Antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots (Rubus idaeus L.) liquid extracts

Abstract

Introduction: According to literature, free radicals cause many diseases. A great interest in antioxidants
is observed, especially their nature and origin. The use of synthetic ones must be limited due to their side
effects.
Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots liquid
extracts.
Methods: Using spectrophotometric and alkalimetric methods of analysis, the main biologically active
substances (BAS) in the six obtained red raspberry shoots liquid extracts, were quantified. The potentiometric
method was applied to assess antioxidant effect.
Results: Results demonstrate a high amount of phenolic compounds and catechins in aqueous extract. They
were 23.20±0.46 and 20.00±0.40 mg/ml, respectively. The flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids dominated
in 80% extract (1.00±0.40 and 3.94 mg/ml, respectively). The greatest level of organic acids was found in 20%
extract (3.15±0.06 mg/ml). The aqueous extract of red raspberry shoots possessed the highest antioxidant
properties. Thus, water is the most appropriate solvent for extracting biologically active compounds.
Conclusions: The aqueous extract possessed the highest value of antioxidant activity. The greatest content of
polyphenols and catechins has been found in the aqueous extract. The correlation was observed between the
highest amount of antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and the lowest in organic acids.

Full text

Interna tional jour nal edited by t he Institute of N atural Fibre s and Medicina l Plants
National Research Institute
Vol. 69 No. 4 2023
Received: 2023-05-22
Accepted: 2023-07-30
Available online: 2023-12-20
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.1658
Herba Pol 2023; 69(4): 45-53
EXPERIMENTAL PAPER
İD
© 2023 Maslov O. et al.
is is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
İD
İD
İD
İD
İD
İD
Antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots
(Rubus idaeus L.) liquid extracts
OLEXANDER MASLOV1* , MYKOLA KOMISARENKO2 , DARINA HOROPASHNA3 , OKSANA
TKACHENKO4 , LYUDMYLA DERYMEDVID3 , SERGII KOLISNYK1 , OLENA KOLISNYK5
1Department of Analytical Chemistry and Analytical Toxicology
National University of Pharmacy
Kharkiv, Ukraine
2Department of Pharmacognosy
National University of Pharmacy
Kharkiv, Ukraine
3Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy
National University of Pharmacy
Kharkiv, Ukraine
4Department of Biological Chemistry
National University of Pharmacy
Kharkiv, Ukraine
5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
National University of Pharmacy
Kharkiv, Ukraine
* Corresponding author: alexmaslov392@gmail.com
Summary
Introduction: According to literature, free radicals cause many diseases. A great interest in antioxidants
is observed, especially their nature and origin. e use of synthetic ones must be limited due to their side
eects.
Objective: e aim of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots liquid
extracts.

46
O. Maslov, M. Komisarenko, D. Horopashna, O. Tkachenko, L. Derymedvid, S. Kolisnyk, O. Kolisnyk
Methods: Using spectrophotometric and alkalimetric methods of analysis, the main biologically active
substances (BAS) in the six obtained red raspberry shoots liquid extracts, were quantied. e potentiometric
method was applied to assess antioxidant eect.
Results: Results demonstrate a high amount of phenolic compounds and catechins in aqueous extract. ey
were 23.20±0.46 and 20.00±0.40 mg/ml, respectively. e avonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids dominated
in 80% extract (1.00±0.40 and 3.94 mg/ml, respectively). e greatest level of organic acids was found in 20%
extract (3.15±0.06 mg/ml). e aqueous extract of red raspberry shoots possessed the highest antioxidant
properties. us, water is the most appropriate solvent for extracting biologically active compounds.
Conclusions: e aqueous extract possessed the highest value of antioxidant activity. e greatest content of
polyphenols and catechins has been found in the aqueous extract. e correlation was observed between the
highest amount of antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and the lowest in organic acids.
Key words: analysis, antioxidant activity, red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L., shoots
Słowa kluczowe: analiza, aktywność przeciwutleniająca, malina czerwona, Rubus idaeus L.,
pędy
INTRODUCTION
e excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
reactive nitrogen species (RNS) cause oxidative
damage due to their high reactivity. [1]. Free radicals
such as superoxide radical (O2
⋅-), hydroxide ion
(HO-), hydroxyl radical (OH⋅), peroxide ion (O2
2-),
triplet oxygen (O2
2⋅) belong to ROS, whereas nitric
oxide (NO⋅) belongs to RNS [2]. In recent studies,
indexed in Scopus, it has been found that oxidative
damage is crucial in the occurrence and development
of atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, is-
chaemia and diabetes mellitus [3, 4]. at is why
there is high demand for herbal medicines and
antioxidants, especially those of natural origin.
Raspberries are a fruit cultivated and consumed
throughout Ukraine, Russia, Poland and Serbia. As
they belong to rose family, they are closely associated
with blackberries [5].
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeous) is a rich source
of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols
[6]. Recent studies have reported that red raspberry
fruits contain a variety of anthocyanins, avonols,
phenolic acids, organic acids and tannins (sanguuin
H6; lambertianin C, D) and ellagic acid [7].
Furthermore, red raspberry leaves contain bioactive
compounds dierent from that of berries: avonols
(rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, isorhamnetin and
its derivatives), phenolcarboxylic acids (caeic,
chlorogenic, rosmaric, ellagic and gallic acids) and
sanguuin H6; lambertianin C, D [8].
One of the most important polyphenols in
raspberry leaves and fruits is ellagic acid and its
derivatives. Ellagic acid possesses antiradical,
anticancer, anti-inammatory, cardioprotective and
hepatoprotective activities [9].
e antioxidant activity of raspberry fruit and
leaves has been studied to some extent [10, 11].
However, there is little information available on
antioxidant activity and chemical composition of
raspberry shoots. ere are no reviews concerning the
determination of the antioxidant activity of raspberry
shoots. Red raspberry shoots may be a potential
source of raw material for dietary supplements and
cosmetics with antiradical eect.
e goal of the study was to determine the
antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots liquid
extracts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material
e object of the experiment were red raspberry
shoots, harvested in 2021 during the ripening period
in the village of Ternova, Kharkiv district.
Reagents
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, HCl, AlCl3, NaOH, Na2CO3,
vanillin, NaNO2, Na2MoO4, ethanol, and methanol
were purchased from ALLCHEM, Ukraine. e
chemicals were of analytical grade.

Vol. 69 No. 4 2023
47
Antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots (Rubus idaeus L.) liquid extracts
Equipment
e potentiometric determination of antioxidant
activity was carried out by the pH-meter Hanna
2550 (Germany) and by platinum electrode
EZDO 50 PO (Taiwan). e spectrophotometric
determination of the content of biologicallyacti ve
compounds was carried out by the spectrophoto-
meter UV – 1000 (China).
Preparation of extracts
Six samples of 10.0 g (exact mass) of red raspberry
shoots had particles of 1–2 mm in size. e
extraction was conducted with distilled water, 20,
40, 60, 80 and 96% ethanol at 80ºC within 1 hour
with a condenser. e raw material/solvent ratio
was 1/20. e extraction technique was performed
twice to provide total extract BAS, then the ltrates
were combined and evaporated by vacuum rotary to
ratio of extract to raw material 1:2. e six extracts
of 96, 80, 60, 40, 20% ethanol and distilled water was
obtained.
Qualitative analysis
e Folin-Ciocalteu assay was applied to determine
the sum of polyphenols [12].
e sum of catechins was determined using the
vanillin reagent assay [13].
e sum of avonoids was determined using
complex formation assay with AlCl3 [14].
e sum of hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives
content was measured by assay of complex with
NaNO2-Na2MoO4 [15].
e sum of organic acids was determined by
alkalimetric titration with the potentiometric
method xation endpoint [16].
Antioxidant activity measurement
e antioxidant activity of extracts was analysed
using the potentiometric method [17].
Statistical analysis
All experiments were conducted ve times. e data
was presented as the mean ± standard deviation of
ve determinations. Relationship and regression
analyses were completed with MS Excel 2016 and
Statistica 6.0.
Ethical approval: e research conducted is not
related to either human or animal use.
RESULTS
e sum of polyphenols was assessed by Folin-
Ciocalteu assay. Table 1 demonstrates the highest level
of polyphenols in aqueous extract (23.20 mg/ml).
e content of polyphenols in aqueous extract was
higher in 79.74, 71.08, 56.16, 37.71, 19.14% than in
96, 40, 80, 20 and 60% extract, respectively.
Table 1 shows that the highest level of catechins
was found in aqueous extract (20.00 mg/ml),
the second was 60% extract (13.90 mg/ml), the
third 20% extract (10.50 mg/ml), the fourth 80%
extract (5.20 mg/ml) and the last was 96% extract
(2.40 mg/ml). e part of catechins assessed in
polyphenols was 86.96, 74.09, 72.66, 51.13, 51.06,
31.30% for aqueous, 60, 20, 80, 96 and 40% extract,
respectively.
e AlCl3 complex formation assay was used
to determine the sum of avonoids. e level of
avonoids was increased as follows: 96% extract
(0.16 mg/ml) < aqueous extract (0.63 mg/ml) < 20%
Table 1.
Sum of polyphenols, catechin, avonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and organic acids in liquid extracts from red raspberry
shoots
Sample
Amount of
polyphenols
[mg/ml]
Amount of catechin
[mg/ml]
Amount of
avonoid
[mg/ml]
Amount of
hydroxycinnamic
acids [mg/ml]
Amount of
organic acids
[mg/ml]
96% extract 4.70±0.10 2.40±0.05 0.16±0.01 2.10±0.05 1.55±0.03
80% extract 10.17±0.20 5.20±0.10 1.00±0.04 3.94±0.08 1.06±0.02
60% extract 18.76±0.38 13.9±0.28 0.90±0.04 3.71±0.07 2.26±0.05
40% extract 6.71±0.13 2.10±0.04 0.94±0.02 3.59±0.07 1.78±0.04
20% extract 14.45±0.29 10.50±0.21 0.75±0.02 3.70±0.07 3.15±0.06
aqueous extract 23.20±0.46 20.00±0.4 0.63±0.01 3.13±0.06 1.95±0.04

48
O. Maslov, M. Komisarenko, D. Horopashna, O. Tkachenko, L. Derymedvid, S. Kolisnyk, O. Kolisnyk
extract (0.75 mg/ml) < 60% extract (0.94 mg/ml) <
40% extract (0.94 mg/ml) < 80% extract (1.00 mg/
ml). e high level of avonoids was indicated in
80% extract. e part of avonoids in polyphenols
was 14.01, 9.83, 5.19, 4.80, 3.40, 2.72% for 40, 80, 20,
96% aqueous extract, respectively.
e level of hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives
was analysed by spectrophotometric method
of complex NaNO2–NaMoO4 assay. e level of
hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives in 80% extract
was higher in 46.70, 20.56, 6.09, 5.84 and 5.58%
than in 96%, aqueous, 40, 60 and 20% extract,
respectively. e part of hydroxycinnamic acids
derivatives in polyphenols was 55.30, 44.68, 38.74,
25.61, 19.78 and 13.49% in 40, 96, 80, 20, 60% and
aqueous extract, respectively.
Table 1 demonstrates that the highest level of
organic acids was in 20% extract (3.15 mg/ml) and
the lowest in 80% extract (1.06 mg/ml). e level
of organic acids increased as follows: 80% extract
(1.06 mg/ml) < 96% extract (1.55 mg/ml) < 40%
extract (1.78 mg/ml) < aqueous extract (1.95 mg/
ml) < 60% extract (2.26 mg/ml) < 20% extract
(3.15mg/ml).
Table 2 shows that the antiradical activity
decreased as follows: aqueous extract (142.40
mmol-equiv./mres dry) > 20% extract (142.04 mmol-
equiv./mres dry) > 60% extract (109.04 mmol-equiv./
mres dry) > 80% extract (105.46 mmol-equiv./mres dry)
> 40% extract (101.78 mmol-equiv./mres dry) >96%
extract (35.41 mmol-equiv./mres dry). e most potent
antioxidant activity was that of aqueous extract.
A linear regression analysis was applied to
analyse the relationship between the antioxidant
activity and
phenolic compounds, catechins, hydro-
xycinnamic acids and organic acids. In Figure 1, a
signicant positive correlation (R = 0.7550) between
anti oxidant activity and phenolic compounds values
were observed. Figure 2 shows a moderate positive
correlation of antioxidant activity and catechins
level, with correlation coecient R = 0.6956. ere
was also a moderate value of relationship between
the sum of avonoids and antioxidant activity,
with the correlation coecient R = 0.6071 (Figure
3). As shown in Figure 4, a moderate positive
correlation (R = 0.8071) was observed in the
relationship between the sum of hydroxycinnamic
acids and antioxidant activity. e lowest value of
relationship was between the sum of organic acids
and antioxidant activity. e correlation coecient
was R = 0.5311, the lowest relationship indicates the
latter role in antioxidant activity (Figure 5).
DISCUSSION
Polyphenols are the most signicant plant phyto-
chemicals. ey have numerous pharmacological
properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inammatory,
antidiabetic, antiviral and antimicrobial [18]. In
a recent study by Bobinatie R. et al. [19], 41 red
raspberry leaves cultivars were examined. As a result,
it was determined that the polyphenols level varied
in dierent samples, ranging from 1.0 mg/ml to
6.0mg/ml in alcohol extract. In this study, thelevel
of polyphenols is much higher.
Catechins can be found in various plants [20].
Flavan-3-ols decrease oxidative damage and metal
complex chelators formation, inhibit oxidative
enzymes and in turn activate antioxidants protection
Table 2.
Sum of polyphenols, catechin, avonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and organic acids in liquid extracts from red raspberry
shoots
Analysed sample AOA, mmol-equiv./mdry res.
96% extract 35.41±0.71
80% extract 105.46±2.11
60% extract 109.04±2.18
40% extract 101.78±2.05
20% extract 142.04±2.84
aqueous extract 142.40±2.85

Vol. 69 No. 4 2023
49
Antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots (Rubus idaeus L.) liquid extracts
Figure 1.
Relationship with antiradical activity and sum of polyphenols content in liquid extracts from red raspberry shoots.
Figure 2.
Relationship with antiradical activity and the catechins content in liquid extracts from red raspberry shoots.
Figure 3.
Relationship with antiradical activity and the sum of avonoids content in liquid extracts from red raspberry shoots.

50
O. Maslov, M. Komisarenko, D. Horopashna, O. Tkachenko, L. Derymedvid, S. Kolisnyk, O. Kolisnyk
system. Pignatelli et al. wrote that catechins are
useful in avoiding diseases resulting from oxidative
damage, such as varix, metabolic syndrome,
Alzheimer’s
disease, sarcoma, and hypertension
[21]. Durgo K. et al. [22] estimated that the level
of catechins in aqueous extract from red raspberry
leaves was 0.17 mg/ml, in the present study, the
level of catechins in aqueous extract was 117 times
higher.
Flavonoids are plentiful in fruits, vegetables, and
teas, and they are known to exhibit documented
protective eects on the cardiovascular and nervous
systems through several dierent mechanisms
[23]. Flavonoids improve platelet and endothelial
Figure 4.
Relationship with antiradical activity and the sum of hydroxycinnamic acids content in liquid extracts from red raspberry
shoots.
Figure 5.
Relationship with antiradical activity and the sum of organic acids content in liquid extracts from red raspberry shoots.
function, inhibit oxidative enzymes and underlying
in antioxidant defense [24]. Lupu A. R. et al. [25]
found that the level of avonoids was 12.92 mg/ml
in 20% alcohol extract from red raspberry leaves.
erefore, it can be concluded that the level of
avonoids is higher in leaves than in shoots.
Phenolic acids are spread throughout the plant
kingdom, and they act as secondary metabolites of
plants [26]. Umarov U. et al. showed that phenolic
acids are used in the treatment of infections, diabetes
mellitus, atherosclerosis and neurogenerative di-
seases. ey also exhibit skin-protective eects
[27]. Lupu A. R. et al. [25] found that the level of
hydroxycinnamic acids in 20% alcohol extract from

Vol. 69 No. 4 2023
51
Antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots (Rubus idaeus L.) liquid extracts
red raspberry leaves was 9.28 mg/ml, whereas in the
present study, the level of hydroxycinnamic acids
was lower – 60.13%.
Organic acids are a group of BAS that reveal
vitamin properties, chlorotic eect, improve the
secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice [28].
According to recent studies, Gram-positive and
Gram-negative strains are sensitive to organic
acids [29]. Mikulic-Petkovsek M. et al. [30] has
performed a study of capacity of organic acids in
liquid aqueous extract from raspberry fruits using
HPLC. It was discovered that the level of organic
acids was 2.2mg/ml. If matched with our data, the
sum of organic acids is similar.
Quantitative analysis shows that catechins
were the main phenolic compounds, followed by
hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives and avonoids.
So, it can be concluded that catechins are responsible
for the pharmacological eects of red raspberry
shoots.
e potentiometric assay possesses great
sensitivity, speedy analysis procedure, low cost
of equipment and reagents [31]. In this study, it
was estimated that ethanol donated to the total
antioxidant activity of a sample. erefore, a way
of taking into account the inuence of ethanol
has been proposed and developed [32]. ere
are various studies concerning the evaluation of
antiradical activity of extracts obtained from leaves
and fruits of red raspberry. Wojdyło A. et al. [33]
has examined and matched the antiradical activity
of obtained extracts from raspberry leaves, fruits by
ABTA and FRAP assays. e examination showed
that extract from leaves possess higher free radical
scavenger activity than extract from fruits.
CONCLUSIONS
e antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoots
extracts has been established with the use of po-
tentiometric method. e aqueous extract possessed
high antioxidant activity. e greatest content
of polyphenols and catechins has been found in
the aqueous extract. e highest correlation of
antioxidant activity has been observed between the
amount of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and
the lowest in the case of organic acids. e aqueous
extract obtained from red raspberry shoots requires
further analysis regarding its other pharmacological
eects.
Conict of interest: Authors declare no conict of
interest.
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