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Journal of Modern Physics, 2024, 15, 322-374
https://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp
ISSN Online: 2153-120X
ISSN Print: 2153-1196
DOI:
10.4236/jmp.2024.153015 Feb. 29, 2024 322 Journal of Modern Physics
Extraterrestrial Life in the Thermosphere:
Plasmas, UAP, Pre-Life, Fourth State of Matter
R. Joseph1*, C. Impey2, O. Planchon3, R. del Gaudio4, M. Abu Safa5, A. R. Sumanarathna6,
E. Ansbro7, D. Duvall8, G. Bianciardi9, C. H. Gibson10, R. Schild11
1Astrobiology Research Center, California, USA
2Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
3Biogéosciences Laboratory, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
4Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
5Department of Applied Physics, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
6Department of Research and Innovation, Eco Astronomy International Research Center, Tetouan, Morocco
7Space Exploration Ltd., Boyle, County Roscommon, Ireland
8Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University (Emeritus), Stillwater, USA
9Department of Science and Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Siena, Tuscany, Italy
10Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California (Emeritus), San Diego, USA
11Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian (Emeritus), Cambridge, USA
Abstract
“
Plasmas
” up to a kilometer in size and behaving similarly to multicellular
organisms have been filmed on 10 separate NASA space shuttle missions,
over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere. These self-illuminated
“plasmas” are attracted to and may “feed on” electromagnetic radiation. They
have different morphologies: 1) cone, 2) cloud, 3) donut, 4) spherical-cylindrical;
and have been filmed flying towards and descending from the thermosphere
into thunderstorms; congregating by the hundreds and interacting with satel-
lites generating electromagnetic activity; approaching the Space Shuttles.
Computerized analysis of flight path trajectories documents these plasmas
travel at different velocities from different directions and change their angle
of trajectory making 45, 90, and 180 shifts and follow each other. They’ve
been filmed accelerating, slowing down, stopping, congregating, engaging in
“hunter-predatory” behavior and intersecting plasmas leaving a plasma dust
trail in their wake. Similar life-like behaviors have been demonstrated by
plasmas created experimentally. “Plasmas” may have been photographed in
the 1940s by WWII pilots (identified as “Foo fighters”); repeatedly observed
and filmed by astronauts and military pilots and classified as Unidentified
Aerial—Anomalous Phenomenon. Plasmas are not biological but may
How to cite this paper:
Joseph, R., Impey,
C.
, Planchon, O., del Gaudio, R., Abu Safa,
M.
, Sumanarathna, A.R., Ansbro, E., Du-
vall, D.
, Bianciardi, G., Gibson, C.H.
and
Schild
, R. (2024)
Extraterrestrial Life in the
Thermosphere: Plasmas, UAP, Pre
-
Life,
Fourth State of Matter
.
Journal of Modern
Physics
,
15
, 322-374.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.153015
Received:
January 1, 2024
Accepted:
February 26, 2024
Published:
February 29, 2024
Copyright © 20
24 by author(s) and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is
licensed under the Creative
Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial
International License (CC BY
-NC 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
-nc/4.0/
Open Access
Video Supplement:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383410701
R. Joseph et al.
DOI:
10.4236/jmp.2024.153015 323 Journal of Modern Physics
represent a form of pre-life that via the incorporation of elements common in
space, could result in the synthesis of RNA. Plasmas constitute a fourth state
of matter, are attracted to electromagnetic activity, and when observed in the
lower atmosphere likely account for many of the UFO-UAP sightings over
the centuries.
Keywords
Extraterrestrials, Plasmas, Dusty Plasmas, Extremophiles, Life in Space,
Abiogenesis, Origins of Life, RNA World
1. Introduction: UAP & Extraterrestrial Electromagnetic
Plasmas
Interstellar space and the upper atmosphere of Earth are permeated by plasmas
[1]-[5]. Plasmas are believed to constitute a fourth state of matter [2] [6] [7] and
may represent a form of pre-life or inorganic non-biological life [8]-[13]. As de-
tailed in this report (Figures 1-26) pulsating glowing “plasmas” up to a kilome-
ter in size, and behaving similarly to simple multicellular organisms, have been
filmed over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere, by ten separate
space shuttle missions STS-48, STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, STS-101, STS-106,
STS-115, STS-119, STS-123 [10] [14] [15]. These plasmas descend into the lower
atmosphere of Earth, and when observed may have been classified as an “Un-
identified Aerial Phenomenon” [9] (or as some prefer “Anomalous Phenome-
non”).
As documented in this report, these plasma-like entities have been photo-
graphed congregating in the thermosphere above (Figure 4, Figure 5 and Fig-
ure 26) and diving into massive thunderstorms below (Figures 14-17); gather-
ing around satellites generating electromagnetic pulses into the space medium
(Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23); approaching and appearing
outside the windows of NASA’s Space Shuttles [10] [14] [15]; changing velocity
and direction, and making sudden 45 degree to 90 degree turns, and following
and even colliding and intersecting one another (Figures 9-13, Figures 23-26).
These glowing pulsating plasmas in the thermosphere grow in size, replicate,
are attracted to, and make contact and intersect one another often releasing ki-
lometers-in-length plasma-dust trails in their wake (Figure 12, Figure 23 and
Figure 24). Yet others engage in what appears to be hunter-predatory behavior;
tracking, then accelerating and piercing other plasmas that may be several dozen
kilometers distant, even striking and intersecting up to ten or more at varying
distances from one another (Figure 9, Figures 11-13, Figures 23-26). They dis-
play all the characteristics of life-like plasmas as defined by Alfvén [12] [13],
Teordorani [16], Lozneanu and Sanduloviciu [17] and Tsytovich,
et al.
[11] [18].
Although plasmas in the thermosphere engage in behavior, in all respects,
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plasmas are not biological entities, and their actions are mediated by electro-
magnetic and other non-biological factors including the incorporation of ra-
diated dust. Plasmas may have high or low density, high or low temperatures,
may be stable or unstable, and consist of positively and negatively charged par-
ticles, ionized atoms of gas; and whose basic interactions are electromagnetic [1]
[2] [3] [5] [6] [12] [13].
In the upper atmosphere, plasmas are believed to react and possibly form in
response to intermittent turbulence, geomagnetic storms, coronal mass ejec-
tions, solar flares, eclipses, the waxing and waning of sunlight, atmospheric
waves, radiation from radio transmitters and heating facilities, and the incorpo-
ration of dust; all which affect the shape, velocity, and behavior of plasmas [3]
[5] [7] [19].
As detailed by Teodorani [16] Ivan
et al.
[20] Lozneanu, Sanduloviciu [17]
Tsytovich,
et al.
[18], plasmas can form complex life-like shapes as well as a nuc-
leus that may acquire DNA-like capabilities. For example, space is permeated by
dust; and when a plasma incorporates dust grains, the plasma acquires an elec-
tric charge that sucks in electrons which attract positively charged ions giving
rise to “plasma crystals” which also contain organic matter including fragments
of carbonaceous chondrites.
Electrostatic forces and the polarization of the plasma cause these plasma dust
crystals to twist, spin, and form helical structures that can evolve into a double
helix similar to the double helix of DNA. Teodorani [16] argues that these helix-
es can then be replicated in other crystals and that the self-organizing ability of
these crystals can affect other plasmas which may also form a plasma dust-crystal
helix. Although theoretical, this exchange of electrical charges could be likened
to horizontal gene transfer. However, there is no evidence plasmas contain
DNA, nucleotides, or amino acids.
These extraterrestrial “plasmas” filmed in the thermosphere may represent a
non-biological form of pre-life before the acquisition of RNA and then DNA
[21]. Further, when they descend into the lower atmosphere they would likely be
classified as UFOs and UAP when observed (Figures 14-17, Figure 27).
2. Plasmas, Space Shuttles, Astronauts, Fighter Pilots,
UFOs, UAPs
These plasmas may have been first photographed in the 1940s (identified as “foo
fighters”) by U.S., Japanese, and German pilots (Figure 27); and observed by as-
tronauts beginning in the 1960s; and may have been recently filmed by military
pilots and classified as “Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon” [9] [16] [21] [22] [23]
[24]. Given the attraction to electromagnetic and other powerful sources of
energy and their responsiveness to radio signals and sources of heat [5], it is
likely these plasmas may account for at least some of the anecdotal UAP sight-
ings (as recorded by U.S. Dept. of Defense “unidentified anomalous reporting
system”) over nuclear power plants, the areas above and surrounding Hiroshima
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and Nagasaki—destroyed by atomic bombs in 1945—and Fukushima Prefec-
ture—site of a major nuclear power plant accident in 2011—and for numerous
reports of UAPs approaching and following airplanes [14] [15] [16].
These plasmas have been filmed swarming toward and congregating by the
hundreds around satellites generating electromagnetic activity into the ther-
mosphere (Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23); and observed
approaching and appearing outside the windows of NASA space shuttles [10]
[14] [15]. For example, STS 75, while filming these plasmas recorded a garbled
conversation with NASA’s mission control and reported that plasma was ap-
proaching the shuttle. NASA dismissed the sightings as “just reflections”. The
STS 75 Commander disagreed: “
I
’
m looking out in front of the orbiter
.
No
,
there are three objects
.
The one down at the bottom is the one we initially
saw
…
It started over window eight then quickly moved toward the upper
windows
.
We tracked it through windows one
,
two
,
three
,
four
—
and now its
outside window five
—
it
’
s moving away
.” And then Mission Control changed
the subject [10] [14] [15].
STS 115 reported and filmed a similar encounter, the Commander describing
them as translucent, flexible, not a solid object, metallic but not made of metal,
and giving off light and glowing. Before NASA’s mission control changes the
subject, the STS 115 Commander states: “
The best way I can describe it as some
kind of reflective cloth
—
some type of metallic looking type of cloth
—
a structure
which is definitely not rigid
—
it
’
s not a solid metal structure
”
[10] [14] [15].
“Not a solid metal structure” rules out wreckage and space junk as does their
ability to change shape and direction, speed up and slow down, and produce a
glowing illumination within which a nucleus (void) can often be discerned—as
illustrated by freeze-frame photographs (Figures 5-8, Figure 14, Figure 15,
Figure 22) from STS film footage provided to the first author by NASA follow-
ing a “Freedom of Information Request”. Fact is: these UAP were observed by
U.S. astronauts hurtled into space in the 1960s—(e.g. “
oval shaped like a series of
ellipses
”)—prior to the littering of space with any spacecraft or satellite wreck-
age; observations which rule out “space junk”.
On May 15, 1963, while riding a Mercury capsule on his final orbit of a
22-orbit journey around the world, astronaut Gordon Cooper reported a “
glow-
ing
,
greenish object
” that was “
rapidly approaching
”. On June 4, 1965, astro-
nauts Ed White and James McDivitt spotted a huge “metallic object” approach-
ing the Gemini orbiter.
In December of 1965, Gemini astronaut James Lovell reported a “
Bogey at
10
o
’
clock high
.” Capcom: “
This is Houston
.
Say again
7.” Lovell: “
We have a bogey
at 10 o
’
clock high
.” Capcom: “
Gemini
7,
is that the booster
,
or is that an actual
sighting
?” Lovell: “
We have several
,
actual sightings
.
We also have the booster in
sight
.”
The flight crew of Apollo 11—as reported by Buzz Aldrin in a 1982 inter-
view—saw outside the spacecraft “
something out there that was close enough to
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be observed by the three of us
;
and
,
what could it be
?
Mike got out the tele-
scope
…
it was oval-shaped like a series of ellipses
;
but when you sharpened the
focus
,
it had an L-shape
.
That didn
’
t tell us very much
.
Obviously
,
the three of us
were not going to blurt out
:
hey Houston
,
we got something moving alongside
us
,
and we don
’
t know what it is
.
We couldn
’
t do that because we knew the
transmissions would be heard all over the world
…
It was very big
,
and coming
closer
,
so we cautiously asked Houston about the final stage of the rocket
,
the
S-IVB which had been jettisoned two days earlier
.”
Apollo
11: “
Do you have any
idea where the S-IVB is with respect to us
?
Mission Control
:
“
Apollo
11,
Hou-
ston
.
The S-IVB is about
6000
nautical miles from you now
,
over
.”
3. British Defense Ministry: UFOs/UAPs = Buoyant
Electrically Charged Magnetic Phenomenon
The British Ministry of Defense [24] conducted a multidisciplinary analysis of
UFO-UAP phenomenon based on information collected over 30 years and con-
cludes: “
Credited with the ability to
…
accelerate to exceptional velocities and va-
nish
,
they can reportedly alter their direction of flight suddenly and clearly can
exhibit aerodynamic characteristics well beyond those of any known aircraft or
missile
—
either manned or unmanned
…”
“…
they are comprised of several types of rarely encountered natural events
within the atmosphere and ionosphere
…
the events are almost certainly attri-
butable to physical
,
electrical and magnetic phenomena in the atmosphere
,
mesosphere and ionosphere
.
The fact that the objects reportedly have the ma-
noeuvre and acceleration attributes of an inertia-less vehicle reinforces the
hypothesis that they are buoyant charged bodies
.” e.g., electromagnetic plas-
mas.
4. Plasmas Have Life-Like Cellular Properties:
Pre-Life, Plasma-DNA, Fourth Domain of Life?
Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfvén [12] [13], argued that electromagnetic plasmas
permeate space throughout the universe and this solar system, and are formed
by and can generate and are attracted to electromagnetic fields. These plasmas
have life-like properties including cellular structure and cellular walls consisting
of electric currents.
According to Alfvén [13]: “In order to understand the phenomena in a certain
plasma region, it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric
field and the electric currents. Space is filled with a network of currents which
transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances. The currents
often pinch to filamentary or surface currents. The latter are likely to give space,
as also interstellar and intergalactic space, a cellular structure.”
Alfvén [12] [13] also proposed that the inner and outer layers of a plasma dif-
fer in positive vs negative charges. Radiation is generated between these bounda-
ries and this forms the plasma. However, these layers also consist of plasma,
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what Alfvén referred to as “ambiplasma”. He states that ambiplasmas may live
for long periods of time and that the double layers act to repel plasma clouds of
the opposite type, but combine clouds of the same type, such that plasmas may
repel or be attracted to one another and exchange energy—exactly as docu-
mented in this report and described (somewhat whimsically) as “hunter preda-
tor behavior” (Figure 9, Figures 11-13, Figures 23-26).
As documented here, “plasmas” in the thermosphere engage in all the beha-
viors of experimentally created plasmas as reported by Alfvén [12] [13] and oth-
ers [11] [12] [16]-[20]; including glowing, pulsating, shape-shifting, colliding,
and possessing a nucleus or “void” (Figures 5-8, Figures 14-16, Figure 22).
It is well documented experimentally that plasmas are self-organizing, engage
in complex behaviors similar to simple multicellular organisms, take the shape
of spheres, ovoids, helixes, and often have a central nucleus (or void) protected
by electrical double layers consisting of an inner layer of negatively charged
electrons and outer-layer of positively charged ions [12] [13] [16] [17] [18] [20].
As documented in the attached Figures, the glowing plasmas reported here
and photographed in space also have a variety of shapes; and some specimens
pulsate (perhaps as a means of propulsion) and have one or more nucleus voids
[14] [15]. Moreover, like those observed in the thermosphere [10] [14] [15],
plasmas generated experimentally can grow in size, replicate, are often attracted
to one another, and appear to exchange dust-laden electromagnetic energy [9]
[17] [18].
Tsytovich,
et al.
[11] [18] argue that because of electromagnetic activity and
massive quantities of dust, interplanetary and extra-galactic space provides an
ideal environment for the generation and nourishment of life-like plasmas. In-
terplanetary space is permeated by dust, and over 5200 tons (4700 metric tons)
of space dust falls to Earth each year [15]. Plasmas—especially under conditions
of micro-gravity [11]—interact with and incorporate dust which becomes
charged with electromagnetic energy thereby inducing mutual attraction [18] [25]
[26] [27] [28]. The interactions with dust lead to dust-plasma-self-organization
which in turn is fed by external sources of electromagnetic radiation.
Hence, these plasma-like entities may be laden with dust—including from
carbonaceous chondrites—which are topologically and dynamically controlled
by plasma fluxes and plasma charges between the grains and plasma layers. The
plasma and the charged dust particles suspended in the plasma, interact as a
coordinated whole and behave as a plasma [11] [26] [27] [28].
If plasma crystals also form—and contain nucleotides and amino acids found
in space and carbonaceous chondrites (at least 92 amino acids so far discov-
ered)—it is possible they may have the potential to behave like RNA or (less
likely) DNA [16] [18]. This leads to the possibility that some plasmas could
produce an internal “RNA-world” and achieve a form of “pre-life” if permeated
by plasma-crystal-dust that incorporates a sufficient number of amino acids,
nucleotides, and other elements commonly found in space and carbonaceous
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chondrites: fragments of which break off and shatter upon striking the upper
atmosphere.
As summed by Tsytovich,
et al.
[18] “these interacting complex structures ex-
hibit thermodynamic and evolutionary features thought to be peculiar only to
living matter” and “exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candi-
dates for inorganic living matter that may exist in space.” Lozneanu and Sandu-
loviciu [17] have proposed that these plasma-like cellular entities constitute an
extraterrestrial form of life completely “different from life as we know it.”
5. Life-Like Plasmas in the Thermosphere
In support of the data and theories proposed by Alfvén [12] [13], Tsytovich,
et
al.
[11] [18], Lozneanu and Sanduloviciu [17] and Teodorani [16], plasma-like
entities (plasmas) engaging in simple life-like behavior have been filmed and
observed via the naked eye, and filmed during 10 different Space Shuttle Mis-
sions including approaching and appearing outside spacecraft windows, and
swarming toward satellite tethers generating electricity into the space medium
[10] [14] [15].
For example, and as documented by freeze frame footage presented in this
report: during mission STS-75, over a period of dozens of hours, plasmas ap-
proached and congregated by the hundreds around a satellite-tether 12-miles in
length generating electro-magnetic force fields and electricity and electron
beams into the thermosphere (Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23).
Observational data captured on film by missions STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, and
STS-106, documents these plasmas also congregate above and descend into
thunderstorms [10] [14] [15] which can produce anywhere from 130 million
volts to 1.3 billion volts; with a single lightning bolt producing up to 1,000,000,000
joules of energy.
As documented by film footage (see [14] [15]) and freeze-frame photos re-
produced in this report and processed via Fotor image enhancement software:
these shape-shifting glowing plasmas have at least four morphologies: 1) spir-
al-cylindrical, 2) cloud, 3) “donut” (nucleated), 4) and bulbous-cone. Based on
their proximity to a tethered satellite (STS-75), some specimens may be up to
several kilometers in length or diameter. All plasmas appear to be self-illuminated
and give off a surrounding glow (best depicted in Figures 5-8, Figure 14, Figure
17) which is typical of plasmas as they shed electrons.
Astronauts have observed these plasma-like structures engaging in complex
behaviors, including approaching the space shuttles and experimental satellites
generating electromagnetic activity; and have described them as “
definitely not
rigid
” and “
not a solid metal structure
” [10] [14] [15] and “
oval shaped like a se-
ries of ellipses
.” And yet, they have metallic coloration according to eyewitness
reports by astronauts; possibly silver, which might also account for any reflective
properties.
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Figure 1. From STS footage: electrified satellite tether (12 miles in length) approached by plasmas.
Figure 2. Freeze frame STS footage (see Figure 1): Plasma-like entities up to 1 km in size. Freeze frames processed via “Fotor”
image enhancement software.
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Figure 3. Plasma-like entities up to 1 km n size moving about and surrounding the electrified tether 200 miles above Earth in the
thermosphere. Filmed by STS-75.
Figure 4. Hundreds of cone- and cloud-shaped glowing plasmas (with an internal nucleus, Figure 5 and Figure 6) filmed by
STS-80, 200 miles above an electric-thunderstorm.
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Figure 5. Hundreds of cone- and cloud-shaped glowing plasmas with an internal nucleus filmed congregating 200 miles above an
electric-thunderstorm by STS-80. Processed via Fotor software.
Figure 6. Two glowing pulsating plasma with an internal nucleus, up to 1 km in size, filmed 200 miles above an electric-thunderstorm
by STS-80 (from Figure 4). Processed via Fotor filter software.
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Figure 7. Cone-donut-nucleated and spiral glowing plasmas filmed by shuttle mission STS-75. These plasmas change shape and
have a variety of dimensions and are up to 1 km in size. (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb67zM1Sh-Q/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DARcIIc4pCw).
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Figures 8. Donut-shaped glowing pulsating plasmas with nucleus, moving in an anterior direction, filmed by shuttle mission STS
119. (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb67zM1Sh-Q/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DARcIIc4pCw).
6. All Other Explanations Ruled Out: Not Wreckage,
Not Debris, Not Ice
It is highly improbable that these entities are kilometer-in-diameter blocks of ice
or “space junk”. Not only do they lack solidity or rigidity, but they pulsate with
light, slow down, stop, hover in place, turn and follow one another, and may
target and make contact with each other, sometimes leaving a trail of particles
several kilometers in length in their wake. Moreover, they were viewed by astro-
nauts in the 1960s—before space was littered with wreckage and none of which
were described as resembling “ice”.
It is completely improbable that these structures, including what appears to be
a nucleus, are illusions created by sunlight and the telescopic lenses employed by
the shuttle crews. Although a flashlight can illuminate while simultaneously
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creating a darkened area upon any object of focus, no flashlights were employed
in obtaining these images. Hundreds of these specimens were filmed in the cam-
era’s field of view—and not just one structure but hundreds of specimens were
viewed with the naked eye including flying alongside and appearing outside the
windows of several space shuttles. Like plasmas generated in a laboratory, the
plasmas of the thermosphere engage in life-like behavior.
A variety of behaviors and movement patterns have been observed, Their di-
rectional trajectories and patterns of movement are also sometimes “fluid-like”
as if passing through currents of water—an observation consistent with that of
Alfvén [12] [13] and others [3] who likened the movement of plasmas as similar
to waves in a fluid. Marino and Sorriso-Valvo [3] argue that from a macroscopic
perspective, plasmas move about as if they are in water because they have vari-
ous properties similar to gasses;
i.e
. “buoyant charged bodies” [24].
However, they also engage in non-fluid behaviors. For example, plasmas in
the thermosphere will accelerate in a straight line, strike other plasma-like ovo-
ids, turn 45 degrees, and accelerate and strike yet another—behavior that could
be likened to hunter-predatory behavior (Figure 8, Figures 11-13, Figures
23-26). Dusty plasmas created experimentally, will also hunt down, collide, and
cannibalize energy from other plasmas.
Figure 9. STS-48. Hunter-Predatory energy cannibalizing behavior? Cone-shaped plasma along the rim and angle of movement
are indicated by white arrow. Central plasma travels in a straight line then turns at a 45 degree angle, rapidly accelerates and in-
tercepts one, then a second plasma along the rim.
7. Analysis of Flight Path Velocity Vectors
The tethered satellite system (TSS-1R) was designed to generate electromagnetic
force fields, electricity, and electron beams into the surrounding space medium.
Further, this tether was generating electromagnetic activity [14] [15] while hun-
dreds of structures later began swarming toward and gathering around it. As
documented here and elsewhere [14] [15], these “plasmas” were filmed engaging
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in complex interactions with one another, and contacting and moving upon the
tether which was conducting electricity up and down its length and generating
electron beams.
As previously reported [14] two stable sequences of film footage from the
STS-75 satellite imagery with durations of 20 seconds and 53 seconds were sub-
ject to computerized analysis. Flight path trajectory, velocity, and tracking plots
were calculated for stable sequences employing “RegiStax” astronomical image
enhancement software which is sensitive to fast-moving objects. Plasmas were
tracked and the flight paths and parameters trajectories were plotted for indi-
viduals within the entire group of plasmas as they approached and moved away
from the electrified tether (Figure 10(a) and Figure 10(b)).
The length of the flight path as determined by “RegiStax” is directly propor-
tional to that object’s speed. The faster the structure moves, as captured by
STS-75 film footage, the longer the line marking its trajectory (Figure 10(a) and
Figure 10(b)). Individual plasmas travel at dramatically different velocities, di-
rections, and trajectories some making turns and shifts ranging from 45 degrees
to 180 degrees, as indicated by the curve and length of the plotted flight path
trajectory which is also a measure of velocity.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 10. (a) Flight path trajectory, velocity, and tracking plots based on analysis of 20 second (left) and 53 seconds (right) of
stable sequences of film footage from the STS-75. (b) Computerized analysis of flight paths and velocity, based on 20 seconds of
stable sequences of film footage from STS-75. Many object display 45, 90, and 180 shifts in trajectory, alter their speed, stop,
hover, accelerate, make sudden or slow turns around the electrified tether.
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Figure 11. Extraterrestrial plasmas have approached an electrified tether 12 miles in length generating electromagnetic impulses
into the space medium. Although innumerable plasmas remained relatively stationary, others move toward and make contact and
then continue their flight path. Based on the length of the tether, these plasmas may average 1 km in size. Filmed by STS-75.
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Figure 13. (Top) Donut-Cloud shaped (1-arrow) plasma (kilometers in size) in upper left hand corner approaches similar
D-structures and electromagnetic (elongated) satellite-tether and then changes direction at a 15 degree angle and collides with
another plasma (2-arrow) coming from a different direction. Filmed by shuttle mission STS-75. (bottom) Negative images (of top
photos) of plasmas approaching and interacting and piercing one another.
8. Attraction to Thunder Storms: UAP in the Lower
Atmosphere
Plasmas have been filmed by missions STS-96 and STS-106, approaching, then
descending from the thermosphere into hurricanes and thunderstorms, or
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emerging from waning storms and streaming back into space. Plasmas approach
from different directions and speeds, often forming groupings of two or more,
then descend and disappear into the thunderclouds in the lower atmosphere
(Figures 14-17).
In consequence, when observed from the ground, these plasmas would be
classified as UFOs and UAP. Thus, it appears that many UFO and UAP sightings
are not observations or evidence of extraterrestrial spacecraft piloted by alien
robots or humanoids, but of plasmas that have been attracted to powerful
sources of electromagnetic activity in the lower atmosphere.
Typical of plasmas in the thermosphere, plasmas descending into the lower
atmosphere appear to “
accelerate to exceptional velocities
” “
alter their direction
of flight suddenly
” “
exhibit aerodynamic characteristics well beyond those of any
known aircraft or missile
” and “
have the manoeuvre and acceleration attributes
of an inertia-less vehicle
” and resemble the “
buoyant charged bodies
” that have
been classified as UAP [24].
Figure 14. Shape-shifting plasma with nucleus descending into a thunderstorm. Estimated size: approximately 1 km in diameter.
Filmed by shuttle mission STS 80. (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb67zM1Sh-Q/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DARcIIc4pCw).
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Figure 15. Moving, wiggling plasma with multiple voids-nucleation, filmed by shuttle mission STS-80, 200 miles above Earth.
Figure 16. Elongated plasma descending into thunder storm, possibly engaged in electron transfer and the generation of magnetic
fields and electric charges and currents. From shuttle mission STS-80.
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Figure 17. Cloud and conical shaped specimens in the thermosphere approaching a violent thunderstorm raging 200 miles below.
Filmed by STS 96.
9. Hundreds of Plasma Swarm Toward an Electromagnetic
Tethered Satellite STS-75
In February 1996, the Space Shuttle “Columbia” conducted experiments to de-
termine the effects of microgravity on electromagnetic pulses transmitted into
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the space medium of the ionosphere. This was accomplished via the deployment
of the “Tethered Satellite System Reflight (TSS-1R)” 296 kilometers over the
Earth. Upon deployment, TSS-1R began generating electromagnetic force fields,
electricity, and electron beams into the surrounding space medium via the tether
linked to STS-75.
Upon being deployed at a distance of 19 kilometers, the tether broke but con-
tinued transmitting a continual stream of up to 3500 volts into the ionosphere.
Following every 90-minute orbit the Columbia would re-encounter and film the
TSS-1R. For the first several orbits nothing unusual was noted by the crew of
STS-75 other than a few faint pulsating glows at a far distance from the tether.
Hours later the crew reported they were being followed and paced by at least
three bright, pulsating objects which appeared outside the windows of the Co-
lumbia [14] [15].
Subsequently, over the next several orbits the crew observed and filmed do-
zens of these pulsating objects, then several orbits later, hundreds—up to a ki-
lometer in size—swarming toward the TSS-1R, from multiple directions—as
documented here (Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23). These
glowing, pulsating, luminous structures were observed to change speed and di-
rection, interact with one another, congregate together, slow down, and then
make physical contact with the tether which was continuing to transmit over
3000 volts into the surrounding space medium.
They were filmed engaging in complex interactions and turning, following,
intercepting, and passing through one another (Figures 11-13, Figure 23, Fig-
ure 24, Figure 26)—sometimes leaving a stream of illuminated particles in their
wake (Figure 12, Figure 23, Figure 24, Figure 26). Furthermore, they were
glowing, pulsating with light, and turning colliding with other plasmas that had
also turned; engaging in behavior referred to as “collisionality”.
It is important to emphasize that the crew of STS-75 viewed these specimens
with the naked eye and with binoculars and the telescope. Crews provided
eye-witness descriptions.
Nor did the shuttle crew identify these plasmas as space junk or ice. They also
rejected and disputed NASA’s suggestions that these were “reflections”, a “rocket
booster” or the “Mir” space station. One crew member referred to them as a
“UFO”. Another pointed out that several of these specimens had approached the
windows, were circling the shuttle, and moving from window to window!
Observational and computerized analysis documents that these specimens
displayed behaviors and morphologies completely atypical of space junk, mete-
ors, or crystals of ice; and were certainly not illusions created by sunlight and the
camera. Instead, their actions and morphology were typical of plasmas. Dusty
plasmas, for example, also oscillate (“heartbeat instability”), producing a glow
and bright flashes—such that the plasma pulsates with light—exactly as observed
in the thermosphere.
It is also well documented that plasmas react to turbulence, geomagnetic
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storms, coronal mass ejections, solar flares, eclipses, the waxing and waning of
sunlight, atmospheric waves, and fluctuations in the electromagnetic environ-
ment—typical of fluctuating conditions in the thermosphere—and all of which
can affect the shape, form, velocity, interactions, and behavior of plasmas [1]-[8]
[11] [12] [13] [17] [18]. Their behavior is primarily controlled by electromag-
netic activity, which, as reported here, was being transmitted into surrounding
space.
Figure 18. (Left) The tethered satellite is released while generating electricity and electromagnetic activity into the surrounding
space-medium in the thermosphere. (Right) the tether breaks, still generating electromagnetic-activity. Filmed by STS-75.
Figure 19. Hours later after the tether broke away from the space shuttle, pulsating plasmas began approaching the tether which is
still generating electromagnetic pulses into the space medium. The tether is approximately 12 miles in length. Filmed by STS-75.
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Figure 20. Twelve hours later, pulsating plasmas begin approaching the tethered satellite which is still generating electromagnetic
pulses into the space medium. Filmed by STS-75.
Figure 21. Nearly 24 hours after the electromagnetic-tethered satellite began generating electromagnetic pulses dozens, then hun-
dreds then thousands of pulsating extraterrestrial plasmas approached and gathered close by. The tether is approximately 12 miles
in length. Filmed by STS-75.
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Figure 22. Cone shaped plasma approaches and then makes contact with the electrified tether in the thermosphere, slides along
the length and then emerges continues to remain close Based on the length of the tether, this specimens is approximately 1 km in
size. Filmed by STS-75.
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10. Plasma Contact Seeking & Plasma Tails
Figure 23. Extraterrestrial plasmas that approach and make contact with others and which leave a plasma-like cloudy trail in their
wake after they make contact. Yet hundreds more have stopped near the tether and remain stationary and unmoving. The blue
arrows point to “plasma tails”. These are examples of “collisionality” and “energy cannibalism”. Filmed by STS-75.
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Figure 24. Extraterrestrial plasma that rapidly approach and slow down and make contact with and then pass by leaving a plas-
ma-dust tail in their wake as indicated by the blue arrows. These are examples of “collisionality” and “energy cannibalism”. Filmed
by STS-75.
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11. Hunter Predators: STS-48
Figure 25. STS-48. Hunter-Predatory behavior. Cloud-like plasmas targets (1, 2, 3) and intersects a second plasma to its upper
left, then (4) make a 90 degree right turn in trajectory and accelerates toward plasmas upon the rim (5, 6) and upon intersecting
these plasmas turns about 10 degrees and continues into space, only to be intercepted (8) by something moving at hypersonic
speeds which obliterates it (9).
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(f)
Figure 26. (a). STS-80. Hunter-Predatory behavior 200 miles above a thunder storm (see Figures 26(a)-(f)). (b). STS-80. Hunt-
er-Predatory behavior 200 miles above a thunder storm (see Figures 26(a)-(f)). (c). STS-80. Hunter-Predatory behavior 200 miles
above a thunder storm (see Figures 26(a)-(f)) (d). STS-80. Hunter-Predatory behavior 200 miles above a thunder storm (see Fig-
ures 26(a)-(f)). (e). STS-80. Hunter-Predatory behavior above a thunder storm (see Figures 26(a)-(f)). (f). STS-80. Hunt-
er-Predatory behavior. Cloud-like plasma targets and intersects seven different plasma of varying in shape 200 miles above a
thunderstorm. Note the plasma-trails often left in its wake and the fact that it changes shape and size, and its movements are not
in a straight-line trajectory but slightly changes direction to insert these other plasmas (see Figures 26(a)-(f)). It is likely that
these interactions are not “purposeful” in the biological-sense and are not driven by an intelligence (as we know it); but are due to
differences in electromagnetic and electrical charges that exert attractive influences. That some plasmas are drawn to one another
(a head-on-collision) can be explained by differences in electromagnetic charges. However, why others remain stationary as
another plasma turns and accelerates directly at and penetrates those unmoving plasmas (like “shooting ducks in a row”), cannot
be explained with certainty, but represent energy cannibalism or energy exchange.
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13. Plasma Development and Behavior in the Thermosphere
Observations and computerized analysis demonstrates that these plasmas speed
up and slow down, hover in place, pulsate as they move, display dramatic shifts
in velocity and trajectory, and engage in behaviors similar to simple biological
organisms and typical of plasmas. However, these are not biological organisms.
All their interactions can be explained by electromagnetic activity and the
charges of their internal and external environment.
The space shuttles (when they were in operation from 1981 to 2011) and the
International Space Station orbit within the thermosphere. This region above
Earth has a distinct atmosphere [29] [30] [31] [32] and maintains other dynam-
ics which support and promote the formation of plasmas [3] [4] [5] [7] [19]. For
example, dust and atmospheric particles in the thermosphere are electrically
charged due to radiation [33] and plasmas in space contain large amounts of
dust.
In addition, residual levels of oxygen and other diluted gases are present in the
thermosphere [29] [30] [31] [32], all of which absorb solar radiation thereby
providing a range of temperatures, up to 1500C (2730F), which vary according
to solar activity [5] [34] [35]. These temperature absorptions also promote the
development of plasmas and plasma-cellular structures, as well as enabling
movement and simple behavior [3] [4] [7] [11] [12] [13] [17] [18] [20].
The major external push/pull forces acting on these plasmas are those based
on negative vs positive charges in the outer plasma membranes and dust par-
ticles in reaction to electromagnetic activity in the surrounding space medium
[1] [2] [3] [5] [6] [12] [13] and include fluctuations in temperature, sunlight,
and these electrified particles—all of which contribute to the creation of turbu-
lence and atmospheric tides which can enable movement including changes in
speed and direction [2] [3] [4] [5] [7] [19] [36].
As detailed by Bakhmetieva, Grigoriev [5], Chatterjee [2] Marino, Sorri-
so-Valvo [3], and Chian and colleagues [4], solar winds and turbulence are ma-
jor cross-scale energy transfer mechanisms that affect plasma behavior via an
interplay of propagating waves, nonlinear waves, magnetic reconnection, emis-
sion of radiation and particle energization. Additional factors include coronal
mass ejections, solar flares, geomagnetic storms, daylight, heat sources, and ra-
dio waves; all of which can differentially or collectively influence plasmas de-
pending on their location, properties, and dust composition [37]. It is these elec-
tromagnetic interactions, coupled with their pulsations, that enable these plas-
mas to navigate, propel, accelerate, slow down, and turn.
14. Dusty Plasmas in Space
Plasma consists of ions, electrons, neutral gas molecules, photons, and electric
fields: a collection of elements that are exchanging mass, momentum, energy,
electrons, and dust. Space is filled with dust, including the remnants of carbona-
ceous chondrites, with sizes ranging from macromolecules to pebbles. Because
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plasmas incorporate dust [37] [38] [39] plasmas in the thermosphere should be
considered “dusty plasmas”.
When dust is exposed to UV radiation and immersed in plasma, there will be
collective and individualized effects on plasma mass, charge, speed of move-
ment, and behavioral dynamics; and the dust plasma will exhibit a variety of
shapes [37] [39] [40]. Dust plasmas can appear as spirals, rotating cylinders,
bulbous with double voids, and in the shape of clouds that may descend into the
lower atmosphere. For example, in the mesosphere (layer of atmosphere below
the thermosphere), those interacting dust-plasma dynamics can produce Nocti-
lucent clouds which can sometimes be viewed at sunset [41]. It is also likely that
plasma clouds that are embedded in lower atmosphere storm clouds, or which
drift alongside, might be indistinguishable with the naked eye.
Dusty plasmas are conglomerations of electrons, ions, neutral gas, radiation,
and electromagnetic fields that contain dust ranging from a few nanometers to a
few micrometers [37] [39]. These dust particles are charged and contribute to
the creation of voids (nuclei) within the plasma [38] [42] [43] [44]. These voids
affect behavior.
As noted, plasma in the thermosphere will turn and follow or may collide with
other plasmas. The attraction and repulsion and reciprocal and non-reciprocal
interactions between plasmas including asymmetric acceleration and collisional-
ity depend on their degree of magnetization which can differ dramatically be-
tween plasmas [37]. Hence, not all plasmas, even in the same group or vicinity,
will behave the same.
Further, when subject to electron depletion, dusty plasmas may engage in
charge cannibalism [37] [40] (hunter-predatory behavior). In addition, following
collisions and cannibalism, bound electrons are emitted and scattered after im-
pact—possibly producing glowing plasma-dust trails [40] as documented in
Figure 7, Figures 11-13, Figures 23-26 as well as flashes of pulsating light.
Electron density reduction vs accumulation and the dust charge (negative dust
vs positive ions in the plasma) contribute to plasma stability (and calmness) vs
instabilities in shape and behavior (e.g. rotational, spheroidal, and carousel in-
stability, polarity switching). Therefore, plasmas may merge and/or split apart
and engage in non-reciprocal attractive forces and the transfer of energy when
they make contact [37] [39]. As also observed in the thermosphere.
The voids (nuclei) within the plasma are generally associated with the dust-free
region and can range from dim to bright and have a variety of sizes and shapes
including those that are “eye-shaped” [37] [43] [45] [46]. Dusty plasmas with
voids-nuclei may also oscillate (“heartbeat instability”) between contraction and ex-
pansion—and sometimes the contraction phase is signified by a bright flash—such
that the plasma pulsates with light. Further, those dusty plasmas with at least two
voids (bright and dim) likely exhibit maximal self-excited oscillation which in
turn may result in propulsion [37] [38] [44] [45] [46].
Moreover, when electrons are emitted this can create a “glow” (afterglow).
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The amount of light emitted is determined, in large part, by particles that are
shed and the amount of electron discharge and reduction in or increase in elec-
tron density (via charge cannibalism [37] [40]). Likely, the glow may also be
produced via the transition from bipolar charging to a more dominant role of
ions in particle charging [37] [47] [48]. Via all these interactive forces, dusty
plasmas will glow, oscillate, pulsate with light, and can display a range of mo-
tions (behaviors), e.g. swarming, aligning, congregating, clustering, crowding; all
of which contributes to collective or individualized behavior including pursuit,
head-on collisions and energy cannibalism [37] [38] [39]—(e.g. hunter-predator
behavior) exactly as observed in the thermosphere.
15. Carl Sagan: Extraterrestrial Atmospheric
Extremophiles of Jupiter
Carl Sagan theorized about the possibility of life in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere
and detailed the growth, metabolism, movement, and behavior patterns of these
hypothetical upper atmospheric Jovian organisms. Sagan and Salpeter [49] ar-
gued that these atmospheric Jovians would have the “metabolic and photosyn-
thetic parameters typical of terrestrial algae…but…adapted to the Jovian envi-
ronment.” “The best terrestrial analogy seems to be the surface of the sea.” Like-
wise, it has been noted, with side-by-side film-footage comparisons that the
plasmas of the thermosphere engage in behaviors similar to simple marine or-
ganisms [14] whereas plasmas sometimes behave as if they are floating on water.
Sagan proposed three ecological niches within Jupiter’s upper atmosphere
populated by species adapted to those atmospheric environments,
i.e
. primary
photosynthetic autotrophs (“Sinkers”); larger organisms which might be either
autotrophs or heterotrophs (“Floaters”); “Scavengers” which could be consi-
dered similar to Floaters; and “Hunters” which are the most intelligent and hunt
Sinkers, Scavengers and Floaters.
Sagan hypothesized that Floaters and Sinkers could obtain free energy from
sunlight and were “filled with gas”, which provided buoyancy and a means of
propulsion, thereby enabling them to move about and engage in various beha-
viors. Sagan and Salpeter [49] also hypothesized that these upper atmospheric
“Hunters” could grow to be many kilometers in size.
Likewise, in the upper atmosphere of Earth, there are plasmas that “hunt” and
those that appear to simply hover in place (floaters), and those that “sink” into
the lower atmosphere to “graze” on and “scavenge” electromagnetic energy re-
leased within thunderstorms.
16. UFOs, Plasmas & Foo Fighters of WWII
The “plasmas” filmed by ten different shuttle missions change shape and can be
up to a kilometer or more in size. Many also engage in different behavior that
could be likened to Carl Sagan’s “Hunters” “Floaters” “Sinkers” and “Scaven-
gers.” As documented by STS-80, STS-119, and STS-75, “plasmas” descend into
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thunderstorms as single plasmas, or in groups of two, three, or more, followed
by yet others; such that entire “fleets” of plasmas may descend into the tropos-
phere which extends from ground level to 10 km (33,000 feet) above the surface.
It can be predicted that these plasmas might also be attracted to the radio sig-
nals, sources of heat [5], and electricity generated by propeller- and jet-propelled
aircraft; and when observed, classified as UFOs, “bogies” “UAPs” or, as was
common during the second world war: “Foo fighters”.
Figure 27. (Top) A U.S. Coast Guard photographer, Shell R. Alpert, took a photograph through a window screen showing three
cloud-like formations over the “Winter Island” Salem, Massachusetts, Air Station at 9:35 a.m. on 16 July 1952. (Official U.S. Coast
Guard photograph). The Air Station had radio radar and conducted sea rescues, and its facilities served amphibious helicopters
and seaplanes. The weather and temperature at that time was between 88F to 91F with a dew point of 65 to 67.68 (muggy and
lots of moisture in the air). According to the Weather. gov, “As a general rule, the surface dewpoint needs to be 55F or greater for
a surface-based thunderstorm to occur.” As can be seen from the photograph, the sky was dark and overcast--perfect weather for
thunderstorms.
In the 1940s, pilots reported being confronted, toyed with, and challenged by
UFOs-UAPs that were white and silver, often glowing or translucent, and shaped
like clouds, donuts, balls, spheres, etc. [16] [22] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]. Allied pilots
called them “Foo Fighters”. Hundreds of pilots and flight crews described the “Foos”
as on fire, glowing, and sometimes changing colors from silver-white to red-orange.
For example, as reported by Allied Supreme Headquarters and numerous
news media outlets, including in 1944, by the New York Times: “Airmen of the
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American Air Force report that they are encountering silver colored spheres in
the air…either singly or in clusters. Sometimes they are semi-translucent…
There was no information available as to what holds them up like stars in the
sky, what is in them, or what their purpose appears to be” [53].
According to the official military reports the Foos were incredibly fast, capable
of amazing maneuvers and impossible turns, and would ride alongside, above,
below, and directly in front of U.S. fighter planes which proved incapable of
shooting them down [50] [51] [52] [54]. Initially, Allied Pilots thought these
were German secret weapons. However, German pilots also observed these
fast-moving round glowing objects, as did Japanese pilots. The Foos were at-
tracted to the planes. The Foos sometimes flew in groups that surrounded the
planes or followed close behind. Typically, they would vanish after “toying” with
warplanes [9] [22] [50] [51] [52] [54].
17. US Jet Fighter Pilots Encounter Plasma UAP?
On June 25, 2021, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence [55] re-
leased a 9-page redacted intelligence report, titled “Preliminary Assessment:
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena” which assessed “the threat posed by unidenti-
fied aerial phenomena (UAP) and the progress the Department of Defense Un-
identified Aerial Phenomena Task Force has made in understanding this threat.”
The focus of the report was the over 120 incidents of extremely unusual aerial
phenomena witnessed by Navy pilots and foreign militaries in the last two dec-
ades [56] [57].
Quoting this report [55]: “
UAP
…
appeared to remain stationary in winds
aloft
,
move against the wind
,
manoeuvre abruptly
,
or move at considerable
speed
,
without discernible means of propulsion
.
In a small number of cases
,
mil-
itary aircraft systems processed radio frequency
(
RF
)
energy associated with
UAP sightings
.” According to this U.S. government report [55], UAP have no
visible engine or infrared exhaust plumes, but were capable of hypersonic speeds
beyond “
the sound barrier without a sonic boom
.” Many of the observations
were recorded on video, including one taken by a fighter jet’s camera in early
2015 that shows a whitish oval object about the size of a commercial plane, that
looked like an oblong cloud but was described as a giant Tic Tac. It was moving
at hypersonic speeds over the ocean as pilots expressed amazement. In audio re-
cordings, one pilot exclaims: “
There
’
s a whole fleet of them
”.
Official film footage released by the U.S. government indicates that when the
“tic tac” was filmed in color, the object was “white” and gave off a bright glow.
Yet another UAP is a megalithic object resembling a glowing “spinning top” (
i.e
.
a “flying saucer”) that shifts in orientation from the right to the left (Figure 28,
Figure 29).
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Figure 29. “UAP” with a silhouette glow, shifting orientation from right to left. Filmed by US Navy Pilots in 2015. (Top row mid-
dle, right, processed with Fotor image enhancement software).
18. They Came From Outer Space?
As noted the tethered satellite system (TSS-1R) was generating electromagnetic
activity and ionizing the surrounding space medium [58] [59]. Over the next 24
hours, plasmas began appearing and engaging in complex interactions with one
another and contacting the tether. But where did these plasmas come from?
Deep space? Or were they dispersed throughout the thermosphere, and only ga-
thered when a source of electromagnetic activity was discovered?
It is not unreasonable to ask if the TSS-1R may have generated and created
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these plasmas. Upper atmosphere plasmas are electromagnetic entities that are
believed to form in response to geomagnetic storms, solar flares, coronal mass
ejections, the waxing and waning of sunlight, atmospheric waves, and other
sources of magnetic activity [3] [5] [7] [19] [39]. TSS-1R ionization of the space
medium may have either reduced or increased the number of electrons of dust
and various nearby particles, ionizing these dust particles, molecules, and atoms
that coalesced into plasmas [37] [39]. These specific plasmas may have been
generated nearby and contained charged particles that assumed various cellular
shapes and moved about the tether and each other; i.e. they did not come from
deep space, they were formed in near-space.
As discussed, hundreds of plasmas were filmed by the crew of STS-80, above
thunder-lightning storms, during daylight hours. Some began making 45-degree
and 90-degree turns while slowing down, and then descending into the storm.
The question: where did they come from?
Perhaps they were attracted to the storm from a great distance in deep space
via the generation of charges between Earth and the ionosphere. Coupled with
the power and force of lightning, electromagnetic waves may travel rapidly
around the planet and into space—thus alerting plasmas to a source of electro-
magnetic activity [39]. They could then follow the waves, from deep space, back
to Earth. Because these waves are reflected back to Earth via the ionosphere, and
bounce back into space (referred to as “Schumann resonance”), plasma could be
alerted and directed from deep space to the source and arrive singly, in pairs, or
in herds, from a variety of directions.
Alternatively, they may have been created locally, above the storm, via the
generation of charges between Earth and the ionosphere which can trigger EMFs
up to 250 Hz. Since ionization can be induced by strong electromagnetic fields,
this may explain why hundreds of these plasma-like entities appear above thun-
derstorms. That is, perhaps they were created above the storm and then des-
cended. The problem with that explanation is plasmas have been filmed exiting
these storms and returning to the thermosphere and then moving outside of
camera view.
19. Electromagnetic Dusty Plasmas “Metallic”
Air-Bubble Cellular Structure
These plasmas appear to be unique extraterrestrial entities completely different
from “life as we know it.” Although the particles of dust embedded within are
carbon-based, and despite their cellular structure and what appears to be a pul-
sating nucleus, there is no evidence these plasmas are biological or possess RNA
or DNA—though it is possible plasma-crystals within the plasma nucleus may
have some DNA-like properties [11] [17] [18].
Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfvén, in his monograph, “Cellular Structure of
Space” [12], argued that electromagnetic plasmas naturally assume a cellular
structure and can create cell walls consisting of electric currents that divide seg-
ments of “space into compartments with different magnetization, temperature,
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density, etc.” Alfvén [12] [13] also proposed that plasmas have at least two cellu-
lar layers, an inner and outer layer that differ in positive vs negative charges and
which create double-layer expanding and contracting compartments or pockets
similar to “air bubbles.”
According to the May 1808 Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences
(TSAS), on May 16, 1808, the sky over the village of Biskopsberga, Sweden, be-
came rust-red overcast and was soon filled with an increasing number of flying
spheres resembling translucent “air-bubbles” and “soap-bubbles” that engaged
in strange and frenzied behaviors. K.G. Wettermark, secretary of the Swedish
Academy of Sciences, and farmers working in their fields reported observing
numerous spherical translucent objects, like “air bubbles”, that would speed up,
slow down, chase after each other, and change colors. According to the TSAS,
“The phenomenon continued uninterruptedly, for more than two hours, during
which time millions of the same bodies continued to appear in the west, one af-
ter another in a disorderly manner, and continued their activity in a manner ex-
actly the same”.
Wettermark reports that he observed one of the translucent “air-bubble”
spheres strike the ground. When he approached it was in the process of disinte-
grating and changing colors. He reports that as it lay flat and thin upon the
ground it looked “gelatinous” and like a “cobweb” and then slowly dried up and
disintegrated into nothingness as other “air-bubbles” spheres continued their
frenzied activity in the sky.
The description of the frenzied “air-bubble” gelatinous cobweb spheres ob-
served over Biskopsberga bears no similarity to stringy clumps of airborne spid-
er webbing (which is white and does not change colors or disintegrate upon
touching a hard surface). Certainly, farmers would recognize a spider web when
they see one. By contrast, over the centuries UAP are commonly referred to as
spheres.
It is unknown if the Biskopsberga spheres were cellular plasmas with “air
bubble” pockets enclosed by translucent gelatinous “cobweb” “thin” double cel-
lular walls. Cobwebs, however, consist of silk which is a shimmering prism-like
reflective substance that reflects and refracts incoming light at different angles
producing different colors including metallic-looking cloth. UAP have been de-
scribed similarly. As summed up by the Commander of STS 115: “
The best way I
can describe it is as some kind of reflective cloth
—
some type of metallic looking
type of cloth
—
a structure which is definitely not rigid
—
it
’
s not a solid metal
structure
”
[14] [15].
UAP and Foo fighters have also been known to change colors; and have been
likened to electromagnetic air bubbles,
i.e
. “
buoyant charged bodies
” [24].
20. Plasma Shape-Shifting & Automata vs Individualized
Intelligent Behavior
STS-96 filmed several dozen different self-illuminating plasmas flying from all
directions and at different speeds toward and into a raging storm in the lower
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atmosphere. STS-80 also filmed hundreds of these structures above and des-
cending into a storm. Some plasmas slowed their speed of descent and changed
direction as they descended. These plasmas pulsated with light even when pho-
tographed at night and before sunrise. In the case of STS-75, they glowed when
the tether and satellite were still shrouded in darkness. Although possibly re-
flecting sunlight, their glow also appeared multi-directional. Likewise, UAP
photographed by U.S. Navy pilots also gave off a glow as did hundreds of plasmas
that congregated around the electromagnetic-electricity-generating satellite teth-
er.
The behavior of these plasmas, as documented in this report, including their
oscillating movements, pulsations, attractions, repulsions, collisions, plasma
trails, and their glow, are mediated by electromagnetic activity and the differen-
tial electrical-polarizing charges of voids, dust particles, and other plasmas in the
space medium [37]-[48]. The self-illumination, their seeking of association with
sources of electromagnetic activity, and their interactions with these sources
strongly support the hypothesis that these entities are electromagnetic plasmas
and can be classified as a “Fourth State of Matter” the other three being solid,
liquid, and gas.
Plasmas may have different electromagnetic properties which cause them to
become distinct and compartmentalized, as they consist of electrically charged
particles that differ from one another regarding magnetization, density, and
temperature. Plasmas, as documented in this report, also have distinct behavior-
al patterns that are most likely affected by their electrical properties and those of
other plasmas located at a distance or nearby; and this may also cause them to
interact—as documented experimentally with dust plasmas [37]-[48]. They also
shed a plasma tail after they contact one another and then move away as docu-
mented in this report, and this is likely due to the shedding of electrons and
dust.
The ratio of neutral particles to ionized particles, the presence size and num-
ber of voids, dust particle charges, electron depletion, and so on, can also create
a wide spectrum of plasma characteristics, types, and behaviors, due to the inte-
ractions between the charged and neutral particles. Furthermore, the type and
amount of dust may differ, with some plasma containing fragments from chon-
drites that shattered upon striking the atmosphere. Hence, plasmas might as-
sume different shapes and colors as well as engage in behavior patterns that dif-
fer from other plasmas; or they may behave similarly [1]-[7] [17] [18] [19] [20]
[37] [39] [40] [43] [44] [45] [46]. Some plasmas engage in what appears to be
“individuality” others as a herd.
Not all plasmas engage in the same behavior—with some changing direction
to strike another, or with others also speeding toward a “head-on” collision, and
then both intersect or make contact—as yet other plasmas remain unmoving—
then continue along the same path or change direction [37] [39] [40] (Figure 9,
Figures 11-13, Figures 13-24). This “collisionality” may be a form of energy
exchange or energy cannibalism. What is noteworthy is that some “targets” re-
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main motionless, often along the same line of trajectory as a single plasma
speeds through space piercing one after another and slightly altering course to
strike yet another stationary target, and often changing in shape and size after
penetration (Figure 25 and Figure 26).
Although some plasmas show evidence of “individuality” and engage in
“hunter-predatory” energy cannibalism, this does not prove their behavior is
purposeful or directed by “intelligence.” Rather, it appears their actions may be
little more than “automata” and involuntary. Plasmas have unique characteris-
tics differently influenced by electromagnetic activity, dust and electron density
and charges, and their own “cellular” electromagnetic composition [37] [39]. On
the other hand, and as discussed in section 21, we cannot rule out the possibility
there may be “outliers” that have evolved beyond automata.
21. Speculation: Pre-Life, Non-Biological Life, Origins of Life,
Acquisition of RNA, DNA?
Plasmas are considered a fourth state of matter. Can they also be considered
a form of pre-life, or a non-biological fourth domain of life? Are they alive?
Might some dusty plasmas represent a step between non-living and living
matter [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [17] [18] [19] [20] [23]? According to Alfvén
[12] [13], these complex gravity-free plasmas naturally self-organize into stable
spheroid, cloud-like, and corkscrew-shaped structures and contain cellular
membranes.
Experimentally created plasmas are sometimes observed to have a nucleus (or
void) at their center [11] [12] [18] [20] [38] [42] [43] [44]—much like many of
the plasmas observed in space. If that nucleus contains plasma-carbonaceous-
chondrite-dust-crystals, might those crystals confer RNA and then DNA-like
properties on the plasma? In computer simulations of the reduced gravity of
space, plasmas bonded together, forming electrically charged corkscrew-shaped
assemblies that resemble strands of DNA. According to V.N. Tsytovich [11] of
the Russian Academy of Science, “These complex, self-organized plasma struc-
tures exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candidates for inor-
ganic living matter.” Tsytovich,
et al.
[11] [18] and Teordorani [20] argue that
the conditions necessary to generate these living plasma are common in space;
and that plasma may be a common extraterrestrial form of (abiogenic) life.
It is reasonable to ask: might a transition from non-biological plasma-cellular
to biological cellular occur following the acquisition of organic matter, proteins,
amino acids, nucleotides, etc. if that leads to the fashioning of RNA then DNA
within the plasma’s dust-crystal nucleus? Can dusty plasmas in space acquire
RNA then DNA and achieve life?
It is well established that common elements in the known universe which are
essential to life include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, and
phosphorus [reviewed in [21] [23] [60] [61] [62]); all of which are continually
irradiated by ions which can generate small organic molecules [37] [61] [62].
Seventy-three extraterrestrial and nineteen terrestrial amino acids have so far
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been in identified in carbonaceous chondrites [60] [61] [62]. These molecules
and amino acids, once incorporated into a plasma, could evolve into larger com-
plex organic molecules and compounds. Moreover, interplanetary dust is car-
bon-rich [39]. Further, glycine and tryptophan have been identified in the in-
terstellar medium [61] [62]. Tryptophan is an essential for protein formation.
Thereafter, the combination of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, cyanide, and
amino acids, they could combine to create adenine which is an RNA-DNA base,
as well as other nucleotides.
Polarized radiation induces asymmetric photochemistry leading to homochi-
rality and the induction of chiral asymmetry which can produce an excess of
L-amino acids, which in combination with tryptophan (discovered in the Per-
seus Cloud star system by Susana Iglesias Groth, an IAC scientist), could lead to
the formation of proteins, nucleobases and then RNA—all of which could take
place within plasmas located in the thermosphere. RNA can store genetic infor-
mation encoded in the order of its monomers, the ribonucleotides, as well as
catalyze its polymerization and self-replicate [21] [23] [61] [62]. Oxygen and
phosphorus could ladder RNA-DNA base pairs together.
Consider the following: Dusty plasmas may contain or generate carbon [37]
[39]. Dust particle surfaces within the plasma can serve as sites for the formation
of new molecules [37]. Dust and debris from carbonaceous chondrites that shat-
tered upon striking the upper atmosphere would contain amino acids and other
compounds [61] [62] that might be incorporated within individual plasmas; and
these acids and compounds would be subject to ion chemistry [37]. These
particles, if they combine, could grow up to several centimeters within the
dust-induced plasma void-nucleus, leading to electrically charged lattice- and
corkscrew-shaped assemblies [11] [18] [20] [37] of nucleic and amino acids.
These could form enzymes and proteins that begin catalyzing reactions within
the plasma cell membrane giving the membrane adhesive stability and confer-
ring movability; and leading to the generation of self-replicating RNA-like po-
lymers and protein enzymes (polynucleotides) that resemble RNA but are chemi-
cally simpler and can act as a catalyst.
To speculate: this molecular-protein-amino acid complex and the building
blocks of nucleotides and other vital prebiotic molecules could have been ex-
ogenously incorporated into the confines of a plasma-dust-crystal nucleus. Hy-
pothetically, this combination could have led to the first RNA world (within a
dusty plasma), followed by DNA-based life.
However, it must be emphasized that experimentally produced plasmas do not
contain any of the precursors to the formation of a single nucleotide. Neverthe-
less, plasmas with plasma crystals or which contain a plasma-dust nucleus (void)
appear to have life-like as well as shape-shifting and behavioral capabilities [11]
[18] [20]. They can arrange themselves into orbs, balls, and rings, display
swarming behavior, change shape, and engage in group vs individual behavior
[37]. The behaviors include targeting, tracking, dramatically altering their tra-
jectory, and accelerating to intersect other plasmas that hover in place or which
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are coming from the opposite direction. To speculate: perhaps it is these “hunt-
er-predators” who are the evolutionarily advanced outliers that exist between
non-life and life and within which evolved an RNA world.
How long can a plasma live? What is the lifespan of a plasma in space? Un-
known. However, it is likely all require electromagnetic energy to survive, for in
its absence, they lose their stability and coherence and “die”.
22. Suggestions and Locations for Capturing—Filming
Plasma UAP
As documented in this report, plasmas in the thermosphere are attracted to
sources of electromagnetic activity including tethered satellites generating elec-
tric pulses into the space medium. Therefore, it is possible to scientifically study
and examine these plasmas as they form, congregate, and interact. This can be
accomplished via the launching of a tethered satellite generating electromagnetic
pulses and equipped with multiple cameras with infrared, x-ray, telescopic, and
other sensory capabilities;
i.e.
an alien-hunting satellite. If this same alien-hunter
satellite is equipped with an electrified net, perhaps it would be possible to at-
tract and capture an extraterrestrial plasma.
In addition to satellites, there are locations on Earth where plasma-like at-
mospheric anomalies have been observed to occur with some frequency—such
as Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and the Hessdalen valley in central Norway
[63] [64] [65]. These locations could serve as sites for specially equipped obser-
vatories dedicated to detection, identification, and analysis.
The “Hessdalen lights” for example, have been regularly observed since the
1930s, and are believed to be dusty plasmas [16] [63]. They are characterized by
oscillating lights, buoyancy, rapidly changing colors, collisionality, and the abili-
ty to hover, move slowly, make rapid turns, and accelerate to hypersonic speeds.
If they are plasmas, they may be attracted to this area because the sediment of
the Hessdalen valley includes crystal rocks and quartz that have intense (piezoe-
lectricity) electromagnetic charge densities [65].
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Figure 30. UFO/UAP “hot spots” of frequent observation and types as reported to and by the U.S. Dept. of Defense. Cleared for
open publication April 17. 2023. Dept. of Defense [66].
According to the U.S. Dept. of Defense “unidentified anomalous reporting
system” [66] UAPs are commonly observed around nuclear power facilities, and
the areas above and surrounding Hiroshima and Nagasaki—destroyed by atomic
(nuclear) bombs in 1945—and Fukushima Prefecture—site of a major nuclear
power plant accident in 2011 (Figure 30). Eye witness accounts and photo-
graphs depict these UAP as glowing, translucent, spherical, or shaped like
clouds, and colored silver or white, with the ability to hover in place, make sharp
turns, and accelerate to hypersonic speeds.
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23. Not All UAP Are Plasmas
It must be stressed that some UAP appear to possess technology far superior to
any current technological capabilities—as admitted by the Office of the Director
of National Intelligence [55]: “
UAP appear to demonstrate advanced technolo-
gy
.”
In 2023, Ryan Graves, an F-18 pilot [9] reported to the U.S. Congress that he
and his squadron have repeatedly observed UAPs which he described as “
dark
grey or black cubes
...
inside of a clear sphere
,
where the apex or tips of the cubes
were touching the inside of that sphere
.” He also concluded these UAPs demon-
strate “
advanced technology
.” As of this writing, plasmas that are “
dark grey
”
shaped like “
black cubes
” have not been observed in space, or created experi-
mentally--though they may appear dark if filled with dust.
Former Navy Commander David Fravor also observed “
vehicles
” (UAP) with
“
superior
” “
technology
.” While commanding a squadron of F/A-18F fighters,
Commander Fravor reported that “advanced radar” detected “
multiple vehicles
.”
He and three others spotted a “
white Tic Tac-looking object
”
“
above the white-
water area
.”
“
There were four of us in the airplanes watching this thing for
roughly five minutes
,” he reported. The encounter was filmed. Based on detailed
analysis, Commander Fravor, a graduate of the Top Gun naval flight school, re-
ported that “
the technology that we faced is far superior to anything that we
had
.”
24. Summary
The “plasmas” observed in the thermosphere engage in behaviors similar to
simple multicellular organisms; a phenomenon also observed among plasmas
generated experimentally. Plasmas are electromagnetic entities that have cellular
characteristics and display distinct behavioral patterns which are affected by
their electrical properties; and this causes them to interact and behave indivi-
dually or collectively. Because plasmas in the thermosphere are attracted to elec-
tromagnetic activity and descend into thunderstorms and the lower atmosphere,
they likely account for at least some of the numerous reports of UFOs/UAPs
over the last several thousand years including the “Foo fighters” observed by
German, Japanese, and Allied pilots during WWII, and at least some of UAPs
recently reported by jet pilots.
Numerous credible eyewitnesses, often military pilots and astronauts, as well
as the British and U.S. governments have expressed the concern that some UAP
might possess “advanced technology.” There is no evidence that plasmas have
technological capabilities.
According to U.S. Dept. of Defense and other government agencies, the ma-
jority of UAP can be attributed to man-made or natural atmospheric phenome-
na without providing any reproducible evidence to support these conclusions or
any testable explanation as to the origin of any atmospheric conditions that can
account for UAP sightings. In this report, we have provided that testable repro-
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ducible evidence: plasmas in the thermosphere that descend into the lower at-
mosphere. The findings in this report can therefore explain why numerous
anomalous and unusual phenomena have been observed worldwide for thou-
sands of years. However, given that the U.S. Dept. of Defense has classified and
refuses to release an unknown number of military videos depicting UAP [66] it
is reasonable to suspect that some UAP might be from extraterrestrial civiliza-
tions where humanoids evolved on worlds much older than our own.
Nevertheless, prior to the publication of this report, there has been a dearth of
reproducible data making it impossible to draw definitive, scientific conclusions
about UAP. Furthermore, given that witnesses are ridiculed for reporting on
UAP this negativity creates an almost insurmountable obstacle to collecting data
on these phenomena. In consequence, there has been no “hard” evidence pub-
lished in the peer-reviewed scientific literature to support an extraterrestrial ori-
gin for UAP, until the publication of this report. We have provided hard com-
pelling and reproducible findings and data—photographic, video, and experi-
mental—as well as detailing a means to detect, attract, photograph, film, ex-
amine and study UAP phenomenon in the thermosphere.
The plasmas depicted in this report are electromagnetic phenomenon, and are
estimated to be up to a kilometer (or more) in length or diameter. Plasmas in the
thermosphere have been observed to change shape and grow larger or smaller.
Plasmas can also be less than a few centimeters in diameter. Unless created in a
laboratory, or they gather in large herds in the lower atmosphere and interact or
accelerate to hypervelocity, the smaller plasmas are far less likely to be observed
or detected. Are plasmas alive? Just as a plasma represents a “fourth state of
matter” which is neither gas, liquid, or solid, plasmas that form or gather in the
thermosphere may also represent an alternate state of life that is not car-
bon-based and has no genome. Since they can take cellular forms, these plasmas
may also represent a form of pre-life, their cellular structures and nucleus and
plasma-dust-crystals providing the framework for the incorporation, synthesis,
and organization of the elements and amino acids necessary to produce RNA,
leading to the emergence of DNA-based life. To speculate, these plasma-like ent-
ities could have originally provided the basis for life to begin. Therefore, whereas
prior to this report, all abiogenic scenarios have been speculative at best, the
findings provided here provides a data-based testable theory that can explain
how life began.
It is important to stress that there is no evidence that plasmas in space contain
RNA, DNA, or the capacity to generate the proteins, amino acids, and nucleo-
tides necessary to create or reproduce life “as we know it”. Instead, these plasmas
represent a fourth state of matter and when observed in the lower atmosphere
likely account for many of the UFO-UAP sightings over the centuries.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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10.4236/jmp.2024.153015 372 Journal of Modern Physics
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