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The Invention of Heterosexuality

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Abstract

“Heterosexuality,” assumed to denote a universal sexual and cultural norm, has been largely exempt from critical scrutiny. In this boldly original work, Jonathan Ned Katz challenges the common notion that the distinction between heterosexuality and homosexuality has been a timeless one. Building on the history of medical terminology, he reveals that as late as 1923, the term “heterosexuality” referred to a "morbid sexual passion," and that its current usage emerged to legitimate men and women having sex for pleasure. Drawing on the works of Sigmund Freud, James Baldwin, Betty Friedan, and Michel Foucault, The Invention of Heterosexuality considers the effects of heterosexuality’s recently forged primacy on both scientific literature and popular culture. “Lively and provocative.”—Carol Tavris, New York Times Book Review “A valuable primer . . . misses no significant twists in sexual politics.”—Gary Indiana, Village Voice Literary Supplement “One of the most important—if not outright subversive—works to emerge from gay and lesbian studies in years.”—Mark Thompson, The Advocate

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... Grundsätzlich ging es Katz darum, die Mythen der naturgegebenen Heterosexualität des Menschen zu destabilisieren, die Heterosexualität mit den Imperativen der Fortplanzung, der Geschlechtertrennung und mannweiblicher Anziehung verbanden: Heterosexualität sei eine bestimmte historische Ausgestaltung der Geschlechter und ihrer Lüste; die heterosexuelle Ethik und der Glaube an eine ewige Heterosexualität gebe es erst seit den 1920er Jahren (Katz 1995: 14). Historiograisch müsse danach zwischen einer präheterosexuellen und einer heterosexuellen Zeit, zusammengefügt durch eine Übergangsphase im spätviktorianischen Zeitalter, unterschieden werden (Katz 1990). ...
... Allerdings habe die Erindung des Konzeptes «Heterosexualität» dafür gesorgt, dass Männer und Frauen mit einem «profound, sure sense of normalcy» Lust empfunden hätten. In seiner Monograie sollte er dann jedoch einen deutlich diskurshistoristischen Standpunkt einnehmen: eine Geschichte der Heterosexualität könne nicht vor das Jahr 1869 zurückreichen (Katz 1990;Katz 1995: 10). Diese Ausrichtung auf eine Diskursgeschichte der Sexualitätskonzepte und der politischen Auseinandersetzung in den transatlantischen Gesellschaften, vor allem in Nordamerika, Deutschland und Großbritannien, hat aber sicherlich den Fokus zu sehr verengt. ...
... Gracias a la crítica feminista y a los estudios LGTBQ sabemos que la heterosexualidad es, más que una práctica sexual, una posición de poder (Wittig, 2006(Wittig, [1992; Ned Katz, 2007Katz, [1995; Guasch, 2007). Por tanto, la sexualidad no se puede pensar únicamente en términos biológicos, sino que se trata también de un elemento cargado de connotaciones sociales y culturales que han cambiado a lo largo de la historia (Plummer, 1991). ...
... Gracias a la crítica feminista y a los estudios LGTBQ sabemos que la heterosexualidad es, más que una práctica sexual, una posición de poder (Wittig, 2006(Wittig, [1992; Ned Katz, 2007Katz, [1995; Guasch, 2007). Por tanto, la sexualidad no se puede pensar únicamente en términos biológicos, sino que se trata también de un elemento cargado de connotaciones sociales y culturales que han cambiado a lo largo de la historia (Plummer, 1991). ...
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En este artículo se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre las implicaciones y retos de la diversidad sexual y de género para el Trabajo Social. Para ello el autor analiza la feminización de la profesión desde una perspec-tiva crítica que reivindica las oportunidades y fortalezas de la ausencia del carácter varonil en la disciplina. El texto se organiza a través de tres ejes fundamentales relacionados entre ellos: (a) la subalternidad como lugar de seguridad para las personas LGTB, lo que confronta las lógicas heterosexuales dominantes que a menudo se asumen como obvias dentro del ejercicio profesional. (b) La posición como punto clave, en tanto que la neutralidad no es posible, se interpela e invita a la disciplina y a los profesionales a tomar una posición respecto a la diversidad sexual y al género, y (c) el Trabajo Social como acción política feminista, transfeminista y queer en el cual se proponen alianzas con otras disciplinas y activistas por la liberación sexual y de géner que puedan contribuir a mejorar el bienestar de las personas LGTB. Finalmente, se presentan una conclusiones que a modo de reflexión proporcionan algunas ideas y apuestas políticas para repensar el Trabajo Social.
... As such, the implied biological ontology often discourages critical deconstruction. Nevertheless, though same-sex and same-gender sexual behaviors are recorded throughout human history, the social construction of sexuality is evidenced by its modernist invention: until the late 1800s, homosexual and heterosexual identities did not exist in Westernized societies (Katz 2007). However, as the institution of medicine, particularly sexology and psychiatry, became increasingly intrigued with dichotomizing human characteristics, it normalized heterosexuality and pathologized homosexuality. ...
... mesmos movimentos assim como o seu papel fundamental no âmbito das teorias feministas emergentes, como é o caso, por exemplo, de Adrienne Rich(RICH, 1980) -em espaços de destaque tanto nacionais quanto internacionais, o tema central do patriarcado e da heteronormatividade(KATZ, 1990(KATZ, , 1995TIN, 2009) permanece ainda vinculado a questões maiores como classe e "raça". do ressurgimento de um feminismo radical5 , do qual várias pensadoras como Christine Delphy e Monique Wittig são, na França, as herdeiras diretas, as questões sexuais e identitárias se tornam também elementos essenciais de 3 Ver Louise Michel e a revolta Canaca (1878). ...
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O objetivo deste artigo é (re)pensar a(s) história(s) do tempo presente à luz das teorias feministas que, através dos conceitos de interseccionalidade, subalternidade e decolonialidade, oferecem uma visão ao mesmo tempo fecunda e renovada. No cerne da abordagem, a ideia de contornar/submergir as visões hegemônicas, totalizantes e / ou dominantes, para aclarar a contrário a pluralidade de existência(s)/experiência(s) e modalidades práticas, teóricas e simbólicas de sua(s) múltiplas expressão(ões) por meio de pluri-interpretação(ões)/reflexão(ões) pensadas de maneira horizontal (ao nível do solo, pode-se dizer) e não hierárquica(s). Aqui um multifocal de segmentos polimórficos, traços difusos e narrativas fragmentárias emergiria, formando corpo-unidade não por categorização-hierarquização fixista, mas por justaposição-coabitação lábil, propondo uma visão verdadeiramente humana e universal. Palavras-chave: teorias feministas; interseccionalidade; subalternidade; decolonialidade; feminicídio/ecocídio.
... A key first step, critical reflection on privilege and on how the individual actions of the nondisabled contribute to larger social barriers, is missing from most discussions, policy, and research on disability (Hirsh and Olson 1995;Johnson 2006). If researchers only study oppressed social groups, they perpetuate the view that the privileged group is natural, normal, and perfect (Katz 1995). Sociologists will better understand the social construction of disability if they more deeply examine nondisabled privilege and problematize nondisabled beliefs and practices. ...
... However, the term heterosexual is the product of the twentieth century. Katz (1995) in his book "The Invention of Heterosexuality" discusses the evolution of the term heterosexuality. According to him, the term entered the English language a little more than a hundred years ago. ...
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ABSTRACT Sexuality is a central aspect of humanity and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles and relationships. Whilst sexuality can include all of these dimensions, not all of them are always experienced or expressed. Sexuality is influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, ethical, legal, historical, religious and spiritual factors . Up until now, the human rights reporting and media coverage of the LBGT community from Iran has mainly been compiled and documented from those who left Iran and are living in exile. There have been very few, if any, research studies undertaken on the LGB community in contemporary Iranian society and how the LGB community is viewed from the individual’s own perspective. In essence, there is scarcely any information about the experiences of LGB individuals in Iran. More specifically, there has been little or no research about their lives and how LGB people in Iran feel that their experiences are affected by their sexual identity. This study attempts to fill this gap on this important subject. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first study conducted inside Iran exploring LGB in Iran. The present research study contributes a unique dimension to the literature on LGB by focusing specifically on Iran. This study examines this unvisited field of sexuality in Iran by looking into the multiple complex dimensions of sexual identity and nuances within the LGB community against a rising recognition of one’s sexual orientation. This study challenges misunderstandings of LGB and sexuality in Iran by scrutinising the myths and narratives that have so often misinformed gender, development policy and practice, in order to inspire a more inclusive approach. This study is incredibly complex as it gives more than just a simple overview of sexual orientation and thoughts about gender within the spheres of the individuals’ private and public lives. For the first time, this intense research centred on in-depth interviews with over 300 individuals (60% male and 40% female) in 3 major Iranian cities: Tehran, Mashhad and Isfahan. This study addresses the challenges arising from contemporary changes in gender relationships and how this is played out in Iran whilst providing readers, LGB communities, universities and research centres, public and social advocates and students with the theoretical and methodological frameworks in which LGB is explored and researched. The purposes and key aims of this research project are to understand the perceptions, beliefs and of LGB in Iran through critical analysis from the individuals themselves and the challenges they face living in a religious, class based traditional and patriarchal bound society that has rejected LGB as an identity. It is here where this study begins to seek why. The necessity of focusing on the LGB society and the vulnerability of its oppressed and silenced members was the motivation to shed light on the state of affairs of LGB individuals who have been intentionally neglected and socially marginalised. This study weaves together phenomenological, hermeneutic, post-modern, and depth-psychological approaches to create a methodology of subjectivity suitable for researching the LGB experience that encompasses the examiner's own intuitions and feelings in the research study’s verification criteria for safeguarding “objectivity”. This approach places the individual as the final arbiter of any psychological discovery and, thus, provides unique solutions for the understanding of sacred phenomena that are firmly grounded in the felt-experience of embodied subjectivity. Methodology (organization of the study, sampling, structures, measures) The data for this research study was collected over the course of one year between 2016 and 2017. Most projects of this nature lack sound methodology and often suffer under the almost inevitable weakness of convenience sampling. LGB individuals in Iran belong to a silenced minority who often are compelled to hide their sexual orientation from their families and friends out of a well-founded fear of reprisals and social rejection. Although this study that the 300 individuals may not be representative of the general population of LGB individuals in Iran but by far 300 interviews are more than enough to achieve a high standard and credible research method. This research study undoubtedly offers a window into the lives of LGB individuals in Iran who live covert lives. It is the hope that the findings and conclusions in this study will lead to new policies and interventions. Hopefully future research studies should replicate this research with a larger, possibly nationally representative population, and outline the extent to which results vary by individual who identified as LGB. The study is retrospective; adults provided information about experiences that took place during their adolescent years. This plausibly lends itself to bias recall when describing specific family reactions to their LGB identity. To minimize this concern, this study created measures that queried as objectively as possible whether or not a specific family behaviour or response related to their LGB identity actually occurred. Additionally there was concern that respondents either will not answer sensitive questions regarding sexual orientation or will answer inaccurately. In particular, the study took extra precautions to enhance the privacy of the survey environment to encourage respondents to respond to sensitive questions sufficiently without feeling shy or self-conscious. A unique feature of the scope of this research study is that it focuses only on LGB and not Transgender and or Transsexual individuals (who possess two different sides of sexuality that operate simultaneously). Transgender is normally part of the LGBT acronym. Transsexuals have been intentionally excluded from this study as their status in Iran is somewhat legally approved. Whilst they are recognized and legitimized in Iran, their situation is still dependent on one Fatwa line that allows them to undergo sex-change operations. In the mid-1980s a Fatwa by Iran's Supreme Cleric Imam Khomeini allowed transgender individuals officially recognized by the government to undergo sex reassignment surgery. As of 2008, Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except for Thailand. The government typically pays up to half the cost (and in some case in full) for those needing financial assistance, and the sex change is duly noted and recognised on the birth certificate. As promising as this legal permission seems to be it is still not immune from sudden changes. For example, at any time a supreme cleric can issue a superseding fatwa revoking this right and thus deny Transgender basic civil and social rights. This important fact has been one of the reasons to exclude Transsexuals from this research in addition to the fact that transsexuals in Iran have already been studied and widely written about. Although Transsexuals as an identifiable group suffer from the same problems as homosexuals, such as labelling, violations and bullying the crucial difference is that the government does not deny their existence. Transsexuals in comparison to LGB individuals face less stigmatization and ostracisation in Iran. (For further discussion see Chapter LGBT Rights in Iran). There was also a very genuine pressing concern amongst the researchers about sensitization and drawing attention to Transsexuals’ relatively fragile position in Iranian society. This concern equally underlined the decision to concentrate the research study on LGB individuals and exclude trans genders. Thus, taking into consideration time constraints, it was decided to focus the research study on LGB attitudes, feelings, beliefs, experiences and reactions in Iran in order to gain a larger amount of information over a shorter period of time. The necessity of focusing on LGB society and the vulnerability of its very oppressed and silenced members is of paramount importance. Nevertheless, in addressing LGB in Iranian society this is not to dismiss the various threats the transgender community faces, including being stigmatised, excluded, social or marital rejection, alienation and economic reprisals. To read related articles and to download click here: https://kameelahmady.com/fgm/ https://kameelahmady.com/lgbts/
... However, the term heterosexual is the product of the twentieth century. Katz (1995) in his book "The Invention of Heterosexuality" discusses the evolution of the term heterosexuality. According to him, the term entered the English language a little more than a hundred years ago. ...
Book
Full-text available
چکیده جنسیت یکی از مهم¬ترین ابعاد زندگی انسان است که شامل هویت‌ها و نقش‌های جنسی و جنسیتی، گرایش‌های جنسی، شهوت، لذت، صمیمیت و تولیدمثل می‌شود. جنسیت در افکار، رؤیاپردازی‌ها، امیال، باورها، دیدگاه‌ها، ارزش‌ها، رفتارها، رویه‌ها، نقش‌ها و روابط افراد خود را نشان می‌دهد. در حالی که جنسیت می‌تواند این ابعاد را دربربگیرد، همة آنها همواره تجربه یا ابراز نمی‌شوند. جنسیت تحت تأثیر تعاملات زیستی، روانی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی، اخلاقی، حقوقی، تاریخی، مذهبی و عوامل معنوی نیز قرار دارد. تا امروز، گزارش‌ها و پوشش‌هایی رسانه‌ای دربارة اجتماع دگرباشان ایرانی تهیه شده است؛ اما بیشتر این گزارش‌ها مجموعه‌های جمع‌آوری و مستندشده از کسانی¬اند که ایران را ترک کرده¬اند و در سرزمین دیگری زندگی می‌کنند. دربارۀ دگرباشان جامعة معاصر ایران و اینکه به این اجتماع از زاویۀ دید خودشان چطور نگاه می‌شود، مطالعات پژوهشی محدودی صورت گرفته است. تقریباً هیچ اطلاعاتی دربارة تجربیات افراد دگرباش ساکن ایران وجود ندارد. به طور خاص، هیچ پژوهشی دربارة زندگی و احساسات آنها در ایران و چگونگی تأثیرپذیری تجربیاتشان از هویت جنسی در دست نیست یا اگر هست، بسیار محدود است. این پژوهش بر آن است تا این شکاف علمی را دربارۀ موضوعی تا این حد مهم پر کند. براساس اطلاعات من، این اولین پژوهشی است که در داخل ایران دربارة دگرباشان صورت گرفته است. این پژوهش به متون موجود دربارة دگرباشان با تمرکز بر جغرافیای ایران بعدی ویژه اضافه می‌کند. این مطالعة مردم‌شناسانه، حوزة نادیدة جنسیت در ایران را با نگاه به جنبه‌های متعدد و پیچیدة هویت جنسی و ظرافت‌های آن در اجتماع دگرباشان، در بستر شناخت روبه¬فزونی از گرایش‌های جنسی بررسی می‌کند. در عین حال، کج‌فهمی‌های رایج دربارة دگرباشان و جنسیت در ایران را به چالش می‌کشد و افسانه‌ها و روایت‌هایی را که اغلب سبب شناخت نادرست از جنسیت و تدوین سیاست‌ها و رویه‌های اشتباه شده‌اند، نقد می‌کند تا زمینه‌ساز رویکردی جامع‌تر شود. این مطالعه بسیار پیچیده است؛ چراکه فراتر از نگاهی کلی و ساده به گرایش جنسی و افکار مربوط به جنسیت در حوزة زندگی خصوصی و عمومی فرد است. برای اولین بار، این تحقیق بر مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 300 نفر (60 درصد مرد و 40 درصد زن) در سه شهر بزرگ ایران (تهران، مشهد و اصفهان) متمرکز شد. در این کار، چالش‌های برخاسته از تغییرات عصر حاضر در روابط جنسیتی و چگونگی این تعاملات در ایران بررسی شد و در عین حال، چهارچوب‌های نظری و روشمندی‌ به خوانندگان، دگرباشان، دانشگاه‌ها و مراکز پژوهشی، فعالان عرصة عمومی و اجتماعی و دانشجویان ارائه ‌شد تا دگرباشان براساس آنها مطالعه و بررسی شوند. اهداف اصلی این پروژة تحقیقی، درک احساسات و باورها حول دگرباشان در ایران از طریق تحلیل انتقادی از نگاه خود این افراد و بررسی چالش‌هایی است که آنها بر اثر زندگی در جامعه‌ای مذهبی، طبقه‌محور، سنتی و پدرسالار، که دگرباشی را به¬مثابه هویت رد می‌کند، تجربه می‌کنند. پرسش این پژوهش از همین¬جا شروع می‌شود. ضرورت تمرکز بر اجتماع دگرباشان و آسیب‌پذیری این افراد سرکوب‌شده و به سکوت واداشته¬شده انگیزه‌ای شد برای روشنگری دربارۀ وضعیت این افراد که عامدانه نادیده گرفته شده و از سوی اجتماع به حاشیه رانده شده‌اند. این پژوهش از تلفیقی از رویکردهای پدیدارشناسانه، هرمنوتیکی، پسامدرن و روان‌شناختی بهره می‌برد تا روشی نظری را به وجود آورد که برای پژوهش دربارة تجربة دگرباشی مناسب باشد و در عین حال، شهود و احساسات خود پژوهشگر را هم در معیار تأیید مطالعه برای حفظ «عینیت» دربربگیرد. این روش فرد را داور نهایی هر کشف روان‌شناسانه می‌داند و بنابراین راه¬حل‌های خاص برای درک پدیده‌های مقدسی به دست می‌دهد که به شدت در تجربیات ذهنی ریشه دارند. برای دسترسی به نسخه کامل مقاله و دیکر مطالب مرتبط به این لینک مراجعه کنید: https://kameelahmady.com/fa/lesbian-gays-and-bisexual-in-iran/
... A resposta moderada, por sua vez, pode redundar em um paradoxo: como sustentar a igualdade entre as orientações sexuais (e, por conseguinte, suprimir a homofobia), se, como sustenta Katz (1995), a heterossexualidade se define precisamente pela negação e desvalorização da homossexualidade? Dito de outro modo: cuida-se de tentar conciliar o inconciliável. ...
Chapter
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Apontar as relações e as diferenças entre os conceitos de homofobia, heterossexualidade compulsória e heteronormatividade.
... Kimmel (1993) discussed the work that the invisibility of men's gender does in terms of preserving it. Katz (1995) discussed the invisibility of heterosexuality as a named sexual identity and how that worked to help reiterate heteronormativity. Invisibility, in each of these subfields, was framed as more than a fact or observation of social privilege and structured advantage-invisibility was one of the principle mechanisms of social reproduction. ...
Article
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Feminist scholarship on masculinities ossified into a recognizable “subfield” of gender studies, in part, through systematically centering the work of a very small group of white men. This process of collective centering works as an effective “exclusionary practice” that I argue hinders both the scholarly and political potential of this field. This article examines the transformation of the status of the subfield alongside an examination of women’s contributions to feminist scholarship on masculinities, and an emergent politics of citation that works to reproduce inequality within this subfield. In addition to identifying the processes by which a small group of white men have accumulated a disproportionate amount of power and status within “masculinities studies” as problematic, I also question the lack of critical dialogue and debate between various subfields examining systems of power and structured advantage. Here, I put masculinities studies into conversation with whiteness studies, critical heterosexualities studies, research on elites, and more to argue that there should be more dialogue between scholars doing research in these areas. Disrupting exclusionary practices in masculinities studies with both political and practical intent will better situate feminist scholars of masculinities to adapt their scholarship to transformations in the character and form of durable systems of inequality as well as identifying emergent processes and mechanisms of social reproduction.
... Einen weiteren Bezugspunkt stellen "queer"-historische Analysen über Sexualitäts-und Homosexualitätskonzepte dar (Sandilands/ Erickson 2010: 6ff., auch z.B. Vicinus 1993Katz 1990;Greenberg 1988). Danach gab es einen Wandel im Verständnis homosexuellen Verhaltens als "sündiger Exzess" und moralische Transgression "normaler" Menschen, hin zu seiner Interpretation im 17. ...
... Michael Kimmel (1993) discussed the work that the invisibility of men's gender does in terms of preserving it. Jonathan Ned Katz (1995) discussed the invisibility of heterosexuality as a named sexual identity and how that worked to help reiterate heteronormativity. Invisibility, in each of these subfields, was framed as more than a fact or observation of social privilege and structured advantageinvisibility was one of the principle mechanisms of social reproduction. ...
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Feminist scholarship on masculinities ossified into a recognizable “subfield” of gender studies, in part, through systematically centering the work of a very small group of white men. This process of collective centering works as an effective “exclusionary practice” that I argue hinders both the scholarly and political potential of this field. This article examines the transformation of the status of the subfield alongside an examination of women’s contributions to feminist scholarship on masculinities, and an emergent politics of citation that works to reproduce inequality within this subfield. In addition to identifying the processes by which a small group of white men have accumulated a disproportionate amount of power and status within “masculinities studies” as problematic, I also question the lack of critical dialogue and debate between various subfields examining systems of power and structured advantage. Here, I put masculinities studies into conversation with whiteness studies, critical heterosexualities studies, research on elites, and more to argue that there should be more dialogue between scholars doing research in these areas. Disrupting exclusionary practices in masculinities studies with both political and practical intent will better situate feminist scholars of masculinities to adapt their scholarship to transformations in the character and form of durable systems of inequality as well as identifying emergent processes and mechanisms of social reproduction.
... debate, I suggest, repeat some of the main tropes in the history of homophobia and transphobia that defend against the loss of a fantasized "naturalness of gender" (Halberstam 2005;Katz 1995). The discourse, I argue, is stalled in the stall. ...
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O artigo situa as tensões teóricas e metodológicas das perspectivas queer e marxista no contexto do desenvolvimento recente do capitalismo dos EUA. O desenvolvimento material e ideológico das formas taylorista e fordista (desenvolvimento de tecnologias de produção e estímulo ao consumo de massa) tem relação direta com a reificação do erótico, pois a indução ao consumo teria levadoa uma autonomização sem precedentes do desejo sexual. A base material de produção capitalista é responsável por dissociar sexualidade e gênero e abre caminho para a reificação do erótico pela classe, sobredeterminando políticas anti-heterossexistas. No entanto, há uma dialética histórica mutuamente produtiva e constitutiva da mercadorização do desejo e de sua politização. A reificação é, também, uma inflexão produtiva, que deve ser pensada de maneira mais dialética e menos funcionalista. Nesse sentido, o artigo propõe que a cultura do consumo pode ser lida como um ponto necessário e contínuo da história moderna e da luta anti-heterossexista.
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Two of the terms most frequently used by scholars and music journalists alike to describe former The Smiths singer Morrissey's persona are ambiguous and ambivalent-an evaluation that applies among other things to his attitude towards gender and sexuality. While Morrissey refuses to classify himself in any predefined categories of gender and sexuality, his own and his band's musical canon is rife with narratives of queer desire and instances of sexual intimacy, which often allow for both a gay and a straight viewpoint. It is precisely this ambiguity that offers the possibility of an interpretation offside a compulsory heterosexuality and-normativity, therefore opening it to a queer audience. It is furthermore among the reasons why lyrics by Morrissey and The Smiths, as I will argue, qualify as queer texts. In order to establish and defend such a view, this paper will draw on Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's approach of a queer reading and her work on homosocial desire in literature, Harold Beaver's examination of homosexual signs, and Teresa de Lauretis definition of queer texts. One of the pillars of de Lauretis's classification is that of non-closure of a narrative and is thus closely linked to queer negativity and non-futurity. Morrissey and The Smiths' oeuvre offers a significant set of songs that embrace these ideas. Deriving from Jack Halberstam's concept of the queer art of failure, Lee Edelman's critique of reproductive futurism, Judith Butler's reflections on the term queer, and José Esteban Muñoz's conceptualisation of a queer utopia I will show how Morrissey uses different formulas of negativity and longing to generate power from, thus transforming them into critique of regimes of the normal. It is in this diverse and subversive expression of queer negativity and desire that Morrissey disrupts normativity and its underlying stigmatising and discriminating potential.
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چکیده بیشتر گزارش‌هایی که تاکنون دربارۀ اجتماع دگرباشان تهیه شده است، از افرادی است که در حال حاضر، ایران را ترک کرده‌اند و در سرزمین دیگری زندگی می‌کنند و هنوز اطلاعات چندانی دربارۀ تجارب و تجربیات افراد دگرباش ساکن ایران وجود ندارد. به‌طور خاص، پژوهشی دربارۀ زندگی و احساسات آنها در ایران و چگونگی تأثیرپذیری تجربیاتشان از هویت جنسی‌شان در دست نیست یا اگر هست، این اطلاعات بسیار محدود است. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا این شکاف علمی دربارۀ موضوعی تااین‌حد مهم را پر کند. این مطالعه بسیار پیچیده است، چراکه فراتر از نگاهی کلی و ساده به گرایش جنسی و افکار مربوط به جنسیت در حوزۀ زندگی خصوصی و عمومی فرد است. در این پژوهش به بررسی تاریخچۀ قوانین کشورهای مختلف با مذاهب متفاوت دربارۀ محدودیت‌های اعمال‌شده علیه حقوق دگرباشان پرداخته می‌شود. همچنین به بررسی جنبش‌های مختلف دگرباشان در نقاط مختلف جهان که جهت مقابله با این قوانین صورت گرفته است، می‌پردازد و نقش سازمان‌های بین‌المللی و حقوق بشر در تدوین قوانین حامی حقوق دگرباشان مورد مطالعه قرار خواهد گرفت و بالاخره قوانین داخلی ایران دربارۀ دگرباشان مورد واکاوی قرار می‌گیرد. اهداف اصلی این پروژۀ تحقیقی درک احساسات و باورها درمورد دگرباشان در ایران ازطریق تحلیل انتقادی از نگاه خود این افراد و بررسی چالش‌هایی است که آنها براثرِ زندگی در جامعه‌ای مذهبی، طبقه‌محور، سنتی و پدرسالار ــ که دگرباشی را به‌عنوان هویت رد می‌کند ــ تجربه می‌کنند. درواقع، پرسش این پژوهش از همین‌جا شروع می‌شود، اینکه ضرورت تمرکز بر اجتماع دگرباشان و آسیب‌پذیری این افراد سرکوب‌شده و به ‌سکوت ‌واداشته ‌شده انگیزه‌ای شد برای روشنگری دربارۀ وضعیت این افراد که عامدانه نادیده گرفته شده‌اند و ازسوی اجتماع به حاشیه رانده شده‌اند. این تحقیق بر مصاحبه‌های عمیق با بیش از 400 نفر ــ که60 درصد آنان مرد و 40 درصد زن بودند ــ در سه کلان‌شهر تهران، مشهد، و اصفهان متمرکز شد و این پژوهش درطول سال‌های 1395 و 1396 شمسی انجام شد. در این پژوهش، برای انتخاب جامعۀ هدف از روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله برفی استفاده شده است. یکی از ویژگی‌های خاص دامنۀ این مطالعه آن است که تنها بر دگرباشان گرایش جنسی تمرکز کرده است و به افراد تراجنسیتی ــ که دارای دو جنبۀ زنانه و مردانۀ جنسیت‌اند و هردوی این جنبه‌ها در وجود آنان به‌طور هم‌زمان فعال است ــ نپرداخته است. افراد تراجنسیتی به‌عمد در این مطالعه وارد نشده‌اند، چراکه در ایران، جایگاه آنها از منظر حقوقی تا حدودی تأیید شده است. بی‌شک، این مطالعۀ پژوهشی دریچه‌ای است به زندگی دگرباشان ایران که معمولاً زندگی در خفا را برگزیده‌اند و امید است یافته‌ها و نتیجه‌گیری‌های این مطالعه به سیاست‌ها و مداخلاتی نو بینجامند. کلیدواژه: دگرباش، هویت جنسی، حقوق دگرباشان، نمونه‌گیری گلوله برفی. برای دسترسی به نسخه کامل مقاله و دیکر مطالب مرتبط به این لینک مراجعه کنید: https://kameelahmady.com/fa/lesbian-gays-and-bisexual-in-iran/
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Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan transgresi seksual yang terdapat dalam novel Para Penebus Dosa karya Motinggo Busye. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah metode deskriptif analitis. Data dari novel dideskripsikan untuk memperoleh gambaran transgresi seksual. Dalam novel tersebut pelanggaran terhadap kebiasaan seksual, norma, dan kelas digambarkan melalui peristiwa seksual yang dialami oleh para tokoh, terutama tokoh perempuan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tokoh perempuan digambarkan banyak melakukan tindak transgresi dibandingkan dengan tokoh laki-laki. Analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa narator dalam novel memiliki sikap bias gender dan mendukung nilai-nilai patriarki dengan lebih banyak memberikan hukuman terhadap tokoh perempuan yang melakukan tindak transgresi seksual dibandingkan kepada tokoh laki-laki.Abstract:The paper aims at describing sexual transgression in Motinggo Busye’s “Para Penebus Dosa”. The research applies descriptive method. The sexual transgressions elaborated in the novel are presented through the deviance of sexual affairs, social norms, and class experienced by the characters, especially female character. The result of the research shows that female characters described in the story committed a lot of sexual transgressions compared to male characters. The study also reveals that the narrator in the novel has a gender bias act. Moreover, he supports values of patriarchy by giving more punishment to the female committing sexual transgression act than to the male.
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