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REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA Revisión bibliográfica sobre El Cáñamo como alternativa a la Madera
Abstract
Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en alrededor de 50 artículos científicos entre el año 2006 y el año 2023 sobre el Cáñamo como alternativa a la madera en la fabricación de Tableros de Partículas o Aglomerados. Como resultado de esta revisión, se confirma que el Cáñamo puede ser utilizado como alternativa a la madera en la fabricación de Tableros de Partículas o Aglomerados, aunque aún hace falta investigación para optimizar el proceso de pegado con aglutinantes respetuosos con el medio ambiente, la eliminación de las sustancias que afectan el pegado, y la necesidad de satisfacer las demandas futuras por el crecimiento de la fabricación de tableros de partículas.
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The wood of forest trees is a renewable, sustainable and easily workable material and has been widely used in construction, paper making, and furniture and as a feedstock for biofuels. Wood composites are engineered wood-based materials that are fabricated from a wide variety of wood and other non-wood lignocellulosic materials, bonded with synthetic or natural bio-based adhesive systems, and designed for specific value-added applications and performance requirements [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Traditional wood-based composites are fabricated using synthetic formaldehyde-based adhesives that are commonly formed from fossil-derived constituents, such as urea, phenol, and melamine [7,8,9]. Along with their undisputable advantages, these adhesives are characterized by certain problems related to the emission of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including free formaldehyde emissions from the finished wood composites, which is carcinogenic to humans and harmful to the environment [10,11,12]. The growing environmental concerns connected with the adoption of circular economy principles and the new, stricter legislative requirements for the emission of harmful VOCs, such as free formaldehyde, from wood composites pose new challenges for researchers and industrial practice. These challenges are related to the development of sustainable, eco-friendly wood composites [13,14,15], the optimization of the available lignocellulosic raw materials [16,17,18], and the use of alternative resources [19,20,21,22,23]. The harmful release of formaldehyde from wood composites can be reduced by applying formaldehyde scavengers to conventional adhesive systems [24,25,26,27], by the surface treatment of the finished wood composites, or by the application of novel bio-based wood adhesives as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional synthetic resins [28,29,30]. Another alternative to the use of synthetic formaldehyde-based adhesives is the manufacturing of binderless wood composites, since wood is a natural polymer material that is rich in lignocellulosic compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
The use of alternative raw materials such as agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste and by-products in particleboard production is a viable approach to respond to the increased global demand for wood-based materials, and it is a key circular economy principle as well. Wood chips are the second most costly element after resin in particleboard production, accounting for around 20% of the overall production cost. Therefore, a significant cost reduction could be achieved by replacing wood chips with lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. Agricultural biomass exists in abundant post-harvest and post-production processes and can be served as an ideal alternative for particleboard manufacturing. This study aimed to review and evaluate the current state-of-the-art particleboard production using a wide variety of environmentally-friendly agricultural biomass, recycled wood waste, and by-products. In this review, the agricultural biomass used for particleboard production was classified into seven different groups based on the part of the plant which they are extracted from, i.e. straw, stalk, bagasse, seed/fruit, leaf, grass, and palms. Particleboards' properties of these raw materials were also compared in terms of their mechanical parameters. The last part of this review concluded the challenges and future potential of using agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste.
The growing demand for wood-based panels for buildings and furniture and the increasing worldwide concern for reducing the pressure on forest resources require alternatives to wood raw materials. The agricultural industry not only can provide raw materials from non-wood plants but also numerous residues and side streams. This review supplies an overview of the availability, chemical composition, and fiber characteristics of non-wood lignocellulosic materials and agricultural residues, i.e., grow care residues, harvest residues, and process residues, and their relevance for use in wood panel manufacturing. During the crop harvest, there are millions of tons of residues in the form of stalks, among other things. Usually, these are only available seasonally without using storage capacity. Process residues, on the other hand, can be taken from ongoing production and processed further. Fiber characteristics and chemical composition affect the panel properties. Alternatives to wood with long fibers and high cellulose content offer sufficient mechanical strength in different panel types. In general, the addition of wood substitutes up to approximately 30% provides panels with the required strength properties. However, other parameters must be considered, such as pressing temperature, adhesive type, press levels, and pretreatments of the raw material. The search for new raw materials for wood panels should focus on availability throughout the year, the corresponding chemical requirements and market competition. Panel type and production process can be adapted to different raw materials to fit niche products.
Research was performed into the use of hemp shive as a fast-growing and carbon-storing agricultural waste material in the production of particleboard for the construction industry. Hemp shives were acquired and prepared for board production with the use of milling and sieving to reach two target groups with 0.5 mm to 2 mm and 2 mm to 5.6 mm particle size ranges. The cold pressing method was used to produce hemp boards with Kleiberit urea formaldehyde resin as a binder. The boards were made as 19 mm thick single-layer parts with a density range of 300 ± 30 kg/m³, which qualifies them as low-density boards. Exploratory samples were made using milled hemp fibers with higher density. Additional components such as color pigments and wood finishes were added to test improved features over raw board samples. Tests were performed to determine moisture contents, density range, structural properties, and water absorption amounts. Produced board bending strength reached 2.4 MPa for the coarser particle group and thermal conductivity of 0.057 ± 0.002 W/(mK). The results were compared with existing materials used in the industry or in the development stage to indicate options of developed board applications as indoor insulation material in the construction industry.
This paper describes an attempt to use long fibres from fast growing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a raw material for the production of boards for the building and furniture industry. Hemp fibre boards with densities of 300 to 1100 kg/m3 were studied. The board surfaces were finished using a one - cycle method in which birch veneers were pressed to make the boards. The pulp was glued with pMDI (9 wt.% based on dry weight). The basic mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the boards were tested. The static bending strength and modulus of elasticity of the boards with a density of about 650 kg/m3 were comparable to P2 furniture boards. Only the higher density boards had adequate properties that met standards for the building industry, which were comparable to those of OSB/3 and MFP boards. Hemp fibre boards were characterised by relatively good water resistance, which was manifested by low swelling and low soaking susceptibility.
In order to better use the hemp shiv in manufacturing particleboard panels, tests for determining the mechanical and physical properties of this particleboard were performed according to the Chinese standard for wood-based paneling. The results showed the following. (1) The properties of the particleboard are optimal, with a 1:1 ratio of hemp shiv to wood particles; hemp shiv and wood particles actually strengthen each other when particleboard is made from a mixture of hemp shiv and wood particles. (2) The low density and the low mechanical properties of fiber cell walls were both advantages for the hemp shiv used to manufacture the particleboard panels.
The possibility to substitute wood by hemp for the production of wood based panels and the possibility to produce lightweight panels by using hemp are the main research focuses of this project. The regular density of three-layered particleboards (650 kg/m³) shall be decreased to less than 400 kg/m³ by the utilisation of hemp. Another quite interesting aspect that we want to analyse in line with this project is to reduce the formaldehyde emissions of urea-formaldehyde-, melamine formaldehyde- orphenol-formaldehyde-resin bonded wood based panels by using natural binder systems such as proteins and starches.
Residues of Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and hemp (Cannabis
sativa L.) as well as industrial wood chips in various proportions from 0–100% were used as raw materials for the main component of the middle layer in urea formaldehyde bonded particle boards.
The results reveal that most of the investigated mechanical-technological properties of the boards achieved the requirements of EN 312-2 (2003). Only increasing the percentage of canola chips usage in the middle layer to more than 30% negatively affect the internal bond (IB) properties. Comparing the water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) values, the boards containing up to 50% bagasse and hemp reach similar values to the ones of the reference boards, while increasing the amount of canola leads to more and more disadvantageous WA and TS.
In summary, the results reveal that agri-fibers can be used for making composite panels conforming to the standards (EN 312-2 2003). One possible application for these panels could be the production of furniture.
The objective of this study was to reinforce particleboard products with natural bast fibers which have high tensile strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios. Three-layered particleboards were manufactured from Wood, Hurd and Shive particle furnish and reinforced in the upper and lower face layers with aligned Flax and Hemp fiber mats. Control particleboard samples were manufactured from 100% Wood, Hurd and Shive furnish for comparison purposes. Mechanical and physical strength properties were conducted according to ASTM D1037-6a and ANSI standards for medium density particleboard.
Compared with 100% Wood, Hurd and Shive particleboards the bending strength properties of the fiber-reinforced particleboards were significantly (p = 0.0158, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0005) improved, an increase in MOR and MOE of 42 and 28% for Wood–Flax boards, 53 and 32% for Wood–Hemp boards, 60% and 46% for Hurd–Hemp and 27% MOE for Shive–Flax boards. The thickness swell and water absorption properties were also significantly reduced for the fiber-reinforced boards especially in the Wood–Flax particleboards by 45% and 70% respectively. A wide variability was observed in internal bond strength data within board types. The results revealed low interfacial bond strength within the Flax and Hemp fiber layers, as a result these regions were the major points of failure during testing. The mechanical strength properties of majority of the fiber-reinforced particleboards complied with the ANSI standards for M-2 grade particleboard. These results indicate that aligned Flax and Hemp fiber mats placed at points of maximum tensile and compressive stresses can be efficiently used to reinforce particleboard products; this also means this novel approach is viable.
Utilization of hemp as an alternative raw material for the production of three-layered particleboard
- R Moulana
Moulana, R. (2012). Utilization of hemp as an alternative raw material for the
production of three-layered particleboard.