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Subalternity and Representation: Arguments in Cultural Theory
... Subalternity is constituted intersectionally through raced, classed, and gendered practices, embedded in the workings of caste, settler colonialism, imperialism, racial capitalism, and patriarchy. The CCA engages critically with the scholarship on subalternity offered by the South Asian Subaltern Studies collective and dialogically with the work of Beverley (1999) and the Latin American Subaltern Studies scholarship, exploring the possibilities of stitching together friendships with the subaltern by working through the extreme power differentials that constitute historic relationships between academics and communities at the global margins, attending to the possibilities of structural transformation that are opened up by methods that cultivate humility and solidarity (see Dutta & Kaur-Gill, 2018). 2. Communicative infrastructures refer to the methods, tools, and channels that subaltern communities adopt to conceptualize, design, implement and evaluate their imaginations of social change (Dutta & Kaur-Gill, 2018). ...
This paper reports the findings from two randomized controlled
experiments and a field study, evaluating the effectiveness of a
culture-centered campaign co-designed with foreign domestic
workers in Singapore on the public knowledge of, attitude
toward, and support for policy protections for their rights. The
process of co-creating voice infrastructures in partnership with
hyper-precarious workers sought to address the upstream
structural determinants of health. Led by a community advisory group of workers involved in the formative research, strategy,
implementation, and evaluation, this campaign offers an empirical example of the culture-centered process for organizing
justice-based health communication interventions. Moreover, the
conceptualization of effectiveness, anchored in the voices of
communities at the margins, puts forth nodes for conceptualizing
data justice in health communication.
... Programas de este tipo eran comunes a los diversos procesos de formación de estados-nación en América Latina. Como afirmó el crítico cultural John Beverley (1999), durante el cambio de siglo, las clases dirigentes de la región aspiraban a fundir elementos indígenas, hispánicos, africanos y europeos como forma de subordinar identidades populares potencialmente desestabilizadoras y darle contorno a una nación culturalmente homogénea. La educación era un medio para alcanzar la integración de los sectores subalternos a un ideario de comunidad erigido sobre ideas modernas de ciudadanía (Vaughan, 1997;Finocchio, 2009;Larson, 2011). ...
Este artículo explora las campañas de alfabetización para conscriptos lanzadas por el estado nacional en la Argentina entre las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y las primeras del siglo XIX. A través del análisis los debates en El Monitor de Educación Común, los informes de inspectores escolares y los materiales utilizados en las escuelas para reclutas, indaga en la conformación de los cuarteles en un ámbito privilegiado para la educación patriótica de adultos varones jóvenes considerados como “analfabetos” o “ineducados”. De este modo, se destacan aquí las profundas conexiones entre los diagnósticos sobre el estado de la cultura de la población y las nociones de heterogeneidad, nación y democracia.
... En una línea similar, Mabel Moraña (1995, 169) insistiría en que el "grado de homogeneidad y autonomización de la praxis cultural" que sugeriría el libro de Rama debía ser matizado. John Beverley (1993Beverley ( , 1999, por su parte, situó el argumento de Rama en el centro de su imputación a la literatura como institución netamente colonial y como "práctica constitutiva de una identidad elitista". El trabajo de las últimas décadas sobre las formas de alfabetización indígena, negra y mestiza, así como la apropiación creativa de la letra por parte de sujetos colonizados, ha continuado asediando críticamente a La ciudad letrada. ...
Resumen
A pesar de su abarcadora influencia, La ciudad letrada de Ángel Rama (1984) ha sido sometida en los últimos años a una intensa crítica que ha cuestionado la relación demasiado unívoca que el argumento planteaba entre escritura y poder, así como su exclusión de las formas de alfabetización indígena, mestiza y afrodescendiente. El presente trabajo parte de estos debates para, revisando la obra crítica y los epistolarios de Rama, ofrecer una nueva genealogía intelectual del concepto que daba título al libro póstumo. En particular, se rescata el ensayo de 1980 donde Rama se refirió por primera vez a la ciudad letrada , titulado “La señal de Jonás sobre el pueblo mexicano”. La relectura del libro en diálogo con este trabajo previo nos permitirá ver que la idea de ciudad letrada no aspiraba a describir la totalidad de la realidad cultural de la América colonial, sino uno de los polos que la tensionan, uno de los lados de un conflicto cultural. “La señal de Jonás” ofrece una visión significativamente diferente de la ciudad colonial, donde la fuerza cultural de una plebe urbana y multirracial desafía los muros de la ciudad letrada y alcanza a penetrar la práctica intelectual de algunos de sus guardianes. Frente al pesimismo de La ciudad letrada , late en “La señal de Jonás” un utopismo similar al de Transculturación narrativa en América Latina respecto a las potencialidades políticas y estéticas de esa cultura urbana popular de raigambre colonial.
... The surreal aspects of Menchu's testimonio have led some scholars to suggest analyzing it as an "epic novel" in line with accounts of the lives of Catholic saints, or as a work of magical realism in the style of Nobel-winning Latin American authors such as Miguel Angel Asturias (Patai 2001, see also Beverley 1999, see also Montejo 2001:390). Yet, however much the violence represented in rumor and testimony may seem to resemble magical realism, Victor ...
This dissertation examines the ways that people engage in environmental and political debates, including how people make themselves and their positions visible at multiple scales. I focus on recent debates between indigenous communities, non-governmental organizations, government institutions, and transnational corporations over large-scale mining projects in Guatemala. Actors in these debates are engaged in an economy of representation that puts competing discourses about development, environment, and indigenous rights into contention with each other, creating disjunctures that allow for the creative reimagining of political subjectivities. Economies of representation operate at different scales—they are a set of linked practices through which actors produce, circulate, consume, and reinterpret media objects, contexts, discourses, and subjectivities. Debates over mining in Guatemala can be understood as a single economy of representation that pro- and anti-mining blocs each use to promote their own goals; these competing discourses are therefore intertwined, shaping and shaped by one another.
... In other words, two middle-aged, middle-class, white academics are telling these stories. And as postcolonial literature tells us, academic practices could actively be producing and reproducing subalternity through the act of representation (Spivak 1988;Beverley 1999). And so, we acknowledge that our telling and our understanding is always, and can only be, a partial one. ...
There has been a growing realisation in social justice literature that there are barriers to music teaching and learning, privileging certain musics and certain people. Recent writings suggest that practice-near perspectives may provide valuable insights into the particularities and complexities of social (in)justice within music education. Despite that, the use of action research and autoethnography in the field of music education has been slow to catch on. In this duoethnographic study, the authors explore the contextual and situated expressions of social justice in music education through their own practitioners’ stories. The authors suggest that listening to life stories of self and others can offer new textures of understanding regarding social justice and ourselves as its agents. As such, this study moves beyond a focus on what social justice look like and how it might be achieved to highlighting the experiences of social-justice practitioners as an essential way of knowing.
... The mediasphere often plays a critical role in shaping the way ethnic groups see themselves and others. A number of researches in the area of subaltern and postcolonial studies have postulated a correlation between power and representation which implies the inability of the marginalized subjects to speak for themselves (Spivak, 1988;Mignolo, 2002;Beverley, 1999;Byrd and Rothberg, 2011). While dominant groups have long exercised control over the voice and visibility of themselves and others in media spaces, minority groups have been silenced, dimly visible from the margins, and as Argentinean decolonial thinker Walter Mignolo argues, they have been «left out of the discussion» (Mignolo, 2002: 63). ...
The Francoist Regime, in order to legitimize and maintain power until the death of its dictator, aimed to impose a system of values and norms by carrying out activities of control and self-control. With this objective, it intended to modify the mental schemas and the dynamic components of individual identity. In this project, the press played a fundamental role, given its capacity to influence the beliefs and actions of all social agents. In this contest, feminine identity was of special importance and the Women's Section intended to re-construct it in the pages of Y Revista para las mujeres nacional sindicalistas (1938-1945), influencing the ideas and behaviour of Spanish women during the early years of the dictatorship. In my article, using the theoretical framework of linguistic pragmatics, CDA and theory of argumentation, I will investigate the persuasive strategies adopted in Y in order to of define the role of women in Spanish Civil War.
... Their silence is epitomized through their tragic absence from the historical discourse (Spivak, 1999, p. 244). John Beverley (1999) congruently renders Spivak's politics of representation to allow subaltern to 'speak for itself' (Beverley, 1999, p. 39). He identifies the possibilities of silencing the subaltern within the ken of academic purview projections, for this reason, he does not make any assertions of representing the subaltern 'we do not claim to represent ('cognitively map", "let speak", "speak for", "excavate") the subaltern' (Beverley, 1999, p. 40). ...
The study aims to investigate the barriers that hinder in the progress of females’ higher education. The study adopted a mixed methods approach. The quantitative data is collected from 200 female students of a Pakistani public university through a structured questionnaire, whereas to generate the qualitative data semi-structured interviews are conducted from 15 female students from the same group. The findings highlight ignorant parents as major barrier in the way of females’ higher education. Moreover, cultural norms, low socio-economic status, unavailability of universities in remote areas, and stereotype thinking of families are also pointed out as main barriers of females’ progression in higher education. Some implications for policy are offered and suggestions for future research are proposed.
... Drawing from Gramsci, several scholars developed and elaborated the notion of subalternity in connection with the body of postcolonial studies and, in particular, cultural studies primarily of India (Guha 1997, Chakrabarty 2002, Chibber 2014, and of Latin America (Beverley 1999, Saldívar-Hull & Guha 2001. The reason Gramsci, among the many Marxist scholars available, was extensively read, translated, and quoted, concerns precisely his interest with the subaltern classes, and in particular the peasantry. ...
This thesis is an ethnographically informed analysis of the transformations undergone by
the practices of consumption, distribution, and discourse production of local seafood after the Great East Japan Disaster of 2011 in the municipality of Ishinomaki, Miyagi
Prefecture, Japan.
Drawing from data collected during a 12 month fieldwork in Miyagi
and Tōkyō, I individuate three classes of actors (locals, new-locals, non-locals) whose
activities contribute to the changes in the imagery about seafood and its producers; and
two movements: one centrifugal, along which food leaves Ishinomaki to reach Tōkyō, the
capital, and one centripetal, followed by visitors and tourists who come to Ishinomaki to
experience its food, among the other attractions.
In this thesis the study of disasters and their consequences on human society, and the
study of food as a fundamental instrument of signification and negotiation of locality,
converge to produce a novel interpretative frame through which I look at the
transformations of Ishinomaki as a dialogic process that embeds the 2011 disaster in the
wider historical perspective of the Japanese Northeast (Tōhoku) as a politically subaltern
region. Locals, new-locals and non-locals inscribe in this stratified horizon their values,
projects and hopes, creatively re-negotiating the meanings of locality, sociality, and civic
subjectivity through seafood such as oysters (kaki), scallops (hotate) and sea-squirts
(hoya). This intensive work of inscription, in turn, causes the lives and experiences of
individuals to ‘stick’ to the seafood as it circulates, generating a network from which
emerges images of young, enterprising fishermen and domestic immigrants, striving
against a conservative past in order to build new social spaces out of the tsunami debris.
... 3 The term subaltern has been introduced by the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci to identify the social groups excluded and displaced from the socio-economic institutions of society in order to deny their socio-political and cultural voices. The terms subaltern and subaltern studies entered the vocabulary of post-colonialism through the works of South Asian scholars' constituting the so-called Subaltern Studies Group of historians in the late 1970s (see, Beverley, 1999). 4 The Provisional Revolutionary Government/Interim Government of Iran (1979)(1980) was the first postrevolutionary government in Iran. ...
This paper sheds light on the significance of the 1979 Iranian Revolution for the Iranian Kurdish movement, arguing that the Revolution provided Iranian Kurds with multifaceted opportunities as well as challenges. In the ensuing years, the Kurdish movement entered into a new phase of its rise. With the emergence of numerous civil society organizations and political parties, the Kurdish movement experienced a hitherto unprecedented growth and diversification of actors and organisations. Kurdish civil society flourished drastically, and a significant part of the Kurdish movement's challenge to the newly-established government in Tehran was channelled through collective non-violent resistance. The creation of city councils (şoray şar) across Kurdistan constituted the first important challenge to the authority of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, whilst the mobilisation of collective non-violent resistance introduced new forms of resistance to the post-Revolutionary authoritarian state's policies in Kurdistan.
... Do they have the right to tell the Other's stories? (Beverley, 1999). On the other hand, is it not true that those stories would remain silenced if these testimonios had not been written? ...
La Noche de Tlatelolco: Testimonios de Historia Oral is a text full of
voices which had been silenced. In addition, it is a hybrid text because it combines
photojournalism, the literal words of many interviewees, witness accounts of
survivors and political prisoners, and extracts from documentary sources like political
speeches and hospital reports. It is an example of histories narrated orally by those
who did not previously have a voice. They are oral translations of the real,
intralinguistic and interlinguistic rewritings exemplifying what Bastin (2006: 121)
calls “oraliture”, a type of textual construction of great importance when changing
the way of looking at the history of translation. Since the studies published by Paul
Bandia, Jeremy Munday or Georges Bastin, translation theory has been pressing for
analysis of translations which take into account the concepts of critical
historiography. The aim should be to achieve translations which overcome the
traditional Eurocentrism and universalism that have allowed Westerners to remain in
the comfort zone, a zone which offered only the vision of the conquerors and not that
of the conquered. The translator cannot ignore all these changes and must begin to
construct new venues in historical text research and its translation which put an end
once and for all to that Eurocentric vision presented to us as the only true one.
... The CCA analyses communicative processes that (re)produce marginalization of disenfranchised populations, and challenges this disenfranchisement through validation of community knowledge [9]. Drawing upon postcolonial [24] and subaltern studies [25], CCA theorizes that domination produces communicative erasures that limit opportunities for participation, representation and recognition [10]. Academic-community partnerships become important sites of co-constructed meaning making, with community knowledge honored [26]. ...
Health education research emphasizes the importance of cultural understanding and fit to achieve meaningful psycho-social research outcomes, community responsiveness and external validity to enhance health equity. However, many interventions address cultural fit through cultural competence and sensitivity approaches that are often superficial. The purpose of this study was to better situate culture within health education by operationalizing and testing new measures of the deeply grounded culture-centered approach (CCA) within the context of community-based participatory research (CBPR). A nation-wide mixed method sample of 200 CBPR partnerships included a survey questionnaire and in-depth case studies. The questionnaire enabled the development of a CCA scale using concepts of community voice/agency, reflexivity and structural transformation. Higher-order confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated factorial validity of the scale. Correlations supported convergent validity with positive associations between the CCA and partnership processes and capacity and health outcomes. Qualitative data from two CBPR case studies provided complementary socio-cultural historic background and cultural knowledge, grounding health education interventions and research design in specific contexts and communities. The CCA scale and case study analysis demonstrate key tools that community-academic research partnerships can use to assess deeper levels of culture centeredness for health education research.
... Nuance Spivak (1988) stresses the importance of 'unlearning': discarding stereotypes, confronting internalized biases, and questioning old ways of knowing. Kapoor (2004), Beverley (1999) and Moore-Gilbert (1997) note that this necessitates contesting normalized knowledge and dominant, seemingly self-evident assumptions. Kapoor (2004: 642) pithily adds that unlearning means 'stopping oneself from always wanting to correct, teach, theorise, develop, colonise, appropriate, use, record, inscribe, enlighten'. ...
This article critically examines how the concept of empathy is mobilized in the rhetoric of development education, and explores different ways of conceptualizing empathy as a pedagogical ideal and an affective experience. Its premise is that the concept of empathy has been insufficiently
probed within academia, even though paradigm shifts in development have made the concept central to development education. In reference to narratives of African poverty, the article critiques literature depicting empathy as simple or inevitable within development education. It seeks to open
up new possibilities for conceptualizing a form of empathy that prioritizes nuance and self-reflexivity. The article intends to contribute to development education by advocating more respectful, dialogical and self-aware cross-cultural engagement.
... Their silence is epitomized through their tragic absence from the historical discourse (Spivak, 1999, p. 244). John Beverley (1999) congruently renders Spivak's politics of representation to allow subaltern to 'speak for itself' (Beverley, 1999, p. 39). He identifies the possibilities of silencing the subaltern within the ken of academic purview projections, for this reason, he does not make any assertions of representing the subaltern 'we do not claim to represent ('cognitively map", "let speak", "speak for", "excavate") the subaltern' (Beverley, 1999, p. 40). ...
... Thus, they lack the skills of expressing validity of claims. In addition, their claims are often expressed in poor imitations of the master discourse, and thus, not given good faith hearing by those skilled in the use of the dominant discourse (Beverley, 1999). ...
The aim of this paper is to critically explore various challenges faced by oppressed and suppressed African American women in the western societies. It also explores the varied emancipatory efforts they make when striving to absolve themselves of the forces of oppression and dehumanization as portrayed by Suzan Lori Parks in her play, Venus. The paper uses the postcolonial feminist theory of the Subaltern as the basis for the analysis to thoroughly examine the play extrinsically and intrinsically. In her play, Suzan- Lori Parks portrays African American women facing the turbulence of racism, discrimination and inequality in the western socio-geographical setting. She confidently and aesthetically reveals various challenges hindering the progress and life fulfilment of the African American women through the heroine of her play. The paper traces the history of Venus, unveils the cruelty of the European mentality and racial discrimination against African women. It also shows the rights of African women and identifies new ways for them to express their identities. Finally, the paper reveals that despite the obvious and prevalent acts of discrimination for African women for over the years, the problem persists. However, unlike the pre–Civil Rights era, today’s discrimination is less readily identifiable.
... Thus, they lack the skills of expressing validity of claims. In addition, their claims are often expressed in poor imitations of the master discourse, and thus, not given good faith hearing by those skilled in the use of the dominant discourse (Beverley, 1999). ...
The aim of this paper is to critically explore various challenges faced by oppressed and suppressed African American women in the western societies. It also explores the varied emancipatory efforts they make when striving to absolve themselves of the forces of oppression and dehumanization as portrayed by Suzan Lori Parks in her play, Venus. The paper uses the postcolonial feminist theory of the Subaltern as the basis for the analysis to thoroughly examine the play extrinsically and intrinsically. In her play, Suzan- Lori Parks portrays African American women facing the turbulence of racism, discrimination and inequality in the western socio-geographical setting. She confidently and aesthetically reveals various challenges hindering the progress and life fulfilment of the African American women through the heroine of her play. The paper traces the history of Venus, unveils the cruelty of the European mentality and racial discrimination against African women. It also shows the rights of African women and identifies new ways for them to express their identities. Finally, the paper reveals that despite the obvious and prevalent acts of discrimination for African women for over the years, the problem persists. However, unlike the pre–Civil Rights era, today’s discrimination is less readily identifiable.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature
... Representar a los subalternos, en la doble acepción del concepto, como hablar de y ha- blar por es imposible desde la violencia epistémica propia del discurso experto. No se puede representar a los subalternos sin la implosión del discurso experto (Beverley 1999). Por eso, aquellos académicos o acti- vistas que sin cuestionar los formatos mismos del discurso experto imaginan hablar a nombre de y desde el lugar de, desconocen la radical disyuntiva indicada por Spivak. ...
This research article explores the complex relationship between marginalization and gender identity. The novel amplifies the voices of the transgender community in India. It raises questions about the institutional, societal, and cultural practices that perpetuate their marginalization and examines how Revathi’s novel highlights the connection between gender identity and the subservient experience of transgender individuals. Drawing on Trauma Theory, this article, through its lens, examines the struggles endured by transgender people, which lead to particular forms of discrimination and social exclusion. Through Revathi’s narration, this article addresses the existential crisis that accompanies identity formation in the context of marginalization, shaped by social class, caste, and gender. This study aims to provide a crucial framework for exploring how the voices of marginalized people navigate a society that often attempts to silence them. It also offers insight into how Revathi’s life experiences deepen the understanding of the complexity of gender identity.
Este artigo investiga a influência da arte, música e literatura como formas de resistência cultural e social em dois contextos distintos: a América Latina, marcada por políticas neoliberais, e a África, em processo de descolonização cultural no início do século XXI. A análise aborda como artistas e músicos têm desafiado estruturas de poder e promovido narrativas alternativas de identidade e inclusão. O estudo baseia-se em uma abordagem interdisciplinar, com foco em exemplos práticos e reflexões teóricas sobre o papel da cultura como agente transformador. Palavras-chave: arte, música, neoliberalismo, descolonização, resistência, América Latina, África. 1. INTRODUÇÃO A globalização e a expansão do neoliberalismo no final do século XX e início do século XXI trouxeram profundas mudanças políticas e econômicas para diversas regiões do mundo. Na América Latina, essas políticas exacerbaram desigualdades sociais, enfraqueceram sistemas públicos e marginalizaram comunidades vulneráveis. Paralelamente, o continente africano enfrentava os resquícios do colonialismo, lutando para reconstruir narrativas culturais que haviam sido silenciadas ou apropriadas por potências europeias. Neste cenário, a arte e a música emergem como ferramentas poderosas de resistência e reconfiguração social. Ao longo da história, ambas as expressões culturais têm desempenhado papéis cruciais na contestação de regimes opressores e na construção de identidades coletivas.
En el presente trabajo reconstruimos el itinerario del concepto gramsciano nacional-popular en producciones y debates de la intelectualidad latinoamericana. Luego de una reflexión en torno a las dificultades inherentes al tratamiento del concepto y de un repaso por los debates sobre nacional-popular en los estudios gramscianos, delimitamos dos momentos de la historia latinoamericana en los que dicho concepto ocupó un espacio significativo en las producciones y debates intelectuales. El primero de ellos corresponde al desarrollo de la tradición gramsciana latinoamericana ligada a la experiencia de la nueva izquierda latinoamericana. El segundo corresponde a la consolidación de los estudios subalternos en el contexto del declive de la política revolucionaria y el despliegue global del capitalismo.
Lla théorie politique francophone aurait beaucoup à apprendre des Subaltern Studies, du moins lorsqu’elles sont comprises comme un vaste courant de pensée se développant sur plusieurs décennies plutôt que comme le Subaltern Studies Group (SSG) qui exista formellement dans les années 1980 et 1990. Jusque dans leurs contradictions et leurs évolutions, les Subaltern Studies ont été l’une des lignes de recherches les plus productives et les plus influentes des dernières décennies, en Inde et à l’échelle internationale. Dans cet article, je voudrais dans un premier temps présenter ce courant de pensée. Au sens strict, le Subaltern Studies Group (SSG) fut un collectif intéressé par les sociétés coloniales et postcoloniales. Il naquit dans les années 1980 autour de l’historien Ranajit Guha pour tenter de reformuler l’histoire de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud. Les premières Subaltern Studies travaillèrent l’histoire et la théorie sociales en insistant sur la culture des groupes subalternes et leurs formes autonome d’action. Dans un second temps, le SSG effectua un tournant postcolonial. Il insista sur l’opposition entre la pensée coloniale et les pensées subalternes et se concentra sur l’histoire culturelle et la discussion épistémologique. Après la dissolution du SSC, les chercheurs qui en avaient fait partie formèrent une mouvance hétérogène qui tira le bilan des acquis et impasses des travaux antérieurs. Entretemps, les problématiques travaillées avaient trouvé un fort écho dans d’autres régions du monde.
Dans une seconde partie, je reviendrai sur un débat, méconnu dans l’Hexagone, qui eut lieu entre le marxiste anglais Perry Anderson et des chercheurs indiens ayant appartenu au collectif des Subaltern Studies. En 2013, le premier publie The Indian Ideology , un pamphlet contre des intellectuels indiens qu’Anderson considère comme liés à l'idéologie nationaliste indienne de Nehru et du Congrès. Dans ce livre, Anderson ignore presque complètement les critiques indiennes de l’historiographie et de l’idéologie nationalistes, et en particulier la plus importante d’entre elles, portée par le SSG. En réaction, trois anciens chercheurs de celui-ci publient une réponse à Anderson . D’autres universitaires appartenant plus ou moins à cette mouvance, tels que Ravi Sinha, se joignent au débat. Je mettrai en valeur une notion spécifique qui a surgi au cours de la controverse, celle de « politique des profondeurs », proposée par Ravi Sinha . Enfin, je me proposerai de réinterpréter cette notion et j’esquisserai la façon dont cette discussion peut nous aider à inverser le regard sur la politique et la démocratie en prenant le point de vue de cette école de pensée venue des Suds et en interrogeant sur la mobilisation des imaginaires en politique au 21e siècle.
The paper provides an exhaustive overview of the development of subaltern historiography. It substantiates how there has been a progress in the field of historiography as it has evolved from being a secluded and a separatist representation of the elite into an encompassing mirror of the subaltern as a whole.
The paper has addressed the disengagement of subaltern history from the official accounts, which renders the subaltern vulnerable to misrepresentation, and consequent subjugation. From Marxist to Subaltern discourse, history has transited from being a homogenous account of the elite to a multitudinous account of the subalterns. It has also been analyzed how from Marxism to Subaltern studies, History is generally taken at its face value, especially if formulated by the elite authority. Under these circumstances, the subalterns who are misrepresented by the elite remain a scapegoat. It is in consideration of these putative reasons the need to rectify and reclaim subaltern history is paramount.
This article discusses the traces of two Early Modern Arab figures dramatized in The Moor’s Account (2014) by Laila Lalami and Leo Africanus (1992) by Amin Maalouf. Marginality, nomadism, and humanism are dramatized in the lives of Mustafa Al-Zammouri/Estebanico a black Arab from Zammour taken as a slave and sold to a Spanish conquistador who joined the Narváez Expedition and Leo Africanus/Alhassan Alwazzan who was captured by Spanish pirates and sent as a gift to Pope Leo X (1475–1521) around the same time. The lives of those two Early Modern Arab travelers provide the flesh for a bicultural humanism that avoids jingoistic nationalism that is centered around ideas of the canon that excludes narratives and texts from “the other world.” Bicultural humanism, I argue, is a unique space where both Maalouf and Lalami exercise their talent of recovering the lives of the silenced other and in doing so, challenge Orientalist stereotypes by creating dynamic narratives of Arabs and Muslims as complex nomad characters not essentialized violent multitudes enraged at Western modernity.
O Projeto Ecologia de Saberes com Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, desenvolve ações que integram ensino, pesquisa e extensão num processo dialógico de co-construção com povos indígenas de diferentes etnias dos territórios indígenas paranaenses e de etnias de estudantes indígenas de outras regiões do Brasil que ingressaram nesta universidade. Conduzido por um grupo de pesquisa e extensão transdisciplinar, desde 2018, é operacionalizado com apoio da Pró-reitoria de Extensão, de Graduação e da Superintendência de Diversidade e Inclusão, por meio da concessão de bolsas para estudantes e recursos financeiros. O projeto articula o acesso, a permanência, a pesquisa-ação e o ensino básico dos povos indígenas ao valorizar a oralidade, as língua(gen)s, cosmologias e temporalidades, num processo de escuta profunda dos conhecimentos tradicionais marginalizados pela Ciência Moderna. O aprender-fazendo com os povos indígenas envolveu estabelecer o papel da universidade no registro do que compõe a educação indígena e suas pedagogias e um trabalho de articulação das práticas linguísticas, em processos contínuos. Tecer caminhos em direção à pluriversidade, entremeados pela desestabilização do reducionismo da ciência moderna, seus códigos racistas e mobilização de metodologias descolonizadoras é desafiador. Os elementos reunidos apontam profundas lacunas e potenciais a serem enfrentados no que diz respeito à efetivação da política afirmativa, aos sentidos do fazer pesquisa e extensão e às dimensões curriculares, em diferentes níveis, na Universidade.
El estudio determinó la incidencia de la gestión territorial y los determinantes sociales en el control de la tuberculosis en el distrito de El Agustino. El estudio se realizó mediante el enfoque cuantitativo no experimental de diseño descriptivo correlacional, de corte transversal, con una muestra de 90 participantes. Se utilizó la técnica del muestreo no probabilístico donde se aplicaron tres cuestionarios. Se observó que la variable Gestión territorial presento mayor frecuencia la categoría Ineficiente (52.2%), seguida de la categoría Medianamente eficiente (28.9%), y para la categoría Eficiente (18.9%). Para la variable, determinantes sociales, obtuvo mayor frecuencia la categoría Eficiente (61.1%), seguida de la categoría Medianamente eficiente (20.0%) y para la categoría Ineficiente (18.9%). En relación a la Tuberculosis pulmonar, la mayor frecuencia fue en la categoría satisfactorio (48.9%), seguida de la categoría insatisfactorio (33.3%), y para la categoría Medianamente satisfactorio (17.8%). Se encontró significancia estadística en la variable tuberculosis, (p=0.005), destacando la opción de tuberculosis 1: Insatisfecho al tratamiento, lo que sugiere sinergia combinada de la gestión territorial y los determinantes sociales, si influyen (p= 0.008), pero de manera combinada, aunque a nivel independiente. Se encontró que los niveles de la gestión territorial y los de la variable determinantes sociales fueron significativos (p=0.021). Conclusión: Se determinó que la sinergia combinada de ambas Gestión territorial y Determinantes sociales de la salud es la que produjo la significancia en la variable dependiente Tuberculosis (p=0.005<0.05).
Ever since T.B. Macaulay leveled the accusation in 1835 that 'a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India,' South Asian literature has served as the imagined battleground between local linguistic multiplicity and a rapidly globalizing English. In response to this endless polemic, Indian and Pakistani writers set out in another direction altogether. They made an unexpected journey to Latin America. The cohort of authors that moved between these regions include Latin-American Nobel laureates Pablo Neruda and Octavio Paz; Booker Prize notables Salman Rushdie, Anita Desai, Mohammed Hanif, and Mohsin Hamid. In their explorations of this new geographic connection, Roanne Kantor claims that they formed the vanguard of a new, multilingual world literary order. Their encounters with Latin America fundamentally shaped the way in which literature written in English from South Asia exploded into popularity from the 1980s until the mid-2000s, enabling its global visibility.
This book is a study of representations of unproductive leisure in contemporary Indian novels in English. It focuses both on the relevance of experiences of purposelessness to the Indian cultural context and on their potential to subversively comment on the history of colonialism and on global, productivity-oriented mechanisms of acceleration. In this way, the monograph analyses the importance of leisure and purposelessness to a postcolonial perspective. Moreover, this perspective engages in current global debates about acceleration and time perception in modernity.
The way in which time is perceived is central to representations of such experiences of unproductive leisure. Not only are they free from a specific purpose, but during the experience, time takes on a different quality, being characterised as duration rather than as a linear development. From a postcolonial perspective, the temporal experience of lingering in the present moment is understood as a subversive critique of the modern concept of an abstract, linear time which has spread historically and has become naturalised through colonial expansion and global capitalism. Thus, the novels’ representations of purposeless leisure are understood to express a utopian potential via the critique of dominant experiences of temporality, since these are affected by India’s colonial past and reinforced by a capitalist belief in progress and productivity.
The readings in this study are linked to a South Asian discourse of rediscovering Indian cultural modernity for the late modern moment in which the novels are set. Both the novels' nostalgic longing for instances of alternative temporality and for certain cultural practices are rooted in an older cultural modernity. From a present sense of alienation and loss, the texts harken back to older modes of social togetherness, they characterise a playful openness of perceiving the urban space or they depict cultural phenomena such as Hindustani music or the poetry of Rabindranath Tagore. The entangled discourses of Indian modernity, temporality and nostalgia can only come into focus, the study argues, by analysing the experiences of leisure and purposelessness at the heart of the analysed novels.
These arguments are supported by in-depth analyses of six recent novels as well as by selected examples from a larger corpus. Beginning with a methodological introduction, the following chapters map the relevance of these discourses in the novels through the protagonists' predominant modes of leisure experience and their representation in the novel.
It is not easy to write about rock because that word has been used, in different historical moments, to refer to a wide variety of musical genres that may have little to do with each other. For example, MTV (the most successful music channel in history) and Rolling Stone (the legendary rock music magazine) play or comment on, indistinctly, the music made by artists who play Heavy Metal, New Wave, Hip‐Hop, Classic Rock, Punk Rock, and the most unapologetic pop. All these styles and many more find room under the umbrella provided by the music industry, comprising music channels, specialized magazines, radio stations, and record stores, among others. As part of US culture, Spanish and artifacts produced in that language can be marketed as one of the ways in which the cultural diversity of that powerful country manifests itself.
Audiovisual media have become increasingly pervasive in Latin America. Indigenous film and media studies has become a robust and interdisciplinary scholarly field that spans film and cultural studies, visual anthropology, film festival studies, and the writings by activists and participating filmmakers. Third cinema film makers across the hemisphere saw their struggle against US neo‐imperialism and internal colonialism allied with anticolonial struggles in Africa and Asia. Social, political, and economic power and their critique are articulated through audiovisual media and in response to them. A full understanding of the lettered city must therefore include its (audio) visual economy. Collaborative and community film and video in Indigenous languages differs locally in its becoming and must be distinguished from the array of aesthetically stunning films that have also been made in collaboration with Indigenous non‐professional actors or communities. Collaborative and community video have found support from international non‐governmental organizations, international foundations, national arts councils, and film festival grants.
Pensar como a literatura e as artes em geral têm se situado frente à concepção hegemônica de natureza representa um desafio à crítica. A definição tornada corrente, em seu caráter eminentemente dissociativo, haja vista a separação e independência entre o que se entende por humano e natural, tem sido com recorrência associada à intensificação de ações predatórias contra a vida. Não espanta, portanto, que demandas e urgências contemporâneas, especialmente ao se considerar a gravidade das transformações ambientais e as expectativas preocupantes quanto ao futuro do planeta e dos seres humanos, venham exigindo uma profunda revisão de posicionamentos. Nesse contexto, os modos de representação e performatividades artístico-literárias, tendo em vista inserções históricas e culturais particulares, são relevadores das implicações do dualismo e do abstracionismo subjacentes à determinação de categorias como humanidade e natureza. Isso está manifesto em experiências literárias que têm desenvolvido perspectivas ecológicas e, portanto, mais relacionais, bem como explorado o atravessamento de conhecimentos disciplinares a favor de um saber de fronteiras, de uma reflexão aguda sobre a ciência, o alcance das novas tecnologias e a convergência entre o biológico e o social.
São muitas as direções possíveis quando se trata de refletir sobre a relação da literatura com as mudanças epistemológicas atreladas à maneira como os seres humanos têm se situado no mundo. Sem a pretensão de reduzir a produção literária a um fator único ou de buscar uma totalidade inalcançável, principalmente quando se trata do espaço exíguo de um artigo, parece pertinente propor um percurso orientado pelo dualismo humano-natureza, levando-se em conta a importância de considerar sua hegemonia desde sua vinculação histórica, cultural e geográfica de origem. A contribuição de reflexões como as que vêm sendo oferecidas pela Antropologia contemporânea, bem como as possibilitadas por cosmologias não ecocidas cujo conhecimento foi historicamente apropriado e depreciado, tem demonstrado a parcialidade da ideia mesma de natureza tal como foi conformada nas sociedades ocidentais. Reconhecer seu caráter cultural e histórico constitui, portanto, um primeiro passo para sua problematização.
À inquirição da ideia de natureza no Ocidente moderno atrela-se um conjunto de questões no campo da literatura e da crítica, como vêm indicando experiências que envolvem um grupo múltiplo de propostas normalmente reconhecidas sob a rubrica de ecocrítica ou formulações estabelecidas a partir de um “descentramento” estético e epistemológico associado ao Sul Global. Apresentam-se, em todo caso, como caminhos investigativos empenhados em posições contra-hegemônicas. Desse modo, os estudos pós-coloniais e decoloniais vêm balizando uma produção crítico-literária comprometida com expressões, linguagens e políticas que evidenciam não apenas o caráter geopolítico da concepção de natureza como também propõem a pertinência e viabilidade de formas distintas de percepção da vida.
O capítulo discute a definição de distopia enquanto gênero literário, suas características formais, suas relações com outros gêneros e seu desenvolvimento ao longo do tempo.
A paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a literary field. In other words paradigm is known as a type of proof. The purpose of paradigm is to provide the readers with an illustration of similar occurrences, which helps one to guide anything anywhere.
Paradigm shift has brought a cultural revolution in literary field. Numerous illustrations are there for all paradigms in our literary studies which can be portrayed according to social, political and cultural contexts. Through paradigm shift one can demonstrate the highly qualified valuable ethics through their works of various literary genres in order to encourage the changes in literature culturally. It is used to indicate the highlighting pattern or model of any literary genre. In such case, one can emphasize the changes in literature either culturally or socially through changing paradigms.
Presently, San Agustin Church (SAC) in Intramuros–Manila, the country’s oldest church is about 413
years old. The structure’s age can be one of the factors of its vulnerability to seismic hazard. Moreover,
inclusion of seismic provisions in the NSCP was considered only in 1987. Those structures that have
not been designed to seismic codes are advised to undergo seismic assessment. Possibility of having
different damages after the event of seismic activities can be measured through structural modeling
and subjecting to earthquake simulation. In this study, SAC’s seismic vulnerability was analyzed using
Pushover Analysis and Time History Analysis. Model of SAC was subjected through a total of 7 ground
motion data of local earthquakes, with each ground motion data normalized from 0.1g to 2.0g of peak
ground acceleration (PGA). The damage rank obtained was “No Damage”. Unfortunately, the
researchers did not come up with the seismic fragility curves due to time constraints and pandemic.
However, following the standards set by the NSCP and SEAOC, the structure is therefore unsafe for
occupancy when subjected to seismic activity, considering only base shear as the mode of failure.
A partir de los comentarios a la reseña elaborada por Ian S. Mclean sobre el libro: Cuerpos incas y el cuerpo de Cristo. El Corpus Christi en Cuzco colonial, Perú, escrito por Carolyn Dean, surge un debate sobre los Estudios Postcoloniales y Subalternos, que se desarrolló entre el 12 de agosto y el 3 de septiembre de 2001, a través de la lista de correo electrónico de H-Latam, grupo de discusión dedicado a la historia latinoamericana. En él participaron destacados especialistas en el tema, quienes analizaron, entre otras cuestiones, el uso de la jerga y las formas de escritura, la novedad de sus planteamientos, sus influencias filosóficas y epistemológicas, su pretensión de captar el punto de vista de los vencidos y subordinados, la pertinencia de unas ideas originalmente desarrolladas para el estudio del colonialismo inglés y luego aplicadas al colonialismo español en América Latina.
The idea of Teaching Empires originated during the 6th Gender Research
Conference
in Łódź, Poland, when Teaching with Memories (2006) was
launched
by Working Group 1b4 Athena 2. The book has been a success in
European teaching and a third printing (2007) is distributed internationally by
Syracuse University Press. Many contributors felt that their deep commitment
to teaching and a good working atmosphere needed a new project. Since then,
the Working Group, Teaching Empires, met at the annual Athena meetings
in Budapest in 2006 and in Madrid in 2007. Members of the working group
devised teaching exercises, shared local experiences and memories of empire,
made presentations of their teaching materials and drew upon the commentary
and questions of peers. An important first step, for instance, was to devise an
inventory of courses on empire being taught in higher education. Thanks to
funding from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and co-sponsorship
by the Centre for Gender Studies at Stockholm University, the group
was given the opportunity to have an extra workshop on “Women and Transnational
Citizenship: Researching Teaching Empires” at Stockholm University,
in May 2008. The workshop was also dedicated to preparing for the teaching
at the Central European University in Budapest in the autumn term of 2008.
In Budapest, over the course of the autumn term, members of the Working
Group offered a course, “Women and Transnational citizenship, Teaching
Empires”,
to post-graduate students of gender. Exploring the internet as a site
for teaching at the CEU, we developed a moodle e-learning platform where we
uploaded the teaching material as well as films connected to the themes of the
course. Students were required to address one film in relation to their chosen
topic in the final paper in order to ensure that the visual was represented.
En las últimas décadas, las luchas por la ciudadanía sexual y los derechos de la población LGBT (lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y trans) ha adoptado significativa visibilidad en los países de América Latina. Una heterogénea variedad de movimientos sociales han colaborado a replantear el significado del sexo, género y la sexualidad que configuran los Estados-nación contemporáneos y las nociones de ciudadanía. En particular, Uruguay se ha vuelto un país pionero en la aprobación de derechos de la población LGBT, a la vez que ha registrado un crecimiento significativo en la estructura, capacidad de movilización e incidencia política del movimiento social que aborda esta temática.
En un contexto de “activismo globalizado” (Binnie, 2004), esta investigación procura analizar las formas que adquieren las identidades y prácticas sexuales en Uruguay y, fundamentalmente, cómo éstas se politizan de modo tal que habilitan formas específicas de acción colectiva. ¿De qué modo se (re) significan las identidades sexuales transnacionales? ¿Cómo y porqué se seleccionan determinados categorías identitarias para nombrar la disidencia en un contexto específico? ¿Qué sentido adquieren para los activistas locales? ¿Qué nuevos marcos de sentido se desarrollan? ¿Qué líneas de acción habilitan estas interpretaciones en determinados contextos de oportunidad política? En otras palabras, el objetivo se concentrará en analizar los procesos de construcción de sentido colectivo que desarrollan los movimientos sociales en pos de politizar las identidades sexuales persiguiendo distintas metas: generar movilización, expresar públicamente quiénes son o re-significar/desestabilizar las categorías identitarias.
La producción literaria de la escritora chilena Lina Meruane se interna en el valle de los monstruos e indaga en todos aquellos rincones donde pueden acechar. Este artículo analiza las diferentes representaciones del monstruo en la obra de la joven narradora de la mano de sus personajes: niñas y adolescentes, desobedientes y en busca de una identidad que pugna por no ser categorizada. Mártires ficcionales de un mundo real, las protagonistas de Las infantas (1998) y Fruta podrida (2007) claman por revertir las normas de un mundo que va perdiendo su humanidad a favor de la tecnología. Convertirse en aquel súper cíborg, propuesto por Donna Haraway en Simians, cyborgs and women (1991), que usaba la tecnología para erradicar la desigualdad, no parece posible en una ficción en la que la realidad dictatorial todavía hace estragos en la memoria. Los personajes sucumben ante su destino. Pero su mensaje todavía existe y resiste, y la monstruosa obra de Meruane advierte, recordando la identidad original del monstruo y sus habilidades videntes.
Subaltern Geographies is the first book-length discussion addressing the relationship between the historical innovations of subaltern studies and the critical intellectual practices and methodologies of cultural, urban, historical, and political geography. This edited volume explores this relationship by attempting to think critically about space and spatial categorizations.
Editors Tariq Jazeel and Stephen Legg ask, What methodological-philosophical potential does a rigorously geographical engagement with the concept of subalternity pose for geographical thought, whether in historical or contemporary contexts? And what types of craft are necessary for us to seek out subaltern perspectives both from the past and in the present? In so doing, Subaltern Geographies engages with the implications for and impact on disciplinary geographical thought of subaltern studies scholarship, as well as the potential for such thought. In the process, it probes new spatial ideas and forms of learning in an attempt to bypass the spatial categorizations of methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism.
La teoría poscolonial y la opción de colonial están, desde hace ya unos años, encontrando cada día más adeptos en América Latina. En ambos casos, la idea de lo colonial, la colonialidad y el colonialismo parece tomar diferentes formas. A pesar de esa fluctuación proteica de los vocablos que tienen como base semántica a la palabra «colonia», su circulación es significativa tanto en círculos académicos como en el mundo de los movimientos sociales. Sin ánimo de despreciar este fenómeno, sino más bien con la intención de tratar de enriquecer el diálogo entre marcos teóricos con vocación descolonizadora, voy a proponer, primero, analizar los distintos tipos de colonialismo de los que hablan esas corrientes y, segundo, revisitar críticamente un par de marcos teóricos y prácticas académicas que hoy no gozan de la misma acogida que las dos antes mencionadas. Una de ellas es el modo de producción intelectual que fue hegemónico en los estudios coloniales de los años ochenta originados en los departamentos de lengua y literatura de las universidades de Estados Unidos, cuyos nombres más representativos fueron Walter Mignolo y Rolena Adorno. La otra es la propuesta teórica y práctica del Latin American Sublatern Studies Group, un colectivo mayormente integrado por estudiosos de la literatura latinoamericana residentes en Estados Unidos (John Beverley, Ileana Rodríguez y otros), cuya relativamente breve vida (aproximadamente una década) abrió caminos todavía no del todo explorados. Sobre el final, voy a dedicarme a esbozar una propuesta para profundizar las vías de abordaje que proponían esas dos corrientes académicas.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.