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The End of the World as We Know It: Social Science for the Twenty-First Century
Abstract
A respected thinker points the way ahead. "Immanuel Wallerstein has long conceived of social science grandly. He was an innovator of world systems analysis, which portrays societies, sectors within societies, and the very disciplines of the social science as linked, bound, and analytically inseparable: To parse them is to misconceive them. As recent president of the International Sociological Association (1994 to 1998), Wallerstein continued to develop such grand thinking through numerous addresses on the state of the social sciences, capitalism, political justice, and the world. Here, he offers these collectively. He divides them into two topics-the world of capitalism and the world of knowledge. Toward both grand worlds, his thesis is similar: they are in crisis. . . . The scope of his career's thought is remarkable, his expertise impressively broad." Political Science Quarterly This book is nothing short of a state-of-the-world address, delivered by a scholar uniquely suited to the task. Immanuel Wallerstein, one of the most prominent social scientists of our time, documents the profound transformations our world is undergoing. With these transformations, he argues, come equally profound changes in how we understand the world. Wallerstein divides his work between an appraisal of significant recent events and a study of the shifts in thought influenced by those events. The book's first half reviews the major happenings of recent decades--the collapse of the Leninist states, the exhaustion of national liberation movements, the rise of East Asia, the challenges to national sovereignty, the dangers to the environment, the debates about national identity, and the marginalization of migrant populations. Wallerstein places these events and trends in the context of the changing modern world-system as a whole and identifies the historical choices they put before us. The second half of the book takes up current issues in the world of knowledge--the vanishing faith in rationality, the scattering of knowledge activities, the denunciation of Eurocentrism, the questioning of the division of knowledge into science and humanities, and the relation of the search for the true and the search for the good. Wallerstein explores how these questions have arisen from larger social transformations, and why the traditional ways of framing such debates have become obstacles to resolving them. The End of the World As We Know It concludes with a crucial analysis of the momentous intellectual challenges to social science as we know it and suggests possible responses to them. Immanuel Wallerstein is Distinguished Professor of Sociology and director of the Fernand Braudel Center at Binghamton University. Among his numerous books are The Modern World-System (1974, 1980, 1989), Unthinking Social Science (1991), and After Liberalism (1995).
... First, academia should rely on the experiences of diverse scientific communities to enhance knowledge transfer, which is among the main aims of the MSCA. Second, ample evidence proves that the Global North's academic power position marginalizes the academic knowledge production of the Global South's (Wallerstein, 1999). Consequently, the "mainstream" scholarly experience is challenged and shaped less by the findings of researchers who do not study (and later work) in the academic institutions of the Global North (de Sousa Santos, 2018). ...
... Even though academic knowledge production should be diverse, many scholars argue that it is dominantly embedded in top-tier institutions from the Global North (Demeter, 2020). This phenomenon paves the way for the Matthew effect (Merton, 1968), which is especially visible in social sciences (Wallerstein, 1999): it marginalizes the articulation, visibility, and funding of research from the Global South (Demeter, 2020). ...
... When analyzing the inequalities in grant allocation, one must consider Wallerstein's (Wallerstein, 1999) argument: social sciences are disciplines where the hegemony of the Global North over the Global South is particularly marked. Wallerstein (2004) outlined that social sciences are products of the modern world-system, and these disciplines originated in Europe. ...
Prestigious academic scholarships are highly competitive, so using appropriate evaluation criteria is important. In this study, we analyzed 259 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) grantees in social sciences and humanities to see their composition in terms of productivity, educational background, mobility, and gender. Based on quantitative content analysis, linear regressions, and network analyses, the findings reveal that while most grantees significantly improved in their production after funding, there are many awardees with weak or even invisible publication records on Scopus both prior to and following their awards. Most of the scholars who had already been prolific prior to their grant continued to be productive after funding, while many awardees with weak past performances were even less productive after winning the scholarship. In terms of gender, we found no Matilda effect in the grant allocation process; while in terms of production, male scholars benefit more from the grant than females. The outcomes also show that Western countries dominate both the awardees' education trajectories and their host institutions. Our conclusion is that the geographic diversity among the awardees should be developed and that the evaluation process should focus on pre-MSCA performance to support the most promising applicants.
... State study of the problem. A significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of civilization was made by Adam Ferguson (1767), Nikolay Danilevsky (1869) Lewis Morgan (1877), Oswald Spengler (1918Spengler ( , 1922, Herbert Wells (1920), Arnold Toynbee (1934Toynbee ( -1961, Karl Jaspers (1949), Pitirim Sorokin (1964), John Galbraith (1971), Daniel Bell (1973), Immanuel Wallerstein (1974Wallerstein ( -1989Wallerstein ( , 1982Wallerstein ( , 1983Wallerstein ( , 1999, Carroll Quigley (1979), Alvin Toffler (1980), Fernand Braudel (1984), Vadim Masson (1989), Francis Fukuyama (1992), William McNeill (1992, Fernand Braudel (1995), Lev Mechnikov (1995), Efim Chernyak (1996), Samuel Huntington (1996), Nikita Moiseev (1998), Vladimir Inozemtsev (1999), Norbert Elias (2000), Boris Erasov (2002), Ivan Ionov (2002), Yuri Pavlenko (2002), Hermann Kinder and Werner Hilgemann (2003), Valery Pulyarkin (2005), Ivan Dyakonov (2007), Boris Kuzyk and Yuri Yakovets (2008), Nicholas Hagger (2018), Yuval Harari (2018) and others. The works of these scholars describe the theory and history of world and local civilizations, cyclical genetic patterns of their development, dialogue, and interaction. ...
... His main work is the multi-volume "The Modern World-System" (1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989), which examines the genesis and development of the European world economy from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Wallerstein (1982Wallerstein ( , 1983Wallerstein ( , 1999 analyzes the evolution of the capitalist world economy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and even makes forecasts for the twenty-first century. The main concepts of the theory he developed are the world economy, a system of international relations based on trade, and the world empire, based on political unity. ...
Introduction. The development of management as a cultural phenomenon is inextricably linked to the development of world civilization. Moreover, civilization is a kind of driving force for changing management culture. Therefore, the development of a civilizational paradigm for studying management culture is certainly an urgent scientific problem. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the civilizational paradigm for studying the phenomenon of management culture. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical principle of cognition, system-synergetic, historical and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of social phenomena and organizational processes in society. Results. The basic theories of the study of civilization are considered. A two-dimensional approach to the study of civilization as a form of movement of social matter is revealed. The role and mechanisms of bifurcation of civilization as a driving force for the restructuring of society and management culture are revealed. The structure, characteristics and patterns of change in the world civilization and management culture of post-industrial society are determined. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the substantiation of the civilizational paradigm of management research as a socio-cultural phenomenon, which allows to comprehend the deep essence, analyze the genesis and predict possible directions of future development of civilization and management culture. The significance of the study lies in the addition to the science of new provisions on the study of management culture based on the civilizational paradigm, as well as in the possibility of using them in the process of professional training of managers.
... First, in the understanding of civilization according to which European modernity is not a civilization among others but a unique one charged with a "civilizing mission" from which result Orientalist characterizations of non-Western civilizations in ways that justify the taking possession of them (Said 1995); second, in that individuals are conceived as rationally calculating actors "according to the image of the autonomous and self-possessed political subject of right, will and agency" and collectivities (classes, ethnicities) as singularities with identities which provide the basis for political interests and actions (Rose 1999); third, in the institution of a fundamental divorce between science and philosophy/humanities. As argued by Wallerstein (1999), the resulting disciplinary culture of value-neutral expertism that provides the basis for both engineering decisions and sociopolitical choices is thus liberated or deprived from substantive debate of the socially and politically "good." ...
... Critical alternatives to the social orientation of a discipline that are able to challenge the disciplinary order itself would have to be able to build alliances with critics both from other disciplines and from sectors of the public in a joint concern with a just world. If "the world as we know it" (Wallerstein 1999) has come to an end, we are still left with a world in which major social decisions will be taken. Lest these be grounded in mere technocratic or ideological concerns, substantive intellectual debate is required. ...
... Here we turn again to the theoretical heritage of I. Wallerstein. In his well-known books "The End of the World as We Know it" (Wallerstein, 1999), "After Liberalism" (Wallerstein, 1995) and a number of similar publications, he repeatedly suggests that the existing world-system is entering a long period of upheaval. By the 2050s, this will lead to a complete change in the existing world order, as well as the entire complex of world-system relations. ...
Статтю присвячено розгляду проблеми російсько-української війни в контексті глобальних змін першої чверті XXI ст. Безпосередньою методологічною основою дослідження є теорія світ-системного аналізу, методи історизму та компаративістики. Новизна статті полягає у порівнянні еволюції світ-системних процесів (середина XV – перша чверть XXI ст.) з динамікою світових воєн (від Тридцятилітньої війни 1618–1648 рр. до холодної війни 1946–1991 рр.). Автори висунули гіпотезу, що ці війни є тригерами саморозвитку світ-системи, фазами руйнування попередніх світових порядків і становлення нових. Кожен світовий порядок фіксує певний апгрейд у розвитку світ-системи. Це Вестфальський, Паризький, Віденський, Версальський та Ялтинсько-Потсдамський світопорядки. Системний збій у зміні світових порядків розглядається як одна з причин російсько-української війни. Звертається увага на те, що холодна війна, яка призвела до розпаду СРСР і змінила фактичний стан речей, тим не менше не закріпила ці результати в нормах нового світового порядку. Таким чином, сформувалася ситуація геополітичної невизначеності, чим і скористалася Росія. У статті також обговорюється позиція І. Валлерстайна щодо «кінця світу, яким ми його знаємо», позначеного смугою військових зіткнень з усіма ознаками глобальної «Тридцятилітньої війни». У статті також розглядаються його сценарії ймовірного глобального майбутнього в «постліберальну епоху».
... Подводя итог всем приведенным аргументам, нельзя не солидаризоваться с мнением американского социолога И. Валлерстайна [27], согласно которому меняющийся социум требует новой общественной науки, которая будет свободна от давления социальных доктрин, разработанных как в период модерна, так и постмодерна, поскольку они не могут объяснить влияние современных технологических и социальных трансформаций. Новая общественная наука будет на это способна. ...
Introduction. The establishment of the dominance of postmodernism as a key paradigm of philosophical knowledge raised the question of the subject of social philosophy as a philosophical discipline that studies the problems of sociality in relation to a person. On the one hand, this led to a crisis in the social sciences, since social philosophy lost its status as a metascience in the structure of social knowledge. On the other hand, it expanded the subject field of social philosophy, including in it objects to which the interest of social philosophers had never been directed (inanimate objects, animals).
Methodology and sources. The basis of the methodology of the work is the methods of critical analysis and comparative studies, which allows us to describe the logic of the development of the problem of the loss of the unity of its subject by social philosophy within the framework of events of both real and intellectual history.
Results and discussion. The article makes an attempt to describe possible transformations of the thematic field of social philosophy in the process of transition from postmodernity to metamodernity. The author, analyzing the recognized problem of modern social philosophy (its fragmentation, the absence of an object of study), demonstrates the possibility of its defragmentation during the metamodern period when research interest is turned to such issues as the study of man as a social being, the influence of new technologies on the transformation of man and the social, the rethinking of the social in the explosive development of technology, and finally, the study of the dialectics of social emotions on society and man.
Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that in its current state, fragmented social philosophy is not ready for subject reorientation, which means the need for qualitative changes in the subject of social philosophy.
... "The principal political instrument to avert this crisis is to establish a 'middle section' that, rather than focusing on its inferior status relative to the upper section, compares its superior status to that of the lower section." (Wallerstein, 1974) This enables capitalists to reallocate their investments from declining leading sectors in the Centre to growing sectors in the semi-periphery, thereby protecting themselves from the effects of repeated shifts in leading sector positions (Wallerstein, 1990). ...
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolving political landscape in Iran, particularly in the context of center-periphery dynamics and the anticipated post-Khamenei era. Rather than focusing solely on the activities of Masoud Pezeshkiyan, the article delves into the broader processes, promises, and conflicts that define the current political climate. It examines the conflicting groups within Iran, the ongoing struggle between reformists and conservatives, and how these dynamics are shaping the country's future, particularly as the nation approaches a possible transition of leadership after Ali Khamenei. The article uses center-periphery theory as a key framework to examine the concentration of power and resources in Tehran and other central regions, as opposed to the deprivation of peripheral regions. This theoretical approach helps to illustrate how these inequalities have fostered deep-seated tensions and social injustices that are exacerbated by the country's ethno-religious diversity. In the context of the post-Khamenei era, the article discusses how the possible succession of Mojtaba Khamenei, the Supreme Leader's son, could affect these dynamics. Mojtaba's growing influence within conservative circles raises significant concerns about the future of political reform and the potential for increased centralization of power. The article explores how this scenario could affect various ethnic groups and minorities, particularly those in the peripheral regions who have been historically marginalized. The discussion includes an examination of the promises made by different political factions, including reformists who advocate greater decentralization and inclusion of ethnic minorities, and conservatives who generally support the status quo of centralized control. The potential for these promises to be fulfilled - or not - under a new leadership is critically assessed. The article also considers the role of ethnic minorities and marginalized groups in this political transition. It analyzes how these communities could either influence or be influenced by the changing power dynamics in a post-Khamenei Iran. The potential for these groups to play a more prominent role in the nation's political future is weighed against the challenges posed by deeply entrenched power structures and persistent ethnic and religious discrimination. Finally, this article provides a detailed examination of current political tensions in Iran, focusing on the implications of the center-periphery divide, the potential post-Khamenei transition, and the role of ethnic minorities in this evolving landscape. It highlights how the promises of political reform, the conflicts between competing factions, and the looming power shift could help shape Iran's future, particularly in terms of social justice and the inclusion of marginalized communities within the broader national framework.
Keywords: Iranian Politics, Centre-Periphery Dynamics, Post-Khamenei Era, Mojtaba Khamenei, Ethnic Minorities in Iran, Political Reform, Conservative vs. Reformist Conflict, Power Centralization, Social Justice in Iran, Marginalized Communities, Leadership Transition, Iranian Ethno-Religious Tensions, Masoud Pezeshkiyan, Political Promises, Political Succession in Iran.
... Подобного рода объяснения, в целом глубоко научные в своей основе (см. например, Горячая тема Журнал НЭА, № 3 (64), 2024, с. 225-231 (Wallerstein, 2001;Валлерстайн, 2017)), во многом способствовали распространению представлений о сохранении в мировом масштабе несправедливого распределения издержек и выгод в глобальных цепочках добавленной стоимости. Общее ощущение несправедливости, особенно широко распространенное в так называемых странах третьего мира, породило всплеск интереса к проблематике обеспечения «экономической независимости» новых государств и вылилось в 1960-е годы в довольно широкое международное политическое движение развивающихся стран за перестройку международных экономических отношений, ликвидацию неравноправного положения стран на мировом рынке, за формирование «нового международного экономического порядка» (наиболее ярко эта тенденция проявилась в деятельности Группы 77 и в рамках Движения неприсоединения). ...
В статье рассмотрена эволюция понятий «суверенитет» и «экономический суверенитет» в политической науке, а также ключевые направления дискуссий о том, что представляет собой суверенитет в меняющемся мире. Отмечается, что, несмотря на все спорные вопросы, понятие «суверенитет» остается несущей конструкцией современной политики. Основные дискуссии по вопросам экономического суверенитета разворачиваются вокруг двух ключевых концептов — независимости и контроля. Для развивающихся стран независимость означает прежде всего возврат (или обретение) контроля над соб- ственными ресурсами. Экономически развитые страны, в свою очередь, поглощены проблемой контроля над процессами и ресурсами на глобальной арене. В политической науке понятие «экономический суверенитет» только набирает вес и в исследовательских кругах, и в практической политике. Большие дебаты по проблематике экономического суверенитета еще впереди.
The article examines the evolution of the concept of economic sovereignty and the key areas of discussion on the aspects of economic sovereignty in a changing world. It is argued that, despite all the disputed points, sovereignty remains the pillar of modern politics. The main discussions on the issue of economic sovereignty revolve around the two key concepts, i.e., that of independence and control. For developing countries, independence means, first of all, regaining control over their own resources. Developed countries are preoccupied with the problem of controlling economic (and technological) processes and resources in the global arena. The concept of economic sovereignty is gaining weight both in research community and in practical politics. The big debate on the issue of economic sovereignty is still ahead.
... That is the case not merely with refugee studies and IRL scholarship but arguably with social sciences in general indicating that there are certain structural or systemic conditions which constrain the emergence and prevalence of methods that satisfactorily explain and address different kinds of global crises. These conditions can be given the name of global capitalism, and by necessary extension, imperialism (see generally Giddens 1971;Wallerstein 1999;Demete 2019). Take for instance the discipline of economics. ...
This article explores three different methodological approaches to the UN 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees—and international refugee law (IRL) more broadly. These are termed the internal, external and dialectical approaches. It is argued that the dialectical approach, which combines elements of the internal and external approaches using a materialist postcolonial perspective helps make out in the light of changing conditions a more persuasive case for liberal interpretation and reform of the 1951 Convention. Put differently, the article is about the limitations and failings of mainstream IRL scholarship, which essentially pursues an internal approach to the 1951 Convention. It is equally about the need to decolonize and transform the pedagogy and research of IRL. This article concludes with some suggestions to advance refugee rights that would allow the 1951 Convention to respond more effectively to the protection needs of refugees around the world.
... The struggle to dominate academic knowledge production and impact in social sciences, including communication studies, is obvious. Although many researchers have focused on regional and economic aspects, suggesting that rich Western institutions dominate the poor, non-Western academia in publications and citations, gender is another structure that must be considered in academic inequalities (de Sousa Santos, 2018;Rossiter, 1993;Wallerstein, 1999). Gender bias in social sciences is interesting in particular because it also emerges within core institutions and not only in academia embedded in the periphery (Author, 2020). ...
Improving gender equality in top-tier scholars and addressing gender bias in research impact are among the significant challenges in academia. However, extant research has observed that lingering gender differences still undermine female scholars. This study examines the recognition of female scholars through Google Scholar data in four different subfields of communication, focusing on two pressing issues: (1) gender representation among the most cited scholars and (2) gender differences in citations. Our findings demonstrate significant differences in gender proportions among the most cited scholars across all subfields, but especially in Political Communication and Journalism. The regression analysis revealed significant differences in citation scores in Political Communication, Journalism, and the pooled sample. However, results revealed that gender differences in research impact were not statistically significant in Health Communication and Media Psychology. Our study advocates for shifts in the citing behavior of communication scholars, emphasizing the importance of actively recognizing and citing studies conducted by female researchers to drive advancements in communication research.
... 1 Wallerstein desarrolla un análisis interesante sobre la división de la epistemología moderna, en el que encuentra que el conocimiento se dividía entre ciencias y filosofía (o humanidades), pero que con la aparición de las ciencias sociales algunas disciplinas tendieron hacia las ciencias (la sociología, la economía, la ciencia política, entre otras) y otras tendieron hacia las humanidades (la antropología, los estudios culturales y la historia), quedando estas últimas como el campo de los decoloniales (Wallerstein, 1996;1999). ...
El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre el lugar de la teoría poscolonial en las relaciones internacionales, en cuanto lente que propone un marco epistemológico novedoso para la disciplina. En particular, analizo cómo la teoría poscolonial denuncia que las lógicas de dominación herederas del colonialismo se reproducen a través de las ciencias sociales y, especialmente, en las relaciones internaciones y sus formas de producción de conocimiento científico. Así, a partir de la identificación de unas relaciones de dominación de un actor sobre otro, expresada en la dualidad de colonizador y colonizado, resalto dos de las principales críticas que el poscolonialismo dirige al conocimiento en relaciones internacionales: el eurocentrismo del conocimiento, según el cual Europa (u Occidente) asumió el poder de señalar como teoría (marcos para interpretar el mundo) lo que se produce allí y como cultura (unidades de análisis) lo que se hace afuera; y el carácter situado del conocimiento, con lo que se pretende mover el locus de enunciación del saber hacia el Sur Global.
... 1 Wallerstein desarrolla un análisis interesante sobre la división de la epistemología moderna, en el que encuentra que el conocimiento se dividía entre ciencias y filosofía (o humanidades), pero que con la aparición de las ciencias sociales algunas disciplinas tendieron hacia las ciencias (la sociología, la economía, la ciencia política, entre otras) y otras tendieron hacia las humanidades (la antropología, los estudios culturales y la historia), quedando estas últimas como el campo de los decoloniales (Wallerstein, 1996;1999). ...
Este número de la revista Opinión Publica es fruto del trabajo coordinado de autores, pares evaluadores, correctores de estilo y diagramadores de la Corporación Unificada Nacional de Educación Superior - CUN, quienes han sincronizado sus esfuerzos para ofrecer a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional un producto de calidad, que contribuye a las discusiones sobre temas diversos como las prácticas sociales inherentes a la paz, la política educativa, la coyuntura política nacional, los procesos de planeación estratégica en las empresas y las relaciones internacionales.
... It is no exaggeration to say that we live in an extremely turbulent time: the crisis of many social institutions, including the state and law. This time has rightly been called "the end of the world as we know it" (Wallerstein 1999) and the era of the "risk society" (Beck 1992). In the context of crisis and new challenges, the countries pay particular attention to ensuring national security. ...
The paper examines the role of new surveillance mechanisms based on using the latest technologies to ensure national security and public order. We primarily focus on the Chinese Social Credit System and its impact on the frequency of offenses against public order and crime. Besides, we analyze statistical data for the period 1997–2018, published in the yearbooks of the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The mechanisms of the Social Credit System can be useful for ensuring public order and national security. However, we conclude that the real impact of such mechanisms on the crime rate is ambiguous due to the problems with the reliability of official statistical information from the PRC and the use of other surveillance mechanisms in China.KeywordsSocial credit systemSurveillanceCrime rateOffencesPublic orderLaw and order
... Además, la sociedad ya venía atravesando por una situación de bifurcación, así lo afirman Prigogine (1997) y Wallerstein (1999), cuyo efecto se refleja en el aparecimiento de una diversidad de experiencias sociales, las que no pueden ser explicadas adecuadamente por una teoría general. En vista de esto, Santos (2006b) propone un trabajo de traducción, el cual se caracteriza por ser un procedimiento capaz de crear conocimiento a través de las experiencias posibles y disponibles sin destruir su identidad. ...
La complejidad del mundo actual demanda de nuevas formas de pensar, diferentes a las convencionales. La educación exige cambios acelerados en la formación de los seres humanos. Cambios impredecibles que toman por sorpresa, quizá se está frente a una transformación en contextos geográficos, comunicación, convivencia con los ‘otros’; todo ello afectado por las transformaciones constantes.
A la par de estas transformaciones, las grandes problemáticas sociales, ambientales, políticas, económicas continúan creciendo, no se logra alcanzar una sostenibilidad en el estilo de vida de las sociedades. Es cierto que estamos en un mundo globalizado gracias a la Internet y a las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), por consecuente la información está al alcance de la mayoría de los seres humanos.
Si el planeta está al frente de una globalización tecnológica, la educación también debe globalizarse, sin perder la identidad local. De ahí nace el desafío de reinventar los procesos de formación, direccionarlos hacia la transformación social, y al desarrollo de competencias profesionales básicas como el ‘aprender a vivir juntos’ bajo los cánones éticos que como civilización históricamente se practica.
... At the same time, the main emphasis is placed on the individual, on the declaration of one's sovereign right to discover the "self", the right to be aware of the processes taking place in the social environment, one's own meaning of life, because when defining the concept of "person", the concept of "self-consciousness" should be taken into account. This was noted in the works by I. Wallerstein (2001), S. Priest (1991), J.-F. Revel (2004), T. Eriksen (2001), F. Fukuyama (2006) and ect. ...
The article is devoted to understanding prognostic functions and possible trends in developing the national self-consciousness of members of societies in a state of socio-historical transformations. Today, there is an urgent need to analyze specific social phenomena and processes in the sociocultural space of social systems, which determine the potential vectors of their social transformations. The national self-consciousness of members of society is just such a phenomenon and is considered by the authors as a component of the socio-cultural transformation of modern society. The conceptualization of national self-consciousness in the context of the scientific discourse of self-consciousness in the social sciences allowed not only to create a holistic characterization of this concept, to highlight the most significant aspects of this phenomenon, but also to determine and analyze the differences in the formation of national self-consciousness depending on the phasal position of society. The main idea of the article is based on the concept that addressing national self-consciousness during dynamic social changes is not only expedient but also necessary both for the sake of historical and retrospective explanation and reasoned, probabilistic prediction of the development of ethnonational processes during the period of social transformations, as well as for identifying opportunities to influence the formation of national self-consciousness in a multi-ethnic society. The authors draw attention to the fact that during the period of social transformations, the process of changing national self-consciousness has certain problematic points (parallel existence of "old" and "new" self-consciousness; unsettled replacement of "old" social values and social norms with "new" ones; the existence of opposite tendencies and ways of formation of national self-consciousness, etc.). The solution to these problems depends on the understanding of the essence of the values and development trends of a certain social environment in which the society will function in the future, the real possibilities of the influence of national self-consciousness on the spiritual and ethical priorities of individuals, on the cultural space of society. The article defines potential vectors of change in national self-consciousness under various circumstances of the development of social transformations. Each of those has a fundamentally different effect on the general state of society as a social system, which creates methodological foundations for the empirical recording of trends in the development of national self-consciousness in the context of the social dynamics of transformational processes through the definition of formation indicators of national self-consciousness levels.
... apid and fundamental changes occur worldwide in the social reality and worldview at the social and individual consciousness level. It is assumed that mankind has exhausted the resources of its former existence [1][2][3][4][5]. Reality itself is becoming more and more deviant. ...
Objectives: Deviant behavior has become a global issue of great concern and requires immediate attention. This study aimed to investigate the course of life concept development in students inclined to deviant behavior.
Methods: This experimental and empirical study was performed by a structural correlation as a quasi-experimental design in 2019-2020. The study setting was the Belgorod National State Research University, and the target population was the students aged 18 to 21 who tended toward deviant behavior. The samples were selected based on real groups’ involvement and polar groups’ isolation and comparison. The variables were the correction program aimed at developing personal notions about the life path in students and the qualities that make up the content of the “temporary” and “value-semantic” aspects of the subjects’ notions about the life path. Data on deviant behavior were collected using the questionnaires of a tendency to deviant behavior and the deviant behavior questionnaire of Robinson and Bennett. The structural equation modeling, partial least squares method, and SmartPLS software were used to validate the original model and test the hypotheses.
Results: Only 27% of students tended towards deviant behavior (group 1), and 73% were normal students (group 2). The students in group 1 had a higher tendency to nonconformism (P≤0.01), moderate inclination to addictive behavior (P≤0.01), and more aggressive tendencies (P≤0.01) compared to the students in group 2. Also, in the students in group 1, “present” and “past” times were described as joyful, light, real, close, calm, voluminous, bright, and active, but “future” time as passive, motionless, empty, little, flat, petty and narrow. In terms of value-semantic measurement of students’ life concepts, the students prone to deviant behavior did not have meaningful purposes in the future that give life meaningfulness and direction.
Discussion: Based on the study findings, a higher tendency for nonconformism, addictive behavior, and aggressive tendencies was found in the students with a tendency to deviant behavior. Also, these students lack meaningful purposes in the future that give life meaning and direction, and they live for today or yesterday. It is suggested that the correctional and development work under a program aimed at the personal course of life concepts development reduce the students’ inclination to deviant behavior.
... Además, la educación crítica sistema-mundo se basa en un compromiso constante con la búsqueda de la verdad y, por lo tanto, con "mejores" o "más correctas" aproximaciones de la verdad a la realidad social. La misma favorece explícitamente los estudios que incluyen epistemologías nomotéticas e ideográficas, y por lo tanto, el análisis que se compromete con la transición a un sistema-mundo alternativo no capitalista (Wallerstein, 1999, Wallerstein, 2004. El compromiso de desarrollar y trabajar hacia una transformación particular, progresiva, de la sociedad, que incorpore un análisis crítico del presente, es parte esencial de nuestra auto-ubicación y nuestra agencia humana para decidir en el presente, en el actual periodo de esta crisis sistémica y de transición. ...
La segunda versión del Ciclo de Conferencias Internacionales 2019, titulado: “Tarea crítica de la Educación Inclusiva: transformaciones heterológicas, rearticulaciones políticas, acción fronteriza y creación de otros mundos”, organizado por el Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de Educación Inclusiva (CELEI)de Chile, tiene como propósito debatir en torno a las posibilidades y desafíos que enfrenta la Educación Inclusiva concebida como dispositivo de interpelación crítica de la realidad ético-política, educativa y cultural en nuestro continente. Asimismo, se propone pensar la inclusión en tanto fenómeno estructural, relacional y proyecto crítico-complejo, concebida como práctica social que irrumpe en la realidad, removiendo y dislocando los modos convencionales de pensar, experimentar y practicar la educación, el arte y los espacios de cultura ciudadano, a través de diversos soportes y modalidades.
La versión número dos del Ciclo de Conferencias Internacionales 2019 “Tarea Crítica de la Educación Inclusiva”, reúne a un selecto grupo de teóricos, críticos, ensayísticas e investigadores procedentes de UK, Australia, EE.UU., España, Colombia, Chile, México, etc. en tanto espacio de producción del conocimiento, devela una articulación extradisciplinar, es decir, conecta campos alejados que convergen e intersectan en algunos de los tópicos de análisis de la estructura teórica de la Educación Inclusiva. Se convierte en un espacio membránico que conecta, viaja y se moviliza a través de campos, tales como, el feminismo crítico, los estudios culturales, postcoloniales, la interseccionalidad, educación antirracista, la justicia social, los estudios queer, la corriente freiriana, la pedagogía crítica y los estudios contra el neoliberalismo. Tiene como objetivo instalar en los participantes, al más puro estilo foucaultiano, una mirada recelosa, sobre el corpus de significados y significantes políticos, éticos, epistémicos y metodológicos que confluyen en el ensamblado de los estudios críticos de la Educación Inclusiva. La presente versión agudiza el sentido político de la inclusión y de sus conceptos, concebidos como herramientas de transformación del mundo.
El ciclo de conferencias 2019 titulado “Tarea crítica de la Educación Inclusiva: “Tarea crítica de la Educación Inclusiva: transformaciones heterológicas, rearticulaciones políticas, acción fronteriza y creación de otros mundos”, organizadas por el Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de Educación Inclusiva (CELEI) de Chile, alberga en esta versión, un total de 20 conferencias internacionales, a cargo de destacados investigadores, cada uno de los cuales abordará nuevas formas de teorización crítica que se cruzan e interseccionan en la creación y funcionamiento de la Educación Inclusiva. El ciclo de conferencias, se propone de esta manera, trabajar en la identificación de las tareas críticas, específicamente, en términos epistemológicos, políticos y éticos, que enfrenta la inclusión, en tanto, mecanismo de transformación de la educación para el siglo XXI. Su interés fundacional consiste en el develamiento de nuevas formas intelectuales y metodológicas que interroguen los modos de pensar, experimentar y practicar la Educación Inclusiva, desde la cristalización de nuevas espacialidades educativas, estrategias que contribuyan a movilizar nuevas racionalidades para problematizar la escolarización, el desarrollo ciudadano y político, así como, interrogar acerca de las posibilidades que proporcionan los marcos y vocabularios existentes, ante la heterotopicalidad de tensiones analítico-metodológicas que atraviesan su campo de producción.
... Además, la sociedad ya venía atravesando por una situación de bifurcación, así lo afirman Prigogine (1997) y Wallerstein (1999), cuyo efecto se refleja en el aparecimiento de una diversidad de experiencias sociales, las que no pueden ser explicadas adecuadamente por una teoría general. En vista de esto, Santos (2006b) propone un trabajo de traducción, el cual se caracteriza por ser un procedimiento capaz de crear conocimiento a partir de las experiencias posibles y disponibles sin destruir su identidad. ...
El artículo desarrolla una argumentación sobre las Epistemologías del Sur de Boaventura de Sousa Santos como un medio para emancipar la educación escolarizada. El análisis se enmarca en la sociología de la educación, desde donde nace un diálogo epistemológico sobre las posibilidades para reinventar los procesos de formación educativa, tomando en cuenta las transformaciones continuas de las sociedades y la eclosión de paradigmas, teorías, enfoques en la educación. Se profundiza en una crítica a las epistemologías que han gobernado con certeza los currículos educativos, eliminado los saberes considerados como no científicos, o sea aquellos que no son cuantificables ni medibles para el método científico. En conclusión, para una emancipación de la educación debe reestructurarse los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, es decir, se sugiere repensar dichos procesos y orientarles hacia una educación para la vida con un sentido global y que transcienda los saberes especializados: una educación transdisciplinar.
This article focuses on “systemic transition period wars” emerging during specific historical periods and bringing about transformative changes in the international power configuration, leading to a new systemic structure. It aims to elucidate the distinct characteristics and outcomes of systemic transition period wars by exploring two historical examples –the Thirty Years’ War and the First and Second World Wars. The article’s focus is to reveal under which circumstances these systemic transition period wars occur and how these systemic wars not only alter the distribution of power among international actors but also fundamentally reshape the global systemic structure.
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора социологических наук по специальности 5.4.1 – теория, методология и история социологии.
В статье автор делится своими впечатлениями от прочтения книги известного российского социолога и политолога В.В. Федорова «Ума палата». В эту книгу было включено более сотни рецензий, обзоров и конспектов, написанных в разные годы и дающих представление о разнообразии предметно-тематической и концептуально-теоретической повестки современных социальных наук. Специально рассматривается вопрос об изменениях, произошедших в области производства, бытования и циркуляции обществоведческой литературы под влиянием новейшего витка информационной революции. Подчеркивается особая роль рецензии (review) как жанра научной публикации в ситуации перенасыщения, избыточного предложения и инфляции, характеризующих состояние «рынка идей» последних десятилетий во всем мире.
After the collapse of the bipolar world, the global hierarchy of social sciences saw the emergence of a neoliberal mainstream based on three axiomatic pillars: Western dominance, capitalism (the free market), and liberalism (the value of individual autonomy). Today, we see growing criticism and the disintegration of the mainstream with its claim to providing universal descriptions and legitimization of modern societies, which have reached the end of history in the form of open-access liberal market democracies. The purpose of this article is to discover how transformations of the prevailing political and economic orders, configurations of the subjects of geopolitical dominance, and their legitimizing metaphors determine the direction of changes in the social sciences mainstream. The hypothesis of the study is that the prevailing principles of stratification and distribution of public resources will be less and less related, value-wise and institutionally, to capitalism, the market, and democracy, since the latter are unable to deliver broader opportunities for the majority population in practice. The global change in social ontology, the structure of economic reproduction, and legitimate foundations of the political order tend to diminish the credibility and relevance of mainstream concepts focused on the axiomatics of market values and liberal rhetoric. Intellectual attempts to restore the relevance of the neoliberal mainstream through the construction of local utopias (the flat world, creative class, knowledge economy, etc.), the introduction of complementary concepts of civil repair (Jeffrey Alexander), socio-cultural trauma (Piotr Sztompka), poor governance, dependence on
This article aims to highlight the overview of world system theory of Immanuel Wellenstein. In order words, the concept of world system theory is a multidisciplinary approach towards world history and social change. However, the article criticize the 19th century assumption of social science and provide a deep understanding of holistic and hermeneutic approach in comprehending the advancement of world-system theory
The establishment of the Humboldtian university model and the decisive role allotted to the humanities within it permitted an ongoing formation of new specialized disciplines and subject areas which continually challenged the initial organization. During the nineteenth century, a number of new disciplines and faculties, such as the natural sciences, the life and health sciences, the social sciences, economics and the sciences of business economy and administration, began to establish themselves and assert their independence from the faculty of arts. Often originating in this faculty but also establishing alternative faculties, these disciplines began to offer all sorts of specific empirical and pragmatic forms of knowledge and know-how.
In so far as they investigate human modes of being, these disciplines also offer empirical and pragmatic knowledge that add to and may begin to compete with the understanding of the human provided by the traditional humanities. This development establishes not only a new, clear-cut distinction between letters and science, but also the conception of the humanities as a distinct activity in the shape of ‘Geisteswissenschaft’. The separation between forms of knowledge that concern themselves with nature and culture leads not only to subsequent interaction, but also to competition, clashes and science wars. If the humanities are to assert themselves in this context, they can hardly remain self-centred but are forced to study and interact with the ‘new-fangled’ important corpora of knowledge. Measuring up to the challenge constituted by competing knowledge has remained a task ever since.
The article investigates the relationship between the philosophy of scientific cosmism and modern aerospace activities from the perspective of their human dimension. The authors argue that both the scientific direction in the philosophy of cosmism of the first half of the twentieth century and modern aerospace activities are largely focused on the research of a human’s place in space and on finding and implementing ways to explore outer space to meet social needs, including expansion of communication opportunities and development of transportation. Although the scientific direction in the philosophy of cosmism was initiated and developed by natural scientists, their anthropological ideas were picked up by researchers from various fields of post-classical science at the turn of the century and acquired new features primarily in modern interdisciplinary sciences.
This article is an autoethnographic account that traces the widening divide between Kurdish dialects in the age of nation-states. It aspires to problematize and go beyond the widespread gap characterizing the Kurdish language along two dialects and alphabets. From its emergence as a non-state language in the 1920s onward, Kurdish actors sought to revive Kurmanji Kurdish in Damascus, Beirut and Yerevan; and Sorani Kurdish in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad. While the Kurmanji side of the story and its actors have been studied to a certain degree, how Kurdish developed in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad has received little scholarly attention. Through its author’s autoethnographic account of acquiring literacy in both dialects which recently came to fruition at the Zheen Center for Documentation and Research in Sulaimaniya, this article provides some reflections on the story of the Kurdish language in the age of nation-states.
The fully updated second edition of this innovative textbook provides a system analysis approach to sustainability for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. To an extent unparalleled in other textbooks, the latest scientific data and insights are integrated into a broad and deep transdisciplinary framework. Readers are encouraged to explore and engage with sustainability issues through the lenses of a cultural and methodological pluralism which promotes dialogue and alliances in the search for a (more) sustainable future. Ideal for students and their teachers in sustainable development, environmental science and policy, ecology, conservation, natural resources and geopolitics, the book will also appeal to interested citizens, activists, and policymakers, exposing them to the variety of perspectives on sustainability issues. Review questions and exercises provide the opportunity for consolidation and reflection. Online resources include appendices with more advanced mathematical material, model answers, and a wealth of recommended additional sources.
Discussions about the applicability of the civilizational approach in political science correlate with methodological and discursive rethinking of linear philosophical and political interpretive projects. The search for new epistemological and ontological optics of modern political constructions is largely focused on the value-symbolic parameters underlying the civilizational approach. The civilizational paradigm is one of the conceptual schemes of political theory, which makes it possible to interpret political institutions, processes, and world politics through the lens of more stable and deeper factors - value systems and culture. Becoming the identifying basis of politics and the legitimizing ideological and semantic content of instrumental strategies, the civilizational approach appeals to the multiplicity and equality of the paths of historical and political formation. In political discourse, the relevant intentions are the plots of ensuring the completeness of sovereignty, historical memory and falsification of history, a common value-semantic space, national unity, and many others. The point of concentration of scientific and ideological-political search is the definition of the civilizational status of Russia. According to the authors, giving Russia a civilizational status allows us to offer adequate explanations of its socio-political ontology and phenomenology, stable and transient parameters, invariant and innovative characteristics. The emphasis is on the metaphysics of Russian statehood as determined by the specifics of civilization.
The editorial board introduces the issue devoted to the problem which occurred as a result of the exhausting traditional heuristic potential of political knowledge, including concepts, theoretical and methodological approaches, and ideological emphasis. The changing traditional theoretical framework questions the legitimacy of traditional political practices, the legitimacy of institutions, goals and subjects of the political process. Based on the ideas of I. Wallerstein, we are making attempts to “feel the elephant” of political reflection on the dramatically changing political reality.
The development of the theory of geocultural technologies is an attempt to integrate various theories and practices of foreign policy cultural activities of states on the world stage within the framework of a generalizing scientific vision, as well as to rethink international relations on the basis of geographical and cultural determinism, as well as the technological approach. The constitutive basis of the theory of geocultural technologies in international relations is the idea that the subordination of social actors to power is determined by its cultural attractiveness for them and leads to their further internalization, immersion in the cultural and symbolic interpretive matrix that justifies and justifies power in its geocultural originality. The complementary application of geographical, civilizational, cultural, deterministic, communicative and technological approaches has made it possible to outline the contours of the theory of geocultural technologies in international relations, to interpret effective practices of cultural engagement in the local, regional and global dimensions as geocultural technologies. Today, the problem of global cultural governance is increasingly coming to the fore among scholars. By actively participating in global cultural governance, states can not only realize their national interests, but also build the world of the future in accordance with their long-term strategies and culturally determined ideals of coexistence in the context of further increasing interdependence between peoples. In this sense, geocultural technologies are effective means of global cultural governance. The multidimensional nature and manifestations of geocultural technologies as effective practices in the international arena for the dissemination of geocultures allows them to be considered as means of international communication, as tools for public diplomacy, as means of cultural diplomacy, as soft power, as propaganda, and as legitimization. Thanks to geocultural technologies, a global transculture is being formed, which is a synthesis of ideas, images, and material things from different geocul- tures. Geocultures are defined as historically ordered sets of symbols, values, ideals, ideas, language practices, religious traditions, technologies of reproduction and transformation of social relations that embody the spirit of a particular geographical part of the world. Geoculture is inherent in any civilizational community or national-political entity.
In recent years, social scientists have turned their critical lens on the historical roots and contours of their disciplines, including their politics and practices, epistemologies and methods, institutionalization and professionalization, national development and colonial expansion, globalization and local contestations, and public presence and role in society. The Social Sciences in the Looking Glass offers current social scientific perspectives on this reflexive moment. Examining sociology, anthropology, philosophy, political science, legal theory, and religious studies, the volume’s contributors outline the present transformations of the social sciences, explore their connections with critical humanities, analyze the challenges of alternate paradigms, and interrogate recent endeavors to move beyond the human. Throughout, the authors, who belong to half a dozen disciplines, trace how the social sciences are thoroughly entangled in the social facts they analyze and are key to helping us understand the conditions of our world.
Contributors. Chitralekha, Jean-Louis Fabiani, Didier Fassin, Johan Heilbron, Miriam Kingsberg Kadia, Kristoffer Kropp, Nicolas Langlitz, John Lardas Modern, Álvaro Morcillo Laiz, Amín Pérez, Carel Smith, George Steinmetz, Peter D. Thomas, Bregje van Eekelen, Agata Zysiak
The aim of the paper is to systematize the contribution of Vojin Milić in the field of science policy studies through a review of the works he published in the late eighties and early nineties of the 20th century, in the context of the development of the study and practice of science policies in regional and international framework. Although it is less known in wider scientific circles and has not recently been cited often, Milić wrote some of the first papers in our region that had as their subject scientific research policy and the peculiarities of the scientific research system, basing them on the approach of world system theory and the center-periphery concept. In the works Center-periphery relations as a problem in social studies of science from 1989 and Science-policy studies from the 80s from 1991, the foundations were laid not only for a critical consideration of the globalization of scientific research policy and research, but also for the study of scientific policy in our region in general. After these works, there is a discontinuity in that domain until the recently conducted research based on some of the mentioned studies which get their further development in this paper. Milić’s work on the development of the study of scientific policy and political solutions in that area from the end of the 20th century is here presented in relation to changes in knowledge structures and knowledge production management mechanisms initiated by the processes of Europeanization and globalization of scientific research structures.
Despite our preconceptions, Romantic writers, artists, and philosophers did not think of honor as an archaic or regressive concept, but as a contemporary, even progressive value that operated as a counterpoint to freedom, a well-known preoccupation of the period's literature. Focusing on texts by William Godwin, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, Walter Scott, Mary Prince, and Mary Seacole, this book argues that the revitalization of honor in the first half of the nineteenth century signalled a crisis in the emerging liberal order, one with which we still wrestle today: how can political subjects demand real, materialist forms of dignity in a system dedicated to an abstract, and often impoverished, idea of 'liberty'? Honor, Romanticism, and the Hidden Value of Modernity presents both a theory and a history of this question in the media of the Black Atlantic, the Jacobin novel, the landscape poem, and the “financial” romance.
This article proposes that the conceptual parameters of the focus on "Commodity Chains" offer fertile resources for the formulation, exploration, and unraveling of problems in human geography. To this end, an exploratory study was carried out, beginning with a bibliographical, documentary, and data survey followed by a concise case analysis of the productive-commercial system of Brazilian soybean production. The "Geoeconomic Web" concept was formulated to highlight socio-institutional factors in the geopolitical dimension of the economy. It is understood that these conceptual frameworks are suitable to problematize issues about the dynamics of insertion and positioning of substructures in national economies, of these economies in the world economy, and power relations in these spaces. Keywords: Commodity Chains, Conceptualization, Web Geoeconomic.
The reworlding of the world from the Global South directly challenges the resilient coloniser’s model of the world. The coloniser’s model of the world sustains the contemporary hierarchical and asymmetrical modern world system with Europe and North America at its apex of power. Consequently, reworlding from the Global South materialised as a counter-hegemonic initiative driven by struggles of the wretched of the earth for re-existence, liberation and freedom. The epic Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), which embraced ‘Black’ as an identity of a sovereign people opposed to racism, enslavement and colonialism, forms an ideal genealogy of reworlding from the Global South. This article reflects on evolving ideological, identitarian, cultural, intellectual and pan-African formations and initiatives of resisting empire and remaking the world after the empire. What is highlighted are freedom dreams, self-definition initiatives, critiques of the asymmetrically structured modern world and struggles and visions of re-membering and re-humanisation of the dismembered and dehumanised. The Black Lives Matter and Rhodes Must Fall movements, among many other initiatives and formations, have carried over the struggles for reworlding the world from the Global South.
The article analyzes the issues of the modern understanding of a state, as well as the factors and determinants that define its essence. The idea is put forward that the most important factor determining the necessity to rethink the essence of the state is the modern global crisis and chaotic instability. A methodology for research of the state is proposed that meets post-non-classical scientific and managerial rationality. The article substantiates a new European nature and attributes of modern statehood, which is also influenced by the three-level structure of statehood in the world system, as well as the peculiarities of the historical genesis of specific countries. The author proposes researching of the state through the correlation of the triad of parameters «power – population – territory», the interaction of which generates various types of power organization. Purpose: to propose new methods suitable for studying the state in the context of the current global crisis, accompanied by a decrease in the heuristic and cognitive potential of the methodology formed within the framework of liberal geoculture; to analyze the essence and nature of modern statehood on the basis of the proposed methods. The author uses the following methods: post-non-classical scientific paradigm, the principle of the observer's involvement in the cognizable reality, world-system analysis, subjective approach, spatial dimension, historical approach. Results: the research reveals a new European nature of modern statehood, which is declining as a result of the global crisis, and historical features of the formation of this type of statehood, in relation to the Republic of Belarus in particular.
This paper examines the effect of the pandemic in the generation of simultaneous global, regional, and local processes as they materialize in realities and the potential for post-pandemic mobile commons. The paper theorizes the matter drawing on studies in the triangle of Cyprus-Greece-Turkey i.e., the south-eastern border of Europe/EU. Mobile commons is theorized in the current context by locating these processes in the pandemic and post-pandemic era, even though the first empirical work was done during the pre-pandemic period. The pandemic brought about an abrupt interruption of what is at the core of global capitalism: mobility. During this period, regimes of exception, derogation and suspension of rights were introduced across all fields of the civic, social, and political life almost all over the world. The concept of mobile commons aims to capture dynamic processes, as an ensemble or matrix of care of the society on the move, generating reciprocity on the move and a sustainability of the geography of the crossings. Digitality is part and parcel of the current migratory processes. Digitality is a space where media technologies of control coexist with the possibilities of alternative media use. To every form of control technology there is a corresponding form of resistance to it. The paper examines how mobile commons resist digital registration and the process that generate a pan-European digital border infrastructure which aims to immobilize people. It illustrates how encounters between groups produce social dialectics within institutions; struggles, conflicts, disagreements, and negotiations occur, but so do new socialities and solidarities in a world in a constant state of being remade.
هدفت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير انعكاس سيولة الحداثة بمفاهيمها النظرية عند عالم الاجتماع البولندي زيجمونت باومان على نوعية الجرائم في المجتمع الأردني ، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي لتحليل ووصف انعكاس مظاهر الحداثة السائلة عند زيجمونت باومان على أنواع الجرائم في المجتمع الأردني بالاعتماد على البيانات التي جمعتها الباحثة من عينة الدراسة أصحاب الاختصاص من أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية العاملين في الجامعات الأردنية الحكومية والخاصة، التي تضم التخصصات (علم الاجتماع، وعلم الجريمة، وعلم الجريمة والانحراف، والخدمة الاجتماعية والعمل الاجتماعي) إذ تبين للباحثة عدم وجود هذه التخصصات في الجامعات الخاصة واقتصاره على بعض الجامعات الحكومية وهي الجامعة الأردنية وجامعة مؤتة، وجامعة البلقاء التطبيقية من خلال بعض كليات المجتمع التابعة لها، إضافة لجامعة اليرموك وجامعة الحسين، والبالغ عددهم (58) عضو هيئة تدريس، وذلك وفقاً لإحصائيات وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي لعام 2021 . وتوصلت الدراسة الى أن المستوى العام لانعكاس مظاهر الحداثة السائلة عند زيجمونت باومان على أنواع الجريمة في المجتمع الأردني جاءت بمستوى متوسط التأثير، حيث جاء مظهر العمل بالترتيب الأول بمستوى مرتفع ثم التحرر أيضاً بمستوى مرتفع ومن ثم "الزمان والمكان" بمستوى متوسط يليه مظهر الفردية بمستوى متوسط والجماعة بمستوى متوسط ، حيث هناك ارتفاع متدرج وبشكل متوسط لنوعية الجرائم في المجتمع ، و خَلُصت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج وهي وجود انعكاس واضح لمظاهر الحداثة عند زيجمونت باومان (التحرر والفردية والزمان /المكان والعمل والجماعة) على نوعية الجرائم في المجتمع الأردني بحيث شكّلت مظاهر حداثية بدأ المجتمع يلمسها في جميع مناحي حياته الاقتصادية والاجتماعية من خلال الكم الهائل من التطور التكنولوجي في البرمجيات والتقنيات والتي أسهمت بوجود عملية نوعية للتواصل الإنساني أتاحت للمجرمين استغلال هذا التطور لإخفاء معالم وآثار الجريمة وطمسها ، في قضايا القتل التي يتم التبليغ عنها على أنها حوادث انتحار ساهم الكشف في ملابساتها والتحقيق فيها من قبل الأجهزة الأمنية مع تقارير الطب الشرعي وجود شبهة جنائية ، وتزايد عدد جرائم العنف داخل الأسرة وإعادة النظر بالقوانين التي يجب أن توفر الحماية للمرأة والطفل وكبير السن وإنصاف كل من يتعرض لأي شكل من أشكال الاضطهاد والعنف وعدم قبول إسقاط الحق الشخصي من قبل القضاء لأي مجني عليه وضرورة معاقبة الجاني وتحقيق العدالة من خلال العقوبات الرادعة، وتكثيف برامج التوعية والتثقيف في المدارس والجامعات في أهمية الأسرة ودورها ببناء الإنسان الجيد والمعطاء ودور مؤسسات التنشئة والقيم المجتمعية التي تحافظ على تماسك الجماعات الإنسانية وكيفية حل المشكلات وكيفية التعامل مع الخلافات والنزاعات بما يعزز المفاهيم القانونية والثقة بالاحتكام للقضاء .
The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx provides an entry point for those new to Marxism. At the same time, its chapters, written by leading Marxist scholars, advance Marxist theory and research. Its coverage is more comprehensive than previous volumes on Marx in terms of both foundational concepts and empirical research on contemporary social problems. It also provides equal space to sociologists, economists, and political scientists, with substantial contributions from philosophers, historians and geographers. The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx consists of seven sections. The first section, Foundations, includes chapters that demonstrate that the core elements of Marx’s political economy of capitalism continue to be defended, elaborated and applied to empirical social science including historical materialism, class, capital, labor, value, crisis, ideology, and alienation. Additional sections include Labor, Class, and Social Divisions; Capitalist States and Spaces; Accumulation, Crisis and Class struggle in the Core Countries; Accumulation, Crisis and Class Struggle in the Peripheral and Semi-Peripheral Countries; and Alternatives to Capitalism.
Inequality in access to land in Latin America, has led several rural communities to design and implement alternative forms of territorial management. In this article the identification and analysis of the characteristics of the Peasant Agroalimentary Territories (TCA for its Spanish acronym), which is the most recent territorial planning proposal in Colombia is offered; it rapidly has spread throughout this country and seems to be putting into practice some of the principles of post-development. Confronting the current “development” dynamics (massive extraction, production, consumption, and disposal), post-development is a current of thought, gaining strength in Latin America that proposes to recover economic and environmental principles for achieving a more inclusive and equitable world. Hence, and based mainly on primary information collected (between 2019 and 2022) through interviews with social leaders and TCA inhabitants, minutes from meetings, and private documentation of other events related to their promotion and implementation, their main features and the progress in their establishment are explained. The comparison between the theoretical principles of post-development and the TCA practices offers enough evidence to conclude that the peasant communities involved with the TCA are close enough to questioning hegemonic discourses and practices of development, understood mainly as economic growth. Another conclusion is TCA have not been created as a one-size-fits-all recipe, but rather seek to be as flexible and diverse as necessary. This characteristic is particularly important since it makes them easily reproducible in other rural contexts, and they do not depend on the rural location of a country or global region, on the geographic or ecosystem context, or on the social group that wants to organize it; instead, TCA provide the opportunity to recover a series of values and actions that are an integral part of a global trend in search of a transition towards a balance between the rights of human societies and those of Nature.
With contributions from six leading scientific countries of the Global North and from the general European Higher Education Area, this book questions the predominant view on academic freedom and pleads for a holistic approach. While academic freedom has been a top agenda point for the global scientific community in recent years, the public and academic discourse has often been marked by a negative interpretation of the term understood merely as exemption from state intervention and censorship. The contributions in this edited volume demonstrate, however, that this is not where the story ends: the ability to exercise academic freedom not only involves the freedom of expression in its abstract sense but should involve the capability to determine research agendas and curricula independently from market pressures or threats of career sabotage, and to resist workplace misconduct without fear of losing future career chances. Providing a differentiated picture of contemporary structural limits to academic freedom in advanced democracies, this volume will be of great interest for not only scholars of higher education, but for the entire academic community.
The focus of the article is on two large-scale transformation processes that are currently taking place in the Western scientific and socio-cultural spaces. On the one hand, it is the emergence on the cultural horizon of a new macrocultural era, called Metamodern, on the other hand — the transformation in the paradigm field of Western science and the emergence of a paradigm of complexity (complexity theory). The statement is argued, that they are the different manifestations of the general large-scale socio-cultural and scientific tectonics and can serve as contours for mutual legitimacy and justification. The metamodern project captures the emergence of a new worldview in Western culture, which is characterized by a new sincerity, openness, holism in contrast to postmodern alienation, irony and sсepticism. In terms of experiencing the I-World relationship, the logic of cultural progress from Tradition to Metamodern can be described as a movement from complete immersion of the Self in the World (Tradition), through confrontation and struggle between the Self and the World (Modern), chaos of the I (multiple identity) and the World (current modernity) in the postmodern era, to a new dialectical combination of the I and the World in the Metamodern era. Complexity Theory in its sociological theoretical proposals can offer a parallel view on the process of changing cultural epochs, but through the prism of transforming the dominant mechanism of change and maintenance of social order, emphasizing the existence of two such mechanisms — organizational one and self-organizational one. The logic of changes in this dominance leads us from Tradition (self-organization), through Modern (organization), and Postmodern (chaos, no domination, the mutual distancing) to Metamodern — dialectics, tense unity of organization and self-organization. In socio-cultural terms, it looks like a dialectic of modernity (rationality, purposefulness, result, organization) and tradition (myth, game, process, self-organization), and at the level of basic experience of the world as a dialectic of acute experience of one's self combined with the experience of its unity with the world. It is at this point that the metamodern project and the paradigm of complexity in its sociological interpretation do meet. Here, they can give each other legitimizing support.
This essay discusses the historical and textual representations of piracy in the writings of Hugo Grotius, primarily De Indis/De iure praedae (1603-1608) and the Commentarius in Theses XI (c. 1600). Contrary to popular belief, Grotius, in stark contrast to Jean Bodin, was not an advocate of the constitutionally homogenous Nation-State. Rather, his central concept of divisible sovereignty, the lynchpin of the constitutional theory of his early writings, unambiguously presents us with the object of the heterogeneous State. In Grotian theory, the State may be "read" as a composite construction, with a residual degree of inalienable sovereignty accruing at each unit-level. Even if only unconsciously, Grotius describes a concurrent para-political subdivision of the state between institutional Government (the "magistrates") and civil society, one that constitutes an operational system of governance within the Nation-State. Like his contemporary Johannes Althusius, Grotius' theory allows for the emergence of a wholly "private," albeit lawful, mode of authority. This is most apparent in Grotius' treatment of the mercantile trading Company and its Privateering operations. The corporatist theory of sovereignty permits the Company's private agents of violence, the legally ambivalent Privateer/Pirate, to be invested with a requisite degree of sovereignty. The Grotian theory of divisible sovereignty, investing the seventeenth-century Pirate band with legal personality, serves as a vital historical precursor to the quasi-statist (trans-) national criminal cartels of the twenty-first century. The Grotian Pirate/Privateer/Just Avenger, therefore, is a "nomad": a liminal entity that simultaneously transverses both geographical and juro-political spaces, rendering him or herself in-determinable.
This text is an attempt to lucidly present the intellectual biography and theoretical work of Immanuel Wallerstein, the main architect and exponent of world-systems analysis. Given that the entire Wallerstein’s work has been devoted to understanding the reality of the modern world-system as the fundament of every prudent action, this paper should simultaneously be read as a homage to one of the greatest names of the 20th century sociology, and as a reflexion on chaotic present and uncertain future of the world we live in. Having in mind his wide range of scholarly interests and a gargantuan oeuvre left as a legacy, we have selected four main topics discussed in Wallerstein’s work. After a concise review of Wallerstein’s intellectual biography in the introduction, the first part focuses on the methodological and epistemological postulates of world-systems theory. The second part discusses the issue known as the “long sixteenth century”, that is, the genesis of the capitalist worldeconomy, which is also the topic of the first volume of Wallerstein’s most important work The Modern World-System. The third part reviews the historical trajectory of antisystemic movements, from the Old Left in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century, to world revolution of 1968 as a turning point in their development, to modern varieties of these movements. The fourth part discusses the issue of rise and fall of the United States of America as a hegemonic power of the world-system.
The Justice and Development Party (hereafter AKP) has pursued an active foreign policy since its coming to power, emphasising historical and religious ties in order to gain influence and leadership in the territories of the former Ottoman Empire. AKP governments seized almost all aspects of culture in the formulation and implementation of foreign policy. This has resulted in the notion of a shift in the foundations of Turkish foreign policy identity as the result of a broader and new framework of culture in foreign policy. This chapter seeks to explain why and how this transformation occurred in Turkish foreign policy during the AKP governments. With this purpose in mind, Turkish foreign policy will be analysed throughout the specified period at all three levels of analysis: system, state, and individual, since this study suggests that all three levels should be considered when analysing a concept with various aspects, such as culture. While each level of analysis necessitates a different approach, an eclectic methodology will be employed. The analysis will reveal how geocultural breaking points in the world system enabled individual states to instrumentalise culture in their policies, and how this coincided with the formation of a new state identity and foreign policy in Turkey under AKP rule.
Despite the increase of material wealth through time, the majority of countries throughout the world have been unable to catch up consistently with the core countries. This article shows that between-country inequality has surged, and that wealthy countries can perform better than poor countries in achieving growth in the long term. Also, it demonstrates that Latin America countries have not caught up to the leading countries, and that between the rich and Latin countries there remains “an unbridgeable gulf,” using Harrod and Hirch’s words. Finally, using real and financial variables, this article shows that some Latin American countries have been subjected to exclusion and exploitation and cannot apply the same developmental policies as the richest countries.
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/MUFAFFXESEMMVT7HTYCK/full?target=10.1080/2329194X.2022.2056058
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