Potential Approach Of Mushrooms In Bioremediation –A Short Review

Abstract

One of the biggest environmental problems facing the world today is the soil contamination caused by industrialization and the widespread use of chemicals. "Bioremediation" is an affordable and ecologically beneficial cleanup method that employs microorganisms to swiftly and efficiently break down dangerous pollutants. Substances that are toxic are changed into less harmful forms. The ability of fungi to change a variety of hazardous compounds has led to the possibility of using them in bioremediation. Mushroom-foring fungi, mostly basidiomycetes, are some of the natural most powerful decomposers due to their quick development and huge biomass output. They also emit strong extracellular enzymes. Among these enzymes are lignin peroxidases, laccase, and manganese peroxidase. Several mushrooms have been used to remove contaminants from contaminated environments, including Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Trametes versicolor. Bioremediation has made use of Lentinus squarrosulus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, P. ostreatus, and P. pulmonarius. This paper highlights the use of mushrooms for bioremediation as well as applying fungal mycelia in bioremediation, in general referred to as myco-remediation. A brief summary of the future of using mushrooms for bioremediation is also provided.

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Journal of Advanced Zoology
ISSN: 0253-7214
Volume 44 Issue S5 Year 2023 Page 2498-2501
Potential Approach Of Mushrooms In Bioremediation –A Short Review
Arpita Chakraborty1, Sapna Mandal2, Keya Mandal3, Dipti Das4, Supriya Kumar Bose5,
Aritri Laha6, Sabyasachi Ghosh7*
1,2,3,4,5,7*Department of Biotechnology, School of life science, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore,
West Bengal-700121, India.
3Department of Environmental Science, Kalna College, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal-713409, India.
4Department of Botany, Kalna College, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal-713409, India.
6Department of Microbiology, School of life science, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, West
Bengal-700121, India.
*Corresponding author: Sabyasachi Ghosh
*Department of Biotechnology, School of life science, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, West
Bengal-700121, India. Email: sabyasachig@svu.ac.in
Article History
Received: 30/09/2023
Revised: 15/10/2023
Accepted: 30/10/2023
CC License
CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0
Abstract
One of the biggest environmental problems facing the world today is the soil
contamination caused by industrialization and the widespread use of
chemicals. "Bioremediation" is an affordable and ecologically beneficial
cleanup method that employs microorganisms to swiftly and efficiently
break down dangerous pollutants. Substances that are toxic are changed into
less harmful forms. The ability of fungi to change a variety of hazardous
compounds has led to the possibility of using them in bioremediation.
Mushroom-foring fungi, mostly basidiomycetes, are some of the natural
most powerful decomposers due to their quick development and huge
biomass output. They also emit strong extracellular enzymes. Among these
enzymes are lignin peroxidases, laccase, and manganese peroxidase. Several
mushrooms have been used to remove contaminants from contaminated
environments, including Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium Trametes versicolor. Bioremediation has
made use of Lentinus squarrosulus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, P. ostreatus,
and P. pulmonarius. This paper highlights the use of mushrooms for
bioremediation as well as applying fungal mycelia in bioremediation, in
general referred to as myco-remediation. A brief summary of the future of
using mushrooms for bioremediation is also provided.
Keywords: Bioremediation, Mycoremediation Bio-degradation, Heavy
metals, Edible Mushroom
INTRODUCTION:
Systems for managing biological waste are becoming increasingly important on a global scale. A wide range
of activities, including as industrialization, agro-industries, urban trash, and agriculture in its raw form, produce
wastes every year. According to Wijnhoven et al., (2007) huge volumes of waste and organic pollutants are
produced annually and discharged into the surroundings (soil and water). There are many different ways to
remove heavy metals, but none of them are as active as biological approaches (using plants, algae, fungus, and

Journal of Advanced Zoology
Available online at: https://jazindia.com 2499
bacteria). This is because biological methods are more expensive, don't always succeed in removing heavy
metals completely, and still require a lot of resources. Given the seriousness of the problem and the lack of a
practical remedy, an expedient, economical, and environmentally benign process of clearing up is badly desired
(Hamman, 2004). Numerous species, including plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria have been employed to break
down pollutants and purify our environment (Leung, 2004). But fungi, the most exceptional biological
decomposer, are essential in turning these wastes into useful products. Because of their physiological
adaptability, they can be found in a variety of habitats with acidic pH level, temperature, oxygen
concentrations, salinity, and concentrations of heavy metal (Woldemariam, 2019). It has been shown that
mushrooms' extracellular enzymes can break down a wide range of wastes, including both organic and
inorganic contaminants, transforming them into food with excellent quality, flavor, and nutritional value.
Therefore, mushrooms are among the fungi that show promise for environmental bioremediation. Mushrooms
are especially environmentally benign since they may be used to produce food, feed, and fertilizer from
lignocellulosic waste. It can be produced in plastic containers, plates, reservoirs, and containers and similar
containers by producing artificially controlled conditions (Woldemariam, 2019). After spawning, these
creatures grow rather quickly and can be harvested three to four weeks later. Consequently, mushroom farming
is a crucial biological decomposer with a short payoff that is necessary for converting waste into goods that
are valuable. The following are some efficient mycoremediation procedures for pollutant removal:
mycoacumulation, mycodegradation, mycovolatilization, mycostabilization, and mycostimulation (Figure 1).
The use of fungus mycelia and mushrooms in bioremediation are highlighted in this review literature.
Additionally, a concise overview of the future scope of mushrooms in bioremediation is also discussed.
Figure 1: Different mycoremediation techniques using mushrooms.
APPLICATION OF MUSHROOM IN BIOREMEDIATION
A. Bioremediation using sporocarp of mushroom.
A highly promising approach to mitigating the deleterious impact of heavy metal-induced environmental
contamination on human well-being and the Bioremediation in ecosystem. But because they are expensive and
don't remove enough metal, none of the traditional treatments work as well as biological treatment. The
ultimate goal of bioremediation is to fully mineralize contaminants, may change them to other forms, as water
(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (N2), hydrogen chloride (HCL), etc. If their solubility is changed
or diminished, heavy metals and radioactive ions & radioactive elements can be less damaging to the
environment even though they cannot be broken down (Singh et al., 2014). Phytoremediation and myco-
remediation, which include gathering the fungus, are further methods of getting rid of them. The biotechnology
and waste bioremediation fields hold a lot of promise for using mushrooms. The bio-remediation of soil wastes
using mushrooms. According to some studies (Çayır et al., 2010; Demirbas 2002; Zhang, D. et al., 2008)
mushrooms have the ability to convert accumulated heavy metals like nickel, chromium, copper, lead, and
cadmium, and agricultural wastes into beneficial chemicals. Agaricus bisporus is a species that absorbs copper
relatively much more than other species; Pleurotus ostreatus absorbs most cadmium, very little mercury, and
zinc, but not lead; and Lepiotarhacodes accumulates lead at very high levels (Das, 2005). Only a few examples

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of persistent xenobiotic compounds that mushrooms can degrade are, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus,
Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus pulmonarius Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Irpex lacteus, and Pleurotus
tuberregium,.
B. Bioconversion of Agricultural Contaminants
Agricultural transforming businesses, such as those that change fruits and vegetables, breweries, and grain
mills, produce agro-industrial pollutants, which are good sources of specific bioactive molecules and nutrients.
According to Kulshreshtha et al., (2014), consideration might be given to the bioconversion of these
contaminants into some important alternative beneficial elements.
One well-known example of bioconversion, the process by which the fruiting bodies of mushrooms can be
consumed as valuable objects is the growth of mycelia on agro-industrial pollutants. Only in situations where
the substrates are notably present can the choice of agro-industrial substrates be made (Kulshreshtha et al.,
2014). Since mushrooms are excellent sources of nutrients, their involvement in mycoremediation of agro-
industrial pollution promotes the production of fruiting bodies rich in protein.
C. White-rot Fungi Deterioration System
The fungus industry's stimulant-induced lignin degradation mechanism is one of the prevalent biodeterioration
techniques. Very few substrates are precise enough for Extracellular stimuli that alter lignin to consolidate the
abundant proportion of highly refractory contaminants that share structural similarities with lignin (Mansur et
al., 2003; Pointing, 2001)
Manganese peroxidase, laccase, lignin-peroxidase, and peroxidase-generating stimulants are the main players
in the degradation of lignin, however not all ligninolytic fungi display all three forms of enzymatic action. In
order to ascertain the action of the lignocellulolytic substates, on maize stalks, an experimental solid-state
fermenting experiment using the Lentinus squarrosulus variant MBFBL 201 has been carried out. White-rot
fungi have been projected for the biodeterioration of contaminated spots that contain challenging mixes like
crude oil and creosote (Isikhuemhen et al., 2012).
After 30 days, the results demonstrated that L. squarrosulus was effective in breaking down maize stalks. On
the sixth day of the culture procedure, lignocellulolytic stimulants started to function much more quickly.
Which is a helpful producer of exopolysaccharides. Since it shows an active supply of acceptors, L.
squarrosulus is a great choice for industrial pretreatment and the process of lignocellulosic biomass being
biodelignified.
FUTURE SCOPE:
In a maximum mycoremediation experiment, mushroom was grown in lab soil, but sometimes it is difficult to
replicate the results in real soil since many pollutants are located there in insoluble forms that make it difficult
to remove them. While research is being done to optimize mushroom ability and properly understand the
impact of metal heavy or pollutants accumulation inside the mushroom and their effect on their physiology,
crop production, growth, and tolerance capacity, genetically modified and transgenic mushroom are currently
giving better commercial responses. Therefore, there is still much to learn about ability of mushroom employed
for heavy metal & pollutant removal in the future. However, it is hoped that various agronomic management
techniques and technologies would be applied to address the issue of acclimatization of mushroom in various
environments.
CONCLUSION:
As everyone is aware, microbial bioremediation and biodegradation are among the most concentrated areas of
study for enduring developments because of their strong enzymatic activity and remarkable adaptability under
harsh environmental conditions. Based on the circumstances given above, it can be concluded that mushroom
cultivation attracted a lot of attention in the study area for biological degradation and bioremediation.
Employing mushrooms that harbor a beneficial bacterial strain may accelerate the breakdown of pollutants. If
the genes causing the biodegradation of pollutants are found and added to the native strain, future prospects
may be enhanced. The availability of high strains in real-world environments. Future research must build links
between specialists in interdisciplinary fields like microbiology, biotechnology, genetic engineering and
chemistry, in order to create a workable bioremediation method.

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