PreprintPDF Available

Agrarian Migrations and Moral Economies in Times of War. Syrian Pastoral Refugees in Jordan’

Authors:
Preprints and early-stage research may not have been peer reviewed yet.
1


 !"#$%&#'
 ($)*)+
,-,%%..(
INTRODUCTION
#(.%,(,/ %0%($1.%($/#0%/ %  2
#refugee-hosting.%($% $3!)**4'5## %%0%#%-##1$
.%&.##$1.%($# .%%%&#2refugee-
producing%3/%!$)*67'5(%&/"%$#/%" 
&%. $#-. $.%&.1#%85)"# %(.%(#1//.
#%.%,.%%.0##!9)*)+'5
#.-%.(#"%%#%&$#:%1/&%.(# %-#%#
/. # #%/%%&& ..###&.%&#%.0# (.# !.%%#
)*);'5.((#.%#1#1-%.%.% /%$5
$<# ( -%% "  $ % .%## % ##% &/%0 % $ #. 
.%($<#&%#%&64=*#/#%<#.((#-%&% %(
&%. !> 5 )*6?'5  )*681 ?8@ %& #-#  4;@ %&  .%($<# .((
/%0&%./%,%#!(%5)*6?'51:.-&%&/1 &(
-%#!>5)*6?A.$%-#)*67A% %)*67'1#.# .
%(%#%.%.%%.#%&$&(&/%0#%5"#%.0&
#.""##%1"%(.% (#%&%&%(-(%&
.(( #.%-%"#.. #%(.%&.% &%%#.($&% -%
( %&&(#%#0!%)*6;'5#.-#0#%###- $
:-%  "%%# %& $ &(# /%  1 -$ % &($1  
(# $%5# .(# # #-#  "#%.0 &% % %/#1
&/%0# # &/ # &% #&,.%#(-% -(-%##  #,#. "#%.0
%/#5
%%##&(#/%0%1&#.%###%./%/
-1 ##%B% %--%(# ,/%0 .%%#5 :-%%$ ## %&#
#."%.%-:#.-%/"1/#%:-#%&$-#%##
.%"##%&#%.%,.%%.#.($ %(   "#%.0 &5
$%-.%(:%#--%./%!'
-%. .%%$ --%. % % #%#   .   %1 !'
%-%%.  #%. ( % C%( #%.#  !' -#% #(#1 #
.-##%:-.%% #D-#%#.:<5
Methodology
2
# #. /# .%(.  &&% /   -% !#%#1
.$1 #.'1 %  #. -%B. !)*6?,)*)+'   %  &%
-#%##  %(#-%%(.$ #.1/##%#&% % .#65
%( /-)*64()*)*1(-( #%&1&E
 FE %"%#1  & #. -%(. /% ##5 &# # /# 
-%(. %& E(" #("$1 . %(  .% %% /  %/ &(
%(.!'1-%"(###.%&(#%#.%(#
%)5  #("$/# & $ 6;=$# "  &" &&  !&% 
#'.%##%"%#%&&EFE;5#.%##E("
/#&% $-#,#(.("/#&%.%"#%#/!'/"
$ &#1"  %"%# %&  &E   "#%.0
&1!'#%%&% "#%.0  &%/#&% /% #&(#/
/%0!'0$#0%#&%.((#.%!#%&.((.%%-"
%"%&&.##%"%"#'5#E("#./#.
%(/%&&&##5&#%/#( 1#%)8>#%(%&1
.%#%#"&#%%%&%%/$#.%..-%#%(
%&.%($5&#/.$%"%%&9 %%
%( !fakhadC#0+'5#.%&#/#(%&( 1.%#
%&E1"%"$&#%&%--% %%C>#
 58
Conceptual framework
  /  % %& .. -%. .%%$  % #(# !G$ 
% # )*6='1 # #. -%# %  -%.### %&  .1 #%.
#&%%.-..((%&%%-#5#-#%#
%&&(###%.&(#(.%:-.%&&%.:1&%(#%&
#.-.-#/.%#.%:%&#%.%,.%%.-%.#0,
#&%%#" #-.((#.%($.#
% !## )*)6A%#% )*);'5 %-# %& $&/%0#   %
"%#-.#&. $$<#(-%%.(:#
##%&(-(2%%&&3%&"%-#$#.
6( $(%-#.%(.1#.-%B.!)*6?,)*)+'/#%# $#(%&"%-(#
"#$%&(##:!>'(%-"#$#(!$'5(%.0%/#,&(,%.#-%" $
%#%/.#&#%&##..%&.#5#-)*)*1(%%"-.1"/# /.%(.%
-% $#1#.###%#-%B.5
) %(  /#"%"   .%.%1 (% # #%#-%#  &% -% %&  #.(##5 #
.-%#%-#"/#%&5
;("$-.-#/ /6?7*$#%5$/#%&%(#%&%%?8@%&5%-#;6@%&
#("$-%%5$/.%#(##%/ #.%%1 #%<#(%#<&%0%/%&5%$
.%%##-%#%%0-#("$/#% $%%/"#%.05
+0!%:'&% $%(-#%& !'.#.&%.%%.#%5#(#%"
$.%(.%&#1#"#(.%%&%& %%&%&#( , !#'-%#H%&
 !$64?7I7;'5
8.%&&#/%-.-#./#"# /%#:# /-.% )*645"/#/
.%(.%%(##1$-#.%&/%&$!1/%1.'/("#%& %(#1
-%$#1  # %&: &# .5 %# .##1 "/ -.-%/# % $ # %& %(#%#5 %<#
-.-%#.(##%#$.#/5
3
&%#%&64=*#!B)*);I4'5 #.-%.(#/$.%&.%,
 -%. .%%# %&  . .(  &%  .( "%%
-/$#%&$&(-#%##%5
#.- #% /# %  #%. %-%%. ( % C%( #%.#
!C%..%6448A$64?=A)*6+'1#/#%#.%#--#%#(#
!.%%#)*);'5 (0.%%#.%.-%#-#%##<-#( $
% (/## % .1 # /% &# %& (  &( %& :-# %& 
-(#-  -"## %& C%(# !$ 64?=A $ 644=A .# 
.#644*A%/)**='%&-#%#%.#%$!")**4A5
)*6+A.%%#6448'5.-#.(#####$-#%&(#-%$%
1.%%.#%.%,.%%.#.(#$:-.%5
:-%  /$ $ " &%. :1 0 "%$  #%(. :.(#%1 
#.& &%( ## ##I!'  % #% %&  #%. .- .E(
%(-"%(#%#1!'"#&.%%&#%(.#%&.%#%(.
..##1!'%%%&%#-#%&(#-%.%//$%#1
!"'."%%&0%(-#(--%.##5
. #.%#-  -#%#(# ##% &%.(#%  .%( -%. %& 
2% .%%$3  (#  /$ -#%## #-% % (.#  
#.%#%.0#.##!%)*))'5$& $%-#%!6476'.%
!6477'1#.%.-&# %  % # %(/. .%%. # %($
--5##% (#%:-%:-.%#-%-%(#
# %&.%%. (%5   & #%# .%.( # #.1$ &(
-#%##/-###%.%#-##0$#%& %%
B.%#  %&!"$%&' #.:5C$% ##%. %#%&
2#( ##.3!.%6477'/(#0"(##0/%0#
.%:%& %(#%#1#%$-#%##-%" % (%#-#%&
(#1 #-.  -%.% /% -%/&( &(#1  $  #%.%,
.%%."( $#&(#5#&#%#-# /$-#%&(#
.%.1C%(%#%&.-%.$.%($#(--%#%-$0$%1%(
-&%"&(.% $#%.%,.%%.-.$%&&%.:5
 .-%-#%#.(##%%&(-(#.%(# "..#
%#-#%&$&/%0#-#%##%1&%##%%#
&%( %(#% -%(.% ! "#%.0  #%.$' % & :  
.%:%&.(#(.%,(,/$5#.(##%##&#
-%. .%%# %&.(( /.#-,/#-.#
 .##-%(%(%#"%#%&$
&(#%%$5 #&##.%#%"#%$-#%##<#%#%&%/
$#.-$#%1-%%/#B.%# (%#%.
.-&%-"%(#%#5/%%( /#("$
"/1#.(##%##%#. /%/$#-#%##
%-##%(.%&"%%#:1&%#,#."#%.0&#,
 / % 2-#3 &% %$ % #- J% #&,.%#(-%
4
-..# &%  B%$5   #.% %%0#   ## $ -%$   &. %&
0 "%$1 .( % $  #%(. :.(#%5 % " # #.- %&
#-#(.#1$-#%##&%.(#%"#&$K#%(.#%&.%
 #%(...## ,  % (#%. # //$1 -%/&( &(# / 
% #%.$ !%/#1   &(#1 "#%.0 %/# .'5 $1  .-
%.(#%%#(-  #%.%,.%%. :.# #(# -#%
"%%#:5(#/#%%C%(.((%#-.-#%&
!-,.-#'2#( ##.31%.%%#%&$&(-#%##-"
"#(#%& 10, #.%%#5#.(##%.%.(# $
-%%  #.%%& $. -#% #$##  % .%%#/ %
-%..%%##(--%1.1$&(&&%# (D-#%
#.:<5
1. FROM SEASONAL MIGRATION TO INDEFINITE EXILE
#. %  %#-# / $  #  %(# -%# %  .%(#
/.%-%$&%.:-"%(#.%%.%#!$)*67A
%L)*67AB)*);'5(-. %(%#%&-#"
%%  # -# %& $ &(# %/$# #  ($  $
..#(%#%#0!B5)*6?A% %)*67.'5
 .#%&-"%(##%% #-.($"# /.((
! .%#(.%' #.%#5 %,#. #-.# .%##  % &%$ 0%/ #
2%  3 " #% #-  #%$ %& C%(   %(-# /%1 &% 
# #%&.%-%$# %(#1 %"/"#%.0.%##
%#--#&%5&%(##%#%&#-% $1:-#
:%/.%%&$-#%&(##%% #%
%&#%..-.E(%(#-"%(#%#5
Pre-war agrarian migrations
(%#%&"#%.0#" #%.&(%&#-% $/
#--#%&&%% !#5)*67'5648*#1288@M%&%
"#%.0%/#N/M($N%$;*@%( (%%(#
 %3 !% )*6;'5 . 1 %# #% %"# " .%  
-"%&&/ #/-%..%.%#1#(.# 1/
$$/%#-.#%%&/###-!.#.#6447'=5
 %#/%" #% &&. $ -%.$
&%#%&/.($/.#($.#%&&&%
.%&#.% %&   .%% #5  $1 / .### %& ##  ,-%% (
/%0###(..##"&%#%&648*#$64=*#1.%-%(
=/###-#%#.%%$%59#&#-%%%(.%%#5##$-.
% 05
5
/  #" %(# %&  64=*#1 .% ( % #&. .#   #H %&
%#!  # )*6;A $ %(  5644;'5%..(( .%##
##  %#(#(%(#%# %.$%%## -.#1.#(  %&
$%($##%%%0&%B% %--%(# %! ,)**;'5C&%
.(/$1 %%/$-"#%# &% $<#
(-%%#.%&##%/%0%--%(#!##)*)6A$)*67AB)*))'5
%-%%#/$%C%(  &%  .0%(#%$
#%%%0&%##%/%0&#/$. khayaal!64,)*$#%'
!6447I 6*4'5 %%#/:-. "#%.0 1#-&%/$"#%.0
%/&#/#.%%#%&#"&%:-(#%&.%#(
#,(-.-.##$% ($J%#%/"#%.0 (###5%&
/.($1$#%&&%--%(#%% ##"#%.0#.%
!$6447'5% .-%%644*#1%
% % .&"%(%-%1/.(.$#&& %/&%E(.0
&.(#5%0 %#%:-&%##%&#/%(.%/
#-&%"#&%%<#%/ 75
.#-.%.#%&#%1$%(#%#
( !#%(%&'-%%-%%% 0%(-5%(#
&#%0%/.% &%/1$.&%9 %%
 C#0 fakhad %&  %(  1 -% %-# %& %-. ##
% # %& 0 %(- %5  (  1   %& %(#%  # #1
:-I
. .(#$ %/#$/# .(#$
.%(#.%#"$# &%/59/#/%0&#59
(#%%" .0&% /$%%5?
%0 (%(1&,%&,#"#&&#1/$"%/
/#5#$#-#".-1 ( /%0#1 " ..## %
.1/$/.$% " %$#$%5#%$%&##
%/#"$&&%%## $%#/%"/##"&(:%&
&(#I
. .(#%&&&..(.$1:-1#-.$ .(#
% /# % %% :-#" .0 5  #% /# /%0  
# %$ % $5  1 %( -. %&  &% 8**1*** 
!%(61***%#'5MON%##%-#(#&%..$1%
%.1&%?**!%(616**%#'5$"%%-.&%
.(#  &# /  % /% /%0#&%  .%-$5$
(# .(#< #.)**85
.(#.#/%.&%%#/%/&%.%"$#&(#52
7/$1-".%"#%1:.#&%(6?1)*)*5
? ( 1"/1( !%"%%&'1*?J*+JJ)*645
6
"&$/%(""&/< &%.%341:- ( 
/% (#%"$ /$"#%.0%/ .0 %5 .%&.#-%
91#/&./#%%#0$&%&$/$%(.%&%%/#
%#%%-#%&$5%#1$0/$/%(  %.%(%
-%&"#$#5#%..-.%:(0%/#
-%"/0$###&&%#%#%.%,.%%."( #
#&(#5
Fleeing to Jordan as refugees
%# %& $ -#%##   ,( " %  / )*66  )*685
$(#(-#"#%#(""&#$#%&/$1%#
.-"$#"%(#-.##%&:%%#"#% /1
%#%&.%## %/%1%"$5
 (#")*6+&%#91&$%$:&%#%#
-%## 5.$.%"1$(%#%&&.%%#1$%
&"#%.00#%#.-"/#0/$%%5
%""$%#.#/%(#-51/%.$
%((M/%#(&&#&%-$#.# #N%%( .05%#1
//%(#(-.-5%#1//%(B(##-#5%
%1/0-%(#-/(#10.%&0%(.5C(
/%##/.%(<" ($ $%#%/
/&%.%#"$.--.#5&($/ 
%(#%%.#&&-.#5%%05
/%(%"%#&-.1$%&%(/0#/5<
" % /0 6** 0 #%#%   .%( 0 (#%" )
%#%##%#5%"0&%%0%:1
(/#%%&56*
&##. (.#.%###1/.&/$$#"#(-%
"1"/$$.&%/ .0%(#I
%%0 (#+,8$#% %% M&%9N5MON $& $
%#1/%(##%&#$5 #%&#1%/
(- %)** #-$#&5 C(/ /1 / ## ## / /
&1%$8*%=*&5$&$#$ %#%$#%
&%$#%$5C(/#%$66
/"&#"/###%#I$.%## %/%("#%.0 6)
4 5
6* 5
66 ( 1"/1( !%"%%&'1*?J*+J)*645
120&(#%-#%&/%1$#/&% %.%## %/"#%.05%##/$"
#&.-.%.%."#%.0&%/#%5%&&.%#-%#&%)*)*,)*))-%1 /)**4
)*671 % % %# %& #   .%(  %!&% )54 % )**4 %;5? % # )*67'1 /
-#(&&.# %%1 2#$ $%#%" "#%.0 %%# #( %&$ .##3! )*)*I
48'5  %%%$ (# $ #$ %&  %%-% &% -%(. # ( # # (. %/"1  #%
7
/$$#"#12/%$%(.%#%%( .035#/ #. 
#.%#.%%&#.-1% (/"#%.0 (###%1$/%("%#"
%$1 .%. / % &  "#%.0 %/#1 #%.0  - % .#
%####&(#.(#5
Legal insecurities and mobility restrictions
-%%&"%%1$&(#/#%F%%
HE &( .-# &  # /  (%#  9   P ,
5%#%&-#%##/"/%0-%##$###%#-%## 5
..% %  % ,%( #$#1 %$ %# /%  % #-%#% /
%/%".-#5$1#-%#%#-.%( #$1/%
%"#%/.$$.%%(.$%&#-%#%E(#5
# %/ $ $# !?*@' % #  %# .%(#5   )*6+ %/"1 
.#%/#  % --$ .%%#%& ,%(#$#(.%#.$!  #
)*68'5  %&  %$ %-%# & % &(# /% / % "  .-# /# %
#(%(5##.-##&.&.-.%#5%#/%&
.-#$/-"&%% !#$%&%'.( 
%.#".#%&&%%#&(#/%/%&&.$#/95
# & #% %& %( "/#  &&.( #(%#1 / & %& #  #.
%"#"%%%--%(#1(#$-##)*67#5
:-# #.   && #%.%,.%%. #(%# :-.  $ &(# /%
" (#-#%##%%&#%(.#%&"%%5$#. %/$
&(#<    "#%.0 #.%  % # &% #,#. "#%.0
-%(.%#,/%-#!&%%$'1%#-#&,
.%#(-%!&%B%$'1%($ -..#%&//%0.% /#,#.
"#%.0 (###5
2. SYRIAN PASTORAL LIVELIHOODS IN EXILE
Small-scale livestock production and share-herding
 $# /    ( 1 #% )80 #%( %& 1 "  &%
#!#'5&/%&%"#&%&(.-#%( 1
. $B% %--%(#%&& $.%.&# $5%#1%/"1
-"%(#$ "  /%0  % # %& %  . % !( 1 &E1
 1 <'1 - % -%$ %--%(#5  %&   
.0%(#1 $:-. %.%-"#%.0 &5C.0$1
%#(#% #%(,#H"#%.0%/#1/"#%.0.-&%+*%
+**#,(#1/.$-$&%-#5/%/##
".  $# -#%## #"#  % #(  # % %5  --# %# 0$1 ..% %  0$
#0%# "/1 #  %#" #&% $1 -.( -H /## #-1 / #( $ /$ %
% #%( /-%&#.%( 5
8
/%0.%###.%#&%.%%1.(//%0##-#5
%1#$&(%(#%#%(#%(..%%5"#%.0
-# B% - %&  "%%#%/"1  $%/ % .(#% 
( $  ##%$ %& & /%05 #0  %(  :-.  %1 
%###  "#%.0.E(#%#%&&#%%& .#5 2/#
"$   1 # #5  $1 / "   %(#   /<   5
%0%(####%%5C(/#%/$5#./<""#%.01
#"-%"6;.
 ( 1 "#%.0 /# $ #. % #&,.%#(-%-(-%##5  %& 
%(#%#///".%&%I$#$/%0#
#-# &%/$%"#%.0%/#1%$/.%.#, #
-%(.#5%#%&1$/ %."##(%(#$5
%/&%.0#/#1/( #&%=%=*#&%"%&)8
#-!%#-%#'-%(#%5$ %")*#%#(--%%--%($
%&.%,% -%$ .- ..((%5  %& %# / %" )* #
/-%(.%.%.#%1#0!&%%#'1 #!&%#%'1
.#%(.##!&%%$'5#H%&&%.0#&(.(.%##1
-%..#%.%,.%%..%%#1% #0#1
%  -#% ..(#.#5  & #%#  (%(# %..#%# /
"#%.0-%"-%#&$#.%:#%&..#1###% /
%(#%5%%0%#/%%/"#%.0#"$#%#"%(%$% ($
&##1/#%.%%#% ($%#-1%##%6*%)*##,(-
.-5%/#/#%/1 ($-%#"&%?*@%&5
#% %"1#$###%(%&//%0#-
"#%.0-%(.#J%##-#5/$#%%/
#-1 %( -..# %& #, /  % -%$5 && # %&
.%./%&%##5$&#/%( #-%# 
&%1&10.%&#5:.1$/%(
."#$1#%&-%&1%:%& %5#&%;8*%+**%
#-%!Q+4*%Q8=8'1#%%"658(/%&))*#!Q;6*'5-1
/.".. ,0  &# !..$1 /1 &#  ..## % '1 %/
 -% #"# % -#%  "#%.0  :-##5 # # 
##.(##% %/5
Self-consumption and shepherding
$##("$ &E  FE %"%#  -%&#  /E( #.
&%%# %& -#%##( 5.-.# % #..((.-
%("#%.0."#/#&%%#1#.%##/,/%0
!#-' %#&,.%#(-%5 $ 6)@ #  $ 2%/#  
6; 1"/1( !%"%%&'1)8J*8J)*645
9
.%35 "#%.0-%####%#/#( #4*@ %&%(#-%/
##6*#(#%$)@%&#("$-.-# %")8#5
#$-#%###%/&."( $5.%#%?*@%&%#
( 1%$;@%#"%$-#$?8@:-"
% %%/%$%.%"&%":-##(50$"#%.0
&#"/( 1$/$-%###.1/?8@
.  ###. !% %%%"%(.#%%$-#%&(
#(--%'.%#(#%(.%&.%5
3. NAVIGATING MARKET VOLATILITY AND RESOURCE EXCLUSION
#-#%##$##%./:#""#%.0H-..#%&
#(.1%##,#.#%1.($&(#1%/".%#%
##$%(%#-.#%&%-.#.5#%% $
.%##0$&%##-#1.(%% $!()*)*'5 
: -# #.  %/ $ -#%##< "%% ##  "$  %
- $1"#&.%%% $1-.#$ .(#%-.#.%-%&
H%"##/.0#-%0#5-%$#
##1$##%%&&&(#%&-#%#$##.%##
#-.I.-.$% ." $.%-/(.$!>R.0)*6*A
.%%#)*))'5
Resource exclusion and price volatility
#&..%&(%# %( %( $-%.$#%.%,.%%..# %
#%&(.((-%(.%1-#%#$##%&&%Bilad al Sham
"(%#..##.($5
   -%.#  (  C#   -(#( $  -%#,
-. 1  (/ -%.## %& .. &%1 /
..#$ -"#  #%!#. .)***A/# 64?7'5
#.#  -# %& #%(. ..##  .%% .% ( % #(  
.%#$##%E($E($%&($" -#(#5##&#
 -%. .%%$ #%  %  .( %& -#% % $1/. $ 
( $ /$ # # %# !C. 6448A $ 64?='5 # #(1 /#
##%"#%.0 #-.# %  % badia !  #, # %& 
.%($'# .%(1 $  $ -#" %& /$%/#/% .
&&%%#-%&%.0#1/!#&%' $(.01#(-#(##%
#(--$5#.# #1$)6#.($1%$6*@%&"#%.0%/#/
#-..  %. % %& "#%.0 -%(.%    badia %& % ! (
F5)*6)'5  #1 .%#1 % #$   %&.(" #1 
10
"#%.%#%##1/$. &&%-%:$%&&#%"#&$
&#%(.#!$ %(5644;'5
&&.(# %..## %% E($ ( -#(#  %" %( % dira ! 
%#'"#%.#-.%(&.(&5 
%& )6#.($1"#%.0-%(.%#-.### #%#/
$-%"68@%&%&! (F5)**8'6+5 (#.&#
&.##5(%&6;=$#("$-.-#&EFE<1%$=@
-..#%&%%&##%#(.4+@E(%-%.##&%#
#%(.%&&5#-.$%(&.(&#$-% .#:-%##
%"%$%&0#.%:/.((#.%#$1
-%1% ..(#!%#%)*);'5%##%&-%.##&1#-.$
 .0,0#" %&(#/%%%"..##%#,#( ##
-%(.#5-.$%&#.#/#.%& $%(#("$-.-#1/++@
%&#.2&#3#&&.($"#%.05 (# %
.%"-.%&& %&/&%.$% 5##:-%
# %/1# #&((##(##.#.#
%-%#-..%%5
Flexibility and diversification
,#. "#%.0 & # #%.$  -%" % 0 $   
" #%(. %& "%%#   &. %&  " $  #..$  ..#
 .%#$## !>R  .0 )*6*A .%%# 6448'5   -# .#1
-#%##<%#.-#%&(.#" &(.%-. $-%,0
&%# $% #%%&% .%%$5%#-#"&%
. .1 %-. -##(  -.#1 # "   ##(# %& 
&%10"%$%#.(## %"5.#.%
-#%#$##<#-%##%% #%.0#(.#"%##,#.
"#%.0-%(.% .%(# % %&& #-. %%#% #-% % # .# %&  /
(!.%%#5)*);A()*))A##)*))'5C$#%/%/-#%##(--%
$&(# "% %& &%. :  #%.%,.%%. #(#1  #.
#.(## .%&  ". %&#(.&: #$##)6# .($ .%%#5 
#. "%(#.%.#%####-%#1 (9#.$%(
&&..$%&##%(.%&"%%#/0&(.(%#I
#%##%% .(#<#(."$MONC$
 # /%01 $%( " $ %-%#5 - %%/  -.#% 
01$%(..%#101%.#5#1
$%(.B(#0-$%(&&%%6*#M%(68QN
#/-.#5%(.%/ ##5
6+"%(%#/% #"$/-%-%%%&(H#(#<##(0%;8@64?*#
&%6**@(64+*#!$ %(5644;'5
11
#(L&%)**#!%()?*Q'5&%/5%(.
.568
%&#(##.%(%%01 (-%%%(#%# ###%&
#(.&: %& (###I
#B% # ##5$-%.(#5%-%#B% #%
/ "<#B%  ## $%5<#B% I$%(.(#/%%1
015"$##%(.%&.%-#(#"56=
##-%%&-#%#$##%-%(. $&.%&% %.
#%.0#1##%&&: $1"#&.%-%/.%%%&%(
#.(##%#5  #:-##% %& -#%##< #%(.&(##  ."$   &. %&
#%.%,.%%. .%%. .# /# &%(  (-.$ %&  &
-..#/-%$ $$-#%##%5..#$%
-. % (&.( &# .%##  % ..## % &  % &
-%(.#5%#"/%(#%#/-..#( H1-../..%###
#&%.0#%H%#( #&&"#!#-J$#('5#
-#  ## .% (% %  & .5 % /#- #$
.%##&&%.0#" #(#!((#&%"&% %(&#'5
$%&&&%&%"$%/-.1#-####"#&%"#%.0
5
C##" #(&1$-#%###%(%&$ .#%&
-"#1 (((#%#$1#.-(.## .%(&%
#-.("#%#I
%%&$#$%&#%/ $ 0#5& 0.%#
#0# &% .(#$/ %# &%:-1<# %0$5B(#
"567
#/#-.#%&!&%;%68((#'%H$5#%
.##10&% (9##/%#(-( &/$# &%/1$/%(-
&%.%-#! $'%#5##/##&E(%/"1(%
-.#%&  5  #1 -.($ &(&(1 # % ..##   & .%## 
"%- #, -#-# / % "#%.0 %/#5 # # /
:-%##.%%&.-5
Multi-sectorial income generation
C%("%%#"#%.$ (- $(,#%(..%%#1 #%
#%.%# /(( , ##.%#!.#64471%/6444'5&&%#
 ("#&"%%#/#%&%(%$-#%##1%(#.%,
#-#$#-.&%&(#%/#$" $%
68 (9##1"/1( !%"%%&&E'166J*+J)*645
6= (1"/1( !%"%%&'1)?J*8J)*645
67 (1"/1( !%"%%&'1)?J*8J)*645
12
.((#.%%$5"/%#("$#%&%(#%#/.
#"#%"#%.0#.%1%&$ #/%(%B% #/
.(( #.%1 # $  %(# % $ &# &% %#1 # , # -%(.
#&%#%5("$$#-%"%&+%8%&$ #
/%0 %#.%#1-%% ( %& $./%0&#1 #
$/%0#5
 $  %( %--%(# %&& $  .(( #.%  $ %/,#01
-%$%/$#&%&& .0%(#%/%0&#5"#%.0#.%1
%  % 1 E(# #-.&. 0%/  #0#5 C.(# %&  .0%( 
"#%.0&1#.-.-#&%#%###.%-%%!$
%,$'&(#5$-#%##"/( ###-&.
&%"#%.0%"&/%0##%(.%&.%1-%%%--%(#
&%-%&#-.%/ $&%5
(-.$%&#%(%#&%(%#%.%,.%%.#.($##(#%&#%(.
..###&$%."$&: $%0"#&("#%.0
#.%%5.%:..# $(-#%#!%&#%(...##.%
%%--%(#'1"#&.%#0$5.%.%# (/%&#!%
..## #( #1 "  #(#1   .'  "#%.0 %/# !&% #,
#' #%   -%. %& #%. #  .# #%.%,.%%.
"( $5:#.%"#%#/%##&#..% (
D-#%#.:<,%%%&%#-#%&(#-%.%/-%/&(
%#%%."%%&0%(-#(--%.##%%,
#. #D%.%%#%&$-#%&(#<(-##%.:.#5
4. THE MORAL ECONOMY OF REFUGEE PASTORALISM
644*#1$<#!6447'.%##($%&"#%.0#.%%$".
%&-#%.&&%%##.%#5.#( %& #
"#%.0 %/# /#./#( #-#5##(.(.# /
..%- $.##%.%#-#1 /2%##%.% /
%/##-#3, #%-#%%#-#%&(#%:%&.#,
0 (% #,  -. $ % #.% :.#1 # %
#-/#!$6447'5%#%&.%.#/$"/$#%
%-%$#"%0#$-%&-%,.%#-#5$"%":%&
.#,0(%%%#%&(#1#%..%%.-%.$1
#%%#% #" $##!)*)6' %5:-%#%#-#1#
#.("##%%&2#( ##.3&%$-#%##5
## %%0 The Moral Economy of the Peasant !6477'1.%.%#
("# -.-# %"  % .%%# %& -## .%##   #-.5
.$1#%%".-.-%#"#%&%#/%($
&.  #0 %& & % #%#I   % #(   #( ##.5 9#%.
13
:-.#%& "( $ %  "#%&.%:&.%#((1%"
1-&.&%#.($%"-%$1 (#0$(#5% %# #,#.
&#1.% (#1 #( ##. #.($ #2-%%31%&/.$
:%#-#/ %(#1#1#.5%(1#-.&.
-# %& %#1 "(#  % %# "%-  #(--% %& # #&$,&# -.-5
$.%%.##(1E(#&%#( ##.#(. $.%#% 2#%.$
:-.#-%&%#%:-.%#3!.%6477I6='5#( ##.
.%##( ##.5
Subsistence right
 %( "/#1 :-.# %& #%.%,.%%. #.($   "( $ /
.( #5 $ -#%## /%   #( %(%&  &( .-#
$"&%&-%..%%-%%5%#/%/#/
9%%"--# (%##&(.#0%&
#.#&%#5&/%& %((-&#/%( 
#%5:-/%(#$%(%#&%.01#
".%&&$ &%5%%1/%/#/%0##-1
".%&#. $-$#.0.%-$/.%##"#
&%#%&#:$#%&"#%.059:-%%&$#/
 $##.#5%%+*#-#% $-%/&(%.
 &(%(%-6?51/0%/%&#-"%&
&%-%.%#" %%#%( #(.(#1$&(#
(0$%#0%.B(#.1%(&%%&%.##10
#$#&%"%.&5
#%&"( $..( $#0#%"#%.0-%(.%5 .%:
%&.%%.#%.%,.%%.(.#%( %"1" $%&#"#%.0
(####%-%## $%&&&%&#:-##5#(%#
-.($ .. (  / ##%1 /  ###  -"  /
#$:.(#"$%&%5%#$#/%%%"#"#%.%"%-%
.%###%&$% ##&%#$##%&.(# $%
-#%##5jaban1##-.#.%.H%%&01%&&%#
%"#%.0-%(.#&%-(.#%&&# %&##%5%#
##% - .00/0##%##5..%%
%%&#%&"#%.0.%%-"%1$jaban(###-.-%#%%&
-%/%($.%-.#%&0#/.-$%& /
####645#.## %& -.$    %& &%. "#%.0 -%(.# % #
0(0-.#5
9%/"1$#/%/0(#%&#%#.#( #$/
0#(% (&#520/jaban"#(#
6? (1"/1( !%"%%&'1)?J*8J)*645
64 (1"/1( !%"%%&&E'168J*6J)*645
14
0 -.#1 %/# / %< ..-31 #(#  ( #)*5  .%&. 
%-%#"#%&:.  %&%.#" .%.#/#
#01.%-#%/:-.#-%%(# $% #%&"#%.0
.%%-"#5 # %%# $ ## %& #&,/% /. # #.(## %/1 #
E(# %& & .%%.  (%# / #% . :-##% %&   %
#( ##.1  .%: /   #%.%,.%%. #.(# ( &5 ( #.
-.-#/%#(..##&(%&#/jabans%/
-%$#1 (1&%12#( ##.</#$#.0&%####/ (###
%-%$#/&1#%(&% %%0&1%%5
Self-worth and power within: building “partnerships” with Jordanian businessmen
&%%/-##. %/#-.D%.%%$%&!$'&(-#%#<#
&%(#%(#%&%/"(/%"#%.0&#.%5
"/$#/&($/:-.-#%###-..%
.%#  .%($<# #% %& ( #%(.#  #0#5  #0 / 
%(/#&%$#%#%/%0"#%.0#.%%1 (
$$( -I
%1 %< 0 #%5.%$5$#(# # #-#5 #%
-%-0% (###/(#5$#"%:-.1
%#$%&%(#5%#%&%/%B% #1#%
$  %#-.#/# (#$#1/ "/%(#1 #%/
0%/ %(5)6
#0 %(.%.%&$#1"/%#%.0%/#.%&
##-.  # :-.#1&%0%/ 1 
 $ -%(.%5  ( 1 % -%$ % %&  $# -#%##
"/( 1:-I2%%&$#./:-."#%.05(#
% "%%5$/"#%.0%/# .0$#%<#..&%(#35 ))
#-"-%#%#".% (%"%-%&/$#/&%
# 2-#-#31% #, #1/ % & "#%.0 %/#5
%&%&%(#.&%#( /"%"%##5#%&
.%.#"1/#&%B%"(#/##0# &#%
#B% #/ &##(--%%%/"#%.0-%(.%5
/%%&%("/#/%/#%#%&-%&%%<#&%.05
%  ( #1 % :-##  -%&# /%( # E($5  # %&  %(
# (%1# 2% -3 %"#/  %#.# ,.( %# &% 
&#1/.1#%1.%(% #( ##-.,/# (#/%( 
.%&#.&%.% &%.0#5.#%& ( 1%
-%$/%( .%":-##%& %&%.0#1#/#-%"$#-
/ ##$1#%,0 &# -.%& &# /%
)* (#1"/1( !%"%%&'1*)J6*J)*645
)6 (>1"/1( !%"%%&'1)=J*8J)*645
)) (1"/1( !%"%%&'1)?J*8J)*645
15
%&%.0#52<#/,/1 ( .%1/%(-$68*#!Q)6*'%%
&$#/%(#35
 % #,# / /-  %% #$ "%(# ,0 &#5
%&% $0%/%&/%%.%:1 $#%%
"%(##1/ $%/&:-##/.%" $%-%$5
#(% &% #0 #-1$ / " & ..## % H 1
&#1/&%&%.01#/#.-#//..$&%&$5
# % &#!,0 &# % ##%&  -%&' / #.  $ $
&(##&/,#"1.%#%0%/#0 %($
/.% (I
)8@%&-%&##$#/#..$/1:-
 ( 5";*##7*5##" #1/
#)8@5%&&#-.%&%$%/#10-
&%$#&%%/$ &%.05C(< khabir !:-'5%
%#<0%/$590%/:-./#
-%5);
#  ( %<# /%# $ %( .$1  #%. %# %& B(#.  #(.(
%#-# /$#%#-#(-%$-#%####%&#&,
/%5C$.%(%%&#%&-%$"##%&
2-%//3 !G0#   )**7I +8'1 # #%. %#   .- %& 
#%.%,.%%.#.($..((%%--%(#5
C##-%..##.%:%&H#%#  % 0 -%
#"#1##%%& ##%-%.%&%%.&(#5%%&
 ( 1 #%( 1 #  #%% %&   $$H !C 0  '1 
#%.$-%/&(./"#/1"#%.01/#%(.#..##%
-%#%#%&-%//%#5%$#1%#(#(--%%&#
&(1/$.##- $#%.%,.%%."( $#&(#5
 %#-.%(#  %(# ##$%/(#%
%(%#-%/&( #1% -%. $1:- (5
$1 / "$&&&5 /#-.5 .#1 /
&#5C(/$%(#.-/1$%(-%.%5$%(#%
)+
 (C:-1&%1 &&%%#&%/%0#%&-%.%/##%
"-&#-B% %"-%$%(.""#
"#%.0#.%I2.%( #0#%$%/"%% (###5C(
 #-"#$%(-%.%5 .($#%#-%5. %
#-&%1%&%%$5MON%("#.($5%%/"0%&
); ( 1"/1( 1!%"%%&'1*6J6*J)*)*5
)+ (1"/1( !%"%%&'1)?J*8J)*645
16
##&%#&$5"$%#-.#3)85
C$### %/ -"# %& -$#.  #%.%,.%%. #.($ /1  # .#1 
%".%#% /  . %"%%#.%.#1 (C/#%E($
##  #&$,&# -.-/. /#.( && &%#  %# %& %(
"/#5
##.".1#&#%#-#/%#/.%.1%
.%%#%&$-#%&(#/ /%..-.-#I#&,#( ##.
%%0%/%&#&,/%%%5#."%/#
/.(/C%(%#%&.-%.$%#(--%$-#%##<#.
:5
Bedouin norms of reciprocity
C%(#%.#(.(#"#%.$  #%%#%&.-%.$.%($
#(--% !C%..%   6448A $ )*6;'5 "/# .%&  # .##
.%(%"%$-#%##:%5%#.1  ( /(
:-&.#(--%/#&%#:,%&,0:-/$/#
#.%-#-%##H%&#&%.0-% #/-"
&% &/%0%#5 9#%:-  %##%/
"#%.0 (### 0#%   %/ %& #" #%& "#%.0   
."&%.%(#5#(/#B(#&# 0-/#.% %
%&zakat265
#:-.%#%&#(--%/-.($"$%%#$#/%:-.
%&% &%/52"$"#/%"#0%-#
5/%(- $%$.%./%&#5#% $
#0%/%&%/#/%010"".%/.#%#
/.3)75
"/#".##%&((#(--%#%(.-%%/%-
/%%&%#&%&B% %#-%%#-%%..$#
%(..##&/.&%%#<&%.0# #.5.-#%&
.-%.$ #( ##. # / -.($ -&%" .# %& #%.0# % #%(#
&&.(#59  -.$ %&  fakhad1 (  :-I 2 #(--% .
%%1C%($#5C(#-.$&$%(&%#fakhad1$%(
$-.%5"&<#6%MQ658N16%5#-.$/-%-
-($1/" 35)?
Restructured obligations under the stress of exile
)8 5
)=#./1(#/%#-%####%%&/:.# nisab "($%%%-%%#5##%$%%#&%.
%-%%&%#zakat5
)7 (9##1"/( !%"%%&&E'1)6J*6J)*645
)? ( 1"/1( !%"%%&'1)4J*8J)*645
17
#--##.%&#%% %#"$$#.%(##1/##
..-..%%%&:/#/0-%-<# #%&#(#5 (
/(###.%(#/#%%%"%%( zakat1#2%$
/%%%/3529#&#%1 ( :-I29%#-$#-%
/ .<#$ -%-%<- .%5 C(/ .1 <:-. $"#%
-  %5 0/ $/ B(# #(""35 #0  %(  &&. /
.%($#(--%.##$1 (:-I
9 / .PS#(--%S. %S&.$5 "$% # /%  %( #
&$#&5&#"$.##$10.$1$%(&
.%(#/%/$%(6**%M6+*QN&%/0 ($%((#-$
.0%5$  /# &&5  (# % 0 . %& . %5
 %(#/0.#(--% %(#5%/#(--%.%###
#-%1"#.%1%"%$5P#%"
%$5;*S
#/%#/.% $ ($$( /%:-I 2#1/#"$&& $5
1/%%"#5$%(#%%%$1$%(PS:-.%"S .0
%$%(5B(##(--%.%5C(1"$%P#&# #1-%-.
$%(%$&%%%/%5$/.&5%P#%3;65
##%#0%.%&(%##.%-(%&#%.% %#&(
#-.#5" % #(# %& #%$.## / : $.%(#
" % #" #&&.(# %#$%&-"%(##%.##
!%5 )*6?A "# )*6=A %&##% )*6='5 #- # &&.(#1 .%($
#(--% .##  # %(#  %   #.(#" -..#1 -%"
%(#%%&.%-:#$##%&% %#.-%.$(-C%(
#%. & .5 %  /  #%(.# %& -% :-. &%  %
-%$#1##%.%#-$0$%-#"$1#(#( ##.#.($
#(--%-%B.%#%&(-/% $5
CONCLUSION
#/$&%. : #.# /  .  -#% $.#%
&%(-.$%&-#%"%%#:-..%:%&%%$
&( .## E(#  -% #. "# .%## #.-#  #.%#5 
#%.%,.%%.#.($  $ -#%##/% " 0 &(  % "# 
#"$5#%#1#"%%%-..1#0$&.%#
" $5%1%#$-#%##%%.0%/,-1##%
/%0 -#  # #(.1 :-. # .# % %# :-. $ &(#
/%0!#%$'&#.%5%1(-&:-#%&$#
/%" &%( /$# % :.#"#&%B.%#%&-.$%(#,#.
"#%.0&5
)4 5
;* (1%"/168J*=J)*645
;6 ($$( 1%"/16*J*=J)*645
18
"#%&$-#%&(#-$ -%..%%#"
#- .(( 0#1 -#% #$##   ( %"  -# ( $#5
%-#%&$&/%0# %"%#-.#&.
$$<#(-%%.(:###%&(-(2%%&&3%&
"%-#$#.&%#%&64=*#!B)*);I4'5
-# #($ :-% %/ # % #%$ %& #%.%,.%%. #.($ #
-%(.1 ( #%.1 $$&(# /%".%#-#%## 
#%(.%&"%%#%5#.%&.#-(%##%% $1%
&#$ / - &% 1  #-.#  % %$  2,%&,,-#35
 -##%#%#%..- .%:(0%/ ###
&%(%%&$-#%##<##%#%.%,.%%."( #
#&(#%5
:-#%&#.#%/ $$-#%##&%.:%%-%"
%:-%&(&(.% %&  C%($# / #%& -"
#%&-#%#$##&.%&(.#5 .%: / ..## % (
-#(# #  .(# %&  &%  %1 #,#. &%%
-%(.#:-%#%"%$%&% #&.#0#/.
%.((#.%# 5:-%/$$-#%&(###
 1 #%.% .%%.  .%%. .#  $ &.  %1  #.
& &%(  ##I !'  % #% %&  #%. .- .E( %(
-"%(# %#1!'"#&.% %&#%(.#%&.% #%(...##
!'%%%&%#-#%&(#-%.%/%#!"'."%
%&0%(-#(--%.##5 .% #0&($1#&%(##"-%"
#("#.-%&(.#/.$"%"1.
.##"1$%(&%B.%#%&(-/#%.% $5
#.%"%%#%&$-#%&(#%"%%#(
%&  % .%%#  (-  #%.%,.%%. # / %
(###  &%/ $#5  %% %& 2#( ##. 3  # ## %
(#-.-$#.#%.%,.%%.#.(#"%"%%
.%.#%-.-%#%&#%.B(#./%.%%$5#
-%#%##&(#1&%(!$-%%' .0%(#1%.0%#$-#%##
%%/,-1-.%(#-%$10%/%&%//%.( %(
0 %# .%( #% % . # -# %& -.$5  ## %& 2-%/
/3#.%/$"#0#/.# # $%$%(1
#(--% :-.%# %& .   (%#  #%.%,.%%. -%.% &%
%#5(#%&.%($#(--%.-%.$/$.%($
#%..%-#%#.:1%(#..-%-.%(#
-%#% # &(#   $ % "% # #%. .%#5  #(1 #
.-#%/#/#%%C%(.((%#-.-#%&!-,.-#'
#( ##.1%.%%# %& $ &( -#%## -"  .%:(5
% #.%  #%.%,.%%. .0%( %& $ -#%&(# # %
(# %/ .##1 # / # 1 1   % .1.( /"(
.$:-&&B.%#&-##($5
19
20
REFERENCE LIST
  #1515 Atlas of Jordan: History, Territories and Society5 C(1  %I ###  P&-%1
#(&T#(%.,1)*6;5
  #15U.#(V.##W.(5##-%#&#.%X#W&(W##$#
%!)*66,)*68'5U"((%-W#%#%#;6!;+'!)*68'I7;K6*65
 ,1515%$15 5 %#1  5 C$5 U%/#  &H% %& .((
 %(%/#$5U%(%&#(#;*!)'!)**;'I76K4+5
 (F15519550155 5U%(.%#$##%&#(#
%&%5U.((..#;)!)'!)**8'I)*8K)6;5
B151>5 C015 %.01 5%5U$&(-%$#%
 (( #-."#5U "    #(5
-IJJ/#(5%J##J&(J&#J-( .%#J( .%Y$&(-%$#%
Y#5-&5"%66)*64!)*6?'5
,5U#I&% #(% :-. % % -%% C%(
-.-%   C %& %5U ( ##1 ( "#$5 "  
-IJJ##5(5.5(0J+7;;J!644?'5
, 151>5,>15,(&5U"#%.01.-#" $
 %<# CI %(  # %& %  %. 0%/5U #%#5 "  
-#IJJ%5%J6*566?=J)*+6,76;=,),+!)*6)'5
C 1 G51 5 9,F01  5 #%(,5  % %-.5 ##%#  
-.%#&%&((&( .%-.#5 5 "  I -#IJJ%5%JJ-( .%#J,B%,
.%-.,##%#,,,-.%#,&%,&((,&(,.%-.#J!)*6?'5
C.15U%#%.%,.%%..#%C(%&%I#(#%&
6448("$5U" I-IJJ///5&%5%J-&J%.-J%&%JJ:=6??J:=6??**5-&
!6448'5
C%..%15155U%Z#1 (##%%V<W-%E((5U%
  ,.0[6+75#I%.(%T#1)=,+7!6448'5
C%..%15U%&%# #5U%.%.##
%&.1IC1;*),;;)!)**='5
- 1515%/5U#(#%&-$#("$%&"#%.0%/#5U#%(.#
I%P##5%%I>(%5G%5616?4,64=!644?'5
##1 5 UC  I  %(1 -(%  (# / $ &(#   #
9## #   % CE<5U %0 --1  % % %".  %.
"%-I"#$%&% (!)*)6'5
$15%%(.0IC%(%%5/%0IG##164?=5
$1 /5 %  #%##I"%-  %.   5 / %0I
%( "#$##1644=5
21
$159-#IH%-%"#%&#%##%$5
I164475
$1 5% %(.0I C%( %%1) %5 I
9%###1)*6;5
$15 U $ 9( ##I # .-%#  #-%#  %1
 %(0$5U% %.$?!)'I)8K;)!)*67'5
(%15 51 5 %(1  5 C#5 U % %& .((  %,%.## &%
"%-%5U%%%0-*81#%&.1
)*6?5
#. .1551#%.$1%51C%#%1>\IC1)***5
"1>55U#%#I#%##"/.5U("/%&%-%%$;?!)**4'5
-#IJJ%5%J6*566+=J(",%,*464*?,6=+++)5
5 -% -%I % # %B.5 %I   #  % &.
"#%1644;5
( 151 5C%..%5 U%$ #%(.#$##$5U%-(%
 "%  %#5 #I A &% .#5> A  "55I %
( 5%(-1677,64;!644?'5
>1515C$15, 5U./%0.((#.% %5".
&% /%0#<  -%$#< #("$#5 % )*6?5U % #%5 "  I
-#IJJ///5%5%J (J-( .%#JY=+=67*J,,J:55 " % )+J*6J)*)6
!)*6?'5
>R1 51  5 .05 U" %&& (.$I    -%(.% %& $
-#%##5U(%-%(%&"%-#.))!8'I=*8,=))!)*6*'5
1 51  >5 %L5 U  .- #$ (: "# B%#5  W#( .
#&% V PW-(" ( .%& #$5U #-. -%-(%# #%.WW#5 "  I
-IJJB%(#5%-%5%J-#J7)6)!)*67'5
.#1515.#5U#".#I-#%#$#%&/C(5U/%
%&-#%#I#$##.%-"-#-."1677,64+!644*'5
.#1515.#5U%(##%(.#$##C%&C#,
5U%(%&"%#1;=7K;7?!6447'5
/#15%##$%16?**,64?*5 I "#$##1
64?75
$ %(1 515( 1 5(/5U# % & -#%#,
%.-#%##%$5U-#IJJ///5%5%J-( .%#J++=;,%,#,%.,
-#%##,#$5"%6*J*6J)*)6!644;'5
(15U%"/%&!'% #5U%.%-#)+!)'I)*4,))7!)*)*'5
22
#1515>15>(#1C5],(%&1C5.]5U-#%#.-&%I
"#-#% % $  %# % (# E(" #- $##5U ^($
%16K68!)*67'5
#$%&.((!%'1%5-$&%%5)*6;,)*6+1.%
&%#C"%-51%1)*6;5
#$%&%%%-%!'5U%#-%#&%$##
!'1)*6?,)*)*5U" I-IJJ///5B-5%"5B%J#J@)*)*)*,)*))@)*/ 5-&!)*6?'5
W%(.$1515"(15  #5U9##%%&#B%5UAtlas of
Jordan !--5)6)K))6'1###<&-%5" I-IJJ%5%J6*5+***J %%0#5&-%58*6*!)*6;'5
.$%-#50$#####&%$G(I &E1))-5" I
-#IJJ5(.5%JJ%.(#J#J=)*;+!)*67'5
%15512%%&%.%%$#-%#%.$%C%#%##
%& % >$1 #%% %($31  ##1 "#$ %& (##:1 "  I
-#IJJ#(##:5&#5.%J.#J##JY%Y%&YY%Y.%%$YY#-%#Y%Y(.$
Y%YC%Y-#%##Y%&Y%Y>$Y#%%Y%($J);+4+8*?!)*))'5
%#%1 5 U.%#(.  0I  .  #%. &&%  %5U 
%(%&#(#5I6*56*?*J*;*==68*5)*);5))?7*4;!)*);'5
15 U%(.%5 #-   #   .%-%$  /%I %.#1 !#&,'
-#%1.%#(.%%&C%(#%$5U%.%-#6?!)'I6*,68!)*6+'5
1% 51_5 `H,WH1  > 5 "5 U$.#  #. %&
##%%-#%(% 5U("/%&"%#%(.#;4I
)67,)+)!)*6+'5
%/155U-(#%C"#%.0%(.%$#5-%% %C#.
"%-%!C'5U&/1%!644?'5
%/155U:-%%%&#.- $-#%#%.$I.%-%$#C
%&%5U--%-$64!+'I;+8K;=6!6444'5
%/15U%""%##%..%%%#I%..%%.-%%
.((%.$%<#Ca$5U%.%.##%
&.1IC1844K=;;!)**='5
B15U #%&#-.I$&(/%0# #,$C%5U
##%1..%0#5-#IJJ../%0#5.($5(J.Y#J+44;!)*))'5
B1 5 U %/   #-.I &"# %&  "%-# .%## 
 #,$ %5U#EbB6*16I4,+;!)*);'5
.%%#151 5 "/ .$I/ .%# -#%# "%- &.5%%I
164485
.%%#15U#%##-##I-#-."#%.5U%(%&#(#
+?I616,+7!)*)6'5
23
.%%#1 5 U"#%.01    %.# %& #%(.#I -5U #% #(I
#1=?-5" I-#IJJ///55%J&#J)*)),6*J#%#YCY5-&!)*))'5
.%%#1 51 5 #%#1 .$  "%-5 .. .% ( # !
'1)*);5
.%15%.%%$%&#I %( ##.%(##5/9"I
"#$##164775
(1 51S#%# 6** /$#I "&& 0#   1  ##1
"#$%&(##:1" IPastoralism 100 ways: navigang dierent market arrangements in
Sardinia (#gshare.com), )*))5
"#1 5 5 U %-# %& %. /%0# % $ &(#    %5U
%-%$"16!6'186,=;!)*6='5
##1 5 51 Financialisation of risk among the Borana pastoralists of Ethiopia: practices of
integrating livestock insurance in responding to risk1##1"#$%&(##:1)*))5
% %1C55 U.((  $ &(#  %I ( (%  --%(#
5U "  I -#IJJ-%55.5%JJ)*58**5667==J7+==5 " % ))J66J)*)*
!)*67'5
%-#%155U%.%%$%&#%/($5U#b#1
8*17=K6;=!6476'5
!#%&%&(##'1%&(("$)**4,$167
( )**41 -#IJJ///5&/%5%J&.J(-%J(#.J)**4JJ=7877M..##64 ($
)*)+N
9 !)*)+'1 $ (%1 -#IJJ-%5(.5%J%-%J#(%#J#$,#(%1
"%*6J*)J)*6+5
G$1 951 b % #1 5  1 %  "%-5 %" .%I
/%%( #1)*6=5
G0#151b1G5/"%&%/1%-b%.#I.%(&%"%..$
 H .-%5 .. .% ( #5 "  I
-#IJJ-...%-( #5.%J %%0J6+?6J,/,/",%&,-%/,-%-,,-%.#!)**7'5
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Book
Full-text available
In the drylands and mountains where pastoralists live, uncertainty is everywhere. In these settings, negotiating access to resources, navigating volatile markets, making use of varying social relations in times of stress, and responding to conflict and complex political dynamics is essential if livelihoods are to be generated. Pastoralism – the extensive, often mobile use of rangelands – is a vitally important livelihood practice globally. Rangelands cover more than half the world’s land surface, supporting many millions of people and livestock, often in harsh and hostile environments. The book’s chapters – with case studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe – explore how pastoral mobility is sustained, how resources are managed, how markets are combined, how social protections are provided, and how patterns of accumulation and investment are sustained in a more globalized, interconnected world. Focusing on the attributes of flexibility, adaptation, innovation, and learning for generating reliability, the book offers wider lessons for development in pastoral areas the world over that go beyond the rigid modes of planning, management, and control.
Article
Full-text available
This article traces the layered significance of displacement for Syrians whose parents’ and grandparents’ villages were flooded after the Euphrates Dam in Tabqa was completed in 1973. Known as al-maghmurin (the drowned), many of the dam’s displaced descendants are now living as refugee farmworkers in Lebanon. Based on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork at the Lebanese-Syrian border, the article analyzes how these refugees grappled with the struggles, promises, and losses associated with Syria’s high modern era of agrarian reform against the backdrop of Syria’s ongoing war. Facing the uncertainty of long-term displacement, their vernacular narratives about the dam resurrected Baʿthist ideals of state-led agrarian development and expressed a yearning for stability. Such expectations of material improvement, however, sat in tension with an intergenerational history of economic insecurity, decades of rural outmigration, and their everyday predicaments as refugee farmworkers. This article shows how these histories took form in the maghmurin’s everyday talk about the dam: the servile agrarian past that Syria’s land reforms were meant to overcome, the many unintended displacements these reforms unleashed, and the ways they contended with these past displacements in the present. In doing so, it argues that the displacement of these refugees was not a singular event triggered by war but rather a fractured inheritance and ongoing afterlife of agrarian developmentalism and Syria’s long post-socialist transition.
Article
Full-text available
For many years, studies of peasants and pastoralists have run in parallel, creating mutual blind-spots. This article argues that, despite contrasting research traditions and conceptual framings, there are many commonalities. The classic problematics of agrarian studies-around production, accumulation and politics-apply as much to pastoralists as they do to peasants. Processes of social differentiation and class formation, the role of wage labour and questions around mobilisation and politics are consistently relevant. However, a reflection on a large literature on pastoralism across nine world regions reveals that there are nevertheless some important contrasts with classic representations of a settled peasantry. These are: living with and off uncertainty; mobility to respond to variability; flexible land control and new forms of tenure; dynamic social formations; collective social relations for a new moral economy; engaging with complex markets and a new politics for a transforming world. The article concludes by arguing that, under contemporary conditions, these are all important for understanding settled agrarian systems too, as today pastoralists and peasants face many of the same challenges. These seven themes, the article argues, offer a new set of lenses for examining pastoral and peasant settings alike, helping to expand perspectives in agrarian studies.
Chapter
L’ambition de cet atlas est d’offrir au lecteur des clés d’analyse spatiale des dynamiques sociales, économiques et politiques qui animent la Jordanie, pays exemplaire de la complexité du Moyen-Orient. Produit de sept années de coopération scientifique entre l’Ifpo, le Centre Royal Jordanien de Géographie et l’Université de Jordanie, l’atlas réunit les contributions de 48 chercheurs européens, jordaniens et internationaux. La formation des territoires jordaniens sur le temps long est éclairée par une longue partie historique, suivie de chapitres sur la démographie, l’économie, les disparités sociales, les défis urbains et les grands projets d’aménagement du territoire. La Jordanie fait figure d’exception au Moyen-Orient par la stabilité politique dont elle témoigne depuis la proclamation de son indépendance en 1946, cela malgré le défi qu’a constitué l’intégration de plusieurs vagues de réfugiés palestiniens, irakiens et tout récemment syriens. Elle a fait de cette stabilité et de la paix signée avec Israël en 1994 une rente économique qui lui permet d’être l’un des premiers pays au monde en terme d’aide au développement par habitant.