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The Correlation Between Temperament and
Fitness for Work According to the Persian
Medicine Viewpoints
Mohammad Mahdi Mazhari 1, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani 2, Mehrdad Karimi 1, Saber Mohammadi 3,
Mohammad Hossein Ayati 1
1 Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Correspondence to:
Mohammad Hossein Ayati, School of Persian Medicine,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Telephone Number: +98 (21) 2298-8551 (Ext.: 220)
Email Address: mh-ayati@tums.ac.ir
Received 2023-02-09
Revised 2023-10-01
Accepted 2023-11-22
Abstract
Working is an inseparable part of a human being’s life, every person must have a job to earn a living.
However, working comes at a physical and mental cost not only to the working person but also to
his/her co-workers and employers, and could also aect the environment. Therefore, each poten-
tial employee must be assessed to see if they are suitable for the job and vice versa. In occupational
medicine, tness for work is now determined by clinical and paraclinical testing, which is seen
as a useful procedure, yet illnesses and accidents still happen at work. This procedure could be
facilitated and enhanced by a more all-encompassing strategy, such as the temperamental theory
in Persian medicine. Through temperamental theory, each person is assessed based on specic
signs and symptoms according to the qualities of hotness-coldness, and wetness-dryness which
can provide extra insights into an employee’s capabilities. This study aims to provide specic
characteristics of each temperament, and their relationship with personal traits that could aect
job performance, as well as job suggestions for each temperament through an extensive review
of Persian medicine books and matching them with the current occupational medicine resources.
[GMJ.2023;12:e2934] DOI:10.31661/gmj.v12i.2934
Keywords: Persian Medicine; Occupational Medicine; Temperament
Introduction
Fitness for work is one of the essential top-
ics in the occupational medicine. Its main
objective is to conduct a medical examination
of the employee and determine whether or not
s/he is totally suitable for the job s/he desires
and does not constitute a threat to themselves
or others [1, 2]. In case of job mismatch, soci-
ety and the organization will suer huge costs
due to reduced eciency, the possibility of
accidents, and the occurrence of physical and
mental illness [1]. To achieve the best job, t
and to choose the best person for a job, logi-
cal methods and models are used. Currently,
the most common method of tness for work
assessment is through occupational medicine
models, and standards. In this method, the job
requirements, and factors that inuence per-
formance are examined to check tness for
work. For job requirements, items like the
type of work (physical or intellectual activity),
workplace hazards, social and organizational
factors (working alone or in a group and inter-
acting with society), ergonomic factors, trav-
eling, and work shifts are considered. Various
factors that directly or indirectly aect job
performance include a person’s health status,
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Mazhari MM, et al. Persian Medicine Viewpoints on Fitness for Work
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Persian Medicine Viewpoints on Fitness for Work Mazhari MM, et al.
sex, anthropometrics, age, nutritional factors,
stress and mental state, sleep disorders, type
of work, fatigue, environmental factors such
as cold, heat, and pressure (high-pressure en-
vironments such as diving and low-pressure
environments, such as working at heights),
sound, vibration, and environmental pollution
are investigated [2].
In short, based on occupational medicine prin-
ciples, physical health, mental health, physical
ability and strength of the person, and envi-
ronmental factors, including hazards, should
be thoroughly examined [1-3]. One of the crit-
ical points that should be considered during
a job suitability assessment is an individual’s
personality. As a result, several viewpoints
about the relationship between personality
and job readiness have been put forward. In
the Job Preference Meter, psychologist Fred-
eric Kuder divided personality and job readi-
ness into 10 categories [4]. According to Ste-
phen P. Robbins, it is obvious that individuals
have diverse personalities and that dierent
occupations share some traits [5]. Based on
this method, many eorts were made to assign
people to suitable jobs. Isabelle Myers and her
mother, Catherine Briggs, have a unique view
on tness for work, and personality and have
tried to suggest a suitable job for each person-
ality using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI) test [6].
Despite the considerable achievements of
occupational medicine scientists and the re-
search in this eld, considering the broader
dimensions of human health and nding ways
to explain, and dene new and ecient mod-
els is required. One of the valuable sources for
nding alternative models is using tradition-
al holistic medicine, which classies people
based on their characteristics. Even today,
many of these models are used. For instance,
the ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hip-
pocrates (460–370 BC) and Galen (129–216
AD), respectively, believed that temperament
aected a person’s personality and character
[7]. Jung’s two introvert and extrovert types,
as well as the theories of Hippocrates and Ga-
len, were combined in Eysenck’s suggested
model of personality typology, to which he
added neurotic stability and instability [8].
Therefore, it seems that some ancient medical
schools, such as Persian and Chinese medi-
cine and Ayurveda, which have their roots in
history, could oer valuable insights into t-
ness for work, which can be used by updating,
combining, and matching with the science
of occupational medicine, to determine the
best job match for each person. These medi-
cal schools usually propose a comprehensive,
and holistic approach to the human being and
the environment, arguing that each person has
unique characteristics to dierentiate them
from others [9, 10].
Persian medicine is one of the medical
schools with a history of several centuries.
Persian medical scholars, including Ibn-e
Sina, are among the most outstanding Iranian
medical scholars whose Canon of Medicine
has been taught in European universities for
many years. To prescribe medicine, and pro-
vide treatment, in addition to checking the
person’s characteristics, Ibn-e Sina paid par-
ticular attention to many things, including the
job, and always investigated the role of the job
in the occurrence of the disease [9, 10]. Pay-
ing attention to the unique peculiarities of the
patients is one of the cornerstones of Persian
medicine. The term of temperament is used to
illustrate these qualities [11]. Dierent indi-
vidual anthropometrics, phenotypic, and per-
sonality markers have been used to describe
the specic circumstances of each tempera-
ment [12].
According to a person’s temperament, Per-
sian medicine oers a variety of treatments
for preserving health, including tness for job
[13]. This personality categorization in Per-
sian medicine is based on phenotype, and ob-
jective manners of the persons and therefore
is rooted in the genotype of the people. More-
over, it is developed during history generation
by generation and reaches a rational and prac-
tical model. This historical experience could
be benecial for current society by presenting
a new approach to help occupational medicine
nd better and more ecient ways to t for
work assessment.
Therefore, considering the importance of
tness for work and recruitment in occupa-
tional medicine, in addition to physical and
mental performance examinations, temper-
amental characteristics can be assessed, and
the employees can be recruited based on their
temperament [14]. Therefore, the capacity of
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3
Persian medicine can be used to improve and
facilitate tness for work assessment and in-
crease work productivity and eciency. This
article aims to discuss the role of Persian med-
icine, and its proposed insights for tness for
work.
Persian Medicine
The roots of Persian medicine go back to the
pre-Islamic era [15]. However, it ourished
during the Islamic period. Many scientists,
such as Ibn-e Sina (980-1037 AD), the author
of Canon of Medicine, Razi (854-927 AD),
the author of Al-Hawi, Akhwini (died 983
AD), the author of Hidayat al-Muta’allimin,
Jurjani (1040-1136 AD), the author of Zakhira
Khwarazmshahi, Ali bin Abbas (930-994 AD),
the author of Kamel Sana’a Tabiyeh Al-Mal-
ki, and Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD), the author
of al-Tasrif, signicantly contributed to the
medical knowledge during the 9th-13th centu-
ries AD, which is known as the golden age of
the Islamic civilization. Many books by Irani-
an scientists of this era, such as Ibn-e Sina’s
Canon of Medicine, were taught in Western
and Eastern universities until the 17th century.
Following the Renaissance, the holistic theo-
ry of Persian medicine (temperament theory)
gradually lost its position and was replaced by
molecular theory and conventional medicine
[16]. For the rst time, Iranians introduced a
temperamental approach to medicine. Later,
this word became a universal word in ancient
Iran and the Middle Ages [17]. Temperament
is divided into nine types; eight non-moderate
types which consist of four singular including
warm, cold, wet, and dry, and four combined
types including warm and wet, warm and dry,
cold and wet, cold and dry, and nally, the
moderate type [18]. Four combined modes of
temperament, including warm and wet (dam/
blood), warm and dry (safra/yellow bile), cold
and wet (balgham/phlegm), and cold and dry
(soda/black bile) and their relations with t-
ness for work are discussed.
Temperament Theory in Persian Medicine
Medical and therapeutic remedies in tradition-
al Persian medicine are planned, and provided
based on each person’s physical and mental
characteristics, called temperament. Temper-
ament (mizaj in Persian) is one of the fun-
damental concepts of Persian medicine that
plays a crucial role to provide the preventive
and therapeutic health recommendations [19,
20]. In this approach, each individual pres-
ents specic signs, and symptoms according
to the qualities of hotness-coldness and wet-
ness-dryness [21, 22]. These signs or symp-
toms, the most signicant of which are touch-
ing the skin and detecting apparent coldness
or warmth, anthropometrics of the body, the
person’s sleeping position, the color, smell,
and nature of body secretions, muscle con-
dition and the presence of body fat, reaction
to food consumption, color, consistency, and
growth of hair, personality traits, speed of
movement, and reactions, can all be used to
determine the temperament type [22].
Materials and Methods
Various words were used for ‘work’ in Persian
medical books. First, the words job and oc-
cupation were searched in several dictionar-
ies, including Dehkhoda, Nasi, and Burhan-i
Qati. Then the words equivalent to ‘work’
were extracted. The most common equiva-
lent words included: profession, occupation,
vocation, job, and career. Thus, using Noor®
software, an updated and comprehensive soft-
ware for traditional medicine books, an in-
vestigation was done regarding the literacy
of dierent words for ‘work.’ Then, all works
(modern and traditional) were reviewed in the
software. Several books that have researched
old jobs, such as Municipal Ordinances [23],
the Encyclopedia of Traditional Jobs [24] and
the Guilds from the Constitutional Revolution
to the Extinction of the Qajar Dynasty [25]
were thoroughly examined as well. The list of
jobs and their risks was prepared.
Whenever a specic job or an occupation-
al disease was mentioned, they were further
assessed for tness for work. Moreover, the
diseases caused by the lack of tness were
studied in terms of various diseases in tradi-
tional medicine, especially dystemperament
diseases, as well as their complications, which
can aect a person’s health and work. Finally,
the results were compared with occupation-
al medicine sources and where they aligned.
Ultimately, the following methods and tools
were used to collect the data: Specialized
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Mazhari MM, et al. Persian Medicine Viewpoints on Fitness for Work Persian Medicine Viewpoints on Fitness for Work Mazhari MM, et al.
books on occupational tness in occupational
medicine, traditional medicine books from the
10th-20th century.
Results
In Tables-1 and 2, the temperament types and
their relevant characteristics (signs and symp-
toms) are specied [26-31].
Relationship between Temperament and Per-
sonality Traits
Each temperament has its personality traits,
which are presented in Table-3 [26-31].
Fitness for Work based on Dierent Temper-
aments
Based on the classication of individuals
based on dierent characteristics in these four
categories (temperaments), by determining
the temperament of a person, the suitable job
for him/her could be predicted. Some exam-
ples of these tness-for-work suggestions for
each temperament are mentioned in Table-4.
Discussion
Work is generally harmful, and associated
with many risks. It may cause physical or
Table 1. Temperament Types and Their Visible Characteristics
Temperament type Visible characteristics (signs)
Warm and wet
Anthropometry: Big body with muscle predominance, big chest, big eyes, big
limbs, prominent and obvious joints, square palm.
Vascular: Prominent strong pulse, soft pulse, soft veins.
Touch: Warmth and softness to the touch of body and limbs, excessive discharge
from the eyes.
Color: Red and inamed skin, eyes, and tongue.
Hair: Soft and abundant, but hair loss happens.
Warm and dry
Anthropometry: Thin body with few muscles, small eyes, thin limbs, and small
and hidden joints.
Vascular: Strong pulse, sti and fast pulse.
Touch: Warmth and sti when touching the body and limbs.
Color: Sunny yellow skin, eyes, and tongue.
Hair: Very fast hair growth, thick, curly, and black hair.
Cold and wet
Anthropometry: Large body with a predominance of fat and loose esh, large eyes.
Vascular: Soft pulse, soft and slow pulse.
Touch: Coldness and softness in the body and limbs when touching the body, loose
and hanging skin.
Color: White-moonlight skin, white eyes, and tongue.
Hair: Thin and smooth hair, premature graying of hair.
Cold and dry
Anthropometry: Thin body, small chest, small limbs, small and hidden joints,
small eyes.
Vascular: Hidden and narrow veins, weak and sti pulse.
Touch: Coldness in the skin and limbs, dry skin.
Color: Dark color and sometimes dark spots on the skin, whiteness and lack of
blood vessels in the eye conjunctiva, dark tongue.
Hair: Full of hair, but turns white quickly.
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psychological damage to the working person
[32]. If one is working at a job that is physi-
cally and mentally suitable, these risks would
be minimized and the eciency will increase.
These mental, and physical characteristics of
the person are derived from his/her genotype.
It is possible to obtain complete and accurate
information about a person through genotype
and gene sequence analysis. However, in most
cases, it is not practical, and sometimes, sci-
entists have yet to discover all the features of a
gene [33]. Each person’s phenotype, which is
comprised of their personality and behavior-
al traits, is derived from their genotype. One
can accurately predict the genotype using the
phenotype with a high degree of condence.
The potential of identifying an individual’s
xed, unchanging traits with high accuracy
and reliability is made possible by the ex-
istence of personality and behavioral traits
[34]. Currently, there are several methods
to check tness for work, the most common
and scientic of which is using clinical and
para-clinical measures based on the principles
of occupational medicine [35]. In this meth-
od, the person goes via a physical examina-
tion and in some cases, their personality is
examined through a structured psychological
questionnaire [36]. However, humoral (tem-
perament) theory in Persian medicine can be
considered an alternative method. By exam-
ining temperament, Persian medicine evalu-
ates and predicts the physical characteristics,
personality traits, behavior, and abilities of an
employee. In addition to the above, according
to the type of temperament and environmen-
tal conditions, Persian medicine may suggest
measures for better work performance and
disease prevention [37]. Nevertheless, should
the job match the principles of Persian med-
icine and the temperamental approach, work
performance will improve, physical and men-
Table 2. Classication of Temperament Types and Their Symptoms
Temperament type Symptoms
Warm and wet
Sleep: Sometimes dozing and yawning, average sleep.
Digestion: Proper digestion, prone to bleeding gums, nose, and anus.
Season: Intensication of symptoms in Spring.
Warm and dry
Sleep: lack of sleep, falling asleep late, and very light sleep.
Digestion: Constipation, bitterness in the mouth, pungent, and smelly stools, ex-
cessive thirst, dry mouth and tongue, dry nose.
Season: Aggravation of symptoms in Summer and enjoying the cool and cold air
of Winter.
Other cases: Strong ve senses, low but smelly body secretions such as urine and
sweat.
Cold and wet
Sleep: Oversleeping, falling asleep early, and heavy sleep.
Digestion: Loose and soft stools, odorless stools and usually white in color, a lot
of sticky saliva, low thirst, reux.
Season: Aggravation of symptoms in the Winter and enjoying the Summer.
Other cases: Slow ve senses, a lot of secretions but without odor, dullness.
Cold and dry
Sleep: Lack of sleep, falling asleep late at the beginning and during sleep, light
sleep with nightmares.
Digestion: Constipation, false appetite.
Season: Exacerbation of symptoms in Autumn and improvement of symptoms in
Spring.
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Table 3. Temperament Types and Their Relevant Personality Traits
Temperament type Personality trait
Warm and wet
Warm and more extroverted: Warm-hearted, strong public relations, willing to
work outdoors, interested in the cooperative and group jobs, adventurous, very
curious, fun and loving, very sensitive, kind, compassionate and helping, friendly,
social and interactive.
Behavior: Brave and sometimes bold, risk-taking and competitive, patient, en-
ergetic and powerful, tireless, open to criticism, cheerful at work and not bored.
Speech: Good expression and logic, strong and loud voice.
Thinking: Proper concentration, often thoughtful, clever with a lack of stability in
judgment, good memory, and strong retention.
Warm and dry
Extroverted: Warm-hearted, average public relations.
Behavior: Speedy in decision-making and taking quick action, hasty with anxiety
in behavior, realistic and pragmatic, brave and bold, quick-tempered, accurate and
punctual, dry and inexible, disregarding the judgment of others, high self-con-
dence, active but getting tired quickly, has an independent, powerful, reliable and
hardworking personality.
Speech: Fast and continuous.
Thinking: Planning with high analytical power, a little diculty in learning, good
memory, very strong concentration, logical, detail-oriented.
Cold and wet
Cold and more extroverted: Empathetic and kind, but less involved in social ac-
tivities.
Behavior: Patient, cool-headed, exible, quick to change their mindset, quick to
be provoked, hard to start an activity, but if started, they will continue it for a long
time.
Speech: Speaking quietly and slowly.
Thinking: Poor memory and slow understanding, lack of planning, expedient.
Cold and dry
Cold and more extroverted: Empathetic and kind but less involved in social ac-
tivities.
Behavior: Patient, cool-headed, exible, quick to change their mindset, quick to
be provoked, hard to start an activity, but if started, they will continue it for a long
time.
Speech: Speaking quietly, and slowly.
Thinking: Poor memory and slow understanding, lack of planning, expedient.
as a complementary method to the assessment
principles in occupational medicine. Based on
Persian medicine, individuals with a warmer
temperament usually have excellent public
relations in terms of their extraversion char-
acteristics. Because of this, they are compe-
tent group leaders and excellent managers.
However, they are unsuitable for professions
demanding close attention to detail, working
alone, or in a permanent setting. Warm-dry
tal damage will be minimized, and the work
will be enjoyable. Also, compliance with
these principles for employers will minimize
disease burden, especially occupational dis-
eases, and increase productivity [2]. Another
advantage of this approach would be talent
search, which can identify children and ado-
lescents’ talents and guide them to the right
job [38]. In general, it is possible to suggest
‘the Persian medicine tness for work’ model
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Table 4. Fitness for Work Suggestions for Each Temperament
Temperament type Proposed jobs
Warm and wet
Managers, heavy-contact sports such as wrestling, weightlifting, and endurance
running, drivers, economic managers interested in discovering theoretical scientif-
ic issues, bank clerks, designers, policymakers, doctors and nurses, social workers,
teachers, biologists, and nature lovers.
Warm and dry Fighter pilots, commanders, sprinters and taekwondo athletes, racing drivers.
Cold and wet
Secretaries, working in lonely environments with a lack of communication, ar-
chivers, and cohort researchers.
Cold and dry
Poets, politicians, inspectors, inventors, working with precise tools, nancial in-
spectors, accountants, detectives, philosophers, and political analysts.
temperament types react quickly and sharply,
but they also function within a set framework
and structure. Because of their boldness and
quickness in action, they are good candidates
for leadership positions. Those with a colder
temperament have slow movements but are
patient and suitable for jobs, such as archiving
and follow-up of cohort studies. People with
a cold-dry temperament are very meticulous
and precise. These people have a good sense
of responsibility and are suitable for jobs that
require intellectual activity. So, they are suit-
able for jobs such as an inspector, detective,
and accountant. It should be noted that work
aects temperament, and it is crucial to take
measures to create a work-life balance and
prevent the occurrence of subsequent diseases
related to temperament. For example, a person
with a colder temperament is suitable for the
job of answering the phone in a quiet environ-
ment. However, by implementing measures
such as warming the environment, increasing
family communication, ingesting warm foods,
and recommending appropriate exercises, dis-
eases associated with cold and dryness could
be prevented. On the other hand, a person
with a warm and dry temperament is suitable
for jobs with high activity and speed, yet this
job will cause extra heat and dryness. So, s/he
is recommended to prevent further problems
by drinking more uids, working in cold envi-
ronments, and avoiding warm and dry foods.
This theory needs further investigation to
evaluate its ecacy in practice. To further ex-
amine the relationship between temperament
and tness for work, the authors would sug-
gest the following topics for future studies:
1. The relationship between temperament and
job success in various jobs,
2. The relationship between temperament and
examination of physical and mental complica-
tions in jobs,
3. Prevention of occupational diseases using
Persian medicine according to the individuals’
temperament and the job temperament.
Currently, tness for work in occupational
medicine is rst examined based on the type of
occupation of the person, and then para-clin-
ical examination and necessary tests are per-
formed according to the occupational require-
ments and hazards of work environment. Each
temperament seems to have unique athletic
prowess, anthropometric qualities, and unique
psychological traits. It is possible to leverage
a person’s temperamental traits and qualities
to make certain tasks more eective for them
or to make other jobs for them less benecial
or even dangerous owing to situations like fa-
tigue. To increase eciency and productivity
and prevent accidents, it is suggested to use
Persian medicine’s temperamental recom-
mendations as a complementary method to
employment examinations and common t-
ness for work.
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Conclusion
Persian medicine is one of the old schools
of holistic medicine. In Persian medicine,
each person is assessed through their unique
physical and mental characteristics, known as
temperament, which can be determined via
certain signs and symptoms. The Persian phy-
sician may recommend a better employment
t using the temperamental method. Along
with the concepts of occupational medicine,
information on one’s temperament may serve
as the foundation for establishing tness for
work. By combining the tness for work mod-
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occupational medicine, people with higher
capabilities are employed who are less prone
to occupational disease and dissatisfaction
and show more exibility. They will be more
productive and ecient which could help pro-
mote the organization.
Conict of Interest
The authors declare no conict of interests.
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