The Gender of Memory: Cultures of Remembrance in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe
Abstract
This volume addresses the complex relationship between memory, culture, and genderâas well as the representation of women in national memoryâin several European countries. An international group of contributors explore the national allegories of memory in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the relationship between violence and war in the recollections of both families and the state, and the methodological approaches that can be used to study a gendered culture of memory.
... La forma en la que las mujeres y disidencias observamos la realidad está modificada por cómo hemos sido socializadas en un contexto de asignación de roles en atención al género (Smart, 2000;Scales, 2006). La memoria, igual que la historia, está construida en base a relaciones de género (Greyer, 1997;Paletschek, 2008, Llona, 2020. En palabras de la historiadora canadiense Carrie Hamilton, el hecho de que la memoria está construida a base de las relaciones de género no quiere decir que las mujeres y los hombres siempre recuerden de forma diferente, pero como en la mayoría de las sociedades el género tiene una función de organización social, condiciona la memoria (Hamilton, 2007). ...
El femicidio de Lucía Pérez fue un evento histórico que sacudió al movimiento de mujeres en Argentina. La construcción de la memoria colectiva del grupo social del Colectivo Ni Una Menos conformado por las mujeres transitó un camino de construcción diferenciado a través del proceso penal del caso. En este trabajo intentaré analizar el evento social y cómo es que la memoria colectiva puede ser diferente de acuerdo al grupo social que la construye.
... Nor do I deny other social locations. Besides generational and national identity, other identities, as for example those based on gender, socio-economic or rural/urban background, also play a role when Mostarians position themselves visà-vis the local past (see Altinary and Pető 2015;Helms 2010;Henig 2012;Jansen 2005;Kolind 2008;Leydesdorff et al. 1996;Paletschek and Schraut 2008). Although not at the centre of my analysis, whenever possible these social locations are considered. ...
The Introduction provides a theoretical and methodological contextualisation of studying memory and generation in the context of post-war Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It critically assesses scholarly divisions between personal and collective memory as well as between memory and history, and outlines the narrative approach to remembering that this study pursues, including the analysis of personal and transmitted memories as well as memory politics in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. The chapter puts forward the author’s aim to bridge the division between personal and collective memory, by focusing on generational memory. Moreover, central concepts of the book, such as ‘generational positioning’ and the distinction between ‘discursive strategies’ and ‘discursive tactics’ are discussed.
... Nor do I deny other social locations. Besides generational and national identity, other identities, as for example those based on gender, socio-economic or rural/urban background, also play a role when Mostarians position themselves visà-vis the local past (see Altinary and Pető 2015;Henig 2012;Leydesdorff et al. 1996;Paletschek and Schraut 2008). Although not at the centre of my analysis, whenever possible these social locations are considered. ...
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.
This book provides a profound insight into post-war Mostar, and the memories of three generations of this Bosnian-Herzegovinian city. Drawing on several years of ethnographic fieldwork, it offers a vivid account of how personal and collective memories are utterly intertwined, and how memories across the generations are reimagined and ‘rewritten’ following great socio-political change. Focusing on both Bosniak-dominated East Mostar and Croat-dominated West Mostar, it demonstrates that, even in this ethno-nationally divided city with its two divergent national historiographies, generation-specific experiences are crucial in how people ascribe meaning to past events. It argues that the dramatic and often brutal transformations that Bosnia and Herzegovina has witnessed have led to alterations in memory politics, not to mention disparities in the life situations faced by the different generations in present-day post-war Mostar. This in turn has created variations in memories along generational lines, which affect how individuals narrate and position themselves in relation to the country's history. This detailed and engaging work will appeal to students and scholars of anthropology, sociology, political science, history and oral history, particularly those with an interest in memory, post-socialist Europe and conflict studies.
... 6 The notion of 'the lived body' is taken here from Husserl's phenomenology in Casey's analysis (2000, 178). 7 See Radstone 2007, Paletschek and Schrant 2008and Coombes 2010 For an excellent collection of theories around women's autobiographical writings, see ...
This book explores gendered aspects in the memory of work by looking at auto/biographical narratives and political writings of women workers in the garment industry. The author draws on cutting edge theoretical approaches and insights in memory studies, neo-materialism and discourse analysis, particularly looking at entanglements and intra-actions between places, bodies and objects.
... Where in the section on identity is there anything from works by men or women on how gendered collective memory intersects with gendered identities? Where is there anything on how remembered masculinities intersect with collective nationhood or femininities with nationalism such as that by Cheryl McEwan (2003) or work by Paletschek and Schraut (2008) ? Likewise, in the third section on 'Power, Politics and Contestation', why is there no inclusion of debates on how the collective past is gendered? ...
Desde una perspectiva que analiza lo educativo como una configuración
discursiva cuyo objeto se reconoce en la formación de sujetos
dentro del espacio social, en esta obra se reflexiona sobre la
constitución subjetiva de mujeres activistas a partir de su participación
en movimientos estudiantiles en México. Previamente se identifican
y discuten formas narrativas que han integrado el discurso
histórico dominante sobre estos movimientos, así como su relación
con el sistema sexo-género. A continuación se reflexiona acerca de
los traspasos, transformaciones y conflictos discursivos entre lo
histórico y memorable hegemónico y las memorias narradas de las
mujeres. Asimismo, se identifican aprendizajes y saberes que las activistas
desarrollaron durante sus diversas formas de participación
y sus entendimientos sobre lo político. Se identifican situaciones
de inequidad y discriminación que las entrevistadas vivieron en
su trayectoria como agentes de cambio social, en sus relaciones de
pareja y se incorporan sus propias consideraciones sobre otras mujeres
participantes en las luchas estudiantiles y sociales, incluyendo
lo relacionado con el feminismo. La articulación analítica parte de
los estudios de género y memoria, del Análisis Político del Discurso
y, en cierta medida, de la historia social.
La obra fue distinguida originalmente con el Premio de la Sociedad
Mexicana de Historia de la Educación como Mejor Tesis de
Doctorado en 2016.
In the past two decades, remembrance has emerged as one of the dominant preoccupations in Irish historical scholarship. There has, however, been little sustained analysis of the relationship between gender and memory in Irish studies, and gender remains under-theorized in memory studies more broadly. Yet one of the striking aspects of nineteenth-century commemorations of the 1798 and 1803 rebellions is the relatively prominent role accorded to women and the widows of three of the most celebrated United Irish “martyrs”—Sarah Curran, Pamela Fitzgerald and Matilda Tone—in particular. By analyzing the mnemonic functions these female figures performed in nineteenth-century Irish nationalist discourse, this paper offers a case study of the circumstances in which women may be incorporated into, rather than excluded, from national memory cultures. This incorporation, it is argued, had much to do with the fraught political context in which the 1798 rebellion and its leaders were memorialized. As the remembrance of the rebellion in the first half of the nineteenth century assumed a covert character, conventionally gendered distinctions between private grief and public remembrance, intimate histories and heroic reputations, and family genealogy and public biography became blurred so as to foreground women and the female mourner.
This chapter provides a critical overview of the memory of gender, and the gendering of memory in war museums internationally. it examines questions of representation, production, and audiences in the museum context.
Obwohl ›Gedächtnis‹ seit den 1980er Jahren, im Zuge seiner verstärkten kulturwissenschaftlichen Erforschung, weithin als ein genuin transdisziplinäres Phänomen verstanden wird, dessen Funktionsweisen kaum von der Warte eines einzelnen Faches aus zu begreifen sind, haben sich doch auch disziplinspezifische Gedächtniskonzepte herausgebildet. In den Geschichts- und Sozialwissenschaften, der Literaturwissenschaft und der Psychologie konstituiert sich der Gegenstand ›Gedächtnis‹ heute auf so unterschiedliche Weise, dass in der Tat wohl besser von ›Gedächtnissen‹ im Plural zu sprechen wäre. Dennoch: Die Disziplinen bewegen sich durchaus aufeinander zu. Zunehmend versuchen Wissenschaftler/innen, integrative Modelle des kollektiven Gedächtnisses zu entwerfen. Sowohl solche Modelle als auch eine Kenntnis fachspezifi scher Konzepte und Hintergrundannahmen bilden die Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche interdisziplinäre Gedächtnisforschung. In diesem Kapitel wird das Augenmerk daher auf beides gerichtet: auf einige disziplinspezifische Zugänge zum Gedächtnis und auf mögliche interdisziplinäre Vernetzungsmöglichkeiten.
Erinnerung und Geschichtsschreibung, egal ob populär oder akademisch, sind immer geschlechtlich kodiert. Die Kategorie Geschlecht ist sowohl für die Subjekte als auch für die Objekte der Geschichte konstitutiv - wirkt sich also einerseits darauf aus, wer erinnert oder Geschichte schreibt, andererseits darauf, wer und was zum Gegenstand von Geschichtsdarstellungen erhoben wird. Geschlechterdifferenzen strukturieren auch die Institutionen, innerhalb derer Geschichte betrieben wird, die Art historiographischen Arbeitens sowie die Rezeption von Geschichte.
Für die seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts in Europa entstehenden, in den Jahrzehnten um 1900 zu öffentlichkeitswirksamen Massenbewegungen herangewachsenen europäischen Frauenbewegungen war die Beschäftigung mit Geschichte ein wichtiges Moment der Identitätsstiftung und der Legitimation ihrer Forderungen (Grever 1997; Paletschek/Pietrow-Ennker 2004: 301-307). Aktivistinnen der >alten< Frauenbewegung waren meist die ersten, die im frühen 20. Jahrhundert eine Geschichte ihrer Bewegung schrieben oder die Initiative ergriffen, Quellen zu sammeln. Frauenrechtlerinnen der ersten Stunden beschäftigten sich aber nicht nur mit der >eigenen< Geschichte ihrer politischen Bewegung, sondern verfassten allgemeine Werke zur Frauengeschichte oder zu herausragenden Frauen. Es gab also bereits eine Frauengeschichte vor der in den 1970er Jahren aufkommenden akademischen Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte, die wiederum ihren Anstoß aus der zeitgenössischen Frauenbewegung und den neuen sozialen Bewegungen erhielt. Dass die Beschäftigung mit Frauengeschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert insgesamt - wenn auch nicht ausschließlich - eng mit der Entstehung feministischer Bewegungen verknüpft war, hat mit der Abbildung der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Geschlechterverhältnisse auch auf die jeweilige Wissenskultur und insbesondere den Wissenschaftsbetrieb zu tun.
Over the last thirty or so years, historians and social scientists have undertaken a wide ranging exploration of the processes involved in forgetting and remembering, with a particular focus on the level of the nation-state. Their interest corresponds to the period that Pierre Nora, the French historian responsible for the ground-breaking Les Lieux de memoire in the 1980s, terms the ‘era of commemoration,’ drawing attention to what he describes as the ‘tidal wave of memorial concerns that has broken over the world.’ Across the world, nation-states have paid renewed attention to the ceremonial and observance of national days, and have undertaken campaigns of education, information, even legislation, to enshrine the parameters of national remembering and therefore identity, while organisations and institutions of civil society and special interest groups have sought to draw the attention of their fellow citizens to their particular experiences, and perhaps gain national recognition for what they believe to have been long overlooked or forgotten. This article traces the over-lapping evolution of the practices of commemoration, the politics of memory and the academic field of ‘Memory Studies.’ It seeks in particular to identify the theoretical and methodological advances that have moved the focus of the study of memory from the static and homogenising category of ‘collective memory’ to practices of remembering, and from national to transcultural perspectives.
Despite detailed interrogations of the uses of media technologies and texts with overtly mnemonic functions in memory studies, there remains a limited engagement with the significance of television and everyday televisual texts in practices of remembering from specific social locations in the interests of performing and constructing particular social identities. Often, programming which refers to the past is considered from a textual rather than an audience perspective, and is viewed routinely through the analytical framework of history rather than memory. This article attempts to address this neglect by outlining the case for attending to television programmes beyond the conventionally historical as specifically gendered mnemonic resources. The article uses data drawn from in-depth interviews with women about their mnemonic practices to explore how they use television in everyday instances of remembering, and considers how these contribute to the articulation and construction of social identities.
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