention to anxiety during adolescence is that
many of them may have suffered from anxiety
for years (Amiralsadat Hefshanjani et al., 2022)
but have not been identified and, therefore, have
not been treated. Perhaps the reason for this is
that adolescents with anxiety do not show
problems as openly as adolescents with conduct
disorders. Therefore, teachers and parents
cannot recognize these problems and only when
these problems are severe and have more
external symbols, they can be recognized by
teachers and parents (Ahlen, Vigerland, and
Qadri, 2018).
One of the treatments whose effectiveness has
been proven in different situations is emotional
therapy (Omrani et al., 2022). This treatment,
which is a combination of experimental and
systemic treatment, is closely related to the
reduction of psychological problems in people
(Minai, 2022). This therapy includes methods
based on activating certain emotions that are
established in an empathic communication
context. This approach assumes that helping
clients change the way they abuse their
emotions and access them in a purely caring and
empathic relationship leads to changes in
emotional schemas (Dehnavi, Sadeghi, &
Sepahvand, 2020). The process of emotion-
centered therapy, which is implemented in an
individual way, is determined by three stages of
attachment and awareness, recall and discovery,
and emotional reconstruction in eight steps.
These three stages overlap, and throughout the
treatment, the client is viewed as an expert on
his experience and the therapist as a guide and
facilitator for the client's goals (Zwack &
Greenberg, 2020). In emotion-centered therapy,
it is believed that the way people organize and
process emotional experiences and the
interaction patterns they create and strengthen
themselves have led to their helplessness
(Greenman & Johnson, 2013).
According to the mentioned materials,
adolescence is a period in which dealing with all
kinds of problems and mental disorders is very
important. Also, oppositional disobedience
disorder is one of the disorders that appeared in
this period and if it is not addressed at a young
144 | The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on…
age, it will cause many problems and
abnormalities in the future. Emotion-oriented
therapy is one of the therapeutic methods whose
effectiveness has been proven in numerous
studies, but its effect has not been studied in
relation to the symptoms of oppositional defiant
disorder and anxiety in adolescents with
oppositional defiant disorder. Therefore, this
study was conducted with the aim of
investigating the effectiveness of emotion-
oriented therapy on the symptoms of
oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety
symptoms of adolescent boys with oppositional
defiant disorder.
Ensuring the well-being of the human
workforce in any organization or industrial
complex is one of the fundamental
responsibilities of managers and planners in
socio-economic development and human
resources. A major challenge for managers at
various organizational levels is creating an
appropriate environment for employees to fulfill
their duties responsibly and with commitment,
adapt and integrate into the environment, and be
satisfied with their work and life (Fattal,
Moutabi, Shakiba, & Barouti, 2008).
Emotional intelligence represents the latest
development in understanding the relationship
between reason and emotion, with its historical
roots traceable to the 19th century when
individual success was attributed to high
intellectual quotient. However, emotional
intelligence gained significant popularity with
the publication of Daniel Goleman's book in
1995. It was introduced as a type of
intrapersonal intelligence with an acquisitive
aspect and a primary factor in individuals'
success, efficiency, and performance in society
and organizations (Hui-Hua & Schatz, 2015).
According to Ouyang and colleagues (2015),
individuals with emotional intelligence have
greater ability in controlling and managing their
emotions, communicating with others,
organizing their lives, and demonstrating more
adaptability, thus possessing better social
awareness. Goleman identified the components
of emotional intelligence as self-awareness,
self-management, social awareness, and
relationship management, playing a key role in
behavioral stability and mental health. Goleman
considers emotional intelligence a skill allowing
individuals to control their moods through self-
awareness, improve them through self-
management, understand their impact through
empathy, and enhance their own and others'
morale through relationship management
(Bradberry & Greaves, 2005). Bar-On (2007)
regards emotional intelligence as a factor in
enhancing mental health, significantly
contributing to individuals' flourishing abilities
in work and life. He believes that appropriate
emotional intelligence helps individuals
consolidate their thinking and facilitate the
processing of emotional information. Therefore,
those who strive to have a proper understanding
of their emotions and reconstruct their mood
states can effectively deal with life's stressors,
resulting in better physical and mental health
(Bar-On, 2007).
Another factor significantly influencing
individuals' performance is mental health.
Researchers define mental health as the
psychological ability to work effectively, adapt
to challenging situations, and regain balance. A
lack of mental health can affect job success and
efficiency in life (BP, Brooks H., Fraser S.,
Lovell, 2015). Freud considered mental health
as the balance and harmony between the id, ego,
superego, and levels of consciousness and
unconsciousness. An individual is considered
mentally healthy if they have successfully
navigated developmental stages without
fixation. Adler believed that an individual with
mental health realistically plans their life
without leading to an irreparable feeling of
inferiority. Ellis saw a mentally healthy
individual as one who replaces irrational beliefs
with logical thinking and correct beliefs. Jung
considered a healthy person as one who has
achieved individuality and possesses
characteristics like self-awareness, self-
acceptance, integrity, self-expression, and
patience. Maslow defined a mentally healthy
person as self-actualized, reaching this stage
when their physiological, safety, love,
belonging, and esteem needs are met. Therefore,
according to these views, employees who enjoy
mental health experience less stress and greater
job satisfaction (Ganji, 2022).
Another factor contributing to the development
and progress of organizations and improving
individual job performance in an organization is
job satisfaction (Parsakia et al., 2022). Job
satisfaction is defined as a kind of pleasure and
positive feeling towards work and is a function
of the relationship between what an individual
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expects from their job and what the job provides
(Esmaili & Sayedzadeh, 2018). In any
organization, job satisfaction should be
considered from both human and behavioral
perspectives. Job satisfaction includes internal
and external dimensions. The source of internal
satisfaction relates to personal traits such as the
ability to take initiative and communicate with
others, and external satisfaction depends on
work environment conditions like promotions
and job security (Oshagbemi, 1997). Although
job satisfaction is a mental aspect, its
consequences show that job satisfaction leads to
better job performance and contributes to
organizational productivity (Mayer, Salovey,
Caruso, 2000).
Among the educational-therapeutic approaches
that play an effective role in enhancing physical,
mental, and social health is mindfulness-based
stress reduction (MBSR). Mindfulness is a
method based on behavioral shaping techniques
and procedures for stress reduction and
changing maladaptive beliefs. It is a form of
meditation rooted in Eastern religious teachings,
particularly Buddhism, and introduced by
Kabat-Zinn (2003). MBSR, as one of the third-
wave cognitive-behavioral therapies,
emphasizes developing three components:
refraining from judgment, intentional
awareness, and focusing on the present moment
and current state (McGarigle & Walsh, 2011).
Mindfulness pays attention to the underlying
cognitive and emotional stimuli and exposes the
hidden themes of life, showing that emotions
are composed of thoughts, bodily sensations,
raw feelings, and impulses, without judgment or
blame (Williams & Penman, 2012). With these
definitions, it can be said that by using the
approach of MBSR and employing behavioral
shaping techniques and changing irrational
beliefs, steps can be taken towards ensuring
individuals' mental health (Montazeri,
Nasrollah, Nasrabadi, & Khoramirad, 2011).
Researchers, in a systematic review and meta-
analysis, concluded that any action capable of
enhancing physical, mental, and social health
and improving individuals' performance is
prioritized by organizations and industrial and
production centers. Galle, Stephan, and Kristy
(2021), Johnson et al. (2018), Byron et al.
(2015), and Nikogoftar, Sangani, and Jangi
(2019) confirmed the impact of MBSR on
mental health and its components. Aringa,
Valenuz, and Sanchez (2020), Nadler, Karsool,
and Amanda (2020), Rezaii (2021),
Golshokuoh, and Narimisa (2017), and Sadaqat,
Mohammadi, Alizadeh, and Imani (2011)
affirmed its effectiveness on emotional
intelligence and its components. Rastgoo,
Harefaat, and Kheirjoo (2017), and Holscher,
Albertz, Finhold, and Lang (2013) demonstrated
its impact on job satisfaction, and Shapiro,
Austin, Bishop, and Cordova (2012) and Cohen
Katz et al. (2005) verified its effectiveness on
job stress and burnout.
One of the petroleum organizations in Iran,
playing a significant role in meeting the
domestic needs for oil and gas products and
exporting them to other countries, is Shazand
Arak Petroleum. The high workload, job stress,
intense work pressure, and the variety and
sensitivity of tasks in this organization have
endangered the mental health of its employees.
Therefore, considering the importance of the
human workforce and acknowledging that
employee performance is a determinant of
overall organizational efficiency, it is incumbent
upon managers and planners to identify factors
that enhance employee performance and
mitigate negative impacts on their performance.
This research, with the main goal of examining
the effectiveness of MBSR training on
increasing emotional intelligence, job
satisfaction, and mental health among
employees of Shazand Arak Petroleum
Complex, was conducted in 2023.
The primary hypothesis of the research: MBSR
training is effective on the emotional
intelligence, job satisfaction, and mental health
of employees at Shazand Arak Petroleum.
The subsidiary hypotheses of this research are
as follows:
1- MBSR training is effective on the
components of emotional intelligence (self-
awareness, self-management, social awareness,
and relationship management) of employees at
Shazand Arak Petroleum.
2- MBSR training is effective on job
satisfaction of employees at Shazand Arak
Petroleum.
3- MBSR training is effective on the
components of mental health (somatic
symptoms, anxiety, social functioning, and
depression) of employees at Shazand Arak
Petroleum. Method
The current research is a quasi-experimental
study, utilizing a pre-test and post-test design
146 | The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on…
with a control group. The statistical population
of this study consisted of all employees
attending the health center of Shazand Arak
Petroleum Complex in June 2023. The sampling
method was purposive convenience sampling,
meaning that out of all male employees visiting
the health center in June 2023, 200 volunteers
were selected and completed the research-
designed questionnaire. Subsequently, 40
volunteers who scored one standard deviation
above the cutoff on the GHQ-28 and met the
study's inclusion criteria were randomly
assigned to either the experimental or control
groups. Inclusion criteria for participation in the
research were absence of physical and mental
illness, no history of substance abuse, no recent
bereavement or significant loss in the past six
months, and informed voluntary consent to
participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were
missing more than one session during the
interventions and unwillingness to continue
cooperation. Materials
1. General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-
28): To assess the mental health of the
participants, the GHQ-28 questionnaire by
Goldberg and Hillier (1979) was used. This
questionnaire encompasses four scales:
somatization, anxiety and sleep disorders, social
dysfunction, and depression. Questions 1-7
relate to the somatization scale, 8-14 to the
anxiety scale, 15-21 to social dysfunction, and
22-28 to depression. Questions are rated on a
Likert scale from "not at all" (0 points) to "very
much so" (3 points), and the overall mental
health score is derived from the sum of all
questionnaire items, with individual scale scores
summed up from their respective items. Thus,
total scores range from 0 to 84. According to the
Likert scoring method, a total score of 22 or less
indicates mental health, while a score of 23 or
higher suggests a potential mental disorder.
Previous studies on the questionnaire's validity
and reliability in various countries, including
Iran, have shown its appropriateness and
satisfactory validity. In this questionnaire, a
lower score indicates health, while a higher
score suggests lack of health (Norbala, Bagheri
Yazdi, & Mohammad, 2004). Cronbach's alpha
was used to determine the reliability and
validity of the GHQ-28 in this study. Cronbach's
alpha for the overall mental health variable was
0.952, with component scores of 0.892 for
somatization, 0.863 for anxiety, 0.794 for social
functioning, and 0.842 for depression. The
range of bivariate correlation coefficients
among the components of the mental health
questionnaire was from 0.722 to 0.924, with all
calculated coefficients being statistically
significant at the 0.01 error level, indicating that
this questionnaire is a reliable and valid
predictor of mental health.
2. Bradberry and Greaves Emotional
Intelligence Questionnaire: Based on
Goleman's model (2001), this questionnaire
contains 28 items measuring the sub-scales of
self-awareness, self-management, social
awareness, and relationship management.
Questions are rated on a 6-option Likert scale
from "never" to "always". Questions 1-7 relate
to self-awareness, 8-14 to self-management, 15-
21 to social awareness, and 22-28 to
relationship management. The total emotional
intelligence score is obtained by summing the
sub-scale scores (Bradberry & Greaves, 2005).
A score above 80 indicates high emotional
intelligence, while a score below 60 suggests
low emotional intelligence. The reliability of
this test, as determined by Bradberry and
Greaves, was 0.73 for self-awareness, 0.87 for
self-management, 0.78 for social awareness,
0.76 for relationship management, and 0.90 for
overall emotional intelligence, all statistically
significant at the 99% level. Cronbach's alpha
for overall emotional intelligence was 0.932,
with component scores of 0.798 for self-
awareness, 0.764 for self-management, 0.684
for social awareness, and 0.826 for relationship
management. The range of bivariate correlation
coefficients among the components of the
Bradberry and Greaves Emotional Intelligence
Questionnaire was from 0.443 to 0.882, all
statistically significant at the 0.01 error level,
indicating that this questionnaire is a suitable
predictor of emotional intelligence for the study
population.
3. Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire: The
Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire,
developed by Weiss, Dawis, England, and
Lofquist (1977), has both a long 100-item form
and a short 19-item form. In this study, the short
19-item form was used, comprising six sub-
scales: payment system (3 questions, items 1-3),
job nature (4 questions, items 4-7),
advancement opportunities (3 questions, items
8-10), organizational climate (2 questions, items
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11-12), leadership style (4 questions, items 13-
16), and physical conditions (3 questions, items
17-19). Questions are rated on a Likert scale
from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree,"
scored 1 to 5 respectively. The overall score of
the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire is
obtained by summing the scores of all items. A
score between 19 and 38 indicates weak job
satisfaction, 38 to 57 moderate satisfaction, and
above 57 high satisfaction (Azadi & Eidizadeh,
2015). The reliability of the Minnesota
Satisfaction Questionnaire, as determined by
Bakhtiar Nasrabadi et al. (2009) using
Cronbach's alpha, was 0.92, indicating
satisfactory reliability and validity. In this
research, Cronbach's alpha was used to
determine the reliability and validity of the job
satisfaction questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha for
overall job satisfaction was 0.932, with
component scores of 0.701 for the payment
system, 0.848 for job nature, 0.582 for
advancement opportunities, 0.620 for
organizational climate, 0.790 for leadership
style, and 0.714 for physical conditions. The
range of bivariate correlation coefficients
among the components of the Minnesota
Satisfaction Questionnaire in this study was
from 0.275 to 0.827, all statistically significant
at the 0.01 error level, indicating that each of
the measured components is a suitable predictor
of job satisfaction.
4. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Training: This educational intervention
consists of eight 90-minute sessions introducing
and guiding self-awareness, confronting
obstacles, mindfulness breathing, stress
management, staying in the present moment,
accepting circumstances, dealing with irrational
thoughts, self-care strategies, and applying these
teachings in future decision-making. The
training was provided in a group setting to the
experimental group participants. The content of
each session is briefly described below:
Table 1. The content Mindfulness therapy sessions
Session
Content
1
Administering the pre-test, setting general policies considering confidentiality and personal lives of
participants; inviting participants to introduce themselves, practicing mindful raisin eating.
Homework: Perform mindfulness on a regular daily activity every day (washing, eating, and brushing teeth).
2
Reviewing previous session's homework, practicing thoughts and feelings exercise.
Homework: Record pleasant events.
3
Reviewing previous session's homework, practicing 30 to 40 minutes of seated meditation.
Homework: Practice 3-minute breathing in mindful walking.
Homework: Record unpleasant events.
4
Reviewing previous session's homework, practicing seeing/hearing meditation.
Homework: 3-minute seated meditation exercise.
5
Stress management.
Homework: Applying stress reduction principles.
6
Seated imaginative meditation, practicing ambiguous scenarios.
Homework: 3-minute breathing, 3 times a day.
7
Seated meditation, homework (self-direction practice, pointing out the connection between mood and activity).
Homework: 3-minute breathing 3 times a day and during moments of stress and difficult emotions.
8
Body scan, homework, reflection, feedback, concluding the sessions, and administering the post-test.
Implementation
In this research, various descriptive statistics,
such as frequency tables, percentage
frequencies, mean, standard deviation,
skewness, and kurtosis, were used to describe
the collected data. Pearson correlation
coefficients and Cronbach's alpha were used to
determine reliability and validity, and the
Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to ensure data
normality. To determine the effectiveness of the
intervention methods, one-way and multivariate
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized.
Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-24
software. Results
The mean and standard deviation of the age of
male participants in the experimental group
were 42.10 and 9.32 years, respectively, and
40.08 and 12.64 years, respectively, in the
control group. A t-test revealed no significant
difference in mean age between the two groups
(p > 0.05). Regarding work experience, the
mean and standard deviation for the
experimental group were 18.40 and 9.48 years,
148 | The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on…
respectively, and 17.05 and 11.87 years,
respectively, for the control group. The t-test
indicated no significant difference in the mean
work experience between the two groups (p >
0.05).
Findings related to the mean and standard
deviation of participants' scores in the study
variables for both the experimental and control
groups before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the
interventions are presented in Table 2. The
results indicate that before the mindfulness
intervention, there was no significant difference
in the mean scores of emotional intelligence,
mental health, and job satisfaction between the
two groups. However, after the educational
interventions, the experimental group showed
increased mean scores in emotional intelligence
and job satisfaction but decreased mean scores
in mental health and its components. In the
control group, there was no significant change
in scores between the pre-test and post-test.
Table 2. Descriptive findings (Mean and standard deviation)
Variable
Pre-test
Post-test
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Emotional intelligence
Exp.
35.104
12.11
55.116
48.7
Control
05.102
35.8
40.104
82.7
Emotional intelligence
components
Self-awareness
Exp.
00.25
03.1
90.27
92/3
Control
20.24
86.0
80.24
22/3
Self-management
Exp.
10.28
30.4
95.30
98/2
Control
35.28
59.3
50.28
80/3
Social awareness
Exp.
20.20
04.3
65.27
13/2
Control
60.19
09.2
40.21
98/2
Communication
management
Exp.
50.26
25.4
50.30
87/3
Control
35.28
56.4
40.27
17/4
Mental health
Exp.
50.40
59.5
15.33
50.3
Control
75.40
52.5
55.40
97.4
Mental health components
Somatization
Exp.
75.10
31.3
85.8
95/1
Control
70.11
67.3
65.11
94/2
Anxiety
Exp.
30.12
03.1
85.9
31/1
Control
15.12
14.1
60.11
10/1
Social performance
Exp.
80.10
28.1
86.8
39/1
Control
20.10
54.1
10.10
55/1
Depression
Exp.
00.7
55.2
55.5
23/1
Control
95.6
06.2
35.7
63/1
Job satisfaction
Exp.
00.71
89.8
30.76
75.7
Control
15.70
21.8
85.69
62.7
To test hypotheses and perform covariance
analysis, it is first necessary to verify the
assumptions of data normality and homogeneity
of variances between the two groups. The
significance level obtained from the Shapiro-
Wilk test on the study variables in both
experimental and control groups indicated that
the statistics for all variables, except for social
awareness, were more than 0.05. Since the
significance level of the Levene's test in all
study variables was more than 0.05, it can be
concluded that the variances of the groups are
homogenous, and given the normal distribution
of data and homogeneity of variances,
covariance analysis and hypothesis testing are
feasible. Box's M test results indicate that the
equality of covariances related to the dependent
variables of emotional intelligence, job
satisfaction, and mental health is maintained
(P<0.05).
Table 3. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance for all variables
Variable
Source
SS
Df
MS
F
p
Effect size
Power
Emotional intelligence
Group
Error
Total
96.1126
37.659
00.491891
1
35
40
96.1126
839.18
82.59
000.0
631.0
802.0
Job satisfaction
Group
Error
01.317
69.167
1
35
01.317
791.4
17.66
000.0
654.0
930.0
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Total
00.216261
40
Mental health
Group
Error
Total
48.504
14.284
00.55566
1
35
40
48.504
118.8
14.61
000.0
640.0
747.0
Results in Table 3 show that based on the
multivariate ANCOVA analysis in the
MANCOVA context on the scores of the
dependent variables of emotional intelligence,
job satisfaction, and mental health, there is a
significant difference between the experimental
and control groups (P<0.05). Therefore, it can
be concluded that mindfulness-based stress
reduction training significantly affects
emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and
mental health. Consequently, the main
hypothesis of the research is confirmed.
Information related to the first sub-hypothesis,
concerning the components of the emotional
intelligence questionnaire, is presented in Table
4.
Table 4. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance for emotional intelligence components
Variable
Source
SS
Df
MS
F
p
Effect size
Power
Self-awareness
Group
Error
Total
096.48
988.192
000.28358
1
34
40
096.48
676.5
473.8
006.0
200.0
622.0
Self-management
Group
Error
Total
920.101
945.183
000.35847
1
34
40
920.101
410.5
839.18
000.0
357.0
581.
0
Social awareness
Group
Error
Total
551.161
685.240
000.26497
1
34
40
551.161
079.7
821.22
000.0
402.0
367.0
Communication management
Group
Error
Total
854.170
569.186
000.34291
1
34
40
854.170
487.5
136.31
000.0
478.0
698.0
The results in Table 4 indicate that, based on the
multivariate ANCOVA analysis in the
MANCOVA context on the scores of self-
awareness, self-management, social awareness,
and relationship management components, there
is a significant difference between the
experimental and control groups (P<0.05).
Therefore, it can be said that mindfulness-based
stress reduction training is effective on all
components of emotional intelligence. Hence,
the first sub-hypothesis of the research is
confirmed. Information related to the second
sub-hypothesis of the research, concerning the
job satisfaction variable, is presented in Table 5.
Table 5. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance for mental health components
Source
SS
df
MS
F
p
Effect
size
Pre-test
Group
Error
Total
727.2077
823.325
023.169
000.216261
1
1
37
40
727.2077
823.325
823.454
324.71
000.0
000.0
941.0
658.0
The results in Table 5 show that, based on the
one-way ANCOVA analysis on the scores of
the study participants in the job satisfaction
variable, there is a significant difference
between the experimental and control groups
(P<0.05). Therefore, mindfulness-based stress
reduction training is effective in improving job
satisfaction among the studied employees. Thus,
the second sub-hypothesis of the research is also
confirmed. Information related to the third sub-
hypothesis of the research, concerning the
components of mental health, is presented in
Table 6.
Table 6. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance for mental health components
Variable
Source
SS
Df
MS
F
p
Effect size
Power
Somatization
Group
Error
Total
141.43
063.58
000.4518
1
34
40
141.43
708.1
262.25
000.0
426.0
789.0
150 | The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on…
Anxiety
Group
Error
Total
441.29
458.28
000.4687
1
34
40
441.29
837.0
174.35
000.0
508.0
620.0
Social performance
Group
Error
Total
613.27
603.30
000.3689
1
34
40
613.27
900.0
679.30
000.0
474.0
642.0
Anxiety
Group
Error
Total
718.30
664.30
000.1776
1
34
40
718.30
901.0
083.34
000.0
501.0
686.0
The results in Table 6 indicate that, based on the
multivariate ANCOVA analysis in the
MANCOVA context on the scores of the mental
health components, namely somatization,
anxiety, social functioning, and depression,
there is a significant difference between the
experimental and control groups (P<0.05).
Therefore, mindfulness-based stress reduction
training is effective on all components of mental
health. Consequently, the third sub-hypothesis
of the research is confirmed.
Conclusion
This study aimed to elucidate the effectiveness
of mindfulness-based stress reduction training
on enhancing emotional intelligence, job
satisfaction, and mental health among
employees of a petroleum complex.
Main Hypothesis: Mindfulness-based stress
reduction training is effective in improving
emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and
mental health of employees at Shazand Arak
Petroleum. Box's M results indicate the equality
of covariances related to the dependent
variables of emotional intelligence, job
satisfaction, and mental health (P<0.05). The
results showed that based on multivariate
analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) on the
scores of the dependent variable of emotional
intelligence (p = 0.000, F = 59.82), job
satisfaction variable (p = 0.000, F = 66.17), and
mental health (p = 0.000, F = 61.14) significant
differences exist between the experimental and
control groups. Therefore, it can be said that
mindfulness-based stress reduction training has
significantly affected emotional intelligence, job
satisfaction, and mental health. Thus, the main
hypothesis of the study is confirmed.
Numerous studies, such as those by Johnson et
al. (2018); Byron et al. (2015); Rezaei (2021),
and Nikogoftar, Sangani, and Jangi (2019), have
affirmed the effectiveness of mindfulness-based
stress reduction on mental health; Arenga,
Valennoez, and Sanchez (2020) and Nadler,
Karsol, and Aminada (2020) on its impact on
emotional intelligence; Rastgoo, Hafezdost, and
Kheirjoo (2017), and Hulshger et al. (2013) on
its effectiveness in job satisfaction, which aligns
with the findings of this research. Kabat-Zinn
(2003) believes that mindfulness-based stress
reduction training, a third-wave approach in
cognitive-behavioral therapy, teaches
individuals to examine their cognitions and
emotions mindfully, without judgment, focusing
on the present. Any intervention that leads to
relaxation, effective management of stressors,
and effective interpersonal communications will
be effective. This intervention approach
emphasizes the importance of being conscious
of the mind's flow and surrounding events,
understanding that consciousness permeates all
aspects of life and brings significance to
previously overlooked matters. According to
Napoli, Krech, and Holley (2005), mindfulness
is a deliberate method through which
individuals connect moment-to-moment with
themselves, their environment, and even their
deity. Mindfulness-based stress reduction,
focusing on the present and effectively
confronting stressors, will increase emotional
intelligence, resilience, mental health, and job
satisfaction. The core of mindfulness is learning
to be an impartial observer, thus making
conscious living and awareness crucial aspects
of mindfulness. Activities that lead to
adaptation and adjustment to the environment
improve mental health, in line with findings by
Ahmadi, Noroozi, and Hamedi (2016). Nadler,
Karsol, and Aminada (2020) believed that the
impact of mindfulness on stress comes from
awareness of thoughts, ideas, and moods that
create stressful situations; hence, responding to
stress is a crucial method for reducing it.
Mindfulness, by making individuals aware of
their physical and mental states and those of
others, enables control of situations and
prevents exacerbating stress with involuntary
reactions. Hulshger et al. (2013) found that one
of the benefits of mindfulness training in the
Hematin & Moraveji 151
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workplace, in addition to reducing physical and
emotional fatigue and regulating emotions, is
job satisfaction, which can significantly
improve performance and efficiency. Beshti and
Noorian (2021) confirmed Hulshger et al.'s
findings, noting that job satisfaction balances
work and personal life. Job dissatisfaction,
besides psychological effects, significantly
impacts physical illness symptoms and can lead
to fatigue, energy loss, headaches, loss of
appetite, indigestion, and diseases like
hypertension and heart attacks. It can also lead
to anger over minor issues, annoying
sensitivities, indecision, lack of focus, anxiety,
depression, and interpersonal relationship
issues. These findings are in line with research
by Pargaonkar et al. (2015) and Hashmati and
Ghorbani (2016), showing that mindfulness-
based stress reduction programs effectively
reduce pain, physical limitations of diseases,
improve functioning in stressful conditions,
anxiety, and enhance the physical and mental
health of individuals (Pargaonkar et al., 2015).
Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses of
such studies indicate that group mindfulness-
based stress reduction training positively affects
mental health, emotional intelligence, job
satisfaction, and improves the quality of
personal and professional life (Khouri et al.,
2015; Johnson, Herkens, Hedgen, and Engels,
2018; Jamison and Tuckey, 2017), which is
consistent with the main hypothesis findings of
this study, despite differences in study
populations and research methods.
First Sub-Hypothesis: Mindfulness-based stress
reduction training effectively impacts the
emotional intelligence components (self-
awareness, self-management, social awareness,
and relationship management) of employees at
Shazand Arak Petroleum. Multivariate analysis
of covariance results indicated that this training
effectively increased the mean scores of all
emotional intelligence components in the
experimental group compared to the control
group. Thus, the first sub-hypothesis of the
study is confirmed, supporting findings by
Golshoku and Narimisa (2016), Sadaqat,
Mohammadi, Alizadeh, and Imani (2011),
Arenga, Valennoez, and Sanchez (2019), and
Kong, Wang, and Zhao (2014). Emotional
intelligence plays a key role in explaining
mental health and determining behavioral
stability, enabling the individual to recognize
their emotions and feelings through self-
awareness, manage negative emotions through
self-management, understand the impact of
these emotions through empathy and increased
social awareness, and behave in a way that
uplifts their and others' spirits through
relationship management. Adequate emotional
intelligence helps individuals facilitate
emotional information processing, reconstruct
their mood states, and effectively cope with
stressors in their professional and personal lives
(Bradberry and Greaves, 2005; Bar-On, 2007).
According to Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso,
individuals with emotional intelligence have the
potential to logically solve problems and
confront stressful situations, environmental
demands, and desires, leading to optimism,
happiness, social competence, self-confidence,
self-actualization, and self-esteem (Mayer et al.,
2000). Therefore, the mindfulness-based stress
reduction approach, using relaxation techniques
such as seated meditation, watchful seeing and
hearing, and mindful walking, will prove its
effectiveness in the components of emotional
intelligence.
Second Sub-Hypothesis: Mindfulness-based
stress reduction training is effective in
improving job satisfaction among employees of
Shazand Arak Petroleum. The results of
univariate covariance analysis showed that
mindfulness-based stress reduction training
effectively increased job satisfaction, raising the
average scores of participants in the
experimental group compared to the control
group. Consequently, the second sub-hypothesis
of the research was confirmed, aligning with
findings by Vanderlin, Bierman, Lohaus, and
Lisenco (2020), Wingtonkam, Kriovokapic-
Asokuko, Duncan, and Blue (2017), and
Montazeri, Nasrollah, Nasrabadi, and
Farokhirad (2022). Esmaeili and Saeedzadeh
(2017) studied the role of job satisfaction in an
organization. They concluded that job
satisfaction significantly influences employees'
individual behavior and their organizational
performance, thus being a crucial focus for
managers in organizations. The key to
strengthening and increasing self-confidence is
job satisfaction. Awareness of the nature of
work, the presence of motivation, personality
traits, and the spirit of the job executor can
create a satisfying environment. Job satisfaction
leads to increased individual productivity,
commitment to the organization, enhanced
physical and mental health, and rapid
152 | The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on…
acquisition of new job skills. Conversely, job
dissatisfaction can affect the physical,
psychological, and social health of employees,
reducing efficiency and morale (Esmaeili &
Saeedzadeh, 2017).
Third Sub-Hypothesis: Mindfulness-based
stress reduction training is effective in
improving the mental health components of
employees at Shazand Arak Petroleum.
Multivariate covariance analysis results
indicated that the training effectively impacted
mental health components (somatization,
anxiety, social functioning, and depression),
leading to a reduction in average scores
compared to the control group. Thus, the third
sub-hypothesis was also confirmed, consistent
with findings by Krayakos, Elliott, Lammers,
and Owen (2021), Gall, Stephan, and Christie
(2021), Darn and colleagues (2018), and
Johnson, Herkens, Hedgen, and Engels (2018).
Goldberg and Hiller (1979) believe that
considering the current century's conditions of
stress, anxiety, and depression, it is essential to
focus on the physical, psychological, social, and
cultural health of society and create the
necessary conditions for a dynamic and healthy
life. They view mental health as the ability to
interact harmoniously with others, modify and
change personal and social environments, and
balance personal interests and conflicts
appropriately. Human societies cannot survive
and continue without maintaining health and
observing hygiene. According to Goldberg,
mental health is a determinant of general health
that can bring a sense of well-being, efficiency,
self-reliance, competitive capacity, and self-
actualization. All humans seek peace and
harmony in life, increasingly felt due to current
societal conditions. Everyone experiences
anxiety, turmoil, hurt, disharmony, and
suffering in life, which may also affect others.
This way of living is not suitable, and
individuals must empower themselves against
these disturbances. Therefore, to become
empowered, humans must acquire the necessary
skills to manage stress, anxiety, cope with
depression, and strengthen social functioning.
Given the various daily responsibilities,
constant rumination, and stressful conditions
surrounding most of us, the importance of
mindfulness and its management becomes
increasingly apparent. Properly understanding
the rules of the mind and managing it
effectively maximizes its capabilities. Thus,
mindfulness is an effective approach for
maximizing mental capacity and management
and achieving mental health (Aranga et al.,
2020).
Limitations of this research include its sample,
composed entirely of male employees at
Shazand Arak Petroleum, thus caution should
be exercised in generalizing these results to
other populations. Another limitation was the
participants' time constraints in attending
training sessions due to their employment and
work responsibilities, which was resolved with
the support of the administrative and support
deputy of the complex, and the protocol was
implemented over two weeks.
Given the results obtained, the following are
proposed for future research: Implement
mindfulness-based stress reduction training on
various statistical populations and variables.
Utilize other standard tools to explain the
effectiveness of the studied variables. The
effectiveness of this approach over time and the
duration of its effect in the follow-up phase are
suggested for study.
Practical suggestions include:
Considering the current research's findings on
the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress
reduction on mental health, emotional
intelligence, and job satisfaction, it is
recommended to incorporate this workshop
training into the formal educational program of
the complex and other centers to enhance
employees' physical, psychological, and social
health. Since mindfulness-based stress reduction
significantly improved mental health, emotional
intelligence, and job satisfaction, future students
are suggested to study the effectiveness of this
approach on managers, supervisors, and other
variables affecting employees' mental health,
such as efficiency and quality of life.
Conflict of Interest
According to the authors, this article has no
financial sponsor or conflict of interest.
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