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Scott M. Graffius’ Phases of Team Development: 2024 UpdateScott M. Graffius’ Phases of Team Development: 2024 Update
!05 January 2024
BY SCOTT M. GRAFFIUS | ScottGraffius.com
Introduction
Informed by the research of Bruce W. Tuckman and Mary Ann C. Jensen,
over 100 subsequent studies, and Scott M. Graffius’ first-hand professional
experience with, and analysis of, team leadership and performance,
Graffius created his ‘Phases of Team Development’ as a unique perspective
and visual conveying the five phases of team development — Forming,
Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning — inclusive of a graph
showing how performance varies by phase, as well as the characteristics
and strategies for each phase.
Project Managers, Scrum Masters, Agile Coaches, DevOps Leads, and
other leaders can apply the information to help handle challenges or issues
experienced by teams. By doing so, they’ll advance the teams’ (and their
own) happiness, productivity, and success.
Graffius initially developed his unique material in 2008, and he periodically
refreshes it. This article (including the accompanying visual) provides the
2024 update to his ‘Phases of Team Development’ work.
Graffius’ work has “team development” in the title. Alternative terms —
which may be interchangeable in the context of this article — include
group development, group dynamics, team agility, team building, team
coaching, team collaboration, teamcraft, team dynamics, team leadership,
team optimization, team performance, team tradecraft, and teamwork.
Five Phases of Team Development
1. Forming
Characteristics of the Forming phase include displaying eagerness,
socializing, generally polite tone, sticking to safe topics, unclear about how
one fits in, and some anxiety and questioning.
Strategies for Forming include taking the ‘lead,’ being highly visible,
facilitating introductions, providing the ‘big picture,’ establishing clear
expectations, communicating success criteria, and ensuring response
times are quick.
2. Storming
Traits of the Storming phase include some resistance, lack of participation,
conflict based on differences of opinions, competition, and high emotions.
Strategies for Storming include requesting and encouraging feedback,
identifying issues and facilitating their resolution, normalizing matters, and
building trust by honoring commitments.
3. Norming
Features of the Norming phase include developing cohesion; purpose and
goals are well-understood; more confident; improved commitment;
members are engaged and supportive; and relief, lowered anxiety.
Strategies for Norming include delivering feedback, recognizing individual
and team efforts, providing learning/upskilling opportunities, and
monitoring the ‘energy’ of the team.
4. Performing
Characteristics of the Performing phase include demonstrations of
interdependence and self-management; high motivation, trust, and
empathy; individuals defer to team needs; producing deliverables
effectively; and consistent performance.
Strategies for Performing include ‘guiding from the side’ (minimal
intervention), highlighting successes, and encouraging collective decision-
making and problem-solving.
5. Adjourning
Typical traits of the Adjourning phase (also referred to as the Transitioning
or Mourning phase) include potential sadness, and disbanding of
temporary teams.
Strategies for Adjourning include communicating change, conducting a
summative team evaluation via a retrospective or lessons learned session,
recognizing individual and team efforts and achievements, and celebrating
the team's accomplishments (a party/after-party).
Conclusion
Project Managers, Scrum Masters, Agile Coaches, DevOps Leads, and
other leaders can apply the information in this article and the
accompanying visual to help handle challenges or issues experienced by
teams. By doing so, they’ll advance the teams’ (and their own) happiness,
productivity, and success.
This article provided a brief overview of the five phases of team
development. Scott M. Graffius presents dynamic and engaging talks and
workshops on this topic and more at conferences and other events (public
and private/corporate) around the world. To learn more, visit here. For
booking information, please complete a speaker engagement request form
or email Scott M. Graffius.
If you're looking for additional information on this article (such as
references/sources, citation details, or permission request information),
read on.
Graffius’ Research is Widely Cited, Featured, and Used
Businesses, scientists, journalists, professional associations, government
agencies, universities, and others around the world have featured and
used prior — 2023 and earlier — editions of Scott M. Graffius’ ‘Phases of
Team Development’ material. Here are a few examples:
Academic Cooperation Association
Adobe
American Management Association
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute
Bayer
Boston University
CodeMonk
Dagen
Deimos Aerospace
Erste Bank
FSU College of Medicine
Hasso Plattner Institute (Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering
GmbH)
IEEE
Innovify
Life Sciences Trainers & Educators Network (LTEN)
London South Bank University
New Zealand Government
Prima Resource
Singapore University of Social Sciences
Technical University of Munich
Torrens University Australia
UK Sports Institute
University of Galway Ireland
University of Graz Austria
University of Waterloo
US National Park Service
Virginia Tech
Warsaw University of Technology
Yale University
Zittau/Gorlitz University of Applied Sciences
And many more
References/Sources
Select (partial) bibliography:
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Identifying the Skills Critical for Game Development. Available at:
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touchui/ab/web/en/newsroom/2022/09/tackling-the-talent-
shortage.html.
2. Alfateh, Maryam Ali Abu; Messaadia, Mourad; and Ali, Mazen (2023,
September). Exploring the Dynamics of Team Formation in Human-
Artificial Intelligence Collaboration. In 2023 International Conference
on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), pp. 384-388, DOI:
10.1109/DASA59624.2023.10286788.
3. Alford, J. (2019, April 11). Our Co-Production Journey: From Sandpits
to Bird Boxes. London, United Kingdom: Imperial College London.
4. Ali, A. J., Fuenzalida, J., Gómez, M., & Williams, M. J. (2021, June).
Four Lenses on People Management in the Public Sector: An Evidence
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366.
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7. Bellet, C., De Neve, J., & Ward, G. (2019 October 14). Does Employee
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soft-skills-for-ai-and-the-future-of-work.
29. Graffius, Scott M. (2023, October 13). The Science of High-
Performance Game Development Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered
at the W Love Games International Video Game Development
Conference 2023 - Helsinki, Finland. Digital Object Identifier (DOI):
10.13140/RG.2.2.28602.16326. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28602.16326.
30. Graffius, Scott M. (2023, July 15). Successful Video Game
Development Teams Leverage an Extensive Range of Hard Skills and
Soft Skills. Available at:
https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/gamedev.html. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.31205.17124.
31. Graffius, Scott M. (2023, April 26). The Science of High-Performance
Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered at the DevOps Institute’s SKILup
Day 2023 Conference. Digital Object Identifier (DOI):
10.13140/RG.2.2.15888.28169. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15888.28169.
32. Graffius, Scott M. (2023, January 9). Use the Phases of Team
Development (Based on Bruce W. Tuckman's Model of Forming,
Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning) to Help Teams Grow
and Advance: 2023 Update. Available at: https://scottgraffius.com.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.13140/RG.2.2.10720.35846. DOI
link: https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10720.35846.
33. Graffius, Scott M. (2023, June 29). What Successful AI Teams Have in
Common [Presentation]. Talk delivered at Conf42 Quantum Computing
2023 Conference. Digital Object Identifier (DOI):
10.13140/RG.2.2.29382.45120. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29382.45120.
34. Graffius, Scott M. (2023, May 1). Fueling the Development of
Innovative and Life-Changing AI Solutions [Presentation]. Talk
delivered to an audience of Technology professionals (including Data
Scientists, Machine Learning Engineers, Data Engineers, AI
Researchers, Project Managers, Business Analysts, UX Designers,
Software Developers, Cloud Architects, Data Privacy and Security
Specialists, and others involved or interested in AI) at a private event
in Mountain View, California, United States. Digital Object Identifier
(DOI): 10.13140/RG.2.2.27956.73601. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27956.73601.
35. Graffius, Scott M. (2022, February 4). Team Development Tradecraft: A
Source of Competitive Advantage [Workshop]. Session at private event
in Adelaide, Australia. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14092.80002.
36. Graffius, Scott M. (2022, May 13). Want Happier and More Productive
DevOps Teams? [Presentation]. Talk delivered at DevOpsDays Geneva,
Switzerland 2022 Conference. Digital Object Identifier (DOI):
10.13140/RG.2.2.22252.85127. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22252.85127.
37. Graffius, Scott M. (2021, February 20). But First, the Team!
[Presentation]. Talk delivered at the Brno, Czech Republic DevConf.CZ
2021 Conference. Digital Object Identifier (DOI):
10.13140/RG.2.2.29016.72964. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29016.72964.
38. Graffius, Scott M. (2021, June 21). DevOps and Team Leadership
[Workshop]. Session at private event in Las Vegas, NV. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.15380.22401.
39. Graffius, Scott M. (2021, May 13). But First, the Team! [Presentation].
Lecture delivered at DevOps Pro Europe 2021 Conference. Based and
simulcast live from Vilnius, Lithuania. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.30524.36481.
40. Graffius, Scott M. (2021, November 10). An Error Was Introduced Into
the Seventh Edition of 'A Guide to the Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBOK).’ Los Angeles, CA: Scott M. Graffius.
41. Graffius, Scott M. (2021, November 8). Bruce Tuckman’s Model
(Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning) is Highly
Relevant and Beneficial, But It Doesn’t Please Everyone. Los Angeles,
CA: Scott M. Graffius.
42. Graffius, Scott M. (2021, October 5). Navigate the Phases of Team
Development with Speed and Agility for Happier and More Productive
Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered at the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers IEEE Day 2021 Conference. Digital Object
Identifier (DOI): 10.13140/RG.2.2.20055.19365. DOI link:
https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20055.19365.
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44. Graffius, Scott M. (2018, October 18). Agile Scrum Helps Innovators,
Disruptors, and Entrepreneurs Develop and Deliver Products at
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10.13140/RG.2.2.25009.12647.
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How to Cite This Article
Graffius, Scott M. (2024, January 8). Scott M. Graffius’ Phases of Team
Development: 2024 Update. Available at:
https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/teams-2024.html.
Permission Request Information
To request permission to use the ‘Phases of Team Development’ visual shown
at the top of this article or any other material from this publication, email
Scott M. Graffius. If your request is approved, Graffius will give you an
authorization/license and, if applicable, high-resolution files of the visual.
About Scott M. Graffius
Scott M. Graffius, PMP, SA, CSP-SM, CSP-PO, CSM, CSPO, SFE, ITIL,
LSSGB is an agile project management practitioner, consultant, thinker,
creator, multi-award-winning author, and international public speaker.
Founder and CEO of Exceptional PPM and PMO Solutions™ and subsidiary
Exceptional Agility™, he has generated over $1.9 billion for Global Fortune
500 businesses and other organizations he has served. Graffius and
content from his books, talks, workshops, and more have been featured
and used by Microsoft, Oracle, Broadcom, Cisco, Gartner, Project
Management Institute, IEEE, National Academy of Sciences, United States
Department of Energy, Yale University, Tufts University, and others. He
delights audiences with dynamic and engaging talks and workshops on
agile project management, AI, Tech leadership, video game development,
strategic alignment, the science of high performance teams, and more. To
date, he's presented sessions at 89 conferences and other events across
25 countries.
His full bio is available here.
Connect with Scott on:
Twitter,
Facebook, and
LinkedIn.
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The short link for this article is: https://bit.ly/teams-2024
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© Copyright 2024 Scott M. Graffius. All rights reserved. This material may not
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Tags: Bruce Tuckman • Formação • Tuckman • #BruceTuckman • team tradecraft • team
performance • team optimization • team leadership • team dynamics • teamcraft • team
collaboration • team coaching • team building • group dynamics • team agility • group
development • Teamwork • #Teamwork • Teamwork stages • Teamwork phases • Team
Lifecycle • Team Life Cycle • #TeamLifecycle • Mary Ann C. Jensen • Dissolução • Atuação •
Normatização • Confrontação • FFurfio • Stormio • Normaleiddio • Perfformio • Ymadael •
Google • Viacom • CBS • Agile Team Leadership • Team Collaboration • Fase 1: Vormfase •
GovTech • Fase 3: Normfase • Fase 5: Afscheidsfase • Fase 4: Prestatiefase • Fase 2: Stormfase •
10.13140/RG.2.2.19112.85766 • Want happier and more productive teams? • American
Management Association • Software Engineering Institute • RAND Corporation • Scrum
Alliance • Project Management Institute • Microsoft • NASA • MIT • IEEE • Harvard Business
Review • Use the Phases of Team Development -- Based on Bruce W. Tuckman's Model of
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning -- to Help Teams Grow and Advance
• Team Building • Team Leadership • #TeamLeadership • Small Group Dynamics •
#SmallGroupDynamics • Gesloten team • Groepsvorming • Ieder voor zich • Forming Storming
Norming Performing for Agile Teams • Forming Storming Norming Performing and Adjourning
for Agile Teams • Forming Storming Norming Performing for Teams (Agile and Otherwise) •
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning for Teams (Agile and Otherwise) •
Teambuilding • Normiranje • Zbiranje idej • viharjenje • Oblikovanje skupine • Delovanje • Team-
building • Teambuilding Chart • Tuckman Chart • Groepsontwikkeling • Oriëntatiefase •
Machtsfase • Afsluitingsfase • Tuckman’ın 5 Aşamalı Grup Dinamiği Teorisi’ni biliyor muydunuz?
• Stages of Group Dynamics • Building a High Performance Project Team • Highly Productive
Teams • #FormingStormingNormingPerforming •
#FormingStormingNormingPerformingAdjourning • Team Productivity • Bruce Wayne
Tuckman • Developmental Sequence in Small Groups • Developmental Sequence in Groups •
Developmental Sequence in Teams • Team Development Lifecycle • #Tuckman • Faza
prekinitve • Building High Performance Teams • Tuckman's Ladder • #TuckmansLadder • Scott
M. Graffius • #scottmgraffius • Phases of Team Development • #PhasesOfTeamDevelopment •
Form • #Form • Forming • #Forming • Storm • #Storm • Storming • #Storming • Norm •
#Norm • Norming • #Norming • Perform • #Perform • Performing • #Performing • Adjourn •
#adjourn • Adjourning • #adjourning • Mourning • Forming Phase • Storming Phase • Norming
Phase • Performing Phase • Adjourning Phase • Forming Stage • Storming Stage • Norming
Stage • Performing Stage • Adjourning Stage • Team Dynamcs • #TeamDynamics • team
performance • #TeamPerformance • Group Dynamics • #GroupDynamics • Tuckman Model •
Tuckman Visual • Tuckman graph • Tuckman illustration • Forming Storming Norming
Performing • Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning • Five Phases of Team
Development • 5 Phases of Team Development • Five Stages of Team Development • 5 Stages of
Team Development • PMP • CSP • CSP-SM • CSP-PO • CSM • CSPO • ITIL • LSSGB • Agile
Thought Leader and Influencer • Agile Project Management • Author • Speaker • Public Speaker
• International Speaker • Keynote Speaker • Computer Weekly • Innovation Project
Management • MobileAppDaily • Gartner • Oracle • Cisco • RSA • Ford • Liberty Mutual Group •
Qantas • Atlassian • BAYER • Bosch • National Academy of Sciences • United States Department
of Energy • USDOE • US DOE • New Zealand Ministry of Education • Tufts University • James
Madison University • Santa Clara University • Texas A&M University • Virginia Tech • Agile •
Agility • Business Agility • Organizational Agility • Digital Transformation • Government •
GovTech • IT • Information Technology • Tech • Technology • Team Leadership •
#teamleadership • Leadership • #leadership
