The Relevance of Time Management in Academic Achievement: A Critical Review of the Literature

Abstract

Time is an integral aspect of existence. Time management is a crucial determinant that impacts all aspect of living. As human life progresses, both energy and physical strength tend to diminish. It is important to do several tasks within a certain time range. Any activity performed after the way of time becomes ineffective. It is essential to live in the present moment. The objective of this research paper is to have a thorough comprehension of the basic concepts of time management and its importance. To accomplish this goal, a thorough examination of the current review of literature was undertaken. The crucial element for effective time management has been shown to be work scheduling. The study highlights and investigates whether or not academic accomplishment is influenced by factors such as time management, learning motivation, and learning facilities.

Full text

International Journal of Applied and Scientific Research (IJASR)
Vol. 1, No. 4, 2023 : 347-358
347
(
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59890/ijasr.v1i4.1008
https://journal.multitechpublisher.com/index.php/ijasr/
The Relevance of Time Management in Academic Achievement:
a Critical Review of the Literature
Zanyar Nathir Ghafar
Information Technology Department, Bright Technical and Vocational
Institute, Sulaymaneah,Kurdistan Region,Iraq
Corresponding Author: Zanyar Nathir Ghafar zanyareng92@gmail.com
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Time
management,
fundamentals, significance,
Academic achievement,
learning motivation
Received : 13, October
Revised : 15, November
Accepted: 20, December
©2023 Ghafar: This is an
open-access article distributed
under the terms of the
Creative Commons Atribusi
4.0 Internasional.
Time is an integral aspect of existence. Time
management is a crucial determinant that impacts
all aspect of living. As human life progresses, both
energy and physical strength tend to diminish. It
is important to do several tasks within a certain
time range. Any activity performed after the way
of time becomes ineffective. It is essential to live in
the present moment. The objective of this review
paper is to have a thorough comprehension of the
basic concepts of time management and its
importance. To accomplish this goal, a thorough
examination of the current review of literature
was undertaken. The crucial element for effective
time management has been shown to be work
scheduling. The study highlights and investigates
whether or not academic accomplishment is
influenced by factors such as time management,
learning motivation, and learning facilities.

Ghafar
348
INTRODUCTION
Human existence is characterized by two universal events, namely birth
and death. Life is the duration between birth and death, quantified by the
concept of time. Timeliness is essential in all aspects of life. Time is the utmost
critical component in our existence. Time is an irreversible force that has a
significant impact on our lives. The time span available to accomplish all these
things is restricted. Engaging in any activity over the designated period will
render it futile. Therefore, the timely completion of our task is of utmost
importance to all of us. Oftentimes, individuals often express dissatisfaction
with their lack of time. In modern society, individuals are required to engage in
a multitude of tasks, making it imperative to effectively allocate and use time.
Effective time management is crucial for students to achieve academic
achievement (Mohamed et al., 2018). On the other hand, (Chase et al., 2013)
emphasised the need of recognising time management as a vital aspect of
academic achievement at the school level in order to achieve research
productivity. Chairs, associate deans for research, and faculty mentors may be
very effective partners in managing duties to achieve high research
productivity. In order to enhance research output, researchers should actively
seek help from others.
Effective time management is crucial for learners who are engaged in
many organizational activities in order to efficiently allocate their time. Amidst
the demanding business activities, students must use their time wisely by
balancing their daily tasks and prioritizing their necessities. Students must
allocate their time proportionately between studying and attending frequent
organizational meetings, which occur virtually daily. If both methods are
effective, pupils may demonstrate a proficient self-management disposition.
The aim of this review paper is to give details on the impact that learning
facilities, learning motivation, and time management have on students'
academic success.
Classroom management refers to the practise used by instructors to
ensure the seamless execution of classroom teachings, even in the presence of
disruptive student behaviour. The word also conveys the notion of avoiding
disruptive behaviour. It is perhaps the most challenging component of teaching
for many educators; in fact, encountering difficulties in this domain leads others
to abandon the profession entirely. Classroom management refers to the
intricate array of deliberate actions used by a teacher to build and sustain an
environment that facilitates efficient achievement of educational goals by
learners. Classroom management as the systematic arrangement of academic
activities that are crucial for facilitating successful teaching and learning within
a particular educational environment. Classroom management gained
popularity in education throughout the 1970s and 1980s (Tavares, 1996 and
Butchart, 1995). The aim of this review paper is to confirm that a well-
developed and strategically designed classroom management technique is
clearly essential for enhancing student performance in schools. Therefore, it is
crucial for teachers to carefully consider fundamental tips when implementing
classroom behavior management strategies.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Effective Time Management
The planning, arranging, controlling, and monitoring of time
productivity is known as time management. One of the working resources that
have to be successfully and efficiently handled is time. The measure of
effectiveness is the degree to which predetermined time is used to accomplish
objectives. Being efficient is using the time at hand while cutting down on the
allotted time and investment. The goal of time management is productivity, or
the ratio of output to input. The capacity to assign time and resources to
objectives is known as time management. Strike a balance between your
personal and professional lives. Focus on the outcome rather than merely
keeping yourself occupied. Time management is more likely to relate to how
one uses time than how one manages it. People with good time management
skills will rank the jobs according to importance and devote their time and
effort to the most crucial ones first. (Ika Sandra et al., 2013)
Efficient strategizing each individual has several responsibilities
There is no need to accomplish the full assignment all at once. We have
sporadically allocated the priority to the assignment. Prioritise the major
matters above the less important ones. The work must be accomplished while
taking into account the specified priority. Time management is the process of
organising, directing, monitoring, and planning time productivity. Handling
time is a daily activity that involves setting aside time, making schedules of
things that one wants to do, scheduling, assigning tasks, and implementing
other procedures that facilitate efficient use of time. (Claessens, et al., 2007) This
indicates that a certain activity establishes priorities for activities that must be
finished in order to meet requirements and desires. The time and resources
available via task planning, scheduling, listing, organising, and approaching are
then matched with the important duties.
Establishing objectives and goals
The objectives and goals have to remain unchangeable. This is the
primary element of time management. All of our actions will be directed
towards accomplishing our aims and objectives, if any. Other activities won't be
possible. To guarantee that realistic aims and objectives are attained, prudence
must be used. One of the elements that help the teaching and learning process
succeed is the availability of learning facilities. This is definitely possible if there
is effective management and utilization along with sufficient availability. The
effectiveness of student learning is also highly influenced by the completeness
of the learning resources. Study spaces, tables, seats, lights, stationery, and
textbooks are examples of learning elements. To boost their children's learning
successes, parents should give these learning resources. According to Macan
(1990), time management involves people prioritizing their needs and desires
and organizing them based on their level of importance.

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METHODOLOGY
Timelines are essential for accomplishing goals and objectives because
they define how often they must be met. As a consequence, time management
will work. Time management is at its best when individuals have objectives and
due dates to achieve them. A common cause of time loss is the fact that people
often set objectives without allocating sufficient time to achieve them. We
would experience frustration if we were to accumulate a vast wealth yet
eventually neglect our well-being. However, by effectively managing our time,
we may avoid these setbacks. Cyril (2015) found that time management is
becoming a major worry for individuals in both their personal and professional
life, ranging from top-level managers to supervisors at the operational level.
The user's text is very short and does not provide any information.
RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Discovering fresh possibilities
Efficiently managing our time will compel us to expand our knowledge.
Delegation of responsibility, setting priorities, etc., might lead to this. Time
management goals often inspire us to take on more responsibilities and
experiences. Time management is an area where we may benefit from acquiring
new skills and knowledge. Learning motivation refers to the state of a person
characterised by a strong desire to take action in order to accomplish a certain
objective. Sahito et al., (2017) claim that motivation refers to a shift in an
individual's energy levels, accompanied by emotional and behavioural
responses, with the aim of attaining certain objectives. The development of
motivation is marked by fluctuations in an individual's capacity that might be
actualized or remain unrealized.
Educational Excellence
When educators and learners engage in the learning process, the
evaluation of students and educators includes measuring student learning
accomplishment as an outcome. This helps determine the effectiveness of the
learning process. Mindset is defined as a collection of feelings, beliefs, and
actions directed towards a certain object, person, thing, or event (Cherry, 2020).
Moreover, an individual's attitude towards a certain event, object, matter, or
person impacts their behaviour. According to Aydeniz and Kaya (2012),
individuals may either react or respond. Attitude governs conduct. An
individual's attitude is not only malleable but also subject to change depending
on the circumstances. Attitudes are shaped by several elements, including
culture (Douglas, 2002, as referenced in Abun et al., 2019), personal experiences,
social influences, conditioning, and observation (Cherry, 2020). Amidst the
alterations caused by COVID-19, this period presents a chance to examine
pupils' perception of time in light of these conditions.
Organizing time to preference
Engaging in productive activities and accomplishing duties according to
a predetermined timetable are fundamental elements of effective time
management. This indicates that we are allocating time to our desires and to

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what is crucial for our development. The realization of our ambitions is
contingent upon our investment of time and effort. According to the study
conducted by Sayari et al. (2017), there is a notable correlation between the
planning of time and one's attitude towards time, which in turn affects
academic performance. King (2002) identified extrinsic factors that might hinder
an individual's ability to effectively manage their time, impacting their time
allocation, capacity, and effectiveness. Hong et al. (2021) emphasised the
phenomenon of people, particularly students, who engage in procrastination
during lockdowns, particularly in the context of online learning. The research
also highlighted the need for more self-restraint as a result of the heightened
amount of independence granted during this phase. The research conducted on
Malaysian tertiary students revealed that 67% of the participants were classified
as "Procrastinators" and 12% as "Serious Procrastinators". This finding raises
concerns about academic performance and student wellness (Bakar & Khan,
2016). Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the correlation between time
disposition and time management, particularly in light of the ongoing
transformations occurring in the educational setting amidst a worldwide health
emergency.
Another fundamental problem arises from the inseparability of
management's applied science character when considering both managerial and
non-managerial consequences. This is due to the fact that many variables, such
as organisational design, structure, personalities, group dynamics, and learning
capacity, differ. Therefore, managers have the difficulty of operating with a
balanced and successful strategy. The application of management theories
varies across different kinds of businesses and people in various contexts. The
recent trends have prompted a shift towards comparative management theory,
which emphasises the study of cross-cultural dynamics and variations within
cultures, including those that transcend national boundaries or cultural
groupings of nations, as well as variations in organisational contexts (Sridhar,
2017).
Effective classroom management
It is essential for facilitating teaching and learning within a school
environment. An well organised classroom may provide a stimulating and
energetic experience for all participants. Regrettably, student behaviour may
often hinder this approach. Effective classroom management involves not only
ensuring that students cooperate in minimising misbehaviour and that the
teacher can intervene effectively when misbehaviour occurs, but also ensuring
that valuable academic activities are consistently taking place. The overall
classroom management system should be designed to maximise student
engagement in these activities, rather than solely focusing on minimising
misbehaviour. By promoting good and uplifting behaviour in one classroom, it
often extends to other classes, so expanding the safe atmosphere beyond a
single classroom. A secure and constructive learning environment may have a
beneficial impact on student performance, as well as their emotional and social
well-being. Short-term planning and long-term planning are two of the three

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fundamental parts of time management behaviour, according to Britton and
Tesser (1991), who underlined the importance of these two categories. Based on
the findings of the research, it was found that short-term planning is more
advantageous and less difficult to implement than long-term planning since it is
more attainable and adaptable to make adjustments. In short-range planning,
various tasks or responsibilities for a short period of time, such as a week or a
day, are outlined and prioritised.
On the other hand, long-range planning is quite similar to short-range
planning, but it takes into consideration larger time periods, such as half-years
or years. In their research, Adams and Blair (2019) found that there is a positive
correlation between short-term planning and students' average grade point
average. On the other hand, respondents in Mercanlioglu's study (2010) were
more conscious and attentive to their short-term planning in comparison to
their long-term planning. On the other hand, the research conducted by
Pehlivan (2013) demonstrated that there is a statistically significant correlation
between long-term planning and the grades collected.
The role of teachers in classroom management
Teachers have transitioned into a new era of overseeing and organising
classrooms. In response to emerging issues in the early years of the twenty-first
century, educators and administrators have sought different methods to
effectively handle classroom management. Nevertheless, the task of resolving
classroom management dilemmas is challenging due to the lack of consensus
over the definition of successful classroom management strategies. Classroom
management and discipline are key aspects of the classroom atmosphere that
are within the teacher's control. The classroom environment, which encouraged
learning and allowed students to actively participate in academic activities, had
a significant impact on the favourable evaluation of the teacher's classroom
management and its correlation with their success in physics. Classroom
management encompasses all the deliberate or impromptu activities and
interactions that take place inside a classroom. There has been a noticeable
increase in interest in the field of classroom management in recent years. The
classroom environment plays a significant role in classroom management, as it
may either foster students' success or hinder their talents, leading to more
failures. The classroom environment and classroom management are distinct
concepts, since the former pertains to the emotional experience of students
inside the classroom. Classroom management primarily concerns itself with the
establishment and enforcement of procedures, routines, and expectations. Due
to the scarcity of time, it is necessary to allocate time for thoughtful and
strategic planning. Pehlivan (2013) claimed that by prioritising time
management, one might uncover the key to a prosperous life. In the absence of
adequate preparation, there is a risk of encountering obstacles or overlooking
important details, which may lead to increased time, effort, and financial
resources required to address the subsequent repercussions.

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The wasting of time
Time wasters may be defined as actions or topics that are unproductive
and are regarded to be a waste of time. Engaging in activities that squander
time does not provide any beneficial results and distracts an individual from
their established objectives or ambitions. Profligate utilisation of time on mobile
devices and social media (Bazin, 2016), socialising with peers, watching
television or YouTube shows, or engaging in computer gaming are but a few of
instances of activities that consume time unnecessarily. According to Abraham
et al. (2018), smoking was also identified as a kind of time wastage. In their
research, Nemickienė and Nemickaite (2020) discovered that first-year students
who devoted a significant portion of their leisure time to unproductive
activities like as social media, mobile phones, and socialising with guests lacked
the ability to decline these distractions or allocate them to more suitable time
slots. The research further proposed that students at this level need guidance in
effectively selecting objectives and pressing chores for the day. In addition, the
research also emphasised the importance of pupils possessing self-discipline in
time management.
The failure to manage time-wasting activities may result in undue stress
and disruption in everyday affairs that need attention, particularly those with
time constraints. Occasionally, people are oblivious to the fact that they are
squandering their time on pointless activities until someone brings it to their
attention (Bazin, 2016). Rai, A. (2016) cited in Ng et al., 2016, p. 433) reported
that Malaysian teenagers dedicate 32.6 hours per day to media-related
activities, facilitated by the ability to multitask made available by technology.
Classical theories about Management
Classical theory, also referred to as the conventional theory of
management, is another term used to describe it. The first viewpoint within the
classical management school of thinking is the "scientific management
perspective." Frederick W. Taylor is recognised as the "father of scientific
management" for introducing the concept of finding the most efficient method
to do tasks, often known as scientific management or Taylorism (Ghuman &
Aswathapa, 2010). Time and motion analysis is a scientific method used to
study the physical actions and needs necessary to complete a job (Khurana,
2009). The concept of Taylorism aligns with Adam Smith's emphasis on division
of labour and specialization, resulting in increased output (Khurana, 2009;
Robbins and Coulter, 2012). The people are seen as machines, disregarding the
demoralising and inhumane consequences of jobs on the workers (Ghuman and
Aswathapa, 2010). Furthermore, Taylor initiated a separate investigation called
the "science of shovelling" to determine the most efficient weight for workers to
carry. As a result, improved shovels were introduced to enhance output, while
increased compensation served as a motivating factor (Ghuman and
Aswathapa, 2010). In the same time period, Frank and Lillian introduced the
concept of "applied motion study," which aimed to decrease the number of
movements required to complete a job in order to enhance efficiency and
achieve both worker satisfaction and profitability (Caramerla, 2018). Henry L.

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Gantt created a Gantt chart to assess productivity and efficiency in relation to
tasks and salary bonuses (Sheldrake, 2003). The Gantt chart provides a visual
representation of daily tasks and their allocation to achieve optimal efficiency in
a consistent way (Sheldrake, 2003). Both aforementioned works were influenced
by the philosophy of Taylorism. Organisations nowadays use project
management tools and procedures to get the most efficient outcomes and
eliminate waste, which demonstrates the application of "applied motion" in
operations (Caramela, 2018).
Pertaining to project management, Programme Evaluation and Review
Technique charts are contemporary managerial instruments that use visual
means to effectively oversee the allocation of time and resources for a project
(Sullivan, 2017). In the present day, the scientific management technique is still
used, but with certain adjustments. Currently, several websites provide online
solutions via interactive sessions, free courses, and blog discussions. These
resources are all rooted in Henry Gantt's management theory (Sullivan, 2017).
Harrington Emerson outlined twelve principles of efficiency that assist
managers in establishing targets, devising systematic assessment techniques,
implementing standardized processes, and providing incentives to personnel
(Sridhar, 2017). The primary limitation of this ideology is its exclusive focus on
workers via an economic perspective, disregarding the fact that workers'
actions are not just driven by money motivations. Other requirements, such as
social, security, and esteem needs, also influence their behavior (Sridhar, 2017).
Furthermore, there are various approaches to starting a work instead of
depending on a single optimal strategy, since the circumstances vary and even
two persons may execute the same job differently (Sridhar, 2017).
The classical theory focused on efficiency and the functional approach,
using logical reasoning, with organization as its central topic. Conversely, the
person-centric approach was centered on the neo-classical school of thought,
which emphasized experimental and descriptive parts while using higher
deductive reasoning. However, revisionists used behavioral and quantitative
approaches, using inductive reasoning and conducting rigorous experiments.
The contemporary school of management primarily emphasizes logical
reasoning and the practical application of management principles to specific
circumstances (Sridhar, 2017). In the age of digitization and computer use the
concept of classical theory was centered upon organizational efficiency and the
functional method, which was based on logical reasoning. Conversely, the
person-centric approach focused on the neo-classical school, emphasizing
experimental descriptive components and using higher deductive reasoning.
However, revisionists used both behavioral and quantitative approaches, using
inductive reasoning and conducting thorough and comprehensive experiments.
The contemporary school of management primarily emphasises logical
reasoning and the practical application of management principles to specific
circumstances (Sridhar, 2017). During the period of digitalization and computer
use, quantitative approaches were employed to evaluate the significance of
management in contemporary businesses.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The passing of time is the single most important factor in human life.
Every single one of us came into this world as curious guests. The fact that time
is an essential component of human life is shown by this outcome. One must do
a large number of chores while simultaneously finding pleasure in this activity.
The number of jobs that individuals are required to do in their day-to-day lives
has significantly increased, despite the fact that industrialization has resulted in
the development of a considerable number of different types of machinery. It is
crucial that we use efficient time management in order to guarantee that we are
neither overworked nor underburdened with responsibilities. Using a wide
array of tools, it is feasible to accomplish this goal. If you want to be able to
manage your time properly, it is essential to prioritise the obligations. The
results of this research suggest that the origins of disruptive behaviour in the
classroom may be attributed, in a broader sense, to society as a whole, and more
specifically to schools, instructors, children, and parents. Both educators and
students have a crucial role to fulfil in developing efficient classroom
management. While it may seem that maintaining order in the classroom is only
the responsibility of the instructors, these findings clearly demonstrate that
students and society as a whole also have a role to play in ensuring smooth
classroom activities without any disturbances.
ADVANCED RESEARCH
Time management plays a crucial role in efficient classroom management.
By prioritizing obligations and utilizing various time management tools and
techniques, both teachers and students can create a structured learning
environment that promotes engagement and minimizes disruptions. It is
important for all stakeholders, including schools, instructors, children, and
parents, to recognize the significance of time management in achieving
successful classroom management.

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