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Kristallnacht 1938
Nazi terror was a specific approach to destroy and intimidate real and potential opponents of the regime, thus distinct from systematic racial violence like the crimes against Jews, Roma, or the mentally ill, but also the mass deportations of Poles and Slovenes, though terror was also inherent in racial persecution. Four perspectives can be described: (i) terror in the period 1933–1934, as a typical pattern of acquiring and sustaining power in an authoritarian dictatorship, which also applies to the annexation of Austria and the Czech areas in 1938 and 39; (ii) the camp systems, their functions and development over time and space with emphasis on their political and economic meaning; (iii) terror in the process of conquering foreign countries during the campaigns in 1939 and 1941, which was closely connected to warfare but also included the systematic killing of the ‘intelligentsia’ in Poland and the Soviet Union; and (iv) the policies of suppression and ‘reprisal’ in the occupied territories.
This chapter considers how historians have interpreted the relationship between the National Socialist regime's enforcement of racial privilege, selection, exclusion, and repression on the one hand, and the gender order on the other. Since the 1980s, it has become virtually axiomatic to regard the category of ‘race’ as central to the study of National Socialism. It is also increasingly the case that gender is considered by historians as a structuring principle of the policies and practices of the regime across the board. But examining how gender was implicated in the regime's racially defined order of exclusion and inclusion, subordination and privilege remains a work in progress. This contribution focuses on insights from research on gender in relation to three themes: first, practices of persecution and exclusion in Germany after 1933; second, models of activism and comradeship within the Nazi movement; and third, conquest and territorial expansion in the Second World War.
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