التحليل الجيومورفولوجي للتعرية المائية لحوض وادي الرحبة باستخدام نموذج جافريلوفيك EPM
Abstract
This study aims to predict soil erosion and study its spatial
distribution in the Al Rahba Basin region using the erosion probability
model, also known as the Gavrilovic method, and integrating it into the
GIS (Geographic Information System) program. The spatial distribution
of soil erosion shows three main zones in the study area (very light,
light to moderate). The main factors in the EPM (soil erosion, soil
protection, slope, temperature and precipitation) were evaluated using
GIS software. The data layers used in this study were created from digital elevation model (DEM), lithological maps, and Landsat 8 digital
images. The highest amount of erosion occurred in the northeastern
regions. The results showed that about 20,900 tons/year from the study
area are classified into Low and very low to the point of very severe
corrosion.
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The Yaraa Valley Basin is part of the Hamrin Hills extending as a strip surrounding the sedimentary plain from the east, parallel to the Zagros Mountains and the Tonel Mountains in Iranian lands. The upper sources of the basin are those extending in Iranian lands, which receive more than 370 mm of rain annually from the humid climate that supplies the basin with water, In addition, the slope of more than 25 degrees, as well as the various geological formations, contributed to the nature of soil erosion in this basin. The aim of this research was to estimate the size of erosion and sediments transferred towards the mouth of the valley, as well as to find appropriate solutions to limit soil deterioration in this aspect. Geographical information and remote sensing in order to apply the equations of the EPM model, and the results extracted from the application of this model showed that the most important factors affecting the intensity of erosion depend on the topographical factor and the lithological factor as well as the change in land use, While the coefficient of Z for potential erosion was about 0.2-1.5, and the volume of erosion in the valley was about 63% of the total basin area, and this confirms that most of the basin area is exposed to severe erosion according to the EPM model.
The research aims to track and monitor climatic drought according to
the standard rain index and its impact on some spectral indicators
directly related to droughts affecting vegetation, especially including the
NDVI vegetation index, the vegetation status index VCI, the surface
temperature index - vegetation TVDI, and the vegetation response
index to heat TCI, as well as Soil Moisture Index (SWI) These
indicators received great attention in international scientific studies
because of their direct impact on vegetation cover and its quality.
Therefore, the research sought to show the impact of these indicators
due to their vulnerability to droughts, both temporally and spatially, on
the study area. The study showed that the correlation between the
study indicators varied, as the correlation reached Between the
standard rain index and the VCI it amounted to about 0.509, and it is a
medium correlation in the highest correlation recorded between the SPI
and TVDI indices, which amounted to about 0.948. As well as a
correlation between the standard rain index and the TCI amounted to
about 0.500 - which is an inverse correlation.
Purpose
The purpose of communicating with your esteemed magazine is your continuous support with Arab researchers and your sponsorship of research on the Arab world.
Design/methodology/approach
The research design was based on the APA style, and the methodology used in this research study is statistical and applied analysis to reach the desired results.
Findings
The results of this study provide an interesting perspective on the factors that influence changes in variables in Iraq: The prevailing patterns of temperature in Iraq are characterized by a clear pattern, and it is noticeable that they are linked to patterns of distance connection, but it is affected by some local influences, including the different terrain in Iraq. The highest values recorded by the correlation relationship were for the oscillation NAO and EA-WR with −0.812, −0.805, respectively. It is clear from the results that the correlation values are different between the northern and southern stations regions, and that the most influential appeared during the month of January, meaning that the effects of the remote correlation patterns are clearer during the winter season. Most of the correlation values of temperature were at the significance level of 0.5 and 0.1, in addition to that, the correlation was inverse, meaning that when the values of the distance correlation patterns rise, the temperature rates drop above the study stations and vice versa. The effect of SOI appeared during the months of December, April and May, and it recorded a strong correlation with the temperature variable. Most of the oscillations showed different effects with temperature, and it cannot be inferred that the effect is subjected and affected by the oscillation without reference to the extensions of pressure systems and their effects on the local conditions over Iraq.
Research limitations/implications
There are no restrictions.
Originality/value
The topic of the research is one of the modern topics that researchers have not taken up in a large way, and the apparent thesis in the research is one of the effects of the newly observed climate changes with the aim of addressing and limiting the effects of these phenomena on the Arab world.
The study aims to evaluate soil erosion and investigate its spatial distribution by applying the empirical EPM (i.e. Erosion Potential Model) at mountainous Mediterranean type catchments. Study area includes the catchments of Venetikos; Kalamas; Upper Acheloos and Arachthos Rivers (eight subcatchments in total), very important aquatic systems of NW Greece. The model was implemented both annually and inter-annually. A GIS-based approach was adopted, considering the spatial variation of its factors, as well as the erosion processes occurring in a catchment. The results were initially validated by being compared to the observed sediment yield values (based on the sediment discharge measurements conducted by the PPC). The model’s performance was poor, significantly underestimating the results at both time scales. The ambiguous reliability of the PPC measurements led to their replacement by simulated ones, estimated using the sediment discharge rating curves methodology. Regarding the latter, the model performed better, attributing more accurate results, yet anew underestimated. However, it managed to identify the most susceptible to erosion areas. The poor performance is mainly attributed to its inherent shortcomings along with the specific characteristics and sedimentary regime of the study area.
A GIS-based method has been applied for the determination of soil erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed in Mun River
basin, Thailand. The method involves spatial disintegration of the catchment into homogenous grid cells to capture the catchment
heterogeneity. The gross soil erosion in each cell was calculated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) by carefully determining
its various parameters. The concept of sediment delivery ratio is used to route surface erosion from each of the discritized
cells to the catchment outlet. The process of sediment delivery from grid cells to the catchment outlet is represented by
the topographical characteristics of the cells. The effect of DEM resolution on sediment yield is analyzed using two different
resolutions of DEM. The spatial discretization of the catchment and derivation of the physical parameters related to erosion
in the cell are performed through GIS techniques.
This study is an attempt to analyze the correlation of the
impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation( NAO )and Southern Oscillation
Index( SOI ) on the climate of Iraq.This has been conducted based on the highest and lowest
recorded values of the mentioned oscillations. The values of
temperature and rain for the stations of Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, Basrah
and for a major climatic cycle from 1950-2018 were also relied upon.
On the statistical analytical approach to find the correlation relationship
between the studied oscillations and depending on the Pearson
Correlation Coefficient.The results brought to light that there is a strong and
statistically significant correlation between the oscillations. The time
series of oscillations were also analyzed during the fall season, due to
the absence of a single effect of oscillations on the studied elements.
Therefore, the analysis of the simultaneous behavior of oscillations on
the climatic elements during the autumn was relied upon. In the
meantime, four cases of simultaneous behavior for selected years of the
study were found, recording the highest oscillations’ values. Such four
cases were compared with the values of the elements for those years.It became clear from the four cases that there are two
cases that show a regular behavior of the influence, as it became clear
when the poles are NAO +, SOI - and vice versa that the climatic
elements are affected more clearly with the oscillation's indicators and
that the climate of Iraq has become more affected by the oscillations.
Use of an Empirical Method(Erosion Potential Method) for Calculating Sediment Production and Transportation in Unstudied or Torrential Streams
- Z Gavrilovic
Gavrilovic, Z. (1988). Use of an Empirical Method(Erosion Potential
Method) for Calculating Sediment Production and Transportation in
Unstudied or Torrential Streams. International Conference on River
Regime. Hydraulics Research Limited, Wallingford, Oxon UK. 1988. p
411-422, 5 Fig, 4 Tab, 8 Ref.
Global potential soil erosion with reference to land use and climate changes
- D Yang
- S Kanae
- T Oki
- T Koike
- K Musiake
Yang, D., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Koike, T., & Musiake, K. (2003). Global
potential soil erosion with reference to land use and climate changes.
Hydrological Processes, 17(14), 2913-2928.