ArticlePDF Available

Living Blood for a World With Holiness to Give New Life and Resurrections for Humans: Holy and Faultless Blood of Jesus Christ, a Historical Evidence of Research Review, Based on a Scientific Approach by Top Scientist Demonstrated Worldwide Jesus Will Rise Again

Authors:
  • St. Francis Institute of Management & Research Mumbai-Autonomous
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Living blood for a world with holiness to give new life and resurrections
for humans: Holy and faultless blood of Jesus Christ, A historical
evidence of research review, based on a scientific approach by top
scientist demonstrated worldwide Jesus will rise again
By
Dr. V. Thangavel
Head-LIRC, St, Francis Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai, India. v.thangavel@rocketmail.com
Abstract: The Second Coming of Christ is referred to by several terms. The Greek word epiphaneia means
appearance is used five times in the New Testament to describe Christ's second coming56. Greek term parousia
(παρoυσία) meaning "arrival", "coming", or "presence" occurs 24 times in the Greek New Testament, with 17 of
those references being to Christ. But unlike a single moment in time, parousia clearly refers to a period of time55.
The duration of Noah's life is explicitly described by the word parousia in Matthew 24:37. There is a difference
between parousia and the Greek term eleusis, which means "coming". As a result, this parousia, or "presence,"
would be unlike anything that had ever happened. Many people consider the notion that Jesus Christ rose from
the dead to be the central tenet of Christianity, yet there are differing opinions on this point. Because Jesus Christ
is the only person mentioned in the Bible who can rise from the dead, some people think this proves that he is the
real son of God. The idea held by Christians and Muslims that Jesus will return to Earth following his ascension
to heavenwhich is believed to have happened roughly two millennia agois known as the Second Coming,
sometimes dubbed the Second Advent or the Parousia. The majority of Christian eschatologist include this
concept, which is predicated on messianic prophesies. Different religions read it differently. The power of Christ's
resurrection is immense. The resurrection of Jesus teaches us many important lessons. Although it would be
possible to write a book on the lessons learned from the resurrection of Jesus, today we will focus on four of the
most significant lessons. This essay is for you if you want to learn more about the power of resurrection. The
main focus of this article was the scientific study of Jesus' blood. It has been demonstrated to the world that the
blood is holy, blameless, and has not contained the Y chromosomes by scientists worldwide through testing reports
conducted in well-known laboratories over the course of 2000 years. It has also demonstrated to the world that
Jesus will rise again at his second coming.
Keywords: Resurrection of Jesus, Scientific God, Holy blood, Living Blood, Christian Science,
Christian Theology,
0. Introduction:
Blood is the primary transport medium that is responsible for continuously supplying
nutrients and oxygen to the active cells in the body. The three activities of the blood are
transportation, regulation, and protection.
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that
delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells.
1. Definition of Blood:
Blood is fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon
dioxide and other waste products. Technically, blood is a transport liquid pumped by
the heart (or an equivalent structure) to all parts of the body, after which it is returned to the
heart to repeat the process. Blood is both a tissue and a fluid. It is a tissue because it is a
collection of similar specialized cells that serve functions. These cells are suspended in a liquid
matrix (plasma), which makes the blood a fluid. If blood flow ceases, death will occur within
minutes because of the effects of an unfavorable environment on highly susceptible cells.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Observe how a red blood cell travels from the heart to the lungs and other body tissues to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
The constancy of the composition of the blood is made possible by the circulation, which
conveys blood through the organs that regulate the concentrations of its components. In
the lungs, blood acquires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide transported from the tissues.
The kidneys remove excess water and dissolved waste products. Nutrient substances derived
from food reach the bloodstream after absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. Glands of
the endocrine system release their secretions into the blood, which transports
these hormones to the tissues in which they exert their effects. Many substances are recycled
through the blood, for example, the iron released during the destruction of old red cells
is conveyed by the plasma to sites of new red cell production where it is reused. Each of the
numerous components of the blood is kept within appropriate concentration limits by an
effective regulatory mechanism. In many instances, feedback control systems are operative;
thus, a declining level of blood sugar (glucose) leads to accelerated release of glucose into the
blood so that a potentially hazardous depletion of glucose does not occur.
Unicellular organisms, primitive multicellular animals, and the early embryos of higher forms
of life lack a circulatory system. Because of their small size, these organisms can absorb
oxygen and nutrients and can discharge wastes directly into their surrounding medium by
simple diffusion. Sponges and coelenterates (e.g., jellyfish and hydras) also lack a blood
system; the means to transport foodstuffs and oxygen to all the cells of these larger multicellular
animals is provided by water, sea, or fresh, pumped through spaces inside the organisms. In
larger and more complex animals, the transport of adequate amounts of oxygen and other
substances requires some type of blood circulation. In most such animals the blood passes
through a respiratory exchange membrane, which lies in the gills, lungs, or even the skin. There
the blood picks up oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide.
The cellular composition of blood varies from group to group in the animal kingdom.
Most invertebrates have various large blood cells capable of amoeboid movement. Some of
these aid in transporting substances; others are capable of surrounding and digesting foreign
particles or debris (phagocytosis). Compared with vertebrate blood, however, that of the
invertebrates has relatively few cells. Among the vertebrates, there are several classes of
amoeboid cells (white blood cells, or leukocytes) and cells that help stop bleeding (platelets, or
thrombocytes).
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
1.1. What is Blood?
Blood is the Noun form. The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of vertebrate
animals, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide from the tissues. An internal bodily fluid, not
necessarily red, that performs a similar function in invertebrates.
1.2. What Does Blood Do?3
Main Category: Blood / Hematology: What Is Blood? What Does Blood Do? Blood is
a combination of plasma (watery liquid) and cells that float in it. It is a specialized bodily fluid
that supplies essential substances and nutrients, such as sugar, oxygen, and hormones to our
cells and carries waste away from those cells, this waste is eventually flushed out of the body
in urine, feces, sweat, and lungs (carbon dioxide). Blood also contains clotting agents. Plasma
constitutes 55% of blood fluid in humans and other vertebrates (animals with a backbone, and
spinal column).
1.3. Apart from water, plasma also contains:
Blood cells
Carbon dioxide
Glucose (sugar)
Hormones
Proteins
1.4. Types of blood cells:
Red blood cells - also known as RBCs or erythrocytes. They are shaped like slightly indented,
flattened disks. These are the most abundant cells and contain hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb).
Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron; it transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues
and cells. 97% of a human's red blood cell's dry content is protein.
Each RBC has a life span of about 4 months; at the end of their lives, they are degraded by the
spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The body continuously replaces the ones that die.
White blood cells (leukocytes) - these are the cells of our immune system; they defend the
body against infections and foreign materials. Lymphocytes and ganulocytes (types of white
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
blood cells) can move in and out of the bloodstream to reach affected areas of tissue.
White blood cells will also fight abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.
There are normally between 4x1010 white blood cells in one liter of blood (making up about
1% of total blood) in a healthy individual.
Platelets (thrombocytes) - are involved in the clotting (coagulation) of blood. When we
bleed the platelets clump together to help form a clot.
If exposed to air the platelets break down and release fibrinogen into the bloodstream, this
sets off a series of reactions that result in the clotting of blood, for example on a skin
wound. A scab is formed.
1.5. When hemoglobin is oxygenated, human blood is bright red:
The heart pumps blood around the body through blood vessels. Oxygen-laden arterial blood is
carried from the lungs to the rest of the body, and carbon dioxide-laden blood (venous blood)
is returned to the lungs where the carbon dioxide is exhaled. Carbon dioxide is a waste product
produced by cells during metabolism. According to Medi lexicon’s medical dictionary
Blood is the "circulating tissue" of the body; the fluid and its suspended formed elements that
are circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; blood is how 1) oxygen and
nutritive materials are transported to the tissues, and 2) carbon dioxide and various metabolic
products are removed for excretion. Blood consists of a pale yellow or gray-yellow fluid,
plasma, in which are suspended red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes),
and platelets.
1.6. What is hematology?
Hematology is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood and bone marrow diseases, as
well as immunologic, blood clotting (hemostatic), and vascular systems. A doctor who
specializes in hematology is called a hematologist.
1.7. Functions of blood:
It supplies oxygen to cells and tissues.
It supplies essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.
It removes carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid (waste products)
Its white blood cells have antibodies that defend us from infection and foreign bodies.
It has specialized cells, such as platelets, which help the blood to clot (coagulate) when we
are bleeding.
It transports hormones - chemicals released by a cell in one part of the body that sends out
messages that affect cells elsewhere in the body.
It regulates our acidity (pH) levels.
It regulates our body temperature. When the weather is very warm or during strenuous
exercise there will be increased blood flow to the surface, resulting in warmer skin and faster
heat loss. When environmental temperatures drop, blood flow focuses more on the important
organs deep inside the body.
It also has hydraulic functions - when a human is sexually aroused, engorgement (filling the
area with blood) will result in a male erection and swelling of the female's clitoris.
1.8. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow: -
White cells, red cells, and platelets are made in bone marrow - a jellylike substance that fills
the cavities of bones. Bone marrow consists of fat, blood, and special cells (stem cells) that
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
turn into various kinds of blood cells. The main areas of bone marrow involved in the formation
of blood cells are the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, and hips.
There are two types of marrow, red marrow, and yellow marrow. Most of our red and white
blood cells, as well as platelets, are made in the red marrow. Blood cells in babies and
very young children are made in the bone marrow of most of the bones in the body. As we get
older, some of the bone marrow converts to yellow marrow, and just the bones that make up
the spine (vertebrae), ribs, pelvis, skull, and sternum contain red marrow. If a human
experiences severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow as it
tries to boost blood cell production.
1.9. Blood groups2:-
Humans can have one of four main blood groups, either RhD positive or negative:
Group A - RhD negative or positive
Antigens are found on the surface of blood cells. Anti-B antibodies are found in the plasma.
Group B - RhD negative or positive
B antigens are found on the surface of blood cells. Anti-A antibodies are found in the plasma.
Group AB - RhD negative or positive
A and B antigens are found on the surface of blood cells. There are no antibodies found in
the plasma.
Group O - RhD negative or positive
There are no antigens are found on the surface of blood cells. Both Anti-B and Anti-A
antibodies are found in plasma.
Another protein, an antigen, may be found in some red blood cells - called Rh factor. Blood
cells that have Rh factor are RhD positive, and those that don't are RhD negative. According
to the National Health Service (NHS), UK, 85% of the British population is Rhd positive.
When someone receives a blood transfusion, the medical team must make sure it is a
compatible blood group.
Group O can be given to people of virtually any blood type.
Patients with Group A can only accept groups A or O.
Patients with Group AB + (RhD positive) can generally receive blood from any group.
If a pregnant woman is RhD negative, but her child has inherited RhD positive from the father,
the baby will need treatment.
1.10. Definition of Blood4:
Define By: The Foundation for America’s Blood Centers,
Blood is the red fluid that circulates in our blood vessels, i.e.veins and arteries. The main
function of blood is to act as the body’s transport system, but it also has a major role in the
body’s defense against infection. There is no substitute for blood. It cannot be made or
manufactured. Donors are the only source of blood for patients who need them.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Nearly half the volume of blood consists of cells, which include red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets. The remainder is a fluid called plasma.
Red cells, white cells, and platelets are made in the marrow of bones, especially the vertebrae,
ribs, hips, skull, and sternum. These essential blood cells fight infection, carry oxygen, and
help control bleeding.
Plasma is the liquid portion of your blood that transports water and nutrients to your body’s
tissues.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Red blood cells are disc-shaped cells containing hemoglobin, which enables the cells to pick
up and deliver oxygen to all parts of the body, then pick up carbon dioxide and remove it from
tissues.
White cells are the body's primary defense against infection. They can move out of the blood
stream and reach tissues to fight infection.
According to AABB, the approximate distribution of blood types in the U.S. population
(distribution is different for specific racial and ethnic groups):
O+
39
%
O-
9%
A+
31
%
A-
6%
B+
9%
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
B-
2%
AB
+
3%
AB-
1%
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion.
Rollover blood group to view compatibility.
1.11. RED BLOOD CELLS WHOLE BLOOD PLASMA:
O- blood is given to O- patients, and O+ or O- blood may be given to O+ patients.
1.12. Six functions of blood:
In Cardiovascular Health, Human Anatomy, Blood
Functions of Blood:
The functions of the blood are:
1. to transport oxygen away from the lungs and around the body, and CO2 from the body
cells to the lungs.
2. to transport nutrients such as glucose and amino acids from the digestive system to the
cells in our bodies.
3. to take waste products such as lactic acid away from the muscles when it's produced by
anaerobic respiration and urea from the liver to the kidneys and bladder.
4. By maintaining good circulation, the blood flow keeps your core body temperature at a
steady 37oC.
5. White blood cells help kill pathogens and microbes that stray into the body.
6. Substances like platelets and fibrin in the blood help to clot wounds.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Immune System Cells:
What is the complete blood count test (CBC)?
The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests. The
complete blood count is the calculation of the cellular (formed elements) of blood. These
calculations are generally determined by special machines that analyze the different
components of blood in less than a minute. A major portion of the complete blood count is the
measure of the concentration of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood.
How is the complete blood count test (CBC) done?
The complete blood count (CBC) test is performed by obtaining a few milliliters (one to two
teaspoons) of blood samples directly from the patient. It can be done in many settings including
the doctor's office, laboratories, and hospitals. The skin is wiped clean with an alcohol pad, and
then a needle is inserted through the area of cleansed skin into to patient's vein (one that can be
visualized from the skin.) The blood is then pulled from the needle by a syringe or by a
connection to a special vacuumed vial where it is collected. This sample is then taken to
the laboratory for analysis.
What are the values for a complete blood count (CBC)?
The values generally included are the following:
White blood cell count (WBC) is the number of white blood cells in a volume of
blood. The normal varies slightly between laboratories but is generally between 4,300 and
10,800 cells per cubic millimeter (cmm). This can also be referred to as the leukocyte
count and can be expressed in international units as 4.3 to 10.8 x 109 cells per liter.
White blood cell (WBC) differential count. White blood count is comprised of several
different types that are differentiated, or distinguished, based on their size and shape. The
cells in a differential count are granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and
basophils.
A machine-generated percentage of the different types of white blood cells is called the
automated WBC differential. These components can also be counted under the microscope on
a glass slide by a trained laboratory technician or a doctor and referred to as the manual WBC
differential.
Red cell count (RBC) signifies the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood. The
normal range varies slightly between laboratories but is generally between 4.2 to 5.9
million cells/cmm. This can also be referred to as the erythrocyte count and can be
expressed in international units as 4.2 to 5.9 x 1012 cells per liter.
Red blood cells are the most common cell type in blood and people have millions of them in
their blood circulation. They are smaller than white blood cells but larger than platelets.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Hemoglobin (Hb). This is the amount of hemoglobin in a volume of blood. Hemoglobin
is the protein molecule within red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red
color. The normal range for hemoglobin is different between the sexes and is
approximately 13 to 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 16 for women (international
units 8.1 to 11.2 millimoles/liter for men, 7.4 to 9.9 for women).
Hematocrit (Hct). This is the ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole
blood. The normal range for hematocrit is different between the sexes and is approximately
45% to 52% for men and 37% to 48% for women. This is usually measured by spinning
down a sample of blood in a test tube, which causes the red blood cells to pack at the
bottom of the tube.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average volume of a red blood cell. This is a
calculated value derived from the hematocrit and red cell count. The normal range may
fall between 80 to 100 femtoliters (a fraction of one-millionth of a liter).
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of hemoglobin in the
average red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the measurement of hemoglobin
and the red cell count. The normal range is 27 to 32 picograms.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is the average concentration
of hemoglobin in a given volume of red cells. This is a calculated volume derived from
the hemoglobin measurement and the hematocrit. The normal range is 32% to 36%.
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is a measurement of the variability of red cell size
and shape. Higher numbers indicate greater variation in size. The normal range is 11 to
15.
Platelet count. The number of platelets in a specified volume of blood. Platelets are not
complete cells, but actually fragments of cytoplasm(part of a cell without its nucleus or
the body of a cell) from a cell found in the bone marrow called a megakaryocyte. Platelets
play a vital role in blood clotting. The normal range varies slightly between laboratories
but is in the range of 150,000 to 400,000/ cmm (150 to 400 x 109/liter).
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV). The average size of platelets in a volume of blood.
What are the functions of the cells in a complete blood count (CBC)?
The cells in the CBC (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) have unique functions.
Generally speaking, white blood cells are an essential part of the immune system and help the
body fight infections. Each different component of the white blood cell (the WBC differential)
plays a specific role in the immune system. Red blood cells are essential in transporting oxygen
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
to all the cells in the body to serve their functions. The hemoglobin molecule in the red blood
cell is the vehicle for the transportation of oxygen. Platelets are a part of the blood clotting
system in the body and help in preventing bleeding.
What is the complete blood count (CBC) used for?
Your doctor may order this test for a variety of reasons. It may be a part of a routine check-up
or screening, or as a follow-up test to monitor certain treatments. It can also be done as a part
of an evaluation based on a patient's symptoms.
For example, a high WBC count (leukocytosis) may signify an infection somewhere in the
body, or, less commonly, it may signify an underlying malignancy. A low WBC count
(leukopenia) may point toward a marrow problem or related to some medications, such
as chemotherapy. A doctor may order the test to follow the WBC count in order to monitor the
response to a treatment for an infection. The components in the differential of the WBC count
also have specific functions and if altered, they may provide clues for some particular
conditions.
A low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin may suggest anemia, which can have many
causes. Possible causes of high red blood cell count or hemoglobin (erythrocytosis) may
include bone marrow disease or low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia).
A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) may be the cause of prolonged bleeding or other
medical conditions. Conversely, a high platelet count (thrombocytosis) may point toward a
bone marrow problem or severe inflammation.
2. Historical Evidence:
Verifying the Blood of Jesus Christ:
This is a statement made by Ron Wyatt. He says he was strolling around Israel when he
suddenly pointed to a location where he knew the Ark of the Covenant was hidden in a secret
cave. He states that he had to excavate the cave for a considerable amount of time before he
discovered a room containing a sealed stone box, which contained the Ark of the Covenant.
Congealed blood on the mercy seat's left side. He claimed that the blood was human and that
he felt led to collect a sample. but it contained half of the chromosomes it ought to have (plus
an extra y chromosome), meaning he had a fatherless background in addition to a mother. and
the blood remained alive after being reconstituted and warmed to room temperature! Jesus's
DNA proof. The "evidence" for this was never made public, which is something skeptics should
take note of. He claimed to have recorded something on camera, but it was later placed back
into the locked room. There was no mention of the "lab in Israel," and no Israeli labs have
verified his claims. It's an utterly remarkable assertion that has no supporting data at all. In
addition, he says he has located Noah's Ark. In the Ararat mountains, albeit there is some proof
of this one. In the Ararat mountains, there is a massive boat-shaped item that is situated next to
big stones that appear to be water anchors. It can be observed directly, at least. "That's just a
geological formation that happens to be the right shape," is what most people say. He said he
had samples examined that showed this was petrified wood, not rock, and that he had sonar
proof of the structural beams that formed the boat's hull. Regretfully, there is doubt about the
evidence. However, there are some.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
In addition, he says he discovered Sodom and Gomorrah. And sure enough, there is a place in
the biblically designated location with structures that resemble buildings and are
unquestionably man-made. These are also naturally occurring geologic sites, according to
secular scientists.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Though it's odd that these patterns seem to be thermal ionization, science has claimed to refute
this theory, arguing that since it's impossible for temperatures to get above 6000 degrees
Fahrenheit, something else must have happened naturally.
Additionally, the area is completely covered in white brimstone or sulphur balls:
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
This one can be a little challenging because the sulphur isn't the same as what you would
encounter next to an active volcano. It has an eggy smell and is yellow due to the sulfur's
inherent ability to bind with other elements during formation. And almost 99% of this material
is pure sulphur. This is there, so it cannot have been created by Earth's geological processes.
Thus, the basic theory is that sulphur must be a waste product of some kind of bacteria. And
after leaving these sulphur balls, the bacteria vanished and are no longer visible. That, however,
is a bit of a leap of faith because it ignores the fact that sulphur balls appear to be embedded in
everything, including the rock that is compatible with impact craters. Thus, sulphur is
unquestionably what fell instead of what was created from below. Thus, the prevailing idea
holds that a big meteorite composed entirely of sulphur struck the area. Without reaching the
earth because there isn't a large crater, it caught fire in the atmosphere and erupted into an
airburst that was close enough to the surface to vaporize everything. To be honest, this one
seems fairly likely. The non-religious group is the one reaching out in this instance.
Then there's Mount Sinai and the passage of the Red Sea.
The account of the Exodus is a kind of classic "miracle so ludicrous it can't possibly be anything
more than myth." Egyptian chariots being smashed beneath the waves behind the Israelites as
they cross the Red Sea... Then came the rock splitting, the golden calf altar, the burning of the
mountain, and everything else. All of that is supported by some pretty strong evidence: (I advise
ignoring the first twenty minutes because they are the slowest. After twenty minutes, it
becomes rather evident.).
This one has a huge attendance rate, so it's clearly authentic.
So, does the veracity of one allegation bolster the previously unproven claims? Or do the more
remarkable statements (in the absence of published proof) raise more doubts about the less
remarkable ones? Not too much of either. There is ample proof that this is the actual location
of Mount Sinai and the Red Sea passage. About 70% of me is on Sodom. About 10% of me is
at Noah's Ark. Until the evidence is finally made public, which he says "will happen at the right
time," the account of the ark of the covenant and the blood of Jesus has no -logical- merit at
this time.
3. Scientists' Research in 197840:
Thirty-three scientists examined the Shroud and pictured nonstop for 120 hours in October
1978. They used spectrometry (visible and ultraviolet), infrared, x-ray fluorescence,
thermography, pyrolysis-mass, laser microprobe Raman studies, and microchemical tests.
They demonstrated that no creative materials, like paint, ink, dye, pigments, or stains, were
employed to create the image. Encoded 3D "distance information" is present in the image.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Similar to a dust rubbing, no materials were discovered in between the threads. The fibers have
not adhered to one another like paint is. Chemicals cannot account for the image's uniform
presence on the Shroud's numerous regions that did not come into contact with the corpse. The
parts of the Shroud that did not come into contact with the body could not have generated a
flawless photographic image due to vapors from chemicals on the flesh or from the body itself.
There was no capillary activity found, indicating that no liquid was used to create the image.
There was no collagen binder like there would be in paint. There is no directionality to the
image, as would be expected from a brush or other substance application tool, and no
substances were physically applied to the Shroud. The picture only reaches the top two
microfibers of the material; it does not penetrate it. The picture has a constant depth, which is
very hard to achieve with human hands. The image's yellowing is consistent in strength. The
image lacks a clear outline and edges.
Tests for heme, bile, bilirubin, iron, hemoglobin, creatinine, protein, serum albumin, and DNA
confirmed that the blood on the Shroud is genuine. A portion of the blood remains red due to
the permanent oxidation caused by bilirubin, which accumulates in the liver after prolonged
trauma. The male blood type is AB+. Just 3.4% of people are of this type. Remarkably, AB+
is the global beneficiary; Jesus does, in fact, receive everything unto Himself. Additionally,
AB+ is the universal donor of plasma, sustaining life in others. Analyses appeared to be
conducted on dried blood that had seeped onto the Ark of the Covenant, which was concealed
beneath a fissure where the cross stump had been inserted, in the Jeremiah cave beneath
Golgotha. By splitting leukocytes, or white blood cells, during mitosis, the Israeli laboratory
was able to "revive" the blood and obtain its karyotype. Along with a pair of sexual
chromosomes, designated as either XX (female) or XY (male), humans have 44 somatic
chromosomes total22 from the mother and 22 from the father. But only the Y chromosome
came from the "father"; the other 23 chromosomes, including the X, belonged to the mother of
the blood's owner!
Typical report on chromosomes: For a woman, 44 autosomes plus 2 X chromosomes
are considered normal (karyotype 46,XX). For a male, there are 44 autosomes plus 1 X and 1
Y chromosome (karyotype 46,XY).
Anomaly on chromosome 23: 23 duplication syndrome is a disorder that can result in
a number of neurological and behavioral issues as well as other abnormalities. The
development of speech and motor abilities like walking and crawling are usually delayed in
people with 7q11. 23 duplication disorders.
Atypical chromosomal count: Aneuploidy is the term used to describe a change in
chromosome count from the typical 46. An additional chromosome in a cell, known as trisomy,
is a common form of aneuploidy. Trisomy is the Greek word for "three," denoting the presence
of three copies of a specific chromosome in a person's cells as opposed to the typical two
copies.
why the 23rd chromosome matters: The sex chromosomes, which determine whether
you will be born male or female, are the 23rd pair of chromosomes. Males have one X and one
Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Which chromosome is a boy in good health?: Every human cell typically contains
one pair of sex chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have
two X chromosomes. Males also have one Y chromosome.
Which kind of human cell has twenty-three chromosomes? The 23 chromosomes
found in human gametes are haploid cells; each chromosome is one of two pairs seen in diploid
cells.
What chromosome is more powerful?: Not to start a fight between the sexes, but the
X chromosome has 10 times more genes and is five times larger than the Y chromosome (males
have one, while females have two). This indicates that compared to the Y chromosome, it
carries more characteristics and diseases.
Which chromosome is more powerful in men or women?: This second X
chromosome confers an immune advantage to women, according to American physician
Sharon Moalem's book The Better Half. With twice as many X chromosomes per cell in a
woman's body as in a man's, she has twice as many genes available to control her
immunological response.
What is meant by 23 DNA? Each pair of chromosomes has one from mom and one
from dad. Accordingly, you and your mother and father each have 23 bits of DNA that they
share. Put differently, each parent and you share 23 different segments of DNA. These
segments are all quite lengthythey each make up a complete chromosome!
What guidelines apply to the 23 and Me DNA test? For at least half an hour before
submitting your sample, refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, chewing gum, brushing your
teeth, or using mouthwash. Gather the appropriate amount of saliva. About 2 mL, or ½
teaspoon, of saliva is the suggested volume to offer. A sample of your saliva should be just
above the fill line.
Is DNA entirely accurate? According to studies, DNA evidence is 99% accurate,
which makes it among the most reliable kind of evidence you can present in court. Every
person's DNA is unique, much like their fingerprints. If something goes wrong, it's usually due
to human error. The result of a case can be significantly changed by DNA evidence.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
4. Scientific Report8:
Determining the origins of the DNA discovered on the Turin Shroud: The burial
fabric that is often believed to have been used to shroud Jesus Christ's body after his death
about 2000 years ago is the Turin Shroud. Here, we provide the key conclusions drawn from
the examination of genomic DNA recovered from dust particles suctioned from various body
image regions and the lateral edge utilized in radiocarbon dating. Numerous plant taxa
indigenous to the Mediterranean region were recognized, along with species that originated
mostly in Asia, the Middle East, or the Americas, and were introduced at a historical time after
the Middle Ages. In terms of human mitogenome lineages, our analyses identified sequences
from several individuals with various ethnic backgrounds. These sequences clustered into
several Western Eurasian haplogroups, some of which are known to be characteristic of the
Arabian Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, Western Europe, and the Near East. This variety
would not rule out a medieval origin in Europe, but it would also be consistent with the
historical route taken by the Turin Shroud on its alleged journey from the Near East. The
outcomes also suggest that the linen cloth may be manufactured in India.
The Turin Shroud (TS) is a 4.4 m long by 1.1 m wide linen cloth that depicts the double image
of a man who was beaten, scourged, and crowned with thorns1,2, suffering physical damage
associated with crucifixion. Since the Catholic tradition claims that this burial cloth is the one
in which the corpse of Jesus Christ was wrapped before being interred in a tomb in Palestine
about 2,000 years ago, TS is the most significant relic of Christianity. Many academics who
think that TS's voyage started in Jerusalem in 30 or 33 AD3 lend weight to this theory. TS
would have been relocated to Edessa (now Sħanliurfa in Turkey) and subsequently
Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey) around 944 AD after being hidden for years. The
Byzantine emperors possessed a burial clothwhich some historians refer to as the Shroud
that vanished during the Sack of Constantinople in 12044. Following this, the Crusaders would
have captured TS and moved it to Athens, Greece, where it stayed until 1225. According to
official records, it was in France at Lirey during the years of 1353 and 1357. From 1502 to
1578, it was held at Chambéry until coming into the ownership of the Dukes of Savoy3-5. With
a few short moves to conceal it during wartime, TS was maintained at Turin, Italy, starting in
1578. Later, it was moved to the city's cathedral's royal chapel, where it was housed in a
specially-made shrine. There, it has been preserved continuously since 1694.
The double, front and back, body picture that is not yet replicable is partially obscured by
numerous marks on the TS6,7 that were made by human blood, fire, water, and folding of the
material. In 1988, accelerator mass spectrometry was used to determine the age of the TS linen
cloth. Strong evidence for TS's recent mediaeval origin was provided by the results of
radiocarbon measurements from several independent laboratories, which showed a calendar
age range of 12601390 AD with a 95% confidence level8. A medieval age does not seem to
be compatible with the production technology of linen or with the chemistry of fibers extracted
straight from the major part of the cloth in 197811, but two works have raised some questions
about this determination9,10. Dust particles were removed by Hoover in 1978 and 1988 from
the gap between the Shroud and the Holland Cloth that was sewn to it for reinforcement12.
Later on, the particle composition was further investigated.
Laboratory of Genomica, Department of Applied and Fine Arts, University of Padova, Via
Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy1. The Department of Chemistry, Biology, and
Biotechnology of the University of Perugia is located in Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy2.
The 3D Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani" of Pavia University is
located at Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy3. G.B. should receive correspondence and material
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
requests; his email address is gianni.barcaccia@unipd.it. specimens from various filters were
kept and their contents were described in detail using optical microscopy6,13. Using
microscopy, pollen grains have been categorized according to the genus and species levels in
previous decades1416. The geographic locations of the corresponding plants' origins and current
locations have been shown to be consistent with the historical route that TS is thought to have
taken during its hypothesized 2000-year journey from the Near East, thereby confirming the
relic's authenticity3.
4.1. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to determine the biological
origins of the dust particles (pollen grains, cell debris, and other microscopic organic
specimens, such as plant-derived fibers and blood-like clots) that were vacuum-collected in
1978 and 1988 in different TS filters, which corresponded to the lateral edge, which was used
for radiocarbon dating8, and the face, hands, glutei, and feet of the body image6,13. Universal
plant DNA sequences, such as nuclear rDNA intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS) and
chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) barcodes, as well as human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) target
regions, were amplified and sequenced to identify plant taxonomic units and human genetic
lineages.
As a result, DNA sources from a broad variety of plant species and human mitogenomes
belonging to many haplogroups could be identified. Subsequently, the entire results were
assessed to see if the distribution and origin regions of identified plant cpDNA species and
human mtDNA haplogroups could offer new insights into the origin of the Turin Shroud.
4.2. Result:
A. Plant species were identified, and plant DNA was detected and recovered from the
Turin Shroud: 77 of the more than 100 PCR-derived amplicons that were successfully
sequenced and assigned to a genus or species source (19 distinct plant taxa) were recovered
from genic and intergenic target areas. 16 different plant species could be identified thanks to
almost half of the DNA sequences that came from the TS lateral edge samples (filter I). We
gave DNA sequences to one (glutei), two (foot), or three plant species (face and hands) in filters
EH, which correspond to different areas of the TS male body image. The plant species
discovered on TS using database searches of orthologous sequences from taxa with established
identities are compiled in Table 1. The land plant species include woody trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous weeds and crops. Some are endemic to Mediterranean regions and can be found
widely throughout Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, while others are native
to Eastern Asia and the Americas and were not yet established in Europe during the Middle
Ages.
The genus Picea contains the most abundant taxa among those found. It includes several spruce
trees found widely in temperate and boreal forest regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as well
as a few closely related species that are native to Europe (P. abies (L.) H. Karst., P. obovata
Ledeb., and P. omorika Purk.). Other species are found, though, including those indigenous to
Eastern Asia and the Mediterranean region, such as rare varieties of the Rosaceae family's plum
(Pyrus spinosa Forssk, syn. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.) and ryegrasses (Lolium spp.),
plantains (Plantago spp.), and clovers (Trifolium spp.). Black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia
L.), a tree of the Fabaceae family native to Appalachia in the Eastern United States, is one of
the most prominent plant species of the New World. Furthermore, we discovered crop species
that are often grown in various Old World agriculture systems and are mostly grown by
farmers, such as grapevine (Vitis or Parthenocissus spp.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.),
common hop (Humulus lupulus L.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). We also discovered
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
tree species that are frequently found in forests and woodlands, like willows (Salix spp.),
walnuts (Juglans spp.), and hornbeams (Carpinus spp.); despite having their origins in central
Asia and Eastern Europe, these species have a very wide range of current distribution.
We can infer from the whole evidence that TS was probably observed in a variety of
anthropological and natural settings, either up close or in different settings. A wide range of
geographical ranges, from riparian woodlands and mountain forests to farms on cultivated
plains, are compatible with the great diversity of taxonomic units. A number of species have a
centre of origin and have diversified in regions surrounding the Mediterranean basin, such as
North Africa and the Middle East. Prior to the era of Christ, the majority of these species were
extensively scattered throughout Europe. Other species found on TS, such as Robinia
pseudoacacia and nightshades in the Solanaceae family, were not brought to Europe until the
XVI century, following Christopher Columbus' discovery of America. Meanwhile, the two rare
fruit tree species from the genera Prunus and Pyrus, which are native to Southeast Asia and the
Middle East, were probably brought to Mediterranean regions starting in the XIII century and
later, thanks to Marco Polo's travels.
B. Analysis and haplogroup classification of human mtDNA haplotypes from the
Turin Shroud: Three separate mtDNA loci (MT-DLOOP, MT-CO1, and MT-ND5) were
found to correlate to a substantial number of diverse human sequences among the 93 mtDNA
amplicons that were produced and analysed. This finding suggests not only that there was
unquestionably human DNA in the TS dust, but also that there were multiple people who could
have contributed human DNA to the sample. Even after eliminating all the mtDNA sequences
that may potentially be linked to operator contamination, it was discovered that the mtDNA
haplotypes indeed belonged to distinct branches of the human mtDNA tree. Moreover, not only
were the identified mtDNA haplotypes numerous, but they could also be related to many
unique.
The Turin Shroud's plant DNA species are listed in Table 1. The potential species or genus
source of the plant cpDNA and ITS sequences found in TS samples was confirmed on March
7, 2015, using the blastn/x programmes of BLAST v. 2.2.30+ of the NCBI nr nucleotide
database and BOLD Systems v. 3 for the rbcL and ITS databases. Accessions1 linked to
different PCR amplicons that share the same DNA sequence, ranging from 2 to 5. In the NCBI2
nucleotide sequence database, several Picea species, including P. abies (L.) H. Karst., received
the same E-values (for further information on relevant SNPs, see also Supplementary Figure
S1).
BOLD analysis utilizing the ITS sequences as the query showed similarities with less robust
E-values, but similarity with Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) accessions3. These Cucumis4
cpDNA sequences have identical E-values when compared to the NCBI database accessions
for Cucumis sativus L. (cultivated cucumber) and Cucumis hystrix Chakr. (wild cucumber).
Based on the ITS nucleotide sequence similarities revealed in the BOLD, Lolium perenne L5
and Festulolium holmbergii (Dörfl.) P. Fourn. (Festuca arundinacea x Lolium perenne) are
potentially plausible. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill is a synonym for this name. Numerous
accessions belonging to the same species in the NCBI nucleotide sequence database have
equivalent E-values7.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Figure -1
The Turin Shroud's plant DNA species are shown in Figure 1. Diagram showing the Vavilov
centers of origin for the plant species found in the TS samples. For each species and all TS
filters (E, F, G, H, and I), the number of amplicons is presented (see also Table 1 for data on
the distribution of species among TS filters). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository,
provided the global map that served as the backdrop for this schematic overview41.
Haplogroups. Along with representatives of haplogroups U2, U5, R0a, R7, R8, L3c, M39, and
M56, six sub-branches of haplogroup H (H1, H2, H3, H4, H13, and H33) are also represented
(Table 2).
Figure 2 displays a schematic overview of the present geo-graphic distributions of each of the
discovered haplogroups, together with the number and fraction of read clusters produced from
the various TS samples. While certain haplogroups are more regionally and ethnically
concentrated, others are more widely distributed (for a complete list, see Supplementary Table
S2). Haplogroup H1, for example, is quite prevalent in Western Europe, peaking in frequency
~25% among Iberians and other people in Northwestern Africa, notably the Berbers.
Conversely, haplogroup H4 is found in the Near East (~1%), the Caucasus (~3%), Western
(Iberia ~3%), and Eastern (Europe) Europe at low and very similar frequencies. Haplogroup
H33 is uncommon and has only been discovered so far among the Druze, a Syrian, Israeli,
Jordanian, and Lebanese minority. Haplogroup U2 is predominantly distributed in South Asia
(~5%), however, a subgroup of it (U2e) can be found in Europe at a frequency of ~1%. In
contemporary European populations, haplogroup U5 has an average frequency of 7%. Its two
main sub-branches, U5a and U5b, are more prevalent in Eastern and Western Europe,
respectively. While haplogroup R0a is found at low frequencies throughout Western Eurasia,
it is primarily localized in the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa, with southeast Yemen
having the highest frequency (about 30%). While haplogroups M39, M56, R7, and R8 are
characteristic in the Indian subcontinent, with the latter practically present exclusively in
Eastern India, haplogroup L3c is exceedingly rare and restricted to East Africa.
In summary, mtDNA data show that many people have left their genetic imprints on the TS.
Their mtDNA sequences also belong to haplogroups that are characteristic of other ethnic
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
groups and/or geographical areas, such as North and East Africa, the Middle East, India, and
not just Europe, where official records confirm the existence of TS from 1353 AD.
Collection of DNA sequences that are not from plants or people: It is important to
note that only a small number of non-plant and non-human sequences were found among the
approximately 200 produced and sequenced cpDNA and mtDNA amplicons. A 58-bp sequence
from the southern grey shrike (Lanius meridionalis Koenigi), a medium-sized passerine bird
that is thought to live in Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and the Near East, partially matched
and produced the best alignment with the MT-CYB gene (accession no. AY827092.1).
A other sequence, which corresponded to 694 base pairs in the CO1 gene, was identified as
belonging to Cerebratulus longiceps Coe, a marine worm that is commonly found in the
Northern Pacific Ocean near Canada.
The Turin Shroud's human mtDNA haplogroups are listed in Table 2. In TS samples, human
mtDNA haplotypes, projected haplogroups, and sub-haplogroups were found. N denotes a low
quality region where the given diagnostic mutation is found1. There's also probably a
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Figure -2 Human mtDNA haplogroups found on the Turin Shroud
diagnostic2 insertion 60+T present2. Mutations are observed in relation to rCRS173. As per
HaploGrep's4 report42.
Diagram showing the current distribution of human mtDNA haplogroups and sub-haplogroups
found in TS samples by geography. For each haplogroup, the quantity and percentage of reads
obtained from samples EFGH, I, and IR are displayed on the left. Wikimedia Commons, the
free media repository, provided the globe map that served as the backdrop for this schematic
overview43.
C. Jesus' Blood Was Perfect:
Jesus had to be flawless for His blood to have any effect. Jesus' dual nature as both God and
man contributed to His perfection. Before Jesus, there was always "a male without defect"
offered as a sacrifice. The root word Tamam, which means to be finished, is the source of the
Hebrew term family, which means to be complete. Sinners required a sinless Redeemer. Jesus'
flawless blood cleaned us, making us whiter than snow. 1 Peter 1:1819 "For you understand
that you were redeemed from the meaningless way of life inherited from your ancestors, not
with ephemeral things like silver or gold, but with the precious blood of Christ, a lamb without
blemish or defect." Perhaps you don't feel important or noticed right now? You may believe
Jesus would find you too dirty. I implore you to have hope and to accept His statement that all
sin was forgiven by His death. The following day, John saw Jesus approaching him and
exclaimed, "Look, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!" according to John
1:29. He gave us freedom, his blood was perfect, it was required, and it brings life. We can
have eternal hope that we have been covered by the Lamb of the world because of His immense
love in giving His life for us.
D. Jesus' Blood Was Required and Necessary:
Reconciling us with God requires pure, flawless blood. Though it is frequently unpleasant to
consider our faults and the destruction of our estrangement from the Creator, the truth is that
we are subject to death as a result of our transgressions. We become even more conscious of
what would have been expected of us in the absence of Jesus as we read of blood sacrifices
used to atone for the sins of God's people. We count ourselves fortunate to be on this side of
the cross. With one magnificent moment of death, Jesus' blood paid the price for all our sins
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
and granted us eternal life. According to Colossians 1:20, “And by making peace through his
blood, shed on the cross, to reconcile to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in
heaven.” Hebrews 9:22 states that "there is no forgiveness unless nearly everything is cleansed
with blood by the law." "This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many to
forgive their sins," says Matthew 26:28. I even think of the moment when the angel of death
was supposed to claim Egypt's firstborn sons during Moses's reign. Pharaoh forbade the
Israelites from leaving Egypt, therefore this was the last plague to strike the country. (Exodus
12:23) The first burns needed to be spared from death, and that required blood from a pure
animal. This served as a premonition of the blood that Christ would eventually spill on the
cross to save all of us who believe in Him from an eternity in hell.
E. Jesus' Blood Provides Freedom:
Revelation 1:5 Furthermore, from Jesus Christ, the earthly monarch, the firstborn from the
dead, and the trustworthy witness. To the one who loves us and has used his blood to atone for
our faults. Each of us has faced a death sentence. Our wicked ways have deceived and tempted
us, entangling us. We are freed from the penalty of sin by the blood of Jesus. The shackles and
stigma of sin are no longer applicable to us. Those who follow Jesus also benefit from His
victory since He is the winner. 1 Corinthians 15:57. The penalty of eternal death and being cut
off from God need not worry us. Because of Jesus' blood, we are now justified and have been
spared God's wrath. The definition of justified as "having or shown to have a just, right, or
reasonable basis" is found in Webster's Dictionary. This indicates that it is through Jesus' blood
that we have been justified. Through the blood of Jesus, the sins that made us guilty were
atoned for. Consider receiving a prison and/or death sentence. the devastating realization that
you were guilty and that there was no way out for you to pay your dues, use tactful language,
or win an argument. Then a man who has a spotless record and has never done anything wrong
enters. He expresses his desire to replace you. The guards taunt him, beat him, and bind him in
chains that were supposed to belong to you, but they kill him instead of you. Jesus
accomplished this for us by dying a bloody death. We are no longer burdened by the
consequences of our transgressions; rather, we are freed by His immense love. 5:9 in Romans
"We shall be saved from God's wrath through him even more, considering that we have already
been justified by his blood!"
F. Jesus' Blood Is Life-Giving
According to Leviticus 17:11, "For the life of the body is in its blood." To make you right with
the LORD, I have cleansed you by giving you the blood on the altar. The blood allows for
purification because it is offered in return for a life. When a person gives blood, they are
essentially giving up a portion of their life to ensure the survival of another. A person can obtain
more from another by sacrificing short-term suffering and loss. A person is considered to be
dead if they do not have any blood flowing through their veins. More than a blood drive, Jesus
Himself knew that His blood would be given. His blood offers life to everyone who accepts
Him, not only to a select few others. Abraham's faith healed him. The obedience motivated by
a deep confidence in the arrival of the Messiah was more important than the sin offering. Bible
scriptures that state that we are redeemed and given new life are shared by Bible Study Tools.
In Ephesians 1:17 "In line with the abundance of God's grace, we have redemption through his
blood, the forgiveness of sins, in him." Hebrews 9:14 In order for us to serve the living God,
how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit sacrificed himself to
God without spot, purify our consciences from actions that result in death? Hebrews 13:12 So,
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
in order to sanctify the people by his own blood, Jesus too endured suffering outside the city
gate.
G. Expressing gratitude for Jesus' blood:
Thank You, Jesus, for coming down from heaven to die on the cross in my place. I am grateful
that You shed Your blood so that I might wake up every day feeling forgiven and clean. I am
grateful that You are the Lamb of God and my sinless Saviour.
5. Discussion:
Sequence patterns of DNA recovered from dust particles collected from the Turin Shroud
correspond to multiple unique human mtDNA haplogroups and indicate a variety of plant
species. These findings not only corroborate the presence of pollen grains and plant fibers on
TS, as previously documented by optical microscopy, but they also show that several human
beings touched or otherwise left their DNA traces on the relic linen. Finding such a wide range
of DNA sources is crucial for determining whether the temporal and spatial trajectories linked
to the two alternative hypotheses that have been put forth to explain the TS origin and the areas
of origin and distribution of identified land plant species and human mtDNA haplogroups are
similar.
According to the radiocarbon measurements, the TS linen originated between 1260 and 1390
AD. This suggests that the TS originated in the Late Middle Ages and followed a mostly
Western European geographic course. Under this scenario, the DNA traces found could have
only recently come into contact with the TSwithin the last 800 years at most. Additionally,
these biological sourcesplants and human subjectshad to be present in the regions of
France and Italy where the TS was found and/or on display. The other option suggests that the
journey actually began much later, in 30 or 33 AD, in Jerusalem. The geographical regions
where the TS was located include the Near East, Anatolia, Eastern, and Western Europe, and
the time period for contact with the DNA biological sources is substantially longer in this case
(2000 years), with a possibly much greater range of plant and human interactions.
Regarding the land plant species that have been identified, some are indigenous to
Mediterranean regions and are found throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
As a result, they are consistent with both a more ancient Near Eastern origin and a relatively
recent Mediaeval origin in Europe. Others, on the other hand, arrived in Europe just after the
Middle Ages and had their origins in Eastern Asia and the Americas. It is obvious that the latter
species is unable to assist in differentiating between possible outcomes.
The majority of DNA sequences linked to the genus Picea are probably attributable to the
species Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., a forested tree that often inhabits highland parts of the
Carpathians and Alps. Spruce is the species that is discovered on TS dust in terms of abundance.
One sequence from a spruce tree taken in the Swiss Alps is among the NCBI sequences most
similar to those derived from TS; this finding is consistent with the transportation of TS across
the French-Italian Alps in 1578 when the relic was relocated from Chambéry to Turin. Notably,
the majority of P. abies accessions deposited in public databases, backed by specimen vouchers
and annotated with origins in Eastern Asia (e.g., China) and Southern Europe (e.g., Serbia),
shared the same haplotype with our trnL-intron sequences. This revealed numerous private
polymorphisms in addition to common SNPs.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
With their origins in countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula
to Palestine, the majority of plant species identified based on cpDNA and ITS sequences
such as clovers, ryegrasses, plantains, and chicoriesnow have a wide distribution. A few non-
negligible alien tree species have been introduced from the Eastern USA (Robinia
pseudoacacia L.), Northern or Southern China (Salix suchowensis W.C. Cheng, Pyrus spinosa
Forssk, and Prunus kansuensis Rehder), and the Mediterranean basin (Pyrus spinosa Forssk
and Prunus kansuensis Rehder). The former species is currently centred in Europe and the
Mediterranean basin, while the latter is more common in temperate Asia, Southern Europe, and
Northern Africa. Overall, the wide range of plant species and taxonomic families found on TS
point to the possibility that contamination happened in previous centuries and is consistent with
the idea that the linen cloth was exposed to various environments throughout the Mediterranean
region.
The haplotypes that have been identified do not randomly cluster on the entire human mtDNA
tree in terms of its sources; rather, they only do so on a certain subset of its branches, which
correspond to various haplogroups from Western Eurasia and neighboring regions
(Supplementary Table S2). This discovery suggests that a large number of people have left
DNA traces on the TS, and it also suggests that these people most likely belonged to distinct
ethnic groups and were from distant geographical locations, such as Europe, North and East
Africa, the Middle East, and India. Therefore, the sources of these sequences fit the geographic
route of the long-postulated journey from the Near East quite well, even though they are also
completely compatible with the scenario that many of the thousands of worshippers who may
have come into contact with the relic throughout the centuries in France and Italy came from
the remote geographic regions where these mtDNA haplogroups are common.
Additionally, it should be noted that filter I originates from the lateral edge of the linen cloth,
whilst filters E, F, G, and H correlate to the interior portions of the cloth that encased the TS
man's body. The lateral borders of the fabric were handled more than the inside, more
protecting body image because of the folding, which also put them in greater contact with the
outside world. In light of the TS's presumed historical course and its early encounters and
contamination, filters E, F, G, and H may offer more trustworthy hints than filter I. Only the
dust particles from filter I were found to contain the six haplogroups (H4, L3c, M39, R7, U2,
and U5). When these are taken away, the remaining haplogroups often define four partially
overlapping geographic regions: In the Middle East, haplogroups H13, H33, and R0a are
present; in Southeast Europe and Turkey, haplogroups H1a, H2a, and H13 are there; in Western
Europe, encompassing France and Italy, haplogroups H1j and H3 are present; and in India,
haplogroups M56 and R8 are present.
6. Findings with Hypotheses:
The findings of our study regarding the human mtDNA traces found on the TS, in summary,
are consistent with two possible hypotheses:
1. The linen cloth originated in mediaeval Western Europe and was encountered by
individuals from diverse geographic locations and ethnic backgrounds, potentially due
to devotion to the Christian relic; or
2. The linen cloth originated in the Middle East and travelled across the Mediterranean
region, encountering a wider variety of local residents and believers over an extended
period of time. The discovery of mtDNA haplogroups that are usually from India is
somewhat surprising, even in the latter case (i.e., Jerusalem in Israel until about 500
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
A.D., SƧanliurfa in Turkey until 944, Constantinople in Turkey until 1204, Lirey and
Chambery in France from 1353 until 1578, Turin in Italy to date)
3. One likely explanation is that throughout millennia, people with Indian heritage came
into touch with TS. The recent contamination scenario is highly probable given the rate
of DNA breakdown and PCR-biases towards undamaged DNA. Alternatively, and
maybe most intriguingly, the linen cloth would have been woven in India, as suggested
by the original name of TS, Sindon, which seems to have sprung from Sindia or Sindien,
an Indian fabric.
7. Methodology:
7. 1. Gathering TS Samples for DNA examinations: Subsets of the dust particles
vacuumed from the back of the Turin Shroud (TS) were used in this study for DNA
investigations. Giulio Fanti (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Italy)
kindly provided these samples in 2010, and he personally received them from Giovanni Riggi
di Numana in 200612,18. Specifically, in 1978, four samples were first collected on filters from
four different parts of the back of TS, which corresponded to the TS male image's hands (filter
E), face (filter F), feet (filter G), and glutei (filter H)12. For radiocarbon dating8,12, a second
sample was taken in 1988, precisely from the corner section (filter I) of TS.
The dust samples that were gathered on these filters included a range of particles and were
immobilized using adhesive tapes as previously mentioned6,13. Filters EI had previously been
shown to include pollen grains, cell debris, and other microscopic organic specimens such as
fibers produced from plants and blood-like clots6,7,13.
The five adhesive tape pieces, each attached to a sterile microscope slide, contained TS dust
particles collected on filters E, F, G, H, and I. These pieces were provided as parts of the
original samples, which ranged in size from 5 × 10 mm to 10 × 30 mm, as shown schematically
in Supplementary Figure S2, panel D. Under a stereomicroscope, each sticky tape piece was
manually cut with a scalpel and tweezers into tiny sub-portions measuring a few square
millimeters (~5 × 5 mm each); each piece was then put into a 1.5-ml sterile microtube. For
independent genomic DNA extractions, 2 to 12 square portioned specimens of the adhesive
tape pieces were utilized; the DNA samples from each specimen were maintained apart for
PCR amplifications.
While PCR amplicons from each mtDNA region were combined for 454 sequencing
procedures, amplicons from each cpDNA region were sub-cloned and used separately for DNA
sequencing. Specifically, the DNA amplicons from external filter I were split into two samples
of six specimens each (named I and IR and taken as independent biological replications. In
contrast, the DNA amplicons from each of the 2, 4, or 6 specimens associated with internal
filters E, F, G, and H were pooled together into single samples. The different sizes of the
adhesive tape pieces that needed to be analysed for each of the five TS filters, along with the
fact that dust particles were shown to be significantly more abundant on the tape representing
the external filter than on those for the internal filters, imposed this pooling strategy6,13.
All manipulation procedures were carried out aseptically in a laminar flow hood with filter-
sterilized buffers and autoclaved disposables. Specifically, we preventedor eventually
foundcontaminations from the environment and the operators by using sterile materials,
following all required procedures, and implementing internal negative controls. We sequenced
the whole mitochondrial genomes of the three operators who handled the Shroud samples, and
we eliminated from our analysis any mtDNA sequences we got from the TS samples that might
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
have been contaminated by the operators. Regarding potential environmental contaminations,
our facilities do not grow or study any of the broad kinds of plant sources found in the Shroud
by nuclear ITS analysis, chloroplast gene analysis, or cpDNA sequence analysis.
7. 2. Extraction of Genomic DNA: To prevent any loss of TS material and to carry
out duplicate studies for each TS filter, specimens from the adhesive tape pieces containing the
TS dust particles were used separately for genomic DNA extraction.
With slight changes, the QIAamp®DNA Investigator commercial kit (Qiagen) was used for all
genomic DNA extractions. The original protocol meant for laser-microdissected tissues was
followed. All manipulation procedures were carried out in a laminar flow hood with disposable
autoclaved materials free of DNA and DNase as well as filter-sterilized buffers. Sub-samples
were collected and immediately placed into a 1.5-ml tube with a pre-warmed mixture of 20 μl
proteinase K and 40 μl ATL buffer. After that, each sample was combined by pulse-vortexing
and continuously stirred for 16 hours at 56 °C in the incubator. Subsequently, 100 μl of the AL
buffer containing 2 μg of carrier RNA was added, and the mixture was stirred for 15 seconds
using pulse-vortexing.
Following the addition of 100 μl of 100% ethanol, the mixture was well combined by pulse-
vortexing for 15 seconds. It was then allowed to sit at room temperature for five minutes. The
manufacturer's instructions were followed for the subsequent processes, which included
immobilizing the isolated DNA on a silicon membrane and washing it to remove any remaining
contaminants. The DNA immobilized by the silica membrane was eluted in two stages, with
15 μl of ATE buffer used at each elution step and an additional 10 minutes of room temperature
incubation. PCR amplification and sequencing of certain plant and human mitochondrial DNA
areas were specified for the purpose of identifying human genetic lineages and plant taxonomic
entities.
7.3. Sequencing human and plant DNA sequences using PCR amplification:
Utilizing primer combinations created using nuclear (rDNA intergenic transcribed spacers,
ITS) and chloroplast targets (cpDNA barcodes RuBisCO or rbcL, trnH-psbA, and trnL-intron)
(Supplementary Table S4), PCR amplifications of plant DNA sequences were carried out
following previously published protocols19,20. In summary, a total of 20 μl was used for the
reactions, which included 2.5 μl of eluted DNA solution, 1 mM MgSO4, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 0.25
U of Platinum® Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies), 0.3 μM of primer mix, and 2 μl of
10X reaction buffer. Using a temperature profile that included 50 cycles of 1 minute at 95 °C,
30 seconds at 55 °C, 1 minute at 68 °C, and a final step of 10 minutes at 68 °C, the reactions
were carried out in an Applied Biosystems 9700 Thermal Cycler.
MT-DLOOP with the hypervariable regions MT-HV1 and MT-HV2, MT-CO1, and MT-ND5)
were the three unique mtDNA loci for which PCR amplifications of human sequences were
conducted under identical conditions using primer pairs.
The amplicons were converted into chemically competent one-shot TOP10 bacterial cells by
ligation into the TOPO-blunt cloning vector (Life Technologies) and subcloned. Clones were
plated on 1.5% agar, 50 μg/mL ampicillin, and 40 μg/ml X-Gal LB plates. Colony-PCR was
used to select transformed colonies. Two microliters of 10X reaction buffer, 1.5 milligrams of
magnesium chloride, 300 micrograms of deoxyribonucleic acid (dNTPs), 1.5 units of BIOTaq
DNA polymerase (BIOLINE), and 0.2 micrograms of M13For (5′-
GTAAAACGACGGCCAG-3′) and M13Rev (5′ -CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC-3′) primers
were used in the 20 microliter amplification. An automated sequencer from Applied
Biosystems, the ABI3100, was used to sequence the positive colonies.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Plant and fungal species were identified using nuclear ITS sequences as well as DNA
barcodes21,22, with queries made to the Barcode of Life Data BOLD Systems v. 3
(http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/IDS_ OpenIdEngine). Using default parameters,
blastn/x programs of the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST v. 2.2.30+ (http://blast.st-
va.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) were also used to execute sequence similarity searches in
nucleotide collections (nt) and with non-redundant protein sequences (nr). After being
confirmed by double sequencing of both strands, all plant cpDNA and ITS sequences derived
from PCR amplicons were entered into GenBank under the accession numbers JQ007354-
JQ007431 and JQ082521-JQ082524. The human mtDNA sequences were entered into
GenBank under accession numbers KP126143KP126230. These sequences were obtained as
clusters from the assembly of reads produced by 454 sequencing.
They gathered data for every plant sequence, including:
i)
The source of the TS location.
ii)
The GenBank accession number of the most similar sequence.
iii)
The Linnaean name of the species, which includes the botanical family and
common name.
iv)
The name and length of the target DNA sequence.
v)
The species' geographic distribution and center of origin, as well as details
about plant type and/or common use. It is important to highlight from an
experimental perspective that certain species were discovered in biological
replicates using various specimens of the same filter as well as different filters;
nevertheless, technical replicates were also used to evaluate the species based
on amplicons from various genetic targets.
Furthermore, by doing independent experimentsthat is, PCR studies carried out at multiple
periods utilizing DNA samples obtained at different times from the same filters/dust samples,
other species were also found. These examples all serve as crucial experimental validations
and show how reliable the plant species (or genus) assignments are.
7.4. Pyrosequencing library preparation and human mtDNA PCR amplification:
Prior to pyrosequencing, target mtDNA sequences were amplified using certain primer sets,
following the procedure outlined in the preceding paragraph. It is noteworthy that, surprisingly
for very ancient DNA specimens, the successful amplification of human mtDNA fragments
with sizes ranging from 419 to 576 bp (and plant nuclear and chloroplast DNAs from 229 to
622 bp) like the ones we amplified would primarily come from undamaged or slightly damaged
DNA templates. However, numerous other factors affect the size of ancient DNA fragments
besides age, like preservation method and environmental factors like temperature, moisture
content, and pH (e.g., museum specimens vs. freshly unearthed remains). To put it briefly,
DNA degradation only becomes more successful over lengthy time spans; over shorter time
spans, like those suggested for the DNA traces on the TS, and when considering the multiple
copies of extra-nuclear DNA molecules, it becomes de facto unpredictable2326.
Following the supplier's recommendations, PCR products obtained from the amplification of
several samples were combined and purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit
(QIAGEN). The amplicons of the three distinct mtDNA target regions were then combined, as
shown in Supplementary Table S5, and purified using the Beckman Coulter Agencourt
AMPure XP procedure, adhering to the supplier's guidelines. Using a Thermos Scientific
Nanodrop fluorometer ND 3300, the pooled amplicons were quantified.
Using the Rapid Library Preparation Method (Series GS FLX+; Roche 454 sequencing),
libraries were created beginning with 100 ng of purified PCR products. Step 3.2 of the process
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
used Fragment End Repair, which avoided step 3.1, which involved DNA Fragmentation by
Nebulization. Univocal MIDs were used to tag individual libraries. Using the Roche 454 FLX
Titanium platform, emulsion PCR and 454 sequencing were performed in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. A Roche 454 GS Junior System was used for library sequencing.
7.5. Variant calling, cluster assembly, and sequence read analysis: The Roche 454
programme SFF file was used to de-multiplex sequence readings according to their MID
sequence. Supplementary Table S7 provides the count of sequenced and aligned reads
pertaining to the individual libraries.
The programme CLC Genomics Workbench version 5.05 was used to map the sequence reads
to the human mitochondrial genome (gb|NC_012920.1) using the default settings. The average
coverage for each target region was estimated by mapping the sequence reads that came from
each library. An ad hoc programme that analyses the word composition (k-mer) of the
generated sequences and masks words with frequencies below the cutoff was used to filter out
background noise from the sequences. In this stage, the minimum frequency parameter was set
to 5, and the length of the k-mers was set to 7. One unusual variations were hidden, the
sequences were grouped using CD HIT v.4.5.427 software, with a 99% percent identity
criterion. Supplementary Table S7 provides an overview of the average coverage of the
mtDNA target regions for each pool and target region.
Using the "bwa"28 program and default settings, sequence clusters longer than 200 bp were
aligned to the mitochondrial genome of Homo sapiens (gb|NC_012920.1). Each sequence pool
was separately aligned against the reference sequence17 in this stage. Standard SAM files were
used to save the alignment files. Using the software PASS29, variant calling was carried out
on alignments of sequences that were representative of each cluster. The collection of
substitutions (transversions or transitions) that surfaced throughout the variant calling
procedure was used to define the haplotype for each cluster. No consideration was given to
additions or deletions.
Utilizing the program HaploGrep30, which enables the automatic assignment of haplogroups
in accordance with Phylotree 31, we conducted a pre-filtering step for estimation of the mtDNA
haplogroups represented in our cluster sequences. Haplogroups' initial designations to
sequence clusters with the highest sequence coverage were manually confirmed. The number
of sequences found in each cluster belonging to a particular haplogroup was used to estimate
the frequency of each haplogroup. As previously mentioned, the distribution of haplogroups in
the various samples was approximated by counting the sequences in accordance with the
information provided by the library. The assembled human mtDNA sequences were deposited
in GenBank under accession numbers KM655881KM655934.
Conclusion:
God values the blood of Christ because it bears witness to the weight of heavenly righteousness.
How can we truly know what justice is worth and how much it will cost to achieve? We focus
on the cross. According to the apostle Paul, God's righteousness is demonstrated by the
crucifixion (Leviticus 17:11). 11 Because a creature's life is in its blood, and because I have
given you some to use on the altar to atone for your own lives, it is the blood that does so. Our
pass to confidently approach God's presence is the blood of Jesus. Hebrews 10:1922 states,
"Therefore, dear brothers and sisters, because of the blood of Jesus, we can boldly enter the
Most Holy Place of heaven." Jesus' death created a brand-new, vital pathway through the veil
into the Most Holy Place. The blood of Jesus is life! Blood is provided by the Red Cross to
prolong life on Earth, but it is provided by the Cross of Christ to prolong life eternally. Paul
states, "According to the riches of His grace, in Him (Christ) we have redemption through His
blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses."
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
Reference:
1.
NCERT: Six Functions of Blood: Solutions and Video Notes with Question Bank:
www.meritnationa.com
2.
Christian Nordqvist: Medical News Today.
3.
Blood Hematology: Main Category Article dated 27 July 2010 8.00 PDT.
4.
The Foundation for America’s Blood Centers.
5.
Niki Foster (2013) &Harris B Ed. Conjecture Corporation. 2003-2013.
6.
Mathis D (2019) Ed. Precious power of the Blood: Desiring God. He is a husband, father of four and
author of workers for your joy. Cities church. Christ on Christian leaders. www.desiringgod.org/
7.
Whitaker: Organ Systems in the Human Body.
8.
Gianni Barcaccia et al 2015. Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud. Scientific
Reports 5: 14484 DOI:10.1038/srep14484.
9.
Chemistry III, ACS Advances in Chemistry 205, 22, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C.,
pp. 447476, 1984).
10.
Adler, A. The Orphaned Manuscript a Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin (A Shroud
Spectrum Intl. Special Issue, Ed. Effatà Editrice, Turin, Italy, 2002).
11.
Antonacci, M. The Resurrection of the Shroud (M. Evans & Co, New York, NY, 2000).
12.
Poulle, E. Les sources de l’histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique. Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique
34, 747781 (2009).
13.
Meacham, W. The authentication of the Turin Shroud, an issue in archeological epistemology. Current
Anthropology 24, 283295 (1983).
14.
Fanti, G. & Basso, R. The Turin Shroud, optical research in the past, present and future (Nova Science
Publisher Inc., New York, 2007).
15.
Fanti, G. Hypotheses regarding the formation of the body image on the Turin Shroud. A critical
compendium. J. Imaging Sci Technol. 55, 114 (2011).
16.
Damon, P. E. et al. Radio carbon dating of the Shroud of Turin. Nature 337, 611615 (1989).
17.
Riani, M., Atkinson, A. C., Fanti, G. & Crosilla, F. Regression analysis with partially labelled
regressors: carbon dating of the Shroud of Turin. Stat. Comput. 23, 551561 (2013).
18.
Rogers, R. N. Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin. Thermochimica Acta 425,
189194 (2005).
19.
Schwalbe, L. A. & Rogers, R. N. Physics and chemistry of the Shroud of Turin, a summary of the 1978
investigation. Anal. Chim. Acta 135, 349 (1982).
20.
Riggi di Numana, G. Rapporto Sindone 1978/1987 (Ed. 3M, Milan, Italy, 1988).
21.
Fanti, G. & Basso, R. Statistical analysis of dusts taken from different areas of the Turin Shroud (Ed.
Libreria Progetto, Padua, Italy, 2009).
22.
Frei, M. Il passato della Sindone alla luce della palinologia (In: La Sindone e la Scienza, Ed. Paoline,
Turin, Italy, pp. 191200, 1979).
23.
Frei, M. Identificazione e classificazione dei nuovi pollini della Sindone (In: La Sindone, Scienza e
Fede, Ed. CLUEB, Bologna, Italy, pp. 277284, 1983).
24.
Danin, A., Whanger, A. D., Baruch, U. & Whanger, M. Flora of the Shroud of Turin (Missouri Bot.
Gard. Press, St. Louis, USA, pp. 152, 1999).
25.
Andrews, R. M. et al. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human
mitochondrial DNA. Nat. Genet. 23, 147 (1999).
26.
Fanti, G. & Malfi, P. Sindone: primo secolo dopo Cristo (Ed. Segno, Udine, Italy, p. 403, 2014).
27.
Nicolè, S., Barcaccia, G., Erickson, D.L., Kress, W. J. & Lucchin, M. The coding region of the UFGT
gene is a source of diagnostic SNP markers that allow single-locus DNA genotyping for the assessment
of cultivar identity and ancestry in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Res. Notes 6, 502 (2013).
28.
Nicolè, S. et al. Biodiversity studies in Phaseolus species by DNA barcoding. Genome 54, 529545
(2011).
29.
Kress, W. J., Wurdack, K. J., Zimmer, E. A., Weigt, L. A. & Janzen, D. H. Use of DNA barcodes to
identify flowering plants. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 83698374 (2005).
30.
Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P. D. N. BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System
(www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes 7, 355364 (2007).
31.
Willerslev, E. & Cooper, A. Review on ancient DNA. Proc. Royal Society B 272, 316 (2005).
32.
Prfer, K., Stenzel, U., Hofreiter, M., Pbo, S., Kelso, J. & Green, R. E. Computational challenges in
the analysis of ancient DNA.Genome Biology 11, R47 (2010).
33.
Niemi, M. et al. Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal diversity in ancient populations of domestic
sheep (Ovis aries) in Finland: comparison with contemporary sheep breeds. Genet. Sel. Evol. 45, 2
(2013).
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4659063
Ancient Greek & Roman Religions eJournal Vol 9, Issue 2, January 17,
2024. Pa 1-31. ISSN: 1556-5068
34.
Higgins, D., Rohrlach, A. B., Kaidonis, J., Townsend, G. & Austin, J. J. Differential nuclear and
mitochondrial DNA preservation in post-mortem teeth with implications for forensic and ancient DNA
studies. PLoS ONE 10 (5), e0126935 (2015)
35.
Godzik, W. & Li, A. Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or
nucleotide sequences.Bioinformatics 22, 16581659 (2006).
36.
Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler Transform.
Bioinformatics 25, 17541760 (2009).
37.
Campagna, D. et al. PASS: a program to align short sequences. Bioinformatics 25, 967968 (2009).
38.
Kloss-Brandsta
tter, A. et al. HaploGrep: a fast and reliable algorithm for automatic classification of
mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. Hum. Mutat. 32, 2532 (2011).
39.
van Oven, M. & Kayser, M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial
DNA variation. Hum. Mutat. 30, E386E394 (2009).
40.
Prof. Nat Week. Dean. Former Headmaster & Coach. Dartmouth College. USA. Published in
https://www.quora.com/What-were-the-DNA-results-of-Jesus-blood-stains
41.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/see file No_colonies_blank_ world_map.png.
42.
http://haplogrep.uibk.ac.at
43.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
44.
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/srep.
45.
Barcaccia, G. et al. Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud. Sci. Rep. 5, 14484; doi:
10.1038/srep14484 (2015).
46.
Fanti, G. and Malfi, P., 2013. A new cyclic-loads machine for the measurement of micro-mechanical
properties of single flax fibers coming from the Turin Shroud. In AIMETA Congress, Torino.
47.
Barcaccia, G., Galla, G., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A. and Torroni, A., 2015. DNA analysis of dust particles
sampled from the Turin Shroud. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 36, p. 03001). EDP Sciences.
48.
Barcaccia, G., Galla, G., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A. and Torroni, A., 2015. Uncovering the sources of DNA
found on the Turin Shroud. Scientific Reports, 5(1), p.14484.
49.
Sahakyan, H., Hooshiar Kashani, B., Tamang, R., Kushniarevich, A., Francis, A., Costa, M.D., Pathak,
A.K., Khachatryan, Z., Sharma, I., Van Oven, M. and Parik, J., 2017. Origin and spread of human
mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U7. Scientific reports, 7(1), p.46044.
50.
Gray, J., 1997. The Ark of the Covenant. Jonathan Gray.
51.
Roffman, B.S., 2004. Ark Code. Codes in the Bible.
52.
Irwin, M., 2012. The Unsolved Mystery of Noah's Ark. WestBow Press.
53.
Nissen, H., 2015. Noah's Ark: Ancient Accounts and New Discoveries (unabridged). Scandinavia
Publishing House.
54.
Crossword No, C., the Skeptic.
55.
"Strong's G3952". Blueletterbible.org. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2023.
56.
"Greek Lexicon: G2015 (KJV)". Blue Letter Bible
57.
Emma Danzey 2022: Four Things the Blood of Jesus Can Do According to the
Bible.www.crosswalk.com
58.
Bediako, K., 2000. Jesus in Africa: The Christian gospel in African history and experience. OCMS.
59.
Valverde, R., The Resurrection of Jesus Christ as Proof for the Survival of Human Consciousness.
60.
Blood vessel structure and functions: How the circulatory network helps to fuel the entire body.
https://www.visiblebody.com
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Article
Full-text available
The belief that Jesus Christ was resurrected from the dead is widely regarded as the cornerstone of the Christian religion and is open to a variety of interpretations. Some people believe that this probes the divine nature of Jesus Christ as the true son of God because he is the only person shown in the bible as being capable of resurrecting. In this article, another interpretation of the resurrection of Jesus Christ is proposed. This interpretation views the phenomena of the resurrection as proof for the survival of human consciousness by presenting it as an effort of Jesus to show to the world the survival process by making his own etheric body visible. This article uses interpretations from a variety of sources, including parapsychological, scientific, Christian Gnostic, and other revelations, to help reconcile Christianity with science and other spiritual traditions including Hinduism, Spiritualism, Buddhism and Judaism.
Article
Full-text available
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U is among the initial maternal founders in Southwest Asia and Europe and one that best indicates matrilineal genetic continuity between late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer groups and present-day populations of Europe. While most haplogroup U subclades are older than 30 thousand years, the comparatively recent coalescence time of the extant variation of haplogroup U7 (~16–19 thousand years ago) suggests that its current distribution is the consequence of more recent dispersal events, despite its wide geographical range across Europe, the Near East and South Asia. Here we report 267 new U7 mitogenomes that – analysed alongside 100 published ones – enable us to discern at least two distinct temporal phases of dispersal, both of which most likely emanated from the Near East. The earlier one began prior to the Holocene (~11.5 thousand years ago) towards South Asia, while the later dispersal took place more recently towards Mediterranean Europe during the Neolithic (~8 thousand years ago). These findings imply that the carriers of haplogroup U7 spread to South Asia and Europe before the suggested Bronze Age expansion of Indo-European languages from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe region.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The Turin Shroud is traditionally considered the burial cloth in which the body of Jesus Christ was enveloped after his dead about 2000 years ago. Here we report the main findings from the analysis of genomic DNA extracted from dust particles, which were vacuumed from the backside of Turin Shroud corresponding to internal parts of the body image and the lateral edge used for its radiocarbon dating. Specific plant chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) target regions were analyzed to identify plant taxonomic entities and human genetic lineages. Plant species native to the Mediterranean countries and widespread in the Middle East (Vavilov’s centers of origin V and IV, respectively) were identified, in addition to others living in temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere or having their primary center of origin and distribution in central and eastern Asia (mainly China, I) or native only to the Americas. Since many of these species were introduced into Europe after the Marco Polo travels and Christopher Columbus voyages, our findings suggest a geographic scenario for which only some of the detected plant cpDNAs are compatible with the supposed origin and trail of the relic, whereas others are likely from a historical interval later than the Medieval period. As for human mtDNAs, our analyses allowed the detection of sequences from multiple subjects, which clustered into a number of western Eurasian haplogroups, including some known to be typical of western Europe (H1 and H3), the Near East (H13 and H33), the Arabian Peninsula (R0a) and the Indian sub-continent (M56 and R8). Such mitogenome diversity could be due to contacts with subjects of different ethnic origins in recent centuries, but it is also compatible with the historic path followed by the Turin Shroud during its supposed 2000-year journey from the Near East. Furthermore it raises the possibility of an Indian manufacture of the linen cloth.
Article
Full-text available
The Turin Shroud is traditionally considered to be the burial cloth in which the body of Jesus Christ was wrapped after his death approximately 2000 years ago. Here, we report the main findings from the analysis of genomic DNA extracted from dust particles vacuumed from parts of the body image and the lateral edge used for radiocarbon dating. Several plant taxa native to the Mediterranean area were identified as well as species with a primary center of origin in Asia, the Middle East or the Americas but introduced in a historical interval later than the Medieval period. Regarding human mitogenome lineages, our analyses detected sequences from multiple subjects of different ethnic origins, which clustered into a number of Western Eurasian haplogroups, including some known to be typical of Western Europe, the Near East, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian sub-continent. Such diversity does not exclude a Medieval origin in Europe but it would be also compatible with the historic path followed by the Turin Shroud during its presumed journey from the Near East. Furthermore, the results raise the possibility of an Indian manufacture of the linen cloth.
Article
Full-text available
Major advances in genetic analysis of skeletal remains have been made over the last decade, primarily due to improvements in post-DNA-extraction techniques. Despite this, a key challenge for DNA analysis of skeletal remains is the limited yield of DNA recovered from these poorly preserved samples. Enhanced DNA recovery by improved sampling and extraction techniques would allow further advancements. However, little is known about the post-mortem kinetics of DNA degradation and whether the rate of degradation varies between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA or across different skeletal tissues. This knowledge, along with information regarding ante-mortem DNA distribution within skeletal elements, would inform sampling protocols facilitating development of improved extraction processes. Here we present a combined genetic and histological examination of DNA content and rates of DNA degradation in the different tooth tissues of 150 human molars over short-medium post-mortem intervals. DNA was extracted from coronal dentine, root dentine, cementum and pulp of 114 teeth via a silica column method and the remaining 36 teeth were examined histologically. Real time quantification assays based on two nuclear DNA fragments (67 bp and 156 bp) and one mitochondrial DNA fragment (77 bp) showed nuclear and mitochondrial DNA degraded exponentially, but at different rates, depending on post-mortem interval and soil temperature. In contrast to previous studies, we identified differential survival of nuclear and mtDNA in different tooth tissues. Futhermore histological examination showed pulp and dentine were rapidly affected by loss of structural integrity, and pulp was completely destroyed in a relatively short time period. Conversely, cementum showed little structural change over the same time period. Finally, we confirm that targeted sampling of cementum from teeth buried for up to 16 months can provide a reliable source of nuclear DNA for STR-based genotyping using standard extraction methods, without the need for specialised equipment or large-volume demineralisation steps.
Article
The aim of this work is to summarize the important contribution furnished by Optics in the studies of the TS (Turin Shroud) made in more than a century of researches and tests. In the first section the very peculiar characteristics of the TS are presented and discussed showing that up to now the double body image impressed on it is not yet reproducible. Some body image formation hypotheses are presented and they will be tested by also means of optical means successively discussed. The second and third sections respectively present the most important optical researches done in the past and in the present in reference to the Relic and the fourth section discusses some possible optical studies that should be done on the TS to unveil some obscure points. It is also accounted for the conservation problems that are very important for the body image impressed in the linen Cloth in a very particular way. In any case the complexity of the studies related to the TS implies that the future analyses will not be given to a limited group as was done in 2002, but to a very wide commission composed of experts in each one of the many disciplines involved in the studies.
Article
Ever since 1898, when Pia took the first photographs of the Turin Shroud, many researchers have advanced hypotheses to account for the body image visible on the most important Relic of Christianity. Until now, many interesting hypotheses have been examined, but none of them can completely explain the mysterious image. This article considers the most important of these hypotheses and concludes that radiation was responsible for the formation of the image. Although this hypothesis is still incomplete, of the various sources of radiation phenomena, corona discharge is preferred. (C) 2011 Society for Imaging Science and Technology [DOI: 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.6.060507]