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Damage by Pests and Phyllody to Sesamum indicum in Relation to the Time of Sewing
Abstract
Shoot webber and gallly incidence and phyllody infection wore assessed in 12 monthly sowings in gingelly during 1974-75. February. March and April sowings showed shoot webber infestation ranging from 10.4 to 16.9 per cent followed by a sharp decline in post activity in May to August sowings. The infestation increased in September to November sowings; the highest damage of 23.0 per cent was observed in October sown crop. Gallfly infestation was high in December and January sowings (23.3 and 21.3 per cent pod damage) while damage by this pest was absent in sowings from February to April. There was 63.6 per cent incidence in June sowing and the same ranged from 24.5 to 38.2 per cent in July, August, September and November sowings. The phyllody inci- dence was least in January, February and September sowings ranging from 0.21 to 0.83 per cent and the highest incidence of 33.9 per cent was observed in November sowing.
... Phyllody disease is not restricted to the cultivated species of Sesamum, but it has been also observed in S. alatý un, S. indicatum (Ramanujam, 1944), S. occidentale and S. radiatum (Mazzani and Malaguti, 1952). The affected plants become stunted and the floral parts are transformed into green leaf-like structures followed by abundant vegetative growth resulting in a yield loss up to 34% or even 100% in the cases of severe incidence (Figure 1) (Abraham et al., 1977;Sarwar and Haq, 2006). It has been observed that one per cent increase in disease intensity reduces the yield by 8.36 kg per hectare (Maiti et al., 1988). ...
... Different types of disease symptoms are reported to be associated with sesame phyllody. The major symptoms are phyllody (production of leafy structures of floral parts) (Figures 3b and 3c), flower virescence (color change to green) (Figures 3d and 3h), witches' broom ( Figure 3f), shoot tip fasciation, flattening of the shoot apex, intense leaf and flower bud proliferation (Figures 3d and 3e) and cracking of seed capsules (Figure 3i) (Vasudeva 1955;Choopanya, 1973;Abraham et al., 1977, Klein, 1977Salehi and Izadpanah, 1992;Baspinar et al., 1993;Selvanarayanan and Selvamuthukumaran, 2000;Akhtar et al., 2009;Cengiz et al., 2013;Catal et al., 2013;Nabi et al., 2015a;Madhupriya et al., 2015). In addition to this, infected plants exhibit reduction of internode distance and of leaf size (Akhtar et al., 2009). ...
... Controlling the vector by chemical insecticides has been successful (Tandon and Banerjee, 1968;Rosy et al., 1996), but the complete elimination of the disease is not possible because small areas are subject to reinfection with leafhoppers migrating from adjacent natural or cultivated host plants acting as phytoplasma reservoirs. Sevithion (carbaryl 40%, parathionmethyl 10%) at 1.5 kg/ha of monocrotophos (0.025%) and methyle-o-demeton @ 0.025 % significantly reduced the vector population (Abraham et al., 1977;Pathak et al., 2013). Protection against insect vectors during the growth of the crop is one of the important strategies to manage the disease, however the control by killing the leafhoppers through foliar application of insecticides has been effective only to limited extent. ...
Sesame is the most ancient oil seed plant cultivated in the tropics of Asia and South Africa. Among the major constraints, phyllody associated with phytoplasma presence is the major limiting factor affecting its cultivation firstly described more than 100 years ago. Almost all the sesame varieties under cultivation are susceptible to the disease that continues to cause severe economic losses. Different symptomatology is present: the most common symptoms are phyllody, flower virescence and witches' broom affecting growth and yield. Several detection methods like Diene' s stains and TEM techniques were developed for the detection of phytoplasmas in phloem sieve tissues, however the PCR based assays were established for the identification of the phytoplasmas associated with the disease. After rRNA sequencing and restriction analyses, a wide genetic diversity was identified among sesame phyllody associated phytoplasmas: four ribosomal groups 16SrI, 16SrII, 16SrVI and 16SrIX were detected. The disease spreads in nature by different leafhopper species, among them Orosius orientalis was reported as the major vector. Moreover many weed species are reported hosts of the sesame phyllody-associated phytoplasmas. No effective control measures of the disease were developed, except resistance, management of insect vectors and altering the dates of sowing to avoid peaks of insect vector population. So far no resistant genotype of sesame is available. However, attempts have been made to confer resistance against the phyllody disease in sesame through intra-and interspecific crosses of two wild species Sesamum mulayanum and S. alatum. The review reports uptodate information about history, geographic distribution, symptomatology, diagnosis, genetic diversity, epidemiology and management of sesame phyllody disease.
... The disease has been causing substantial economic losses by changing their floral parts into leafy structures which allows no seeds in the capsule from sesame fields in Turkey (Ikten et al., 2014). Infected plants show some distinct phenotypic changes including alteration in flower structure turning green leaf-like color and excessive vegetative growth results in a significant yield loss from 34% to even 100% (Abraham et al., 1977;Sarwar and Haq, 2006;Esmailzadeh Hosseini et al., 2015a). It has been observed that 1% increase in disease intensity reduces the yield by 8.36 kg per hectare (Maiti et al., 1988). ...
... Apart from insect vector, the sesame phyllody phytoplasma could also be successfully transmitted by dodder and grafting (Fig. 4.5) (Abraham et al., 1977;Salehi and Izadpanah, 1992;Akhtar et al., 2009;Pathak et al., 2012;Ikten et al., 2014;Ranebennur et al., 2022b), however, no seed-borne transmission was demonstrated (Choonapaya, 1973;Akhtar et al., 2009;Nabi et al., 2015b). ...
... Symptoms of diseased plants may vary with the phytoplasma, host plant, stage of the disease, age of the plant at the time of infection and environmental conditions. Association of phytoplasma has been confirmed with sesame phyllody disease in India on the basis of symptoms and electron microscopy but the molecular approaches are little attempted (Vasudeva and Sahambi 1955;Abraham et al. 1977;Khan et al. 2007;Manjunatha et al. 2012). In this study, attempt has been made to investigate the variations among different symptoms of phyllody caused by phytoplasma with the help of basis of molecular approaches. ...
Phyllody, a destructive and economically important disease worldwide caused by phytoplasma infections, is characterized by the abnormal development of floral structures into stunted leafy parts and contributes to serious losses in crop plants, including sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). In addition to phyllody, symptoms like virescence, witches broom and capsule breaking were also observed. The study was conducted with direct PCR and Nested PCR to confirm the variation among symptoms of phyllody. A nested PCR assay using primer pair P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 was used to amplify a 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb fragment of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene, respectively. 16S rRNA sequence generated from the present study and reference phytoplasma strains sequences retrieved from Gene bank NCBI were used to construct phylogenetic tree by Neighbor-Joining method using MEGA 6.0 software version. Blast analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed 99 % sequence identity of the Rajendranagar isolate with that of sesamum phyllody of Oman region.
... ographies. It is sorted by first author and date of publication instead of by all authors with no regard to date, i.e., look at Ahirwar below where a traditional bibliography would have the 4 entries in reverse order. On the dates, there may be letter modifiers that match the letters in the sesame bibliography.Abraham, E.V., K. Natarajan and M.Murugaesan. 1977. Damage by pests and phyllody to Sesamum indicum in relation to time sowing. Madras Agric. J. 64: 298-301. {India} Ahirwar, R.M., S. Banerjee and M.P. Gupta. 2009. Insect pest management in sesame crop by intercropping system. Annals of Plant Protec Sci. 17(1): 225-226. {India} Ahirwar, R.M., M.P. Gupta, and S. Banerjee. 2010a. Bio-ecol ...
Part 1. The project started with the 17 insect pests affecting sesame in the 2004 IPGRI and NBPGR Descriptors for Sesame (Sesamum spp.). Reviewing over 350 documents produced another 282 insect pests. There are probably more to add in the future. This has been broken into 2 parts due to the sizes of the file in Word.
... This indicated that dodder can be a effective means in natural transmission of the disease in the field. Earlier, Abraham et al., (1977) reported that dodder (Cuscuta campestris) played role for transmission, donor as well as reservoir of sesamum phytoplasma. ...
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These three books cover the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) pest, predator, parasitoid, pathogen, pollinator, and scavenger descriptors. The books cover 766 insect, arachnid, nematode, mammal, bird, fungus, and virus species that have been recorded in sesame. Books 1 and 2 cover the pests; book 3 covers the beneficial predators, parasitoids, pathogens, pollinators, and scavengers. These books are a part of other published books which cover the descriptors of sesame seedlings, roots and stems, plants, leaves, flowers, capsules, capsule zones, cycle, seeds, seed components, agronomic and administrative, and weeds. There are volumes still in draft on abiotic (physical) and biotic (diseases) stresses. There is also a sesame bibliography. This series of documents are not intended to be read from front to back, but rather to be used like an encyclopedia.
KEYWORDS: sesame, Sesamum indicum, pest, predator, parasitoid, pollinator, scavenger.
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