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Citation Analysis and Grey Literature: Stakeholders in the Grey Circuit
Abstract
L'analyse de citation porte sur les 139 communications des 5 premières conférences internationales sur la littérature grise (GL1-5). Le texte contient une synthèse documentaire, la méthodologie (constitution du corpus, exploitation d'une base ACCESS) et les variables analysées et présente les premiers résultats. L'étude continuera en 2005.
... Citation analysis is most commonly used to create citation networks between scholarly peerreviewed publications and is facilitated by databases such as Scopus and Web of Science. Less common, however, are citation analyses using grey literature, which have been primarily conducted in the fields of agriculture and physics [51,52]. One reason for this that authors of citation analyses in grey literature note is that, in contrast to scholarly literature, the lack of established referencing styles in the grey literature creates a substantial challenge for using this analysis [51,52]. ...
... Less common, however, are citation analyses using grey literature, which have been primarily conducted in the fields of agriculture and physics [51,52]. One reason for this that authors of citation analyses in grey literature note is that, in contrast to scholarly literature, the lack of established referencing styles in the grey literature creates a substantial challenge for using this analysis [51,52]. Unsurprisingly, in terms of practices, findings from prior citation analyses suggest that grey literature publications tended to cite more grey, and scholarly publications tended to cite less grey literature [50]. ...
Given the growing influence of non-academic organizations in the policy sphere, it is important to investigate the evidence both produced by and relied on by these organizations. Using citation analysis, a methodology primarily used in academic literature, we investigated the evidence base supporting the grey literature published by leading global management consulting firms (GMCFs) and international organizations (IOs). With the topic of the skills needed for the future of work as a case study, we collected 234 reports published by influential GMCFs and IOs over twenty years. By extracting references from the bibliographies of these reports we: 1) analyzed referencing patterns by measuring citation counts, institutional self-referencing and utilization of scholarly sources; 2) compared reference patterns across GMCFs and IOs; and 3) described the most influential sources. Overall, both GMCFs and IOs showed increasing reliance on grey literature, demonstrated high levels of self-referencing, and had considerable variation in the number of sources referred to. Across type of publishing organization, we found that IOs had better referencing practices than GMCFs. Our findings call into question the evidence-base behind the reports published by these policy actors. We emphasize the need to rely on strong academic literature to inform policy decisions around the future of work.
... This paper describes scoping review search methods that were developed and applied to conduct a review of grey literature pertinent to guidelines for the design of public playgrounds for inclusion. The most common definition of grey literature (the 'Luxembourg definition') defines it as 'that which is produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers, i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body' (Schöpfel et al. 2005). The Internet is often used as a platform for publishing grey literature by a wide range of organisations (Benzies et al. 2006) and tends to be widely accessible as subscriptions are not required, as may be the case with the peerreviewed scholarly literature (Godin et al. 2015). ...
Universal Design (UD) is promoted internationally for the design of public playgrounds that support outdoor play, social participation, and inclusion. Despite this international recognition of UD, there is a lack of research evidence concerning the applicability of UD for playground design. Instead, municipalities need to rely on best practice guidelines to inform the design of public playgrounds for inclusion. Internationally, numerous grey literature guidelines have been produced for designing public playgrounds for inclusion, resulting in a lack of consensus on core principles for applying UD. Thus, this scoping review study aimed to synthesise findings from a review of international grey literature guidelines to strengthen the knowledgebase for designing public playgrounds for inclusion. Three themes were identified that characterise core considerations for good design: (1) design approaches, (2) design principles and (3) design recommendations. Although UD is recognised as having potential to support the design of public playgrounds, inconsistent design approaches, principles, and recommendations, were communicated within these guideline documents. Still, the core concept of inclusion underpinned all guideline documents and a tailored application of UD dominated. Consequently, to fully realise the design of public playgrounds for inclusion, UD may need to be tailored for play; however, further research is required.
... Grey literature is often discussed as being problematic or described "negatively or by what it is not" [1], eliciting the perception that it is difficult to find, frequently misunderstood, or simply not used during the research process. Over time, however, the definition of grey literature has changed from its roots in the literature of reports to the currently accepted Luxembourg definition of "that which is produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers" [2], which was updated at the 2004 Sixth International Conference on Grey Literature in New York to include "where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body" [3]. Grey literature has also evolved from Gibb and Phillips' suggestion that it is "dimly perceived" [4], when considering the need for grey literature repositories in Europe, to Banks' assertion that there will be an "eventual collapse of the distinction between grey and non-grey literature" [5], in the context of institutional repositories and the burgeoning open access movement. ...
Objective: As access to information grows in tandem with the growth of the Internet, access to grey literature also increases. Because little is known about the use of grey literature in nursing journals, the authors investigated the prevalence and types of grey literature citations in top nursing journals.
Methods: We analyzed all citations (n=52,116) from articles published in 2011 in 6 top nursing journals selected from the Medical Library Association’s Nursing and Allied Health Resource Section’s 2012 “Selected List of Nursing Journals.” Grey literature citations were identified and categorized by type.
Results: Grey literature accounted for 10.4% of citations across all 6 journals. Publications from governments (54.3%) and corporate organizations (26.8%) were the most common types of grey literature.
Conclusion: The substantial citation of grey literature in nursing journals shows that nursing scholars seek and use this category of information. These findings have implications for teaching and learning among nursing researchers and the information professionals who serve the nursing research community.
... These resources are not part of the traditional publishing lifecycles. Grey Literature is defined as "information produced on all levels of government, academia, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing" [1]. Websites, technical reports and dissertations are considered as GL across all disciplines. ...
In this paper, we start by analyzing the presence of grey literature (GL) references in the bibliographies of different article-types using an extract of 122,406 articles from the ACM Digital Library. GL articles accounted for about 16% of the overall references with highest presence in proceedings (17.61%). Boosting techniques for promoting GL references are proposed for information retrieval systems for two specific scenarios. A simple IR experiment was conducted with 103,739 articles to validate the proposed boosting techniques with 10 research topics. Results show that GL references were consistently pushed to the top of the search results along with an increased visibility in top 20 results.
... Our study builds on three other papers on scientific and professional members of GreyNet. In 2005, we analysed the citations of the first five conferences on grey literature (Schöpfel et al., 2005). This first paper defined the "stakeholders" as "those authors who focus their research and writing on the topic of grey literature (...) referred to as the meta-authors on grey literature" and identified 152 authors and co-authors of 139 papers. ...
The paper explores grey communities outside the Grey Literature Network Service (GreyNet) and identifies potential members for GreyNet. GreyNet can be compared to a Learned Society or a special interest group specialised in grey literature as a particular field of library and information sciences (LIS). Its relevance is related to its capacity to enforce the terminology and definition of grey literature in LIS research and publications, and its impact and outreach can be assessed through the proportion of experts dealing with grey literature and connected with GreyNet. From five databases (Web of Science, Scopus, LISTA, Pascal and Francis) and from open repositories we selected 2,440 papers on grey literature published between 2000 and 2012 by 5,490 authors. Publishing features, preferred journals and the number of publications per author are described for the whole sample. For a subsample of 433 authors strongly committed to grey literature, we present data on geographic origins, place of work, scientific domain and profession. We discuss the characteristics of grey communities in and outside of GreyNet and suggest strategies for the further development of the network.
... It is not the intention here to repeat the findings of last year's research (22) , which was a more textual account and analysis, but rather suffice to provide another format in order to present the cumulative results of the research. To this end, tables and their explanations are emphasized. ...
Grey literature, an area of interest to special librarians and information professionals, can be traced back a half-century. However, grey literature as a specialized field in information studies is less than a decade old. At GL'97 in Luxembourg, grey literature was redefined “as information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishers (i.e. where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body).” The subject area was broadened and the need for continuing research and instruction pursued. The results of an online survey carried out in 2004 compared with survey results a decade prior indicate two changes: (1) a move to more specialization in the field of grey literature and (2) a move to more balance in activities related to research and teaching as compared with the processing and distribution of grey literature. It is not that the activities of processing and distribution are today of less concern, but technological advances and the Internet may have made them less labour intensive. The burden that grey literature poised to human resources and budgets appears to have been reduced enough that the benefits of the content of grey literature is discovered. And this discovery of a wealth of knowledge and information is the onset to further research and instruction in the field of grey literature. This research is a follow-up to two projects carried out in 2004. One was a citation analysis based on the published papers in the GL Conference Proceedings and the other was a general survey, which dealt with the response of information professionals to key issues and topics in the field of grey literature. In this study, we seek not only to update and integrate the data from the citation analysis but at the same time we introduce the instrument of an author survey in order to better assess the work and expectations of those who are actually doing research and authoring papers on the topic of grey literature. These are the meta-authors. The idea behind the method carried out in this study is that by using the same pool of authors survey data linked to citation data will allow for a clearer demonstration of the impact of their research, where only part of the impact is covered by citation analysis alone. Hopefully, the new combined results will provide a better profile of these meta-authors, who are also the source of GreyNet's knowledge and information base. This could lead to the subsequent development of information policies and services that are more in line with the needs of authors and researchers, whereby their results would become even more accessible well beyond the grey circuit.
... Twenty percent of the articles were commercially published in formats other than peerreviewed journal articles (book sections, conference abstracts, and tool manuals). Twenty-two percent of the articles were "grey literature" (Schoepfel et al. 2005), in other words non-commercially published or unpublished written articles (conference abstracts, tool manuals, and other unpublished reports). ...
The quality of the parent-infant interaction is essential for the infant's development and is most objectively measured by observation. The existing observational tools for assessing parent-infant interaction were identified and described, and their psychometric soundness was evaluated. Twenty electronic databases from inception through June 2013 were searched. Validity was evaluated in five domains (test content, response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences). Of the 23,961 citations identified, 24 tools were included. Most tools demonstrated a valid rating procedure, reproducibility, and discriminant validity, based on studies with credible quality. The tools lacked factorial and predictive validity, and standardized norms. Further refinement of the existing tools is needed, particularly in the domains of content validity and consequential validity. The synthesized validity evidence and descriptions of the tools reported in this review might guide clinicians and researchers in the selection of an appropriate tool.
... Again, however, it seems that psychology may not fare so well. A Franco-Dutch study (Schöpfel et al. [35], Farace et al. [36]) analysed 64 scientometric articles published between 1987 and 2005, citing several thousands references, to estimate the proportion of grey literature cited in different disciplines. While engineering sciences had 39–42%, Education 14–19%, biology 5–13; however, at the bottom of the barrel again, we find psychology with 3% and Psychiatry with 1%. ...
Psychology has been historically plagued by the under-reporting of both replications and null findings. The avoidance of these core ingredients of scientific practice means that the psychology literature is unquestionably distorted. The bias in psychology is pervasive and systemic, afflicting researchers, reviewers, editors and journals, all of whom are wed to pursuing the novel and the curious at the expense of the reliable. Psychology therefore operates in a manner that is askew of other sciences, with the links between replicability and believability seemingly much weaker. Additional problems follow from the distorted way that psychology currently operates - including spinning findings, publication bias, and sadly, outright fraud. Such problems represent a serious challenge for psychologists to get their house-in-order – and one step is to make sure that replications and null findings find a home in psychology rather than remain our dirty little secrets that further eat away at the credibility of our science.
... Perhaps, the most notable work in grey literature analysis has been done by Farace and Schopel. They conducted a citation analysis study [33] and a follow-up survey study [18] while analyzing grey literature in publications from various science disciplines. They performed analysis on nearly thousand citations and concluded that the relative importance of grey literature is largely dependent on research disciplines and subjects, methodological approaches, and sources used. ...
Context: The Internet has become a vital channel for disseminating and accessing scientific literature for both the academic and industrial research needs. Nowadays, everyone has wide access to scientific literature repositories, which comprise of both “white” and “Grey” literature. The “Grey” literature, as opposed to “white” literature, is non-peer reviewed scientific information that is not available using commercial information sources such as IEEE or ACM. A large number of software engineering researchers are undertaking systematic literature reviews (SLRs) to investigate empirical evidence in software engineering. The key reason to include grey literature during information synthesis is to minimize the risk of any bias in the publication. Using the state of the art non-commercial databases that index information, the researchers can make the rigorous process of searching empirical studies in SLRs easier. This study explains the evidence of Grey literature while performing synthesis in Systematic Literature Reviews. Objectives: The goals of this thesis work are, 1. To identify the extent of usage of Grey Literature in synthesis during systematic literature reviews. 2. To investigate if non-commercial information sources primarily Google Scholar are sufficient for retrieving primary studies for SLRs. Methods: The work consists of a systematic literature review of SLRs and is a tertiary study and meta-analysis. The systematic literature review was conducted on 138 SLRs’ published through 2003 until 2012 (June). The article sources used are IEEEXplore, ACM Digital Library, Springer-Link and Science Direct. Results: For each of the selected article sources such as ACM, IEEEXplore, Springer-link and Science Direct, we have presented results, which describe the extent of the usage of Grey literature. The qualitative results discuss various strategies for systematic evaluation of the Grey literature during systematic literature review. The quantitative results comprise of charts and tables, showing the extent of Grey literature usage. The results from analysis of Google Scholar database describe the total number of primary studies that we are able to find using only Google Scholar database. Conclusion: From the analysis of 138 Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs’), we conclude that the evidence of Grey literature in SLRs is around 9%. The percentage of Grey literature sources used in information synthesis sections of SLRs is around 93.2%. We were able to retrieve around 96 % of primary studies using Google Scholar database. We conclude that Google Scholar can be a choice for retrieving published studies however; it lacks detailed search options to target wider pool of articles. We also conclude that Grey literature is widely available in this age of information. We have provided guidelines in the form of strategies for systematic evaluation of Grey literature minimize the risk of any bias in the publication. Using the state of the art non-commercial databases that index information, the researchers can make the rigorous process of searching empirical studies in SLRs easier. This study explains the evidence of grey literature while performing synthesis in Systematic Literature Reviews.
... It is not the intention here to repeat the findings of last year's research (22) , which was a more textual account and analysis, but rather suffice to provide another format in order to present the cumulative results of the research. To this end, tables and their explanations are emphasized. ...
La communication pré}sente les ré}sultats d'une analyse des citations dans les communications des confé}rences internationales sur la litté}rature grise depuis 1995.
... Twenty percent of the articles were commercially published in formats other than peerreviewed journal articles (book sections, conference abstracts , and tool manuals). Twenty-two percent of the articles were " grey literature " (Schoepfel et al. 2005), in other words non-commercially published or unpublished written articles (conference abstracts, tool manuals, and other unpublished reports). ...
Since the early sixties empirical research into early childhood and the parent-infant relationship has increased, commonly informed by attachment theory. The mutually regulated interaction within the attachment and care giving relationship of mother and infant gives this relationship its exceptional emotional quality. Early attachment experiences organize socio-emotional and cognitive development beyond childhood. Attachment theory and research define observable behaviors and the level of internal representations as an intervening variable of the transmission of attachment patterns between mother and child. Basic attachment derived concepts are the starting points of the Circle of Security approach. The Circle of Security Intervention Project in Hamburg for mothers with postpartum mental illness and their infants is described in more detail. Specific aspects are discussed with reference to a diagnostic case study.
... See alsoSchöpfel et al. (2005) andFarace et al. (2006). ...
Le bilinguisme, à savoir l’étude et l’usage de deux langues, est une réalité linguistique, sociale, pédagogique et psychologique pour de nombreuses personnes dans la plupart des pays. Au coeur de l’Europe, la Belgique est un pays où vivent deux populations culturellement et linguistiquement distinctes sans compter l’immigration, le commerce mondialisé et des institutions internationales. Elle est donc particulièrement confrontée à cette réalité. En réaction à sa société multiculturelle et pour répondre à ses défis, la Belgique a développé depuis de nombreuses années des activités de recherche interdisciplinaire importantes dans le domaine du bilinguisme. Les particularités de notre étude sont doubles. Tout d’abord, la recherche sur le bilinguisme se situe au croisement de la linguistique, de la sociologie, de la psychologie et des sciences pédagogiques, chaque domaine disposant de ses propres vecteurs de publication et de communication. Ensuite, alors que la plupart des études précédentes sur l’importance de la littérature grise sont des analyses de citations, notre étude se base sur les résultats de recherches dans les banques de données, les catalogues, les archives ouvertes et les moteurs de recherche.
... The method has been used by others to follow the work of the authors in the GL-conference series. (Farace et al., 2004). Others still have used quantitative parameters to assess the impact of GL in different disciplines (Alberani, De Castro 1990 Di Cesare, 1994; Di Cesare, Sala 1994 ; Di Cesare et al., 2004). ...
Introduction
Citation analysis studies the use of citations found in various types of publications, including the use of government information, and can provide insight into research utilisation in nursing literature.
Method
Using citation analysis, this study examines the use, prevalence and jurisdiction of government information use among seven nursing research journals based on ranking criteria. Government information citations were identified across three types of articles: editorials, reviews and research articles.
Results
Nearly two‐thirds of the articles in this study cite some form of government information, and the average percentage of government citations is 5.38 of all citations. Government information was identified from national governments, inter‐governmental organizations and state and regional governments.
Discussion
Understanding the use, prevalence and jurisdiction of government information informs health information professionals allowing them to engage with nursing students and researchers about this important type of information and the types of articles that use government information.
Conclusion
Nursing researchers frequently cite government information in their work. This has implications for librarians, nursing researchers and health professionals. Understanding the intersection of government information and nursing research should inform future practice in evidence‐based nursing research and nursing education.
In this study, it was investigated if there were some differences on the preference of researchers to grey literature among seven different subjects in the field of science and technology using citation analysis. The result shows that there were some differences among researchers, depending on the subject area. It also appears that the preference of grey literature of researchers is dissimilar in journals in English and journals in Korean, regardless of the subject area. Finally, partial correlation coefficient among nine different types of material was counted with the control of languages used and subject areas included. Among nine types of cited documents, the value of partial correlation coefficient between proceedings and miscellaneous is larger than that of any other coupled comparison This means that researchers who cite articles from proceedings tend to include information from miscellaneous at the same time.
Perhaps the most cost effective research carried out in information science today is in the field of grey literature. The published proceedings in the GL-Conference Series provide a record of impressive research results in this field of information. These results are based on various and diverse approaches and methodologies, whereby citation data, survey data, systems data, bibliographic and metadata, as well as other evidence based variables and indicators are compiled, processed, and analysed. Notwithstanding the fact that knowledge generation is an important measure of wealth in science and technology, the costs in human and material resources appropriated from research budgets must also weigh-in to determine real effectiveness. Only in this way can our initial rhetoric be transformed into a working hypothesis. This research project, which lies within the structure of the GL-Conference Series, seeks to analyse not only the benefits of research on grey literature but also the costs related to carrying-out and publishing research results. In order to gather evidence-based data, a Project Information Document (PID) Form similar to others that are in place and use elsewhere has been designed to accommodate GL research. The PID-Form will be distributed to those authors/researchers, who respond to the GL8 Call for Papers, as well as to authors/researchers from last year's conference in this series. Results gathered from these research resumes are expected to provide answers to relevant questions such as the percentage of research on the topic of grey literature that is formally funded, the ratio of ad hoc research, the ratio of individual to team research, average research costs and expenses, the duration of research projects, etc. This evidence-based data will then enable us to grasp the cost effectiveness of research on grey literature and compare other types of data compiled within a conference structure. And, in so doing, our results will help to demonstrate the power of grey literature to other information professionals as well as policy and decision makers, funding bodies and new investors. Furthermore, our results may be seen as indicative for other S&T conferences based on a call-for-papers.
Because of the town Antwerp host of the GL9 conference and because of our own former scientific experience we selected the field of bilingualism for a study on the importance of grey literature in social sciences and humanities. The study is meant to be an additional contribution to comparable scientometric analyses on the distribution of types of publications in different scientific domains. Bilingualism, the learning and use of two or more languages, is a linguistic, social, educational and psychological reality for many people and most countries. In the heart of Europe, Belgium, a country with two cultural and linguistic populations, with immigration, international business and institutions, is particularly confronted with this reality. Reaction to and part of its multicultural society, Belgium developed since many years a significant interdisciplinary research activity in the field of bilingualism.
LARA (Libre Acces aux RApports scientifiques et techniques) est un depot national pour les rapports techniques cree par l'INIST (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique), et s'inscrit dans l'engagement du CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique) dans le mouvement pour l'acces libre. Encore a l'etat de prototype, il vise a permettre un acces libre et direct aux documents sur l'internet et a accroitre leur visibilite pour la communaute scientifique. L'INIST a choisi la plateforme DSpace comme base pour le depot.
L'article propose une synthèse de la définition et de l'évolution de la littérature grise and l'environnement des ressources numériques et de l'accès libre à l'information scientifique et technique. Parmi les sujets : l'importance relative de la littérature grise pour les publications dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques (notamment en sciences de l'éducation), l'impact de l'Internet sur la littérature grise, sa place dans les archives ouvertes, la question du contrôle bibliographique et de la normalisation, les problèmes avec l'identification et l'accès aux documents gris. L'article termine avec quelques sujets de recherche et des pronostiques pour l'avenir de la littérature grise.
L'article propose une synthèse de la définition et de l'évolution de la littérature grise and l'environnement des ressources numériques et de l'accès libre à l'information scientifique et technique. Parmi les sujets : l'importance relative de la littérature grise pour les publications dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques (notamment en sciences de l'éducation), l'impact de l'Internet sur la littérature grise, sa place dans les archives ouvertes, la question du contrôle bibliographique et de la normalisation, les problèmes avec l'identification et l'accès aux documents gris. L'article termine avec quelques sujets de recherche et des pronostiques pour l'avenir de la littérature grise. Basé sur un article publié en Français dans Perspectives Documentairses en Education 2006, n° 62.
La communication analyse les rétombées et coûts des projets de recherche publiés dans les actes des conférences internationales sur la littérature grise (GL). Cette analyse est basée sur une enquête auprès des auteurs de ces publications.
Citation analysis was used to measure the impact of GESAMP, the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, which since 1969 has published reports for the United Nations and seven of its agencies. Web of Science was used to search for citations to 114 publications, of which 15 are Journal articles or books. Citations to grey literature can be difficult to locate and interpret, but two-thirds of the 1436 citations, in 1178 citing papers, are to grey literature items. The distribution of citations and self-citation are examined. Journal versions were cited more than corresponding reports. Core journals for GESAMP citations include seven environmental science journals and a social science journal. This paper confirms that citation searching can successfully measure the impact of organizations producing grey literature. Such publications can be very influential, diffusing widely from their source.
The number of physics and astronomy preprints available electronically has increased dramatically over the past five years. Internet-accessible preprint servers at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and elsewhere provide unrestricted access to citations and/or full text of many physics and astronomy papers long before they appear in print. Because of the timeliness of these papers, as well as the increasing demand for current research, physicists and astronomers have found it necessary to cite these preprints in their research articles rather than wait until they appear in print. This paper identifies the growing importance of electronic preprints in the published literature and addresses several areas of concern regarding the future role of electronic preprints in scientific communication.
A total of 4,012 citations in 70 postgraduate dissertations in education submitted to the Delta State University Library between 1992 and 2002 were studied. Most post graduate students in education used more textbooks (60.3 per cent), than other forms of library materials. Four of the top ranked journals, including the most popularly used – the West African Journal of Education (WAJE) – are available in the library. A total of 12 (66.7 per cent) of the 18 most popularly used journals are US publications, thus creating the need for Delta State University Library to improve on its local journal collection. Of the 18 most cited journals, six (33.3 per cent) ranked among the list of significant journals in the field of education.
An analytical scheme that differentiates among the various types of cognitive and social functions of citations is used as the basis for an analysis of the results of a questionnaire designed to probe the citing behavior of a group of scientists who had cited one of four papers originating from a single biochemical laboratory. Even when papers fall within a relatively well-defined research area and are based on research conducted within a single lab, groups of scientists to which a given paper is of relevance can have quite distinct internal structures. We argue that the scientists'subjective reasons for citing a given work do not correspond with the actual argumentative uses of cited articles in citing texts. Scientists appear to regard the papers they cite as having a rather generalized significance even if in their citations they refer to very specific claims made in the original texts. The consequences of these findings for a theory of citation and for the use of citations in science studies are discussed.
GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), an international marine scientific advisory group sponsored by several UN bodies, has published significant reports on marine pollution and marine environmental protection since it was established in 1969. GESAMP serves as an e xceptionally good orga nization t o t est for access to an d use s of grey literature. Although thoroughly reviewed and r efereed, many of GESAMP's pub lications fit within t he i nternationally-accepted definition of grey lite rature. S ince grey lite rature can be difficult to identify a nd locate, a re GESAMP's publications ever used? Through an analysis of its publications this paper shows that even when a n organization relies on grey literature as its primary means of output, the publications can receive extensive use. Nevertheless, problems of identification and access remain, and these are not fully addressed by digital publication. Recommendations for improving access to GESAMP publications are in the paper.
ResearchIndex is a recently-announced service that can identify and index citations found within Web-based electronic publications without human intervention. In addition to indexing electronic journals, ResearchIndex can automatically index non-journal literature including reports, conference papers, and preprints, among other types of grey literature. It offers users the opportunity to view the textual context of a candidate cited work and provides access to the full-text of any incorporated source document. Access to related and similar work in the ResearchIndex corpus is also made available.
Attention to infrastructure issues has increased in recent years. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA)and its reauthorization in the Transportation Efficiency Act of 1998 (TEA 21 ) have focused stronger attention on the need to encourage innovation, identify and facilitate partnerships, identify core research and provide assessment criteria. This has resulted in increased awareness that information is key to accomplishing these goals. The importance of international materials is now seen as critical to efficient utilization of knowledge. Reports a survey of 12 European transportation centers in nine countries during 1998. Information was gathered on local characteristics of researchers, areas of research specialization, formats and languages of resources used/borrowed by the researchers, local publications and their dissemination patterns, the utilization of US materials, and the role of the World Wide Web by the librarians, researchers and other staff at the transportation facility.
As from 1984, synopses based on unpublished research reports have been published in the Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science (NJAS), in addition to full papers unre lated to the synopses.
To study readers' behaviour towards the synopsis, which is still a relatively uncommon vehicle of primary communication, both full papers ( n = 94) and synopses ( n = 67) published in NJAS in 1984-1986 were subjected to citation analysis. Self-ci tations ("autocitations," as opposed to "allocitations") were excluded from most analyses. On average, citation yields were significantly lower for synopses than for full papers. The citation yields vaned strongly between the three years.
The distribution of the journal's contents over the various subdisciplines of agricultural science explamed fairly well the capricious behaviour of citation yields over the years, but not the difference in yield between synopses and full papers.
Further, the coverage of NJAS papers by five major biblio graphic databases was analysed. AGRIS and SCISEARCH covered NJAS' contents integrally. Thirteen percent of all papers ( n = 21) covered by AGRIS and SCISEARCH only had not been cited at all. CHEMABS' coverage appeared to be fmrly consistent with the scope of this database (chemistry). However, BIOSIS' and CABI's coverage behaviour over the period in question appeared to be characterized by incon sistency and arbitrariness. Coverage by BIOSIS and CABI was significantly better for full papers than for synopses (BIOSIS 87% and 43%. and CABI 65% and 48%, respectively).
After correction for bibliographic coverage the citation yield was still lower for synopses than for full papers, but the difference was no longer significant. Two-thirds of the initial difference in citation yield between full papers and synopses could be attributed to differences in bibliographic coverage.
It is concluded that inconsistent bibliographic coverage procedures seriously undermine the penetrative capacity (and hence meaningfulness) of papers published in journals whose readers depend largely on bibliographic sources.
Bibliographic citation analysis of student research papers is one method of evaluating the use of a journal collection. Journal selection and cancellation may be done on the basis of use and cost-effectiveness to maximize the usefulness of materials purchased with the library budget. An analysis of the bibliographic citations of research papers by undergraduate and graduate students in the psychology department of St Mary’s University was used as one basis for psychology journal selection and deselection in the academic library. Findings confirmed that the most cost-effective and the most used materials were usually held by the library. Titles that met these criteria and were not held are good candidates for new subscriptions. Likewise, the least cost-effective and least-used titles are candidates for cancellation. Convergence of data from other sources should be used to confirm citation analysis findings due to the inherent limitations of the method.
The knowledge base of the social work profession was studied. Previous research has generally taken into account only citations from social work journals. In this paper a broader view was taken. Consequently in order to determine the sources of knowledge in American and non-American journals, citations from four sources for the year 1992 were counted and analysed: social work journals, journals from other fields, books and grey literature. The most frequent citation source was books, followed by non-social workjournals, grey documentation and finally by social workjournals. Differential use of the four sources by American and British journals was noted and discussed in terms of structural and ideological restraints extant in the two countries.
Using Bibliometric Journal Citation Analysis as a Technique to Assess Trends in School Psychology Journal Publications Between 1995-1999. – Doctoral Dissertation
- M Kwak
Kwak, M. (2002), Using Bibliometric Journal Citation Analysis as a Technique to
Assess Trends in School Psychology Journal Publications Between 1995-1999. –
Doctoral Dissertation 2002, Western Michigan University. –
http://www.wmich.edu/grad/dissertation/dis-archive/kwak.html
IITA conducts study on the use of grey literature
- L Osaniyi
Osaniyi, L. (1996), IITA conducts study on the use of grey literature. -In: Quarterly
Bulletin of the International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists 41 (3/4)
1996, pp. 263-264. -ISSN 1019-9926
Promoting the exploitation of grey literature in AfricaGrey Exploitations in the 21st Century, 2-3 November 1995 at the Catholic University of America. -Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic
- L O Aina
Aina, L.O. (1996), Promoting the exploitation of grey literature in Africa. -In: GL'95
Conference Proceedings: The Second International Conference on Grey Literature
"Grey Exploitations in the 21st Century" held in Washington D.C., 2-3 November 1995
at the Catholic University of America. -Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic, 1996, pp.
63-73. -(GL-conference series, ISSN 1385-2316 ; No. 2). -ISBN 90-74854-08-7
Would this then not be considered a mandate in itself? References and Sources REFERENCES SPECIFIC TO GREY LITERATURE AND CITATION ANALYSIS 1 Grey literature and agricultural research in Nigeria
- L O Aina
conference papers are the top two types of cited publications both in grey and
commercial publishing. Would this then not be considered a mandate in itself?
References and Sources
REFERENCES SPECIFIC TO GREY LITERATURE AND CITATION ANALYSIS
1. Aina, L.O. (1987), Grey literature and agricultural research in Nigeria. -In.: IAALD
Quarterly Bulletin. -Vol. 32, no. 1 (1987), pp. 47-50.
413-420 SOURCES USED FOR THE DATA COLLECTION 30 -Grey Literature Network Service. -Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic
- M Thelwall
- D J Farace
Thelwall, M. (2002), Research dissemination and invocation on the Web. -In: Online
Information Review, Volume 26, Number 6, 2002, pp. 413-420
SOURCES USED FOR THE DATA COLLECTION
30. Farace, D.J. (1994), GL'93 Conference Proceedings : First International Conference
on Grey Literature, Amsterdam RAI, December 13-15, 1993. -Grey Literature
Network Service. -Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic, February 1994. -XIV, 418 p. ;
30 cm. -Index. -(GL-conference series, Conference proceedings, ISSN 1386-2316 ;
No. 1). -ISBN 90-74854-03-6
-Grey Literature Network Service. -Amsterdam : GreyNet
- D J Farace
- J Frantzen
Farace, D.J. and J. Frantzen (2000), GL'99 Conference Proceedings : Fourth
International Conference on Grey Literature : New Frontiers in Grey Literature,
Washington, D.C., 4-5 October 1999. -Grey Literature Network Service. -Amsterdam
: GreyNet/MCB UP, January 2000. -ill. XII, 322 p. ; 30 cm. -Author Index. -(GLconference series, ISSN 1386-2316; No. 4). -ISBN 90-74854-24-9
The Reader Preferences of NASA Technical Reports in Electronic Format: Results of a Survey
- T E Pinelli
- V L Golich
Pinelli, T.E. and V.L. Golich (1998), The Reader Preferences of NASA Technical
Reports in Electronic Format: Results of a Survey. -In: GL'97 Conference
Proceedings : The Third International Conference on Grey Literature "Perspectives
on the Design and Transfer of Scientific and Technical Information" held in
Luxembourg, 13-14 November 1997 at the Jean Monnet Building. -Amsterdam :
-Grey Literature Network Service
- D J Farace
Farace, D.J. (1996), GL'95 Conference Proceedings : Second International
Conference on Grey Literature : Grey Exploitations in the 21st Century, Washington
D.C., 2-3 November 1995. -Grey Literature Network Service. -Amsterdam :
Annotated Bibliography on the Topic of Grey Literature : A Public Enterprise in Editing and Review. -Grey Literature Network Service. – Amsterdam : GreyNet
- D J Farace
- J Frantzen
Farace, D.J. and J. Frantzen (2000), Annotated Bibliography on the Topic of Grey
Literature : A Public Enterprise in Editing and Review. -Grey Literature Network
Service. – Amsterdam : GreyNet/MCB UP, May 2000. -4th Edition. -ISBN 90-74854-
26-5
Use Pattern of Grey Literature in Rural Development : An Indian case study. -In: GL'99 Conference Proceedings : The Fourth International Conference on Grey LiteratureNew Frontiers in Grey Literature, 4-5 October 1999 at the Kellogg Conference Center. - Amsterdam : GreyNet
- T Ramadevi
- A Takalkar
Ramadevi, T. and A. Takalkar (2000), Use Pattern of Grey Literature in Rural
Development : An Indian case study. -In: GL'99 Conference Proceedings : The
Fourth International Conference on Grey Literature "New Frontiers in Grey Literature"
held in Washington D.C., 4-5 October 1999 at the Kellogg Conference Center. -
Amsterdam : GreyNet/MCB UP, 2000, pp. 260-275. -(GL-conference series, ISSN
1385-2316 ; No. 4). -ISBN 90-74854-24-9
The evaluation of grey literature impact using bibliometric indicators : the case of physical sciences
- Di Cesare
Di Cesare, R. (1994b), The evaluation of grey literature impact using bibliometric
indicators : the case of physical sciences. -In: Proceedings of the 18th International
Online Information Meeting, London, 6-8 December 1994. Edited by David I. Raitt
and Ben Jeapes, Oxford and New Jersey, Learned Information (Europe) Ltd, 1994,
pp. 405-414.
Grey literature as a main source of information about modern Russian knowledge on the Arctic Region development. -In: Proceedings of the 15th Polar Libraries Colloquy, Bipolar information initiatives : the needs of polar research. Cambridge, 3-8
- A N Vinogradov
- L M Kabdulova
Vinogradov, A.N. and L.M. Kabdulova (1995), Grey literature as a main source of
information about modern Russian knowledge on the Arctic Region development. -In:
Proceedings of the 15th Polar Libraries Colloquy, Bipolar information initiatives : the
needs of polar research. Cambridge, 3-8 July 1994. Edited by D.W.H. Walton, W.
Mills and C.M. Phillips. Bluntisham, UK, Bluntisham Books for Polar Libraries
Colloquy Steering Committee, 1995, pp. 98-100.
Grey literature in Pedology : how grey is it? -In: International Information Communication & Education
- Y M Patil
- P S G Kumar
Patil, Y.M. and P.S.G. Kumar (1997), Grey literature in Pedology : how grey is it? -In:
International Information Communication & Education, 16 (2) Sep 1997, pp. 171-181.
ISSN 0970-1850
Grey literature in information science : production, circulation, and use. -In: GL'93 Conference Proceedings: The First International Conference on Grey Literature The Netherlands, 13-15 December 1993 at the RAI Congress Centre. - Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic
- V Alberani
- P De Castro Pietrangeli
Alberani, V. and P. De Castro Pietrangeli (1994b), Grey literature in information
science : production, circulation, and use. -In: GL'93 Conference Proceedings: The
First International Conference on Grey Literature "Weinberg Report 2000" held in
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 13-15 December 1993 at the RAI Congress Centre. -
Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic, 1994, pp. 56-63. -(GL-conference series, ISSN
1385-2316 ; No. 1). -ISBN 90-74854-03-6
Characteristics of internationally successful peripheral periodicals
- T Kortelainen
Kortelainen, T. (1993), Characteristics of internationally successful peripheral
periodicals. -In: IATUL Proceedings (New Series), 2, pp. 110-122. -ISSN 0966-4769
Perspectives on the design and transfer of scientific and technical information - Grey Literature Network Service. -Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic
- D J Farace
- J Frantzen
Farace, D.J. and J. Frantzen (1998), GL'97 Conference Proceedings : Third
International Conference on Grey Literature : Perspectives on the design and transfer
of scientific and technical information, Luxembourg DGXIII, November 13-14, 1997. -
Grey Literature Network Service. -Amsterdam : GreyNet/TransAtlantic, March 1998.
X, 294 p. ; 30 cm. -(GL-conference series, Conference proceedings, ISSN 1386-
2316 ; No. 3). -ISBN 90-74854-17-6
Grey literature in information science : production, circulation and use
- V Alberani
- P De Castro Pietrangeli
Alberani, V. and P. De Castro Pietrangeli (1995), Grey literature in information
science : production, circulation and use. -In: Inspel 29 (4), pp. 240-249. -ISSN
0019-0217.