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Everyone was isolated for a lengthy period during the COVID lockdown, which resulted in binge-watching. An
alarming trend has been burgeoning among emerging adults with internet usage due to online streaming platforms
such as Netflix, Hotstar, Amazon Prime, and others. Binge-watching is very popular, especially among the younger
generation, and they have access to the internet regularly. People started spending their valuable time in front of
screens and always watched episodes of series and shows repetitively in one sitting. This habit produced multiple
negative outcomes and created an unbalance in society. People started desensitizing the value of time and started
neglecting their physical and psychological health. The more binge-watching you do, the more sleep deprivation
you'll have, which can lead to both mental and physical exhaustion. From a psychological point of view, there is a
growing need to figure out the consequences of binge-watching and its related aspects. The major aim of the present
study is to explore the relationship between binge-watching, sleep quality, and fatigue among emerging adults. A
sample of 140 emerging adults aged between 18-22 were selected from various colleges located in Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu. The personal data sheet and standardized instruments were used to measure binge-watching, sleep
quality, and fatigue. The study results showed that there is a significant relationship between binge-watching, sleep
quality, and fatigue. Hence, the study results can be adopted to design certain psychological interventions to
improve sleep quality and diminish binge-watching and fatigue.
Keywords: binge watching, sleep quality, fatigue, and COVID
Recent reports estimated that 40% of the world's population is
accessing internet connection and there is a growing demand for
mobile phone usage (Wolniewicz et al., 2018). Sometimes people
are out of control and excessively spend their valuable time on
smartphones. Binge-watching is described as viewing "many
episodes of a television program in swift succession" (Oxford
English Dictionary, 2020). The habit of binge viewing has lately
expanded because of the rise of online video streaming services such
as Amazon Prime, Netflix, and others, which allow consumers to
watch series and TV episodes on demand (Sam, 2018). During 2011
and 2015, it became more significant among young adults and it
covered much more popular and became a new normal mainstream
(Dixit et al., 2020). During the COVID lockdown, largely
individuals are isolated in their homes for extended periods, which
causes people to watch internet television because it is simpler to
access and less expensive. People who are high in binge-watching
are more likely to experience unpleasant consequences such as
gloom, misery, excessive worry, less tolerance for stressors, reduced
self-esteem, and a high tendency to criticize themselves (Kattula et
The term emerging adult is used to describe the period of
developmental span ranges eighteen and twenty-five. Five aspects
that characterize emerging adulthood include identity discoveries,
unsteadiness, self-focus, being ambiguous between childhood and
adulthood, and having multiple choices for the future (Lazzara,
2020). Emerging adults are increasingly seeking longer and broader
education, marrying and having children later, and enduring a longer
transition to a secure jobs (Arnett, 2020). It is also a period for
development in the brain, incorporating new experiences, making an
impression about mutual understanding and closeness in the
relationship, developing an idea about family orientation, and
optimizing skills that ensure skills for further growth (Hochberg &
Campbell, 2021). Studies and supporting evidences show that
people who are at the end of adolescence may not be considered an
adult even if multiple parameters are employed. That parameters
include a person's physiological, psychological, social, intellectual,
emotional, and behavioral determinants (Sawyer et al., 2012).
Adolescen t medicine specialists have ack nowledged this
inconsistency and redefined adolescence to encompass young
people up to the age of 24 years, many of whom have not yet adopted
adult duties (Hochberg, 2009). Emerging adults undergo a set of
fluctuations that include differences in living environment,
prioritizing relationships, completing academic and vocational
training, getting into a committed marital relationship, and
becoming independent beings. This happens at a troubled time of
emotional, neurological, and social development. The increasing
agency comes together with a decrease in institutional and familial
support (Lerner & Overton, 2008). Even though it is a period of
productive development, certain factors may inhibit such normal
growth and act as a threat to their progress.
© 2022 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare
ISSN-2347-3797
NAAS Rating 4.42
Binge Watching, Sleep Quality, and Fatigue among
Emerging Adults
Nivetha Shri M., M. Vinothkumar, and Anjo George
Department of Psychology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences
Review, 2022, 10(3), 385-389
https://iahrw.org/our-services/journals/iahrw-international-journal-of-social-sciences-review/
Author Note
Nivetha Shri M., Post Graduate Student, Department of Psychology
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Dr. M. Vinothkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
E-mail: vinoth1330@gmail.com
Anjo George, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Psychology
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
E-mail: anjogeorge1993@gmail.com
We have no known conflict of interest to disclose
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Nivetha Shri M., Post Graduate Student, Department of Psychology
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
E-mail: nivethashri2012@gmail.com
Binge-watchers reported increased weariness, more symptoms of
insomnia, lower sleep quality, and higher attentiveness before going
to sleep (Exelmans & Van den Bulck, 2017). Getting enough sleep
can make a significant impact on how you feel. Poor sleep quality,
inability to get into normal sleep, sleep efficiency, and dysfunctions
in daily life were shown as significant connections with binge-
watching (Srinivasan et al., 2021). Sleeping too little or too much can
make you feel tired (Alam, 2021). Recent scientific studies reported
that people who are engaged in binge-watching have a lot of
consequences such as more fatigue, insomnia, reduced sleep quality,
and higher attentiveness before getting to sleep (Williamson &
Friswell, 2011). Small duration of sleep and exhaustion in the day
time is more prevalent among students and it is significantly
associated with stressful experiences, unstable mental health,
depression, anxiety, and diminished social support (Grandner et al.,
2021).
Binge-watching is more prevalent among young adults, and it can
cause multiple consequences (Ahmed, 2017). It directly affects
physiological and psychological functioning and acts as a threat to
growth and de velopment. Developing a comprehensive
understanding of its influence on sleep and fatigue is more important
(Young & De Abreu, 2017). As previously stated, sleep and fatigue
are more affected areas, and their relationship must be investigated.
The cerebral stimulation from late-night viewing, a sort of
stimulation referred to as "pre-sleep arousal," was found as a primary
source of sleep interruptions brought by binge-watching. Also,
repeated exposure to different programs, video contents, stories,
actions, and visuals will automatically excite brain activities and
attention (Exelmans & Van den Bulck, 2017). Moreover, the
tendency to watch one more episode may lead you into prolonged
wakefulness and make you more drained and exhausted (Micheal,
2018). That can be a hazard to normal health, and people forget that
sleep is important as nutrition and exercise. The quality of sleep
always benefits in multiple domains and augments cognitive
functions, emotional wellness, and physical and psychological
health. The reduction in the quality of sleep may produce changes in
physiological functioning and can lead to multiple diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, stroke, obesity, and other lifestyle diseases
(Xie, 2013). Several studies have reported that prolonged sleep
deprivation among young adults can cause selective attention, poor
academic performance, mood fluctuations, accidents, worries,
suicidal ideation, and attempts (Richter, 2015). Studies also found
that the prevalence of sleep deprivation is more common among
college students and it results in academic failures, desensitizing the
necessity of academic goals, daytime drowsiness, and disruptions in
circadian rhythms (Hershner & Chervin, 2014).
al., 2021). In other circumstances, the resultant guilt from binge
viewing leads to the consumer bingeing, even more, to put off their
duties even longer (Panda & Pandey, 2017). Flayelle et al. (2017)
discovered that people who have a sensation seeking propensity will
always spend more time and watch too many shows to fulfill their
basic instinctual needs. Binge-watchers exhibit additional
indications of behavioral craving for internet usage, which include
sleeplessness, lack of self-control, insistence, speed of action, and
neglecting duties and responsibilities. It also covers social and
physical aspects, being dishonest, or withdrawal indications such as
general apprehension, uncontrollable worries, outbursts of anger,
and inability to concentrate and focus. Despite all these changes,
binge-watching is associated with shame and guilt feelings based on
the uncontrollable need and the time required for internet usage
(Riddle et al., 2017).
From the above information, it is evident that watching multiple
episodes or spending more time on screen may affect the entire
physiological and psychological functioning. Fatigue was one
among them and its intensity may not be the same for every
individual. Thus, fatigue has been characterized as a general
sensation and lack of energy to engage in a particular activity. When
a person experiences excessive fatigue, it would reduce the level of
motivation and excitement for specific tasks (Elaine, 2020).
Sometimes it is considered a result of lifestyle choices, such as a lack
of exercise or a poor diet. There are numerous potential causes of
weariness. They are classified into three broad categories: lifestyle
elements/ physical health issues/ problems with mental health
(Ahmed, 2014). The time of internet use each day affected
participants' weariness and discomfort levels (Dol, 2016). A
substantial difference in physical and mental weariness between
people with internet addiction and those who do not have an internet
addiction. Given that both mental and physical weariness is likely to
have a detrimental influence on academic performance (Bachleda &
Darhiri, 2018).
Participants
Chalder Fatigue Scale (Jackson, 2015): It consists of 11 items. Item
The sample was collected from various colleges located in
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Convenient samplings were adopted and a
sample of 140 emerging adults age ranges between 18- 22 was
chosen for the study. The sample was selected based on the inclusion
and exclu si on cr iteria. Peop le pu rs uing undergrad ua te,
postgraduate, and intermediate were selected. People who are
working and aged less than 18 and more than 22 were excluded.
Method
Research Design
The research design adopted in the current study is a correlational
research design. This research design helps the researcher to
understand the relationship between the variables.
Measures
Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire (Forte et al., 2021). It is a
five-point rating scale with a total of 20 items on a self-report
questionnaire. It has four dimensions; they are (1) Cravings, (2)
dependency, (3) anticipation, and (4) avoidance. The internal
consistency of the BWAQ's four factors was high were: Factor 1 =
0.91; Factor 2 = 0.82; Factor 3 = 0.75; Factor 4 = 0.81. Positive
correlations were found in the inter-factor correlation matrix. A 5-
point rating scale was used for scoring. The never, rarely, sometimes,
often, and almost. The numerical weights are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 1
for never and 5 for almost. A higher score indicates higher severity.
Sleep Quality Scale (Yi et al., 2006). It is a four-point rating scale. It
comprises of 28 items that evaluate six domains of daytime
symptoms, restoration after sleep, problems initiating and
maintaining sleep, difficulty waking, and sleep satisfaction. The
internal consistency of the sleep quality scale is .92, and the test-
retest reliability of the scale is .81. It is a 4-point rating scale. The
rarely, sometimes, often, and almost, with the numeric weights of 0,
1, 2, and 3 were 0 for rarely and 3 for almost. A higher score
indicates more sleep deprivation.
SHRI ET AL./ BINGE WATCHING, SLEEP QUALITY, AND FATIGUE386
Procedure
number 1- 7 for physical fatigue and 8-11 for mental fatigue. The
scale is indicated by split-half reliability of 0.85 and a Cronbach
alpha that ranges between 0.86 and 0.92. It is a four-point rating
scale. Which is less than usual, no more than usual, more than usual,
and much more than usual. The numeric weight of 0, 1, 2, and 3 were
3 for much more than usual and 0 for less than usual.
The questionnaire technique is adopted in the survey. All participants
gave their informed consent to take part in the study. The questionnaires
are presented by Google form to the participants. They were well-
informed about the three questionnaires altogether, including personal
data. As the subjects are not supposed to write their names in the
personal data and they were informed that their identity will not be
revealed. The information they provide will not be shared with
anybody and will not be used for any other purposes. Correlation and
regression analysis were done using software SPSS-20 version
which has been explained in the results and discussion part.
Results
1 Cravings -
Sr.No. Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 Dependence .770** -
3 Anticipation .547** .528** -
4 Avoidance .742** .671** .618** -
6 Fatigue .415** .324** .162 .279** .398** -
5 Sleep Quality .259** .168 .102 .277** -
Note. **p<.01, * p<.05
Table 1
The Correlation Coefficient of Dimensions of Binge-watching, Sleep Quality, and Fatigue
Table 1 shows that Pearson's Product Correlation assesses the
relationship of dimensions of binge-watching sleep quality and
fatigue. There is a significant positive relationship between Cravings
and sleep quality (r = .259 p<.01). There is no significant
relationship between dependency and Sleep quality (r = .168 p<.01).
There is no significant relationship between anticipation and sleep
quality (r = .102 p<.01). There is a significant positive relationship
between avoidance and sleep quality (r = .271 p<.01). There is a
significant positive relationship Cravings and fatigue (r = .415
p<.01). There is a significant positive relationship between
dependency and fatigue (r = .324 p<.01). There is no significant
relationship between anticipation and fatigue (r = .162 p<.01). There
is a significant positive relationship between avoidance and fatigue
(r = .398 p<.01). There is a significant positive relationship between
sleep quality and fatigue (r = .398 p<.01).
(Constant) -2.218 2.124 -1.044 .299
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.
Cravings .467 .175 .386 2.669 .009
B SE b
Dependency .185 .319 .076 .581 .562
Anticipation .222 .458 .051 .485 .629
Avoidance .345 .400 -.115 -.861 .391
Sleep Quality .164 .043 .322 3.818 .000
2 2
Note. R =.273, Adj.R=.241, F= 8.483, p=.05
Table 2
Dimensions of Binge Watching and Sleep Quality as Predictors of Fatigue
The present study aims to understand the relationship between
binge-watching, sleep quality, and Fatigue among emerging adults.
The current study has a population of 119 undergraduate and
postgraduate emerging adults. The objective was to find the
Table 2 shows the results of regression analysis to check whether the
dimensions of binge-watching and sleep quality predict fatigue.
There is a significant positive prediction between cravings and
fatigue and sleep quality and fatigue which accounted for a 27%
variance in fatigue. The dimensions of binge-watching, dependency,
anticipation, and avoidance didn't predict fatigue.
Discussion
IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 2022, 10(3), 385-389 387
relationship between binge-watching, sleep quality, and fatigue. The
findings from correlation analysis indicated that there is a significant
positive relationship between cravings and sleep quality. It explains
that a person's uncontrollable tendency to engage in binge-watching
may cause changes in sleep patterns. Andhi et al. (2022) also found
that excessive internet usage significantly affects sleep quality
among young adults. At the same time, other dimensions of binge-
watching, dependency, and anticipation don't have any significant
association with sleep quality. From the table, we can infer that there
is a significant correlation between avoidance and sleep quality. It
indicates that the more we avoid binge-watching, the better sleep
quality we experience. Iftene and Roberts (2004) also got similar
findings from their study and reported that avoidance improved
sleep quality and also strengthened their academic and personal
growth.
Arnett (2020, March 10). What is emerging adulthood. Psychological & Counseling
Services. https://www.unh.edu/pacs/emerging-adulthood
Binge-watching is the habit of watching many episodes of a
television show in quick succession. People who binge watch
instead of exercising, socializing, or resting is increasing their risk
for a variety of significant health disorders, including cardiovascular
disease, depression, sleep difficulties, and behavioral addictions.
Fatigued people are more easily distracted, have a poorer ability to
focus, are more likely to forget things, take longer to solve issues,
make more mistakes, and have slower reaction times. The current
result finding shows that there is a significant positive relationship
between binge-watching, sleep quality, and fatigue. This study also
shows that there is a positive predictor between binge watching and
sleep quality on fatigue.
Ahmed, A. A. A. M. (2017). New era of TV-watching behavior: binge watching and its
psychological effects. Media Watch, 8(2), 192-207.
Bener, A., Al-Mahdi, H. S., & Bhugra, D. (2016). Lifestyle factors and internet addiction
among school children. International Journal of Community and Family Medicine,
1(118), 1-6.
The results also show that there is a significant positive correlation
between craving, dependency, avoidance, and fatigue. It explains
that the dimensions of binge-watching (except anticipation) are
directly related to fatigue. If the person is engaged in more binge-
watching, then it can lead to chronic fatigue and other health
problems. Bener et al. (2019) also found that recurrent usage of
internet-related platforms causes prolonged fatigue and sleep
disturbances among adolescents. Bachleda and Darhiri (2018) also
reported that prolonged internet usage can lead to both mental and
physical fatigue. Correlation analysis also brought attention to the
significant relationship between sleep quality and fatigue.
Srinivasan et al. (2021) described that binge-watching is closely
related to the level of sleep quality and it may produce changes in
sleep latency, sleep habits, and dysfunctions in the daytime.
Exelmans (2017) found that a higher frequency of binge-watching
was correlated with poor sleep quality, more fatigue, and symptoms
of other diseases. While binge-viewing was connected with poor
sleep quality, merely watching television for two hours before going
to bed can cause more fatigue both physically and mentally
(Exelmans & Van den Bulck, 2017). Past researchers always raised
the concern about impaired physical functioning, sleep-related
problems, tiredness, cardiovascular problems, malnutrition,
alienation, behavioral craving, and cognitive dysfunctions as a result
of binge-watching (Bharhum, 2022).
Conclusion
Limitations of the Study
References
From the results, we came to know that, there is a link between
binge-watching, sleep quality, and weariness. Individuals must
minimize their binge viewing behavior to enhance their sleep quality
and fatigue. Because the desire to watch more episodes and so on
will cause them to forget about their need for sleep and reduce
fatigue. Excessive tiredness, poor mental ability, inattention, and
physical exhaustion can all result from fatigue. Binge viewing can
limit one's ability to explore one's specific skill; it can cause a person
to lose interest in their academics, social, and personal lives. This
might have a significant detrimental impact on the well-being of
future generations. Typically, watching television was a way to
unwind. It can provide a short-term reprieve from the stresses of the
job, school, and parenting. Binge viewing, on the other hand, makes
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The results from Table 2 show the regression analysis carried out
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fatigue. The results indicated that there is a significant positive
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Received August 15, 2022
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smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of
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Accepted August 29, 2022
Revision received August 27, 2022
IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 2022, 10(3), 385-389 389
