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Panarchy: Understanding Transformations In Human And Natural Systems
Abstract
Creating institutions to meet the challenge of sustainability is arguably the most important task confronting society; it is also dauntingly complex. Ecological, economic, and social elements all play a role, but despite ongoing efforts, researchers have yet to succeed in integrating the various disciplines in a way that gives adequate representation to the insights of each.Panarchy, a term devised to describe evolving hierarchical systems with multiple interrelated elements, offers an important new framework for understanding and resolving this dilemma. Panarchy is the structure in which systems, including those of nature (e.g., forests) and of humans (e.g., capitalism), as well as combined human-natural systems (e.g., institutions that govern natural resource use such as the Forest Service), are interlinked in continual adaptive cycles of growth, accumulation, restructuring, and renewal. These transformational cycles take place at scales ranging from a drop of water to the biosphere, over periods from days to geologic epochs. By understanding these cycles and their scales, researchers can identify the points at which a system is capable of accepting positive change, and can use those leverage points to foster resilience and sustainability within the system.This volume brings together leading thinkers on the subject -- including Fikret Berkes, Buz Brock, Steve Carpenter, Carl Folke, Lance Gunderson, C.S. Holling, Don Ludwig, Karl-Goran Maler, Charles Perrings, Marten Scheffer, Brian Walker, and Frances Westley -- to develop and examine the concept of panarchy and to consider how it can be applied to human, natural, and human-natural systems. Throughout, contributors seek to identify adaptive approaches to management that recognize uncertainty and encourage innovation while fostering resilience.The book is a fundamental new development in a widely acclaimed line of inquiry. It represents the first step in integrating disciplinary knowledge for the adaptive management of human-natural systems across widely divergent scales, and offers an important base of knowledge from which institutions for adaptive management can be developed. It will be an invaluable source of ideas and understanding for students, researchers, and professionals involved with ecology, conservation biology, ecological economics, environmental policy, or related fields.
... In this setting, adaptive dynamic cycle theory was introduced to meet the needs of research to parse the spatiotemporal dynamic relationship between landscapes and the risks that may arise in them [21,22]. The adaptive cycle has been developed within a four stage framework of social-ecological system development: (1) exploitation, (2) release, (3) conservation, and (4) reorganization, with three dimensions of potential, connectedness, and resilience (PCR 3D) [22,23]. Potential and connectedness demonstrate the overlay properties of the landscape and the interaction between the adjacent components of the ecosystem; representing the landscape's pattern of static attributes and the degree of connectivity, respectively. ...
... All the grid data were interpolated into 1 km × 1 km cells by spatial resampling. The two stages of exploitation and conservation comprise traditional ecosystem succession and have evolved into a three-dimensional dynamic cycle with the addition of temporal processes of reorganization and release [23]. The dynamic development concept forms an adaptive cycle for the socio-ecosystem [8,21]. ...
... This development concept creates an adaptive dynamic cycle. [8,23]. With intensive human interference and a changing environment, the uncertainty and diversity of landscape ecological risk has been increasingly enhanced. ...
Rapid urbanization and intensification of human activities increases the risk of disturbance of ecological systems via multiple sources, with consequences for regional ecological security and health. Landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) is an effective way to identify and allocate risk to resources. We used the north and south Qinling Mountain area as a case study to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of landscape ecological risk using a potential- connectedness-resilience three-dimensional (PCR 3D) framework based on an integrated and dynamic risk assessment concept from adaptive cycle theory. We explored factors driving the risks with a spatial model GeoDetector. The results show that the comprehensive landscape ecological risk was north–south polarized and dominated by low and moderate risk levels (90.13% of total risk) across the whole study area. The high-risk area was centered on the Weihe plain north of the Qinling Mountains (NQL), while low-risk areas accounted for 86.87% of the total area and were prevalent across the south of the study area. The areas with high potential and connectedness risks were centered in the Xi’an–Xianyang urban agglomeration and those with high-resilience risk were in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River. The vast majority of the area to the south of the Qinling Mountains (SQL) is at low risk. In terms of driving forces, population density and vegetation coverage (NDVI) are the primary factors affecting landscape ecological risk. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic activity is the primary cause of landscape ecological risks in the study area and regional socioeconomic exploitation and environmental conservation need to be rebalanced to achieve sustainability for the social ecosystem. The PCR 3D LERA framework employed in this study can be used to inform landscape ecological health and security and to optimize socioeconomic progress at regional scales.
... Resilience scholars in much of the social-ecological systems literature emphasize the way systems interact across spatial and time scales. The idea of panarchy describes how the 'whole' social-ecological system consists of interconnected sub-systems (Gunderson and Holling 2002, Walker et al. 2004, Olsson et al. 2014, allowing for reorganization and transformation at different scales. ...
... Social-ecological systems theory is a relatively recent field of study, with a diverse literature proposing explanations for processes of linked social-ecological change. Many of the canonical texts in the field are focused on the social institutions for governing and managing ecosystems (e.g., Berkes et al. (2002) or are extending insights from ecological sciences describing ecosystem behaviour to social systems (Holling 2001, Gunderson andHolling 2002). In these texts on social-ecological systems, what being human means is largely left undefined. ...
The fashion industry contributes to shaping the state of the planet: impacts of production and consumption of textile fast-fashion are rising, and the growing number of sustainability-oriented actions have not slowed current trends. The industry’s (un)sustainability is mainly researched within two epistemic communities: fashion studies concerned with social sustainability, and circular economy focused on material biophysical and technological aspects of material cycles along the value chain. I argue that this split of social and ecological aspects is the problématique of sustainable fashion, and that the epistemic community of sustainability sciences should turn its attention to fashion.
My aim has been to develop a theoretically informed way of thinking critically about the intertwinedness of social- ecological systems, using fashion as a case study. I combine a social-ecological systems approach with critical realism as a metatheory of transdisciplinarity. My four mixed-methods research papers draw from data and information synthesis, ‘Keystone actor’ and business ecosystem analysis, literature review, analysis and critique of texts that shape theory and praxis in social-ecological systems approaches, and metatheoretic integration.
My thesis provides a better understanding that the depth of fashion’s social-ecological intertwinedness is more than what is observed, studied and experienced. It contributes to a theoretical framework showing why sustainability of fashion needs to be thought of in terms of systems that reflect real connectivity and diversity, supporting fashion industry engagement with intrinsically intertwined material and social dimensions. Bringing attention to this intertwinedness opens up for possibilities and creative thinking for sustainable fashions.
... Resilience is a concept first advanced in ecology (Holling, 1973). Early work on resilience focused on resource management failures (e.g., in fisheries and animal habitats (see Armitage et al., 2007;Gunderson & Holling, 2002)). It is associated with work on averting tragedies concerning common pool resources (Hardin, 1968) through collective action and polycentric governance (Ostrom, 1990(Ostrom, , 2010. ...
... deforestation), this early work placed emphasis on the ways by which entities dependent on those ecological systems for common resources were able to achieve resilience. They did so by developing capabilities to absorb the shocks while ensuring their survival and continued ability to function; adapt to the shocks by making changes to adjust to the new environment; and transform their resource management practices with new innovations to avert collapse while positioning themselves to thrive in a fundamentally changed environment (Armitage et al., 2007;Gunderson & Holling, 2002). Drawing on this work, we define resilience as the capabilities entities develop to absorb a major shock, adapt to disruption caused by such a shock, and transform into a new stable state, where entities are more prepared to deal with major shocks. ...
Major shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic create unique and exceptional challenges for different entities, including individuals, groups, and organizations. In this special issue editorial, we introduce the concept of digital resilience, which refers to the capabilities developed through the use of digital technologies to absorb major shocks, adapt to disruptions caused by the shocks, and transform to a new stable state, where entities are more prepared to deal with major shocks. The individual papers in this special issue offer compelling examples of how digital resilience is exhibited and how the process of digital resilience can unfold in response to specific major shocks. Drawing upon and extending these papers, we present an integrated framework of how digital technology can help build resilience capabilities, which is missing in past research but needed to mitigate and manage future major shocks, including financial recessions and climate change. We conclude with four important themes for future IS research.
... Moreover, this notion recognises resilience as a multi-dimensional capability and measures beyond just bouncing backward but potentially forward to generate multiple adaptive trajectories (Folke et al., 2010). The literature has highlighted that a multi-dimensional theorisation of the social is essential to understand better the intertwined nature of how human actions shape and are shaped by the environments (Gunderson & Holling, 2002). This focus is consistent with the increasing calls (e.g., Söderlund & Sydow, 2019) for systems thinking in project studies to attend to the role of cognitive systems and social structures, agency, and power relations in understanding projects' adaptive behaviour and relations amongst organisational actors involved. ...
... The dynamics of top-down, experts discourse versus bottom-up initiatives, resilience framings and practice can be easily hijacked by influential stakeholders in the guise of empowering self-organised adaptation of marginalised communities in neoliberalist discourse (see also Grove, 2014;Meriläinen, 2020). Addressing the trade-offs and the power dynamics would require conscious awareness of long-term impacts and self-critical reflection on currently held assumptions, worldviews, values and norms, and deep learning (Gunderson & Holling, 2002;Walker et al., 2002;Folke et al., 2010;O'Brien, 2012). Earlier applications to translate the resilience concept from natural science to social science have arguably failed to incorporate these considerations (see, e.g., Turner, 2008;Olson et al., 2014). ...
Inter-organisational projects depend on stakeholder interactions and joint decision-making to perform and continually adjust to variations. This paper examines the emergence of transformative resilience (i.e., dynamic project capabilities to pursue fundamentally new strategies and practices) when facing external disruptions. A process-orientated case study was conducted within a culturally diverse project network of disaster risk management actors from Sweden and four Asian countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study found three crucial interactional considerations in the premise of project resilience during challenging times. These considerations concern contextual (through proactivity for a common picture and centralisation of linkages), behavioural (through stakeholders' willingness to engage, commit and distribute agency), and cognitive embeddedness (through appreciation of diversity and reflexivity of actions). The findings enrich our understanding of resilience with new insights into the sequential and antecedent role of social embeddedness in projects' organisational transformation and the complexity of inter-organisational relationships in uncertain times.
... Resilience also differs across each stage, as the organization or connectedness between organisms increases throughout the conservation phase until the system becomes so over-connected or energy and material are so bound up that the system's ability to flexibly respond to a disturbance renders it vulnerable to collapse (e.g. its resilience is low). Perhaps the most oft-ignored part of this theory, however, is that just as systems are multi-scaled and hierarchical, adaptive cycles occur at each scale domain within the system (these are the scale domains identified by the discontinuity hypothesis (Gunderson and Holling 2002)). The full suite of nested adaptive cycles is called a panarchy (Fig. 2.4). ...
... The full suite of nested adaptive cycles is called a panarchy (Fig. 2.4). Slower (Gunderson and Holling 2002) processes such as climatic change (prior to the Anthropocene) and geomorphology unfold over geological time scales but constrain the development of biomes and ecosystems. Tropical forests, for example, do not occur at the poles. ...
... Também em La Révolution Urbaine (LEFEBVRE, 1970), o mestre dos estudos urbanos marxistas sugere uma nova realidade, não só de sociedade urbana, mas de urbanização planetária. Lefebvre (CARPENTER et al. 2001;GUNDERSON, HOLLING, 2002;SANTOS, 2009;WALKER et al., 2004). ...
... Nesta perspectiva, o século XIX assiste às diversas intervenções sanitaristas imbuídas do germe da matriz de planejamento que vai permanecer predominante até a atualidade. A desordem, a sujeira e a mistura de classes cederam lugar à ordem, lema essencial de uma nova classe, a burguesia, em 3 Objetivamente podem se destacar alguns aspectos de abordagem fundamentais na concepção das cidades resilientes: multifuncionalidade (a partir da rua); redundância e modularização (distribuição dos riscos com segurança para falhar, uso de áreas inundáveis, distribuição por módulos); biodiversidade; redes verdes e conectividades multiescalares; construção e capacidade adaptativa; utilização de corredores verdes, telhados verdes, jardins suspensos, jardins de chuva, bacias de captação, de retenção de águas pluviais, de decantação, buscando o entrosamento e interligação da rua, casa e áreas de lazer; integração dos planejamentos urbano, ambiental e de recursos hídricos; adoção de metodologias alternativas de desenvolvimento urbano de baixo impacto (CARPENTER et al., 2001;GUNDERSON, HOLLING, 2002;SANTOS, 2009;WALKER et al., 2004). ascensão, que busca imprimir sua marca na cidade, através de uma nova estética da beleza, mas também de ordem. ...
O forte crescimento e adensamento de construções e de população, impactantes ao meio ambiente, com consequências inclusive em inundações, muitas vezes decorrentes da impermeabilização dos solos, têm marcado os grandes centros urbanos. Discutem-se alternativas teóricas que inspiradas em Henri Lefebvre possam enfrentar estas questões e reformular o planejamento contemporâneo que, calcado em visão dualista da realidade, considera etapas estanques e excludentes na formação e desenvolvimento das cidades, deixando de observar dialeticamente as contradições e tensões entre os diversos polos de oposição presentes nesta dinâmica. A reflexão sobre os caminhos entre a cidade formal e a informal, entre a insustentável e a sustentável, em processo de constante transformação e interação, pode apontar estratégias para a superação dessa dicotomia. A adoção da bacia hidrográfica como unidade de gestão e integração entre os planejamentos urbano, ambiental e de recursos hídricos, associada ao indicador de ocupação sustentável da bacia hidrográfica (IOS-BH), conforme no presente texto, se qualificam como importantes recursos para um novo aporte teórico-metodológico em planejar as cidades. Este novo indicador, exemplificado em estudo de caso na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em forte conexão com a matriz de planejamento, se aplica à legislação urbanística, agrega parâmetros relacionados aos recursos hídricos, urbanos e ambientais e, sobretudo, se constitui em elemento mediador entre as diversas polaridades do contexto urbano, confere retratos da sustentabilidade urbana e instrumentaliza projetos das recuperações necessárias, trazendo à luz o pensamento de Lefebvre também aplicado a novas formulações de indicadores.
... The word 'resilience' is derived from the Latin, resilire. It is the ability of social, economic, and environmental systems to maintain their stability and recover from external shocks [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Resilient economies usually have strong self-recovery and adjustment capabilities and can return to previous growth paths or reallocate resources to develop new growth paths quickly [5,7,8]. ...
... The word 'resilience' is derived from the Latin, resilire. It is the ability of social, ec nomic, and environmental systems to maintain their stability and recover from extern shocks [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Resilient economies usually have strong self-recovery and adjustment cap bilities and can return to previous growth paths or reallocate resources to develop ne growth paths quickly [5,7,8]. ...
The development of globalization has brought about obvious differences in the resilience of different regions against economic crises. Regional economic resilience refers to the ability of a region’s economy to resist shocks when faced with external disturbances or to break away from its existing growth model in favor of a better path, Resilience represents the region’s adaptability, innovation, and sustainability. This paper describes an empirical analysis on the 60 designated industrial park developments under the Industrial Development Bureau in Taiwan. Over a period of short-term disturbances, the industrial parks are analyzed from four aspects: industrial structure, regional development foundation, enterprise competitiveness and labor conditions, and government governance and policy systems. Through discriminant analysis, we analyze the characteristics of factors that mainly affect the economic resilience of 60 industrial parks faced with shocks such as the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, the five-day work week in 2016, and the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019. We found that industrial structure, specifically diversified industrial structure, is the major factor behind enhanced regional economic resilience. If the scale of specialized industries is large enough, they can form sufficient capacity to resist external changes and also be economically resilient. Under the negative impact, the amount of innovation can be an important part of post-disaster recovery, and stable innovation input will become a main factor for the sustainable development of industrial parks. The pressure of the uncertainty of global economic development and the transformation and upgrading of the domestic economy underscore that enterprises urgently need automation and digital transformation to enhance their competitiveness. In order to enhance economic resilience to adapt to changes in the overall environment, the industrial parks need to adjust adaptively, improve their industrial structure, and promote innovation, hoping that the regional economy will move towards a more stable and sustainable development path.
... Resilience thinking articulates messiness by combining commons governance theory with developments in ecology and work on complex-adaptive systems (Dietz et al., 2003;Folke, 2006;Gunderson and Holling, 2002;Moberg and Galaz, 2005). Reflected in Table 1, this approach adopts a relatively uncritical treatment of scale, institutions and meaning, leading to a form of instrumentalism that does not substantively deal with questions of power and politics (see below). ...
... Resilience thinking recognises that social systems and natural systems are qualitatively different (Gunderson and Holling, 2002). In practice, however, the treatment of scale, institutions, and meaning has tended to evoke system properties akin to ecological dynamics (Stone-Jovicich, 2015;Wilson, 2017). ...
Water governance research is confronted with a messy world that is difficult to make sense of. Mainstream policy approaches tend to simplify and standardise this messiness in ways that obscure complexity, power and politics. As a result, these approaches not only promise more than they can deliver but often end up reproducing unequal and iniquitous governance dynamics. A wealth of critical scholarship has attempted to address these limitations but with little impact. This review takes this dilemma as its central concern. The aim is to understand different ways that water governance scholarship has engaged with the messiness of the world, laying the groundwork for more fruitful dialogue with mainstream approaches. Firstly, the article recounts policy attempts to 'mainstream messiness' at the level of discourse. It notes salient features of these discourses, including integration, combination, and participation. Three sections follow that concern themselves with ways that critical water governance research has engaged with messiness. The first is messiness as 'scalar complexity'. A distinction is made between research that assumes that scales are fixed and pre-given and literature examining the politics and performativity of scale. Next, the review focuses on 'institutional diversity' and strands of literature that do a different job of articulating messy water governance arrangements, including neo-institutionalism, legal pluralism, and critical institutionalism. The third way of engaging with messiness is through the 'multiple meanings and practices' of water users and governance actors. The strands of literature reviewed are culture, values, and beliefs; narratives and discourse; and water ontologies. The penultimate section of the article proposes three broad interdisciplinary approaches that attempt to manage messiness by bringing together scalar complexity, institutional diversity, and multiple meanings and practices. The article concludes by revisiting the dilemma noted above: the failure of much critical water governance research to influence mainstream policy and practice.
... However, the mechanisms of interaction between terrestrial ecosystems and social systems are complex, and the role of both on resilience needs to be considered. The Resilience Alliance uses adaptive cycle theory to describe the mechanisms by which social-ecological systems (SES) operate, noting that SES move sequentially through four stages of exploitation (R), conservation (K), release (Ω) and renewal (α) to form cycles [6], environmental constraints [26]. Schippers P explored the potential for rural landscapes to increase resilience through ecologically-genetically-economically integrated spatial configurations [27]. ...
Under the dual impact of urbanization and ecological crisis, rural ecological resilience research can improve the system’s level of resisting external pressure and restoring ecological balance and provide a new perspective for sustainable rural development. This study establishes a rural ecological resilience measurement system in Weiyuan based on the PSR framework, evaluates the level of rural ecological resilience in Weiyuan in 2021 using the entropy method and the GWR model and detects its driving factors. The results show that (1) the spatial characteristics of rural ecological resilience diverge significantly, with the ecological resilience level of the three southern forest farms being higher overall the high values of resilience in Qingyuan, Wuzhu and Xiacheng being distributed in the central villages, while other villages are at low and medium values (2) X5 and X7 have negative driving effects on village ecological resilience, and X1, X5, X9 and X10 have positive driving effects on village ecological resilience (3) the dominant drivers and characteristics, we construct a scheme on stressor repair, state adaptation transformation and response efficiency optimization to provide ideas for improving rural ecological resilience.
... With this background, the concept of a coupled human and natural system, which focuses on the interaction between humans and nature, has been established. Scholars have carried out many studies on this topic from different perspectives and on the basis of different mechanisms (Gunderson et al. 2002, Dietz et al. 2003, Liu et al. 2007. With the enhancement of human activities, natural and social systems have inter-infiltrated, and a pure, natural ecosystem has been replaced by a natural-socio-economic coupling socialecological system. ...
... Being in a state of dynamic equilibrium, complex systems may be able to withstand perturbations and revert to their initial 'normal' state. However, some perturbations may lead to a new state (Gunderson & Holling, 2001;Holling, 1973). In physics, cooling down water below zero degrees Celsius at atmospheric pressure does not result in cooler water, but in a new phase, ice, which has completely different properties than water. ...
The growing interconnections among societies have facilitated the emergence
of systemic crises, i.e., shocks that rapidly spread around the world and cause
major disruptions. Advances in the interdisciplinary field of complexity can help
understand the mechanisms underpinning systemic crises. This article reviews
the most important concepts and findings from the pertinent literature. It demonstrates that an understanding of the nature of disruptions of globally interconnected systems and their implications is critical to prevent, react to, and recover from systemic crises. The resulting analytical framework is applied to two prominent examples of global systemic crises: the 2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. The article provides evidence that relying on reactive and
recovery capacities to face systemic crises is not sustainable because of the
extraordinary costs they impose on societies. Efforts are needed to develop a
multipronged strategy to strengthen our capacities to face systemic crises and
address fundamental mismatches between the nature of global challenges and
the necessary collective action to address these challenges.
... The concept further evolved to multiple equilibria and evolutionary approaches, which consider the capacity of a place to adapt and transform in the face of adversity (Martin and Sunley 2014;Kitsos 2020). Of considerable relevance to our study is the Panarchy framework of resilience that ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY originated in ecological studies and treats socioecological systems as complex adaptive systems that follow a cycle of growth, conservation, release, and reorganization where the internal connectedness and interdependence of a system is crucial to its ability to mitigate a shock (Gunderson and Holling 2002;Shutters, Muneepeerakul, and Lobo 2015). In economic geography, some of the latest conceptual developments see resilience as the outcome of different stages corresponding to the recession and recovery part of a crisis (Sensier, Bristow, and Healy 2016;Martin and Gardiner 2019;Kitsos 2020). ...
We study the role of local industrial embeddedness (the share of regional interindustry economic activity that is anchored to a region) on regional resistance (the difference between pre- and postcrisis employment) to the 2008 Great Recession (GR) in EU and UK NUTS-2 regions. The recession had profound effects in regional economies, which showed diverse performance based on their capacity to absorb the shock. The concept of economic resilience has been brought to the center of attention with several contributions exploring its determinants. However, the impact of the embeddedness of local economic systems in terms of sales and supplies has been largely unexplored. We use regional input–output tables to approximate the embeddedness of local economies, and we use fixed-effects and quantile regressions to test its relationship to regional resistance between 2008 and 2011. We find that during the GR, regional industries opted to change input rather than output markets. Additionally, embeddedness has a curvilinear relationship to regional resistance that varies across the distribution of regional resistance performance. Finally, at the industry level, we find regional embeddedness to be important to the resistance of manufacturing and financial and business services, and sectoral embeddedness to matter more for the resistance of construction and wholesale, retail, and information technology. Our findings highlight nuances that policy makers should be aware of in planning for resilience.
... Esta perspectiva facilita el abordaje de los desafíos de los sistemas socioecológicos, los cuales se entienden como sistemas coherentes de factores biofísicos y sociales que usualmente interactúan de manera resiliente y sostenida (Redman et al., 2014). Estos sistemas abordan aspectos como vulnerabilidad, resiliencia, sostenibilidad, y bienestar humano (Holling y Gunderson, 2002). De esta manera, problemáticas reales, como el cambio climático, pueden ser abordadas desde diferentes niveles, como el colectivo o global (al abarcar la comunidad, la región, la nación o el mundo), o el individual, que involucra una escala más pequeña (p. ...
El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en analizar la relación entre género, edad y grado escolar respecto la actitud al cambio climático, el paradigma ecológico y el comportamiento pro-ambiental en niños y niñas que estudian la primaria superior, en Santa María Coronango, en el estado de Puebla, México, una población suburbana que se está transformando rápidamente en fraccionamientos habitacionales y comerciales, debido a su cercanía con la urbe capital. Se realizó una investigación de tipo concluyente, correlacional y transversal. Se utilizó la técnica de encuesta personal a 302 estudiantes de cuarto, quinto y sexto de primaria. Los resultados evidenciaron que no hay diferencias significativas entre niños y niñas respecto la actitud, el comportamiento y las dimensiones del paradigma ecológico. Sin embargo, se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre edad, grado escolar y la dimensión de eco-crisis del paradigma ecológico; así como entre el grado escolar y la actitud al cambio climático. El hallazgo más relevante evidenció que conforme crecen los infantes y están por entrar a la pubertad, se muestran indiferentes a la eco-crisis. Los resultados se discuten y se proponen investigaciones futuras.
... Rounsevell et al. (2012) stated that services provided by SESs rely to a greater extent on the actions of the actors within the SESs than on its ecological components. Several authors demonstrated the link between the diversity of social actors and their roles and the resilience of SESs (Holling et al., 2002;Ostrom, 2009). The knowledge and experience brought in by the actors, as well as their interests and purposes, frame the structure and functions of the system (Scoones et al., 2007). ...
Finding pathways to enhance the resilience of farming systems (FSs) in Europe is key, given the increasing challenges threatening them. FSs are complex socio-ecological systems in which social and ecological components are strongly linked. Social actors have the capacity to shape the FSs’ resilience, but there is a knowledge gap about how they can best do it. The aim of this paper is to analyse the roles played by the actors in FSs when dealing with challenges and assess how these roles may contribute to the resilience attributes (conditions that enable resilience) and resilience capacities (robustness, adaptability, and transformability). To this end, ten focus groups have been conducted across FSs in Europe. Results suggest that each actor in the FSs can shape and strengthen different resilience attributes which in turn result in combinations of resilience capacities that are specific to the FS. Thus, enabling resilience is best accomplished with actors taking different roles and jointly configuring the most adequate combination of capacities, which differs across FSs. This paper provides a set of resilience-enabling roles that delineate the pathways to make FSs more resilient. The diversity of actors and resilience-enabling pathways require flexible, coordinated and comprehensive policies that encompass the complexity of the socio-ecological systems.
... Reimagining conservation thus becomes not only possible, but also a necessary adaptive response to rapid cultural and environmental change. As we reflect upon factors that inform the growth, trials, tribulations, resilience, and collapse of civilizations (e.g., Toynbee 1987a, b, Tainter 1988, Perlin 1989, Ponting 1991, Diamond 1997, Gunderson and Holling 2002, it seems prudent that conservation remain relevant to the diversity of peoples it serves if it is to be adaptive and resilient for the future. In this regard, protected area practitioners should recognize that one of the beauties of conservation is that it has been, and can be, impressively capacious and flexible. ...
... Ecology is the study of relations between the organism and their environment, which is impacted by various elements. According to the ecological definition of resilience, it is "the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes its structure by changing the variables and processes that control behavior" (Holling and Gunderson, 2002). Resilience is a transdisciplinary and multifaceted notion. ...
City, as the most crucial context of human work and life, has everchanging layers and dimensions which are exposed to many socio-ecological threats. Due to its multipurpose perspective, the study of urban and human resilience can be considered a practical approach to urban health promotion criteria. In this context, managing all aspects of human health under the notion of urban and human resilience requires new approaches that integrate the knowledge about resilience assessment methods and related procedures to urban development management and maintains a balance between social, individual, and ecological urban performances. Based on the interdisciplinary implication of these studies, the general use of resilience assessment results requires formulating and preparing a methodical and computational database for this purpose. Hence, we introduce an integrated methodological assessment model and systematic approach based on qualitative and quantitative evaluations with two main parts: Voxel Base Assessment (VBA) and Zone Base Assessment, with the more focus on VBA by its unique characteristics and potential for identifying advantages and disadvantages of very intricate parts of urban zones. The application of VBA to identify health promotion factors has been expressed in the form of statistical analyses and visualization evaluations.
... On the other hand, scholars (Conz et al., 2020;Hanson et al., 2019) address resilience under the lens of individual traits, characteristics, attributes, psychological issues, experiences, and owners' knowledge. The so-called ecological approach configures resilience as the business system's ability to adapt to and overcome a critical situation that threatens its stability (Folke et al., 2002;Gunderson & Holling, 2001;Holling, 2001). ...
Purpose: This paper explores the impact of Socioemotional Wealth (SEW) on family firms' resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic. Design/Methodology/Approach: Through a multiple case study analysis, constructs drafted from the literature were associated with each of the FIBER approach dimensions and investigated through open-ended interviews with two family firm managers. Findings: Results revealed which dimensions of this approach proved to be most relevant, and by which conditions they were influenced.
... Theoretically and conceptually, we adopted the definition of resilience steaming from the ecological resilience concepts [47][48][49]. This frames community resilience as the ability of the community to withstand or adapt to shocks or stresses, reorganize itself, undergo some structural changes and still be able to maintain its function and identity [50]. ...
Globally, most higher educational institutions can no longer house their students within their campuses due to the increased number of enrolments and the unavailability of land for spatial expansion, especially in urban areas. This leads to studentification which negatively impacts university towns. Developing resilience against the negative impacts of studentification will make university towns more sustainable. However, there is no existing community resilience index designed for that purpose. Thus, this study develops a composite resilience index for university towns, using Akoka, a university town in Lagos, Nigeria, as a case study. The composites of the index were determined by prioritizing online user-generated content mined from Twitter between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2021 using artificial intelligence, while the elements of resilience and risk reduction were developed through the Delphi and analytic hierarchy process. The research outcomes showed that the physical, economic, social, and cultural criteria subjected to comparisons represented ≥70% of the total weights. These criteria made up the outcome indicators, while the integrated community-based risk reduction program model was adopted for the process indicators. Both outcome and process indicators formed the localized composite resilience index for Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. This proposed composite resilience index would help the town to assess and build resilience against the negative impacts of studentification and provide a methodology for other university towns to create theirs using similar methods.
... Reziliența urbană presupune fundamentarea transformărilor din sistemele urbane pe procese non-lineare, cu caracter ciclic (Holling, 1986), prin interconectarea nivelurilor ierarhice. Dinamica sistemelor urbane pare a fi explicată mai cuprinzător astfel de conceptul denumit panarhie (Gunderson, Holling, 2002). Interacțiunea multi/transscalară explică difuziunea unor tendințe, până la nivel continental sau global (Ernston et al, 2010). ...
Dynamics ot the population of the main urban aglomerations in Europe (1980-2019). Using several available databases, all based on official information, the population evolution from the main European urban agglomerations (those with a minimum of 1000 thousand inhabitants) was reconstructed. The period considered was 1980-2019 in order to capture the changes generated by the disappearance of the iron curtain and the totalitarian regimes. The analysis based on the ascending hierarchical classification, carried out in XLSTAT, shows the persistence of strong east-west disparities but also the appearance of disparities, both between the former communist states and in the west of the continent. The generalization of the urban sprawl process, with the agglomeration of the population in the suburban areas was neither uniform nor constant over time. An urban resilience has played an important role, the ability to overcome the systemic crisis induced in the east of the continent by the transition to the market economy or in the west, to adapt to the new knowledge-based economy. Beyond the manifestation of these disparities that seem to be the expression of a historical inertia, a tendency of convergence at the continental level, similar to the one that was manifested in the case of the demographic transition after 1990, is timid.
... These cross-scale interactions include some that are bottom-up, so that lower levels drive the action, and some that are top-down as we might expect. By 2002, Holling and colleagues [44] adopted the label panarchy for this pattern of adaptive cycles driven by cross-level interactions in both directions. For the standard depiction of adaptive cycles and panarchy in ecology, see Figure 1 in [15]. ...
The core commitment of strong sustainability, SS, is that nature really is different: there are strict limits to the substitutability of natural and other kinds of capital. Initially, the threat to sustainability was perceived as human greed and impatience, and the goal of SS to address resource scarcity was to sustain resource stocks, the flow of environmental services, and/or the harvest for human benefit. For landscapes and ecosystems, the SS goal was preservation, often in a gestalt framing: preserved or not. Two developments beginning around the mid-20th century—increasing awareness of the variability of natural systems, and the revolutionary changes in thinking motivated by the study of complex dynamic systems, CDS—re-oriented SS toward Safety, i.e., minimizing exposure to risk defined as threat of harm. Around 2010, the sustainability agenda for CDS shifted from identifying early warning indicators enabling timely interventions to forestall adverse regime change to promoting resilience by expanding scale and encouraging patchwork patterns of systems in various stages of their adaptive cycles. Nevertheless, the need for natural resources to substitute for depleted exhaustibles suggests a continuing role for commercial agriculture, plantation forestry, and managed fisheries. I conclude with a paradox still to be resolved: the need for continued and increased production from renewable resources to replace depleted exhaustibles suggests SS-motivated management practices that seem obsolete from a CDS perspective.
... In this sense, we define resilience here as the degree of disturbance that an ecological system can accommodate without transitioning to a qualitatively different state (Gunderson & Holling, 2002), by either resisting change and/or recovering after the stress. ...
Maintaining the resilience and functionality of savannas is key to sustaining the ecosystem services they provide. This maintenance is largely dependent on the resilience of savannas to stressors, such as prolonged droughts. The resilience to drought is largely determined by the interaction of herbivores and the functional composition of vegetation. So far, our understanding and ability to predict the response of savannas to drought under different types of rangeland use and as a function of vegetation composition are still limited.
In this study, we used the ecohydrological, spatially-explicit savanna model EcoHyD to determine if the resilience of a savanna rangeland towards prolonged droughts can be enhanced by the choice of rangeland use type (grazer-dominated, mixed-feeders or browser-dominated) and animal density. We evaluated the ability of a Namibian savanna system to withstand droughts and recover from droughts based on its perennial grass cover and the overall species composition.
Generally, we determined a low resilience under high grazer densities. Most importantly, we found that functional diversification of herbivores and plants acted as resilience insurance against droughts, leading to greater resistance and recovery of perennial grasses. In particular, a higher proportion of herbivores allowed for higher resilience, probably also due to a short-term switch to more drought-resistant or unpalatable species.
In this case, herbivore diversification was of high self-regulatory value by reestablishing trophic complexity, reducing the need for additional management interventions.
Synthesis and applications: Savanna systems will be more resistant to drought if (i) a dense perennial grass cover is maintained, protecting the topsoil from heat-induced water losses and erosion, encompassing functionally important species that are particularly well adapted to water stress and that are palatable, if (ii) the grazing pressure is adjusted to the productivity of the system, and (iii) the herbivore community includes browsers.
... Climate is considered one of the main drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem change (IPBES, 2019;Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005), and it is expected to become a major stressor and a determining factor for ecosystem resilience (Moritz and Agudo, 2013) in the future. Resilience management in social-ecological systems (Berkes and Folke, 1998;Gunderson and Holling, 2002) involves providing the information necessary for activating institutional, adaptive governance (Berkes, 2017;Folke et al., 2005Folke et al., , 2016. In this study we focus on the analysis of the potential influence of climate change on sweet chestnut forests, considered examples of socio-ecological agroforestry systems (Diaz- Roces-Diaz et al., 2018). ...
Climate change is considered one of the main threats to biodiversity, ecosystems, socioeconomic development, human well-being, or even the future of humanity. In nature, it affects from individual species to ecosystems, going through the complex interactions among organisms and/or their habitats, compromising the state of ecosystems, their structure and function and the ecosystem services they provide. However, the extreme sensitivity to climate change of the Iberian Peninsula increases the risk for threatened species and ecosystems such as sweet chestnut and cork oak agroforestry systems and Cantabrian brown bears. Therefore, quantitative measures that represent a key ecosystem function and inform about ecosystem state are necessary. Primary production indicators are ecological indicators that allow to quantify the carbon assimilation through photosynthesis, thus representing one of the most important functions of the ecosystem. The general objective of this thesis was to analyse the spatial patterns of primary production, its changes and its drivers of change against climate change in the Iberian Peninsula to understand the state of our ecosystems, plant and animal dynamics or species adaptive strategies. For this purpose, different data sources were employed to characterise land use, bear faeces were used to position individuals and know their diet, and long-term remote sensing data provided primary production. Parametric and non-parametric fitting methods were used to model relationships with climate predictors, predict the risks to ecosystem and construct foraging models. Hotspot analysis was conducted to identify significant spatial clusters of high- and low-efficiency areas. In general, we found that human management positively affects the ecosystems productivity, while water availability is more important than temperature. Tree density plays a key role in the adaptation to climate variation, maintaining microclimatic conditions that make ecosystems less dependent on environmental variables. We observed that the state of the sweet chestnut is quite concerning while the state of cork oak reflects the ecological traits and the adaptive strategies used to survive drought seasons. Finally, regarding Cantabrian brown bears, primary production has been decisive to understand their nut foraging patterns and to predict spatial distribution related to nut consumption during the hyperphagia season, with our models highlighting areas of high importance or where recent expansion has occurred.
... For example, it can be argued that organizational dynamics following CC's closure (i.e. the way farmers reacted to this change by organizing an informal weekly farmers' market) resemble social-ecological system behaviour (e.g. adaptability and resilience in response to disturbance and shock) (Gunderson and Holling, 2002). The embeddedness of post-growth organizations in socio-ecological systems, which begins to emerge from this study, could be an important avenue for future research. ...
It has become normative in organization and management studies literature to consider scaling as a synonym for organizational growth. Scaling is typically understood as scaling-up. This article demonstrates that, in the context of post-growth organizations, scaling involves a more complex set of dynamics. Directing scholarly attention to scaling in the context of Italian Social Agricultural Cooperatives (i.e. organizations that hold a different rationale and modus operandi from the capitalist enterprise), this research contributes to the literature on scaling the impact of post-growth organizations by identifying nine different scaling routes: organizational growth (vertical and horizontal); organizational downscaling; impact on policies; multiplication; impact on organizational culture; impact on societal culture; aggregation; and diffusion. This article demonstrates that post-growth scaling: (1) requires the synergistic interaction of different strategies; (2) focuses on impacting societal culture; (3) does not necessarily require organizational growth; and (4) is a relational process, embedded in socio-ecological systems. The typology presented in this article empowers post-growth organizations to become more aware of different available scaling routes, unlocking their transformative potential and supporting the transition towards a post-growth future, in which the goal of economics is the pursuit of human and ecological flourishing.
... Gunderson and Holling argue that resilience can be quantified (Holling and Gunderson, 2002) in terms of the degree of disturbance, provided that the system is able absorb disturbance and remain unchanged. The quantification, evaluation and empirical research of resilient city started after 2000. ...
Resilient city is an ideal goal and model of urban development proposed in response to today’s complex and dynamic environmental changes. In this study, a resilient city evaluation framework of “social resilience-economic resilience-urban infrastructure and service-urban governance” was built upon the multi-dimensionality of the urban system; the entropy weight method was used to measure the level of urban resilience in Hunan Province while an obstacle degree model was used to identify any obstacle factor restricting to the development of resilience. The results show that the level of urban resilience in Hunan Province has grown slowly over the past 10 years, and there is an obvious regional difference in it. There are more and more highly resilient cities, but medium/low-resilience cities still dominate the province, forming a spatial process of evolution from “medium/high-level dispersion” to “medium/high-level aggregation” in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration. The level of urban resilience is predominantly hindered by the social and economic systems; at the index layer, most obstacle factors are moving from the economic system to the social-economic-urban infrastructure and service system.
... Tendo por base os resultados de investigações sobre a aplicação prática de medidas de adaptação às alterações climáticas em algumas cidades da Austrália, Farrelly et al. (2012) prescreveram sinteticamente as características ou componentes operacionais (Quadro 2.2), comuns aos regimes de governação e que, de forma empírica, foram reconhecidas pela comunidade científica como basilares no estímulo da adaptação territorial efetiva. 21 "We refer to adaptive governance rather than adaptive management (Gunderson & Holling, 2001;K. N. Lee, 1993) because the idea of governance conveys the difficulty of control, the need to proceed in the face of substantial uncertainty, and the importance of dealing with diversity and reconciling conflict among people and groups who differ in values, interests, perspectives, power, and the kinds of information they bring to situations (Dietz, 2003;Dietz & Stern, 1998;McGinnis, 1999McGinnis, , 2000Ostrom, 1997)." ...
The spread of COVID-19 and the consequent restrictive measures that became necessary in the first months of 2020 hit humanity hard. The profound crisis that ensued forced scholars to investigate various issues, including the resilience and recovery capacity of the companies. The meaning of resilience is much broader than simple adaptation; it encompasses resistance, elasticity, and flexibility, the ability to regain lost form, struggle and combat, fortitude and courage, will and determination, recovery and relaunch, and finally, readjustment. From this point of view, only a few studies focus on the resilience capacity of social enterprises (SEs). SEs are private organizations whose hybrid nature places them between profit-oriented enterprises and philanthropic bodies. Even less attention is paid to the impact that a women’s management of SEs can have on their resilience capacity. This contribution aims to fill the gap and analyze the ability of Italian SEs to be anti-cyclical and resilient during times of crisis, focusing the analysis on those runs by women or in which women play an important managerial role. A qualitative methodology based on multiple case studies will be used to comply with the paper’s aim. A homogeneous sample of companies will be analyzed by size (SMEs) and ATECO code (catering sector). The catering sector was chosen as it represents one of the most affected during the pandemic. The sample comprises profit-oriented companies and SEs (no-profit-oriented). The data will be taken from the Aida Bureau van Dijk™ database, relating to 2016–2020, but focus on 2019–2020 to discover crisis impact. The comparison between 51 profit enterprises and 20 SEs demonstrates the anti-cyclical nature of SEs and resilience to systemic crises. At this stage, no peculiar differences emerge between SEs led by women or men. The contribution of our research is twofold. On the one hand, it contributes to the resilience studies focusing on the role played by the SEs. On the other hand, this paper extends research on gender studies applied to non-profit management by increasing the analyses focusing on women’s leadership and the impacts they achieve in terms of economic and social performance, including employment. Our results strive for new lines of research and may push scholars to analyze in depth the differences in male and female management in social enterprises.KeywordsWomen entrepreneursWomen managerWomen-owned small-medium enterprisesGender studies
This chapter endeavours to develop an alternative explanation to the causality of climate change in the backdrop of the existing policy regimes, stemming from orthodox theoretical underpinnings. First, it reveals that there is inequality in the sharing of burden of climate change between developed and developing countries. For instance, Bangladesh, despite playing a negligible role in greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, faces severe vulnerabilities resulting from climate change. In this regard, cases of food security, natural disaster and forced displacement have been analysed rigorously as these are major areas of vulnerabilities experienced by Bangladesh. Secondly, the chapter focuses on the issue of cooperation among different countries across the world to reveal that attempts of cooperation have failed due to institutional mismatches among different organisations, authorities and countries. Furthermore, it demonstrates the adverse outcomes of institutional fragility at the national level in Bangladesh that multiplies the country’s vulnerability in the face of climate change. Finally, it develops an alternative understanding of sustainability—a concept interrelated with climate change in particular and natural resource governance in general.
The paper provides insights over the response of the Italian fashion companies to the pandemic between their willingness to help the country to face the emergency and their necessity to keep the business afloat. In an exploratory ethos and by relying on qualitative inductive research, the study investigates 11 fashion companies by also engaging in extensive secondary data collection at the industry level. By reconciling several theoretical lenses (i.e., strategic management, grand challenges and organizational ecology) into a systemic conceptual framework, the paper uncovers the underlying dynamics of the reconversion process by also unpacking the relevant dimensions that were leveraged by the companies to respond to the pandemic. Through the concept of adaptive resilience, the findings highlight how the Italian fashion companies were able to cope with the pandemic, with the reconversion process being implemented at the crossroads between exploring opportunities of a new (albeit often temporary) business and the exploitation of existing key resources and capabilities.
Ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning (MSP) represent novel approaches intended to transform marine governance and improve ecosystems. The transformation can be supported by sustainability initiatives such as decision-support tools, which inform changes in management strategies and practices. This study illustrates the potential and challenges of such sustainability initiatives to promote deliberative transformative change in marine governance systems. Specifically, it focuses on the amplification processes of the Symphony tool for ecosystem-based MSP in Sweden. Our findings suggest that the amplification of sustainability initiatives is driven by informal networks, coalition forming, resource mobilization skills, a shared vision, trust, experimentation, and social learning. Our results also highlight that in the face of institutional challenges such as sparse financial resources, uncertain institutional support, and divided ownership, a strategic way forward is to simultaneously work on parallel amplification processes, as they may enable each other. Further, we find that a key challenge in amplification across governance scales is the need for significant adjustments of the original innovation, to meet differing needs and competences. This highlights the broader challenge of achieving transformative change across scales in heterogenous and fragmented multilevel governance systems. Co-production of knowledge and early stakeholder interaction to ensure accessibility and availability can improve the chances of successful amplification. To move beyond a mechanistic understanding of steps and processes, future research on sustainability initiatives should consider the interplay between strategic agency, social learning, and institutional context in driving amplification processes.
This thesis presents the findings of a study about indigenous knowledge and management systems among the Giriama of North Coastal Kenya. The study was carried out in the area between Kisauni in Mombasa County and Takaungu in Kilifi County.
Resources play a decisive role in social transformation processes as they are entangled in manifold ways in the practical and cognitive constructions of societies. Materialized resources can therefore be taken as affordances for individuals and societies that allow integrating their potential role in transformative societal processes. History and archaeology have been dealing with ancient mines and production modes right from the beginnings. In the nineteenth century, archaeology also started to engage in ancient mines and quarries, indeed often with the help of miners and mining engineers. Mining was considered by states and elites a necessary but also a prestigious part of a production that should contribute to the economic wellbeing of a realm, of a state, or an elite household. Many regions of the world were cultivated very early on and the exploitation of raw materials was a major part of their success as farmers.
Following the call to mobilize studies of social-ecological systems and sociotechnical systems, the paper presents the case for studying integrated social-ecological-technological systems (SETS), and dynamic systems that include social, natural and technological (engineering) elements. Using the case study of informal roads in the Baikal region, authors of the article argue that re-focusing on SETS creates additional synergies and convergence options to improve the understanding of coupled systems and infrastructure in particular. Historically, transportation infrastructure has contributed to changes in natural and social systems of Northern Eurasia: Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railroads and Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean and Power of Siberia pipelines have been the main drivers of social-ecological transitions. At the local scale, informal roads serve as one of the most illustrative and characteristic examples of SETS. The examination of development and transformation of the informal roads allows exploring the interactions between socioeconomic processes, ecological dynamics and technological advances. The variety of informal roads reflects the importance of specific social, natural or technological factors in the SETS transformation largely unconditioned by policy and regulations thus providing a unique opportunity to better understand sustainability challenges facing infrastructure-based SETS. Relying on interviews and in-situ observations conducted in 2019 in the Baikal region, the following factors affecting sustainability of informal road SETS were identified: social (identification of actors involved in location, construction, maintenance, use and abandonment of informal roads), technological (road cover, width, frequency and nature of use by different kinds of vehicles), environmental (geomorphology and landscape sensitivity and vulnerability). The sustainability challenges of SETS development and transformations are found in changing mobility practices, social structure and economies of local communities, increased occurrences of forest fires and development of erosion and permafrost degradation in local environment and push for development of new technologies of transportation and communication.
Der Begriff der Resilienz beginnt erst allmählich sich in den Rechtswissenschaften bzw. der Rechtssoziologie zu etablieren. Dessen Proponenten verstehen darunter jedoch weniger die Etablierung von heterarchischen Strukturen, um damit neuartige Interessenkonflikte legitim zu lösen, sondern vielmehr eine Versicherheitlichung des Rechts: Vor dem Hintergrund einer Ontologie des Notstands soll das Recht stärker hierarchisiert und de-/futurisiert auf neuartige Risiken reagieren. Dieser Vorstellung entsprechen verschiedene Entwicklungen im Straf- und Polizeirecht. Anhand der strafrechtlichen Paragraphen zu Widerstand und tätlichem Angriff auf Vollstreckungsbeamte, sowie der Einstufung der Unterkünfte Geflüchteter zu sog. Gefährlichen Orten durch das Bayerische Integrationsgesetz erörtert der Artikel, worin die Gefahr nach der Forderung einer Resilienz des Rechts lieg. Sie liegt in einer Verschiebung von Interessenkonflikten aus dem Feld des Rechts in andere soziale Felder; also in einer örtlichen Suspendierung des Rechts.
Theoretical doubts and vagueness about the definition, use, and application of resilience have not stopped firms and institutions from using the concept of resilience to label and compare cities through rankings. The arguments presented in this chapter are focused on understanding how cities can be resilient through the lens of resilient rankings. The analysis of rankings presents the opportunity to explore the perceptions of the private sector and institutions about what makes cities resilient. This is important because once rankings are published they can influence both the perception of cities and competition between cities. These factors can be forces that will impact the generation of policies toward the making of resilient cities. How could rankings be used to understand what cities would have to do to be resilient?
From an economic growth perspective, infrastructure is not only an enabling factor for development or for facilitating private investments and competitiveness across all sectors of national and regional economies, but can also be an attractive investment opportunity in itself. Although infrastructure investment opportunities are plentiful across developing countries, investors are not fully seizing them, often due to gaps in the enabling environment for such investment. The infrastructure sector presents specific risks to private investors and since private participation in infrastructure delivery is a relatively recent form of procurement in many countries, governments do not necessarily have the experience and capacity needed to effectively manage these risks. Beyond case-by-case project preparation and financing, concrete, implementation-oriented guidance that can help governments identify and manage reforms is needed to make the broader infrastructure investment environment more open to private participation.
An environment, in which volatility and deep uncertainty represent the leading paradigm, pressures firms to focus their attention on adapting to disruptive environmental conditions. Although scholarly attention in the firm-level resilience construct has increased over the years, a number of important issues remain underexplored. To advance progress in the field, research is needed on the dimensions of resilient response formulation and enactment, the dimensions of the disruptive environment and situational factors as well as resilience as a latent outcome variable. Based on an in-depth, systematic review of the received literature, this thesis aims to extend the firm-level resilience literature by offering two distinct views of how firms develop, nurture and sustain firm-level resilience: One, the conceptual model of resilience capacity proposes a dynamic capability view of the dimensions and capabilities that underpin resilience capacity, thereby informing the capability literature on the capabilities essential to firm-level resilience. Two, the empirical study yields an inductive-contingency-based model of resilience that informs literature on the processes, dynamics and behaviours that underpin resilience response formulation and enactment contingent upon situational factors as well as characteristics of disruptiveness by detailing the dynamic, recursive and reciprocal nature of the relationships within the inductive model. In combination, these two views may provide useful insights to inform scholarship and managerial practise.
Resilience is at the core of just urban development.HyperlocalizationHyper-localization offers the best opportunities for a diverse social mixMix and connectivity.DesignersDesigners should have a broad grounding including economyEconomy, and modern monetaryMonetary theory.Tech will be able to take care of compliance, while “environmental designersDesigners” (landscapeUrbanlandscapes architects, architects, urban designersDesigners, planners, and civil engineers) should concentrate on ecological repair and providing beautiful environmentsEnvironments for people to thrive.The core characteristics of “resilienceResilience” multifunctionality, flexibility, diversityDiversities, networked governanceGovernance apply to all systemsSystems, at all scalesScales across multiple domains, including educationEducation.Incorporate fluidityFluidity and open-endedness in urban planningUrbanplanning; the cityCities is never “finished.”Connect a diversityDiversities of living at buildingBuildings, precinct, and metropolitan scaleScales. Resilience is at the core of just urban development. HyperlocalizationHyper-localization offers the best opportunities for a diverse social mixMix and connectivity. DesignersDesigners should have a broad grounding including economyEconomy, and modern monetaryMonetary theory. Tech will be able to take care of compliance, while “environmental designersDesigners” (landscapeUrbanlandscapes architects, architects, urban designersDesigners, planners, and civil engineers) should concentrate on ecological repair and providing beautiful environmentsEnvironments for people to thrive. The core characteristics of “resilienceResilience” multifunctionality, flexibility, diversityDiversities, networked governanceGovernance apply to all systemsSystems, at all scalesScales across multiple domains, including educationEducation. Incorporate fluidityFluidity and open-endedness in urban planningUrbanplanning; the cityCities is never “finished.” Connect a diversityDiversities of living at buildingBuildings, precinct, and metropolitan scaleScales.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognize the interconnectivity between a diverse set of important agendas. However, identifying policies and practices that can reconcile incompatibilities across goals remains an urgent challenge. With concurrent biodiversity and climate crises, the world faces increased pressure to find effective options for building resilience in the world's remaining intact landscapes and ecosystems, which is relevant for making progress toward several connected SDGs. However, pressures on biodiversity and ecosystems have intensified dramatically with surprisingly large and negative impacts on species and landscapes around the world. Recent studies have also shown the high geographic coincidence between critically important ecosystems and social conflict, with protected areas at the crossroads competing for needs and interests. As our world's ecological crises continue to advance, there is increasing emphasis on expanding areas under conservation agreements. Considering this, it is critical to understand how to manage Protected Areas (PAs) to effectively deliver environmental and social dividends while also minimizing or effectively managing stakeholder conflict. In this study, we present the results of a survey of PA managers that explores these themes. We first describe the interlinkages between PA governance and social conflict by highlighting recent trends and gaps in current knowledge. We then describe the design and enumeration of an online survey of PA managers administered in 2021. We present the key findings of that survey and then discuss the implications for managing PAs to better deliver on the promise of nature conservation without unintentionally driving or perpetuating social conflict.
Chapter 5 reviews the case studies to decipher emerging themes, patterns, strategies and concerns that have developed within and between food resistance movements. It asks, what have food resistance movements achieved and what can be learnt from their experiences? Drawing on new social movement and transitions theories, it focuses on the food waste movement to examine trajectories of socio-environmental change over almost two decades. Food resistance movements often reach beyond awareness and behaviour change to consider pathways of formalisation, integration within planning and policy, maintenance through care and governance, failure, technological innovations and commercialisation. Opportunities for scaling ‘out’ and ‘up’ are examined through processes of diversification, hybridisation and replication. This chapter closes on possibilities for translocal movements and linkages between the Global North and South.KeywordsFood system transformationsTransitions studiesSocial movementsSocial changeInstitutionalisationIntegration into policy and planning
The Sustainable Development of the Biosphere is a book which explains an ambitious international program begun in 1982 at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. The program brings together historians, geographers, environmental scientists, economists, managers, and policymakers from a wide range of countries to address the question, what should society do to reverse global changes caused by the degradation of the environment. This book of collected and edited overviews represents the conclusion of the first phase of a program that is planned to continue for several more years.
Sustainable Development and the Biosphere Cambridge. Martin F. Price Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College UHI Millennium Institute, Crieff Road Perth PH1 2NX, UK E-mail address: martin
- W C Clark
- R E Munn
Clark, W.C., Munn, R.E. (Eds.), 1986. Sustainable Development and the Biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Martin F. Price Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College UHI Millennium Institute, Crieff Road Perth PH1 2NX, UK E-mail address: martin.price@perth.uhi.ac.uk doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00041-7 308 Book reviews / Biological Conservation 114 (2003) 305–308