The Impact of Food Waste Mitigation with Black Soldier Fly Assistance on Climate Change in Indonesia – A Systematic Review

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INTRODUCTION
Climate change is a condition with abundant
greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere
(Change, 2007). The cause of climate change is
the result of natural changes by nature or the result
of human behavior. The climate change caused
by nature includes earthquakes, oceans, wetlands,
and volcanoes (Xi-Liu & Qing-Xian, 2018).
Meanwhile, the climate change caused by human
activities, often called anthropogenic activities,
includes industrial activities, land use, forest burn-
ing, and changes in land use (Edenhofer, 2015). It
was also revealed that this anthropogenic activity
has caused global warming of around 1.0°C, and
the gure will reach 1.5°C from 2030 to 2052 if
temissions continue to increase (Fawzy, Osman,
Doran, & Rooney, 2020). In this case, the green-
house gases that cause climate change are dened
as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O), and uorinated gases such as hydro-
uorocarbons (HFC), peruorocarbons (Fawzy
et al., 2020). One of the contributors to methane
gas, which causes greenhouse gases, is the ac-
cumulation of rubbish. Waste also contributes to
the methane gas generation, reaching 11,390 tons
of CH4/year. Besides methane gas, burning waste
also contributes tot the emissions of CO2, CO,
N2O, NOx, NH3, and organic carbon gas. On the
basis of the SIPSN data for 2022, the composition
of food waste reaches 40.58% of the total waste in
Indonesia. Indonesia is also estimated to produce
300 kg of food waste per capita per year which has
a global warming potential of 1,702.9 Mt CO2eq
The Impact of Food Waste Mitigation with Black Soldier Fly
Assistance on Climate Change in Indonesia – A Systematic Review
Yeti Nur Octaviani1, Mochamad Arief Budihardjo2*, Sri Sumiyati2
1 Master Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Diponegoro
University, Prof. Soedharto, S.H. Street, 50275, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia
2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Prof. Soedharto,
S.H. Street, 50275, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: m.budihardjo@ft.undip.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Climate changes in the world and Indonesia cannot be separated from human activities. Food waste is an act of
throwing away food which can result in climate change due to the high potential for global warming due to this
activity. Therefore, there is a need for mitigation in the form of food waste processing, one of which is the black
soldier y (BSF) method. This study aimed to determine the development trend of the impact of food waste in
Indonesia on climate change and determine the eect of mitigating food waste processing using the BSF method.
The analysis used in this study was bibliometric, and a systematic literature review was applied to 298 published
articles. It was found that the publication trend of articles regarding the impact of food waste on climate change in
Indonesia is still tiny, namely seven publications. In the impact analysis of mitigating food waste processing using
the BSF method was proven to reduce global warming potential by 1,201.58 kg CO2eq and 1,143.4 kg CO2eq. This
value compares food waste processing using the BSF and landlling methods. Results were also obtained from the
processing of food waste using only the BSF method for global warming potential values of 0.38 kg CO2eq, 6,687
kg CO2eq, and 3.2 kg CO2eq.
Keywords: food waste, climate change, BSF.
Received: 2023.10.07
Accepted: 2023.11.21
Published: 2023.12.14
Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
hps://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/174087
ISSN 2719-7050, License CC-BY 4.0
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
& ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
(Farahdiba et al., 2023). The most straightforward
treatment to prevent climate change is to reduce
the number of gases that cause greenhouse gases.
Before taking the nal step of prevention, namely
by processing food waste, the world commu-
nity, especially Indonesia, must be highly aware
of not leaving or throwing away food (Aydin &
Yildirim, 2021). Food waste processing is carried
out using various methods, from those that have
a lot of impact on the environment to those with
the most minimal impact. These methods include
landlling, composting, anaerobic digestion, and
incineration (Gao, Tian, Wang, Wennersten, &
Sun, 2017). One friendly food waste processing
method that can be carried out in Indonesia is
the Black Soldier Fly method (Farahdiba et al.,
2023). The Black Soldier Fly is an insect that
can break down organic waste, one of which is
food waste, in the larval phase. The research by
Lalander, Nordberg, and Vinnerås (2018) shows
that processing food waste and faeces using BSF
displays a lower methane production graph com-
pared to without the help of BSF. This study tries
to answer two research questions, namely:
1. RQ1. What are the trends in the impact of food
waste on climate change?
2. RQ2. What is the impact of food waste mitiga-
tion through BSF processing?
The rst research question provides the de-
velopment of food waste in Indonesia, and the
publication of articles discussing the impact of
food waste on climate change. Meanwhile, the
second research question provides the amount of
value obtained from mitigating the impact of food
waste through processing using the BSF method.
These two research questions help the author to
reveal the impact of food waste mitigation with
the help of BSF on climate change in Indonesia.
METHODS
The writing of this article is a combination
of a systematic literature review and bibliomet-
ric analysis to obtain the relevant impact of food
waste mitigation in Indonesia with BSF assis-
tance. These two reviews are considered practical
and can solve the problems in this article (Wibo-
wo, Ramadan, Taher, & Khairurrijal, 2023). Bib-
liometric analysis is used to determine trends in
discussing mitigation of the impact of food waste
in Indonesia when compared with the world,
which is causing climate change, one of which is
due to the high potential value of global warming.
Meanwhile, a systematic literature review was
used to reveal the impact of food waste mitigation
as seen from the global warming potential value
of processing with the help of BSF compared to
processing using composting and landlling.
The literature used in this writing includes
articles indexed by Scopus (ScienceDirect, El-
sevier, SpringerLink, Nature, and several oth-
ers). The literature used in preparing this article
was selected in stages. In order to nd out the
trends in discussion of mitigating the impact of
food waste, which causes climate change, articles
were screened using the method shown in Figure
1. The rst research methodology used to an-
swer RQ1, bibliometric analysis, was chosen as
the form of analysis with the help of VOSviewer
software (Donthu, Kumar, Mukherjee, Pandey, &
Lim, 2021). Article searches were carried out by
the author using keywords that are considered ap-
propriate for the review to be made. The articles
that have been obtained were then ltered accord-
ing to the conditions of the review currently be-
ing made. The results of the ltering of the ar-
ticles were then processed by the author using
Figure 1. First research methodologies

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
bibliometric analysis. Meanwhile, to determine
the mitigation of the impact of food waste, mea-
sured based on global warming potential, which
is RQ2, the second research methodology was
used, as in Figure 2. Searching for relevant ar-
ticles with reviews is almost the same as before,
namely using keywords. However, the dierence
is that the results obtained were not ltered based
on year of publication, type of article, or some-
thing else, but rather, the author read the abstract
and ltered the articles that can be used as refer-
ence sources in writing this review article. The ar-
ticle was read at a glance from the abstract. Then a
comparison was made between several articles to
obtain a value of the global warming potential of
each processing method. At the end point, it will
be possible to know the magnitude of the impact
of climate change mitigation on food waste using
the BSF processing method, which is taken into
consideration from the magnitude of the global
warming potential. The two methodologies used
are almost the same in searching for articles to
be used; the two are only dierentiated in the l-
tering process and the article analysis process to
support the review articles created. This combina-
tion of bibliometric analysis and systematic lit-
erature review is considered to have better value
(Paul & Criado, 2020). In general, bibliometrics
only reveals the trends and potential that the au-
thor can do based on current conditions. At the
same time, systematic literature reviews display
the methodology clearly, and there are results in
the form of analysis of existing articles or com-
parisons of several articles that can conclude the
results (Paul & Criado, 2020; Pautasso, 2019).
Food waste is produced from every human
activity, from household kitchens, restaurants,
oces, schools, hospitals, hotels, and others
Figure 2. Second research methodologies
Figure 3. Available food waste in Indonesia

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
(Fig. 3). In Indonesia, the amount of food waste
is 13,759,478.54 tons/year, with a percentage
of 40.58% in 2022. Indonesia is divided into
six large islands with dierent amounts of food
waste: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi,
Nusa Tenggara and Bali, Maluku, and Papua.
The food waste produced in each region in
Indonesia is dierent; economic, social, and geo-
graphical factors also inuence the amount of
food waste produced. The regions with the high-
est amount of food waste are the provinces of
Central Java and East Java. The factors causing
the high food waste in these two provinces are the
high population and increasing income (Lavany,
2022). After these two, there are the provinces of
West Java and DKI Jakarta, which have the most
signicant amount of food waste generation.
Java is the largest contributor to food waste gen-
eration, and almost all state government activities
are centered on this island. The number of people
on the island of Java is also the largest compared
to other islands. Meanwhile, the lowest amount
of food waste generation is in West Papua, East
Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, North Maluku, North
Kalimantan, and West Sulawesi.
Many factors cause large and small amounts
of food waste, but it all depends on the consump-
tion patterns of the people in the area. Waste gen-
eration is closely related to human lifestyle and
thinking regarding consuming goods or food.
Moreover, the existing food waste generation
requires processing to reduce the environmental
impact. The large amount of food waste generat-
ed in Indonesia can harm the environment if pro-
cessing is not done. Each type of food waste has
the potential for global warming, which can re-
sult in climate change. One example is vegetable
waste in Lembang, West Java, which has a global
warming potential of 55.1 t CO2eq t-1 (Kashyap,
de Vries, Pronk, & Adiyoga, 2023). Dierent g-
ures are produced from dierent areas, namely
Depok, West Java, where the global warming po-
tential is 66.87 kg CO2eq (Nugroho et al., 2023).
Food waste impact trend
This sub-chapter is the result of 1,309 ar-
ticles obtained by searching using the keywords
“food waste”, “impact”, and “climate change”.
Then, after elimination was carried out based on
the desired criteria, namely the publication year
2012–2023, which was a limited to nal research
article and an open access article, 298 articles
were produced. Bibliometric analysis was carried
out to determine the number of articles (Figure 6)
and keyword co-accuracy (Figure 7).
The number of articles discussing the impact
of food waste on climate change in Indonesia is
still far less than in other countries. Indonesia’s
contribution is only 2% compared to 98% of other
countries worldwide. Several things may cause a
signicant dierence in numbers. One of the rea-
sons is the dierence in research funding in each
country. It is known that research funding has a
very signicant impact on the number of articles
published (Ubfal & Maoli, 2011). Each country
has a dierent direction regarding the themes in
published articles, so the number of articles on
specic themes tends to be smaller (Liu, Liu, Ji-
ang, Lin, & Xu, 2019).
Figure 4 illustrates the author’s interest in writ-
ing an article about the impact of food waste on
climate change. Publication of this article began
in 2013, and there is no visible publication in the
previous year. Existing publications do not all have
the same direction, in 2013 the publication of this
article discussed more about the impact of food
waste in general and simple processing methods
as a form of mitigation (Melikoglu, Lin, & Webb,
2013). Apart from that, other articles also discuss
climate change and its impact on the environment
Figure 4. Indonesia vs others country in food
waste impact on climate change literature

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
and human population (Fig. 5) (Moe et al., 2013).
There is already an article discussing the compari-
son of food waste generation in Finland, Denmark,
Norway and Sweden, in which the impact on the
environment and humans is also explained in a re-
view and the magnitude of the impact has not yet
been stated (Gjerris & Gaiani, 2013). That is dif-
ferent from the article published in 2023, and it
discusses one type of food waste and the risk of
its impact on the environment, which is shown
through several impact categories (Abu-Bakar et
al., 2023). Apart from that, it also discusses how
global food consumption can inuence global
warming in the future (Ivanovich, Sun, Gordon, &
Ocko, 2023). Figure 6 depicts the trend of articles
published by countries in the world. Indonesia, in
this gure, published seven articles. This number
is far less than the United Kingdom, which pub-
lishes up to 70 articles. Research funding is one
of the things that inuence it, as it was previously
explained. In making this analysis, from 298 ar-
ticles, only countries with at least ve were taken,
so only 26 countries were found with more than
ve articles. This review shows that the United
Kingdom, the United States, and Italy are the
three countries that have published articles.
Figure 5. The trend of food waste impact on climate change literature
Figure 6. Food waste impact on climate change literature by countries

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
Seven articles were published in Indonesia
based on the network that has been carried out,
and based on the results of the author’s review,
it is known that the cities discussed or discuss-
ing this theme are West Bandung Regency, Bo-
gor, Bali, and Jakarta. The four cities in Indonesia
discussed are large cities in Indonesia. This may
also be inuenced by dierences in food waste
generation in each region as in Figure 3.
Trend analysis discussing the impact of food
waste on climate change not only looks at the
number of articles published each year and ar-
ticles published from each country, but also dis-
plays the keywords that frequently appear. This
analysis is helpful in knowing the topics often
discussed and the relationship between each topic
discussed. That way, the writer can then nd out
trending topics that can be written into articles by
looking at trends that have existed over the past
ten years. Thus, in the future, the articles pub-
lished will be the articles that can strengthen pre-
vious publications or new articles that have never
been discussed before.
As in Figure 6 and Table 1, climate change
has the highest occurrence value (50) and total
link strength (75). On the basis of the analysis
of the network results, it can be seen that food
waste (which is being discussed regarding its im-
pact on climate change) has a network connection
with specic keywords, namely climate change,
life cycle assessment, sustainability, and carbon
footprint. That shows the suitability of the impact
of food waste on climate change, usually ana-
lyzed with a life cycle assessment.
The keyword with the lowest total link
strength value is ecosystem services with a net-
work link with food security and sustainability.
That is related to the discussion of the impact of
food waste on climate change. Apart from that,
there are keywords with total link strength val-
ues of 5, 7, and 9: sustainable diets, resource re-
covery, food production, bioenergy, renewable
energy, and COVID-19. Biomass, environmental
Table 1. Co-occurrences of keywords
Keyword Occurrences Total link
strength
Climate change 50 75
Food waste 36 59
Life cycle assessment 41 59
Circular economy 23 41
Sustainability 25 31
Anaerobic digestion 13 29
Food security 18 29
Carbon footprint 18 28
Waste management 12 26
Greenhouse gas
emissions 13 22
Food 9 20
… … …
Ecosystem services 5 3
Figure 7. Co-occurrence networks

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
impacts, food loss, and waste are keywords with
a total link strength value of 10. Moreover, many
keywords still have a total link strength value of
between 11 and 20.
Food waste processing
Considering the environmental impacts of
unmanaged food waste, it is necessary to prevent
them through processing. In Indonesia, there are
several alternative processing methods for food
waste, including compost, BSF, biodigester, in-
cinerator, pyrolysis, gasication, and landll-
ing (Fig. 8). In 2022, in Indonesia, composting
is a method that is widely used to process food
waste. This method is chosen based on low op-
erational costs and easy maintenance. The results
can be bought and sold, and composting in the
landll can be an economical solution to close the
waste cycle (Vaverková et al., 2020). The follow-
ing widely used method is landlling. Using this
method is not recommended. Without process-
ing, it causes landlls to show the presence of
heavy metals, which pose a carcinogenic risk to
humans (Mary et al., 2023). BSF and biodigester
are the methods used to manage food waste in
Indonesia. The number of uses of this method is
smaller than composting and landlling. That is
due to maintenance and operational costs, which
are quite more expensive when compared to com-
posting and landlling (Abduli, Naghib, Yonesi,
& Akbari, 2011). The least used methods for pro-
cessing food waste in Indonesia are pyrolysis, in-
cineration, and gasication. This method requires
relatively high capital and operational costs com-
pared to previous methods. Therefore, only a few
regions in Indonesia use these three methods.
Composting
Composting is an alternative method to de-
compose organic waste, especially food waste.
There are several types of composting: vermicom-
posting, windrow, static pile aeration, and com-
posting in containers (Palaniveloo et al., 2020).
The process of processing food waste using the
composting method also considers several factors
in the success of processing. The factors that de-
termine the success of the composting process in-
clude temperature, aeration, type of waste includ-
ed, and pH (Dhamodharan, Varma, Veluchamy,
Pugazhendhi, & Rajendran, 2019). Moreover,
each type of composting has a dierent impact.
Windrow composting has an acidication impact
of 9.39 × 10 − 1 kg SO2eq while composting with
hybrid anaerobic incorporation has a human toxic-
ity impact of 3.47 × 10 kg 1.4 − DB eq (Al-Rumai-
hi, McKay, Mackey, & Al-Ansari, 2020).
Black soldier y
BSF is an alternative food waste processing
that can be a solution for decomposing waste
Figure 8. Food waste processing in Indonesia

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
by utilizing insects in their life process as larvae
(Ojha, Bußler, & Schlüter, 2020). Apart from the
food waste processing process, when using BSF, it
is also necessary to pay attention to the life cycle of
BSF larvae: egg – larva – prepupa – pupa – adult in-
sect (Surendra et al., 2020). Ojha et al. (2020) also
explained that this method eciently breaks down
several tons of food waste into valuable products
such as animal feed and fertilizer. Even though it is
competent in processing waste, BSF also impacts
global warming by 0.281 kg CO2eq (Kusumaning-
tiar, Vionalita, & Swamilaksita, 2023).
Biodigester
Biodigester is an alternative food waste pro-
cessing method that is generally combined with
waste from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP),
activated sludge (WWTP), and activated sludge
(Guimaraes, Maia, & Serra, 2018; Lee et al., 2019).
Using a biodigester with combined processing of
organic waste, wastewater, and biofuel production
can reduce costs because the process is simul-
taneous (Mendieta, Castro, Escalante, & Garfí,
2021). In this method, methane gas production,
considered an environmental pollutant, is used as
biofuel (Rahman, Lee, Tamiri, & Hong, 2018).
Incineration
Incineration is a waste processing method that
can reduce the amount of organic waste generated,
especially food waste, by burning. This method is
the most eective way to deal with waste genera-
tion due to the signicant volume and weight re-
duction eect (Jiang, Zhao, & Yan, 2022). A sepa-
rate drying process before burning creates a more
signicant economic burden (Mayer, Bhandari,
Gäth, Himanshu, & Stobernack, 2020). On the ba-
sis of studies, processing waste by incineration will
emit 3,688 kt-CO2eq (Wang & Nakakubo, 2020).
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is a method of processing food
waste using a thermochemical method that is easy
to use and converts it into biofuel, biochar, or bri-
quettes (Elkhalifa, Al-Ansari, Mackey, & McKay,
2019). However, this technology has a few ob-
stacles in the process in the form of a need for
standard processing procedures, considering the
Figure 9. Life cycle of black soldier y

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
diverse characteristics of food waste in Indonesia
(Pour & Makkawi, 2021). The process also still
produces the emissions that have the potential for
global warming, ranging from -470 kg CO2eq/t to
-200 kg CO2eq/t (Cheng, Luo, & Colosi, 2020).
Gasication
Processing food waste using the gasication
method is a process of converting food waste
into hydrogen. The eciency of this processing
is 64.86%, and the hydrogen production capacity
from food waste is 1.2 t/hour H2 (Xu et al., 2022).
The process is also inuenced by several fac-
tors, such as temperature, time, and concentration
(Chen et al., 2020). This gasication method still
impacts the environment with a global warming
potential of 0.07 kg CO2eq (Safarian, Unnthors-
son, & Richter, 2020).
Landlling
Landlling is the most popular waste process-
ing method because its costs are relatively low, but
it has side eects on hygienic, social, and envi-
ronmental issues (Vaverková, 2019). The accumu-
lation of food waste in landlls contributes to a
more signicant impact on the environment. Ev-
ery ton of waste produces -218 kg CO2eq (Moaz-
zem, Wang, Daver, & Crossin, 2021). Meanwhile,
in Europe, the results of waste accumulation inu-
ence climate change values ranging from 124 to
841 kg CO2eq (Sauve & Van Acker, 2020).
BSF performance for food waste processing
BSF, or the Latin name Hermatia illucens,
is a detritivore insect (Surendra et al., 2020) that
can grow and decompose various organic wastes,
such as livestock manure, human faeces, house-
hold organic waste, food waste, agricultural waste,
vegetable waste (Singh & Kumari, 2019). Speci-
cally for food waste, BSF can decompose restau-
rant, fruit, vegetables, household, bread, canteen,
and sh waste (Gold et al., 2020; Lopes, Lalander,
Vidotti, & Vinnerås, 2020; Surendra et al., 2020).
Please note that BSF decomposes organic waste
during its life phase (Figure 9). The BSF phase that
can help reduce the amount of organic waste in the
world is the larval phase, so it is often referred to
as Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) (Surendra et
al., 2020). The growth and proliferation of BSF is
inuenced by several things such as temperature,
pH and substrate characteristics (Meneguz et al.,
2018; Pliantiangtam, Chundang, & Kovitvadhi,
2021). The tropical climate in Indonesia supports
food waste processing using BSF, but the system
needs to be maintained and monitored so that BSF
larvae can survive and develop. In Indonesia, there
are quite a lot of areas that process food waste us-
ing BSF and can describe the amount of waste gen-
erated. For example, the Wonorejo BSF Processing
Unit in Surabaya City can process 40-50 tonnes/
year, and the Bratang and Menur Units can process
1-7 tonnes/year of FW (Farahdiba et al., 2023). The
ability of BSF to decompose organic waste, espe-
cially food waste, has also been proven in waste
contaminated with bioplastics in food packaging
(Grossule, Zanatta, Modesti, & Lavagnolo, 2023).
It has been revealed that 40,000 BSFL can process
60 kg of organic waste with a land requirement of
around 1 m2 (Smetana, Schmitt, & Mathys, 2019).
The food waste processing process, with a total of
10 tonnes, can decompose within 12 days and pro-
duce 3,346 kg of frass (Salomone et al., 2017).
Mitigation eects
There are many food waste processes in In-
donesia, including BSF. This paper shows the
Table 2. Global warming potential from food waste treatment
No. BSF
(kg CO2eq)
Composting
(kg CO2eq)
Landlling
(kg CO2eq) Reference
1. 35 111 NA Mertenat, Diener, and
Zurbrügg (2019)
2. 41.42 99 1243 Ferronato et al. (2023)
3. 38.6 60 1182 Mondello et al. (2017)
4. 17.36 NA NA Guo, Jiang, Zhang, Lu, and
Wang (2021)
5. 0.38 NA NA Ermolaev, Lalander, and
Vinnerås (2019)
6. 6.687 NA NA Nugroho et al. (2023)
7. 3.2 NA NA Salomone et al. (2017)

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Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2024, 25(1), 60–72
impacts of processing food waste using other
methods. Food waste processing in Indonesia
has contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emis-
sions, estimated at 10.73 Gg CO2eq/year by 2030
(Budihardjo, Humaira, Ramadan, Wahyunin-
grum, & Huboyo, 2023). The dierent numbers
in Table 2 show the impact on global warming of
food processing using the BSF, composting, and
landlling methods. In this case, landlling has
a more signicant gure when compared to BSF
and composting. The dierent global warming
potential values for each type of processing in-
dicate a form of climate change mitigation due to
food waste. It can be seen that the global warming
potential value of the BSF method is much less
when compared to other methods, which means
that the form of mitigation from processing food
waste using the BSF method is the greatest.
Compared to composting and open piling, waste
processing with BSF can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions (CH4, N2O, and NH3). Therefore, it can
help mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions that
cause climate change (Pang et al., 2020).
If the global warming potential resulting from
processing with BSF is compared with compost-
ing and landlling, it has the lowest value (see Ta-
ble 2). Table 2 shows that processing food waste
using BSF can prevent climate change through a
global warming potential of 1,201.58 kg CO2eq
(Ferronato et al., 2023). This value is also not
much dierent when compared to the opinion
of Mondello et al. (2017) that the mitigation that
can be done from BSF processing is 1,143.4 kg
CO2eq. This value compares food waste process-
ing using the BSF and landlling methods. An-
other mitigation measure that can be applied is
reducing the GWP value by 76 kg CO2eq, which
is the dierence between the GWP value of the
BSF method and the composting method (Merte-
nat et al., 2019). Other research also shows that
processing food waste using the BSF method has
a low global warming potential value, no more
than 10 kg CO2eq.
CONCLUSION
On the basis on the latest research and prog-
ress in mitigating the impact of food waste through
processing using the BSF method, the following
are recommendations and future research direc-
tions to be able to develop research studies on
reducing the environmental impact that has the
potential for climate change due to food waste by
comparing the BSF processing method with the
other waste processing method. Further research
is needed to optimize the magnitude of the impact
of mitigating food waste processing using the
BSF method on potential climate change in In-
donesia. There is still a need for more research in
Indonesia, so the data obtained is still small, and
references are still taken from countries world-
wide. With the development of this research, the
Indonesian government and society can nd out
more about how signicant the impact of climate
change is from food waste and the magnitude of
the impact after processing food waste.
CONCLUSIONS
Climate change is one of the consequences of
the large amount of waste generated worldwide, es-
pecially in Indonesia. One of the human activities
that can cause climate change is food waste. It con-
tains the potential for global warming as a cause of
climate change. Processing food waste using the
BSF method is a form of mitigation of the impact
of food waste. It is known that the mitigation of
the impact of food waste through processing using
the BSF method is 1,201.58 kg CO2eq and 1,143.4
kg CO2eq when compared to landlling and 76 kg
CO2eq when compared to the composting method.
The reduced GWP value due to processing food
waste using the BSF method is a form of mitiga-
tion for the current climate change. In the future,
this research will be helpful in directing the gov-
ernment and society to prevent a more signicant
impact on climate change due to the generation of
food waste in Indonesia and the world.
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