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https://doi.org/10.33451/florafauna.v29i2pp341-348
FLORA AND FAUNA ISSN 2456 - 9364 (Online)
2023 Vol. 29 No.2 PP 341-348 ISSN 0971 - 6920 (Print)
Analysis of Physico-chemical Water parameters of Angoori Barrage Head, Datia (M.P.)
India
*Kamlesh Kumar, Reetesh Kumar Khare1 and Vijay Kumar Yadav
Department of Zoology,
Bipin Bihari (P.G.) College,
JHANSI (U.P) INDIA.
1Department of Zoology,
Raghuveer Singh Govt. P.G. College,
LALITPUR (U.P.) INDIA
*Corresponding Author
Email: kk20632@gmail.com
Received : 26.08.2023; Revised : 30.08.2023; Accepted : 04.09.2023
ABSTRACT
The present research work was carried out to explore the diversity in various physical and chemical water parameters of
Angoori Barrage Head in the Datia district of Madhya Pradesh. The mean range of selected water parameters like pH 7.5±0.22
and 7.5±0.20, temperature 24.3±3.2and 24.1±3.7, EC 258±38.6 and 266±41.8, DO 6.0±1.2 and 5.7±1.3, BOD 1.9±0.5 and2.7±1.0,
COD 16.9±5.5 and 21.2±6.5, chlorides 32.5±10.4 and 41.6±14.0, nitrates 1.0±0.4 and 0.9±0.4, phosphates 0.5±0.2 and 0.6±0.3,
TA 139±25.7 and 141±22.9, TH138±20.0 and138±25.2, water transparency 146.5±29.9 and 136.8±29, water turbidity6.5±3.3
and 6.6±3.7 and TDS 131±16.2 and 134±15.7 were analyzed regularly for two years from October 2020 to September 2022. The
result indicates that the water is experiencing an anthropogenic pollution load from the surrounding catchment area and is not
suitable for direct drinking purposes; however, this water can be used properly for fisheries purposes and for irrigation.
Figure : 00 References : 26 Tables : 04
KEY WORDS : Angoori Barrage, Madhya Pradesh, Physico-chemical, Water diversity
Introduction
The physical and chemical water parameters have
a key influence on assessing the quantitative and
qualitative com p osition of the aquat ic biota.
Understanding such characteristics is essential for
determining a water body’s fitness and health.
Angoori Barrage is a significant major water body
that is located in the district Datia of Madhya Pradesh,
India. It is situated near the Gwalior-Jhansi national
highway and the Delhi-Mumbai-South railway track. The
construction of this reservoir was started in the year
1992- 93 across the river, Angoori, which is a tributary
of the river Pahuj. This water body was completed in the
year 2004. This barrage is approximately 25 km. away
from Jhansi city. Angoori Barrage is a project of the
Rajghat reservoir of Lalitpur, which is a joint project of
both the Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh state
Governments. This barrage has been constructed with
the help of J.B.I.C. Japan. The GPS coordinates of this
water body are 25.5891° N, 78.4768° E. This Barrage
has provided a new life to the population of Datia district
through irrigation and drinking water supply. Besides
irrigation and drinking water supply for the surrounding
area, this Barrage is also used for composite fish culture.
Material and Methods
The collection of water samples was done every
month for a regular two-year period from October 2020
to September 2022 in the morning hours of the day. The
water samples were collected in clean plastic containers
covered with airtight caps. Electrical conductivity,
temperature, transparency, pH, and TDS are unstable
water parameters that were measured at the sampling
stations, while the other parameters were examined at
the research centre lab of Bipin Bihari College in Jhansi.
The analysis of the collected water samples was carried
out according to the standard guidelines1,2,25.
Result and Discussion
Electric Conductivity (EC): It varies from 202
to 328 µm/cm. EC shows a significant positive correlation
with temperature, total dissolved solids, pH, BOD and
COD while negatively correlated with DO and water
transparency. Temperature plays a deciding role in
TABLE -1: Physico-chemical water parameters of Barrage Head Oct. 2020 to Sept. 2021
S.N. Parameters Oct.20 Nov.20 Dec.20 Jan.21 Feb.21 Mar.21 Apr.21 May21 Jun.21 Jul.21 Aug.21 Sep21 Mean ±S.D.
1 Colour T T T T T T T T M M M T
2 pH 7.8 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.5±0.22
3 Temperature (°C) 23.1 21.9 20.7 19.3 21.5 23.4 25.7 28.6 29.8 27.3 26.8 24.5 24.3±3.2
4 Transparency (cm) 135.6 142.4 163.7 180.3 195.2 188.7 150.8 134.6 120.1 104.3 110.8 132.5 146.5±29.9
5 Turbidity (NTU) 6.8 5.1 3.6 2.2 1.9 3.9 5.7 7.3 10.3 12.2 10.6 8.7 6.5±3.3
6 TDS (mg/l) 120 113 110 115 121 132 145 150 158 149 127 138 131±16.2
7 E.C. (µm/cm) 234 221 208 210 240 270 297 315 310 298 260 240 258±38.6
8 DO (mg/l) 5.5 7.1 7.8 8.1 6.9 6.3 5.1 4.6 4.2 5.2 5.8 6.1 6.0±1.2
9 TA (mg/l) 120 111 106 109 138 159 173 178 169 146 128 135 139±25.7
10 TH (mg/l) 131 118 98 121 140 131 149 167 160 151 159 138 138±20.0
11 Chloride (mg/l) 27.60 23.18 24.02 18.27 26.50 31.06 35.60 40.12 56.30 44.18 33.56 30.70 32.5±10.4
12 BOD (mg/l) 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.8 3.1 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.9±0.5
13 COD (mg/l) 19.1 12.5 11.7 10.4 12.2 11.8 19.3 22.3 28.9 20.6 18.8 16.2 16.9±5.5
14 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.96 0.51 0.31 0.39 0.48 0.86 1.22 1.50 1.67 1.58 1.40 1.31 1.0±0.4
15 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.41 0.36 0.29 0.25 0.35 0.54 0.67 0.79 1.18 0.91 0.84 0.60 0.5±0.2
342 Kamlesh Kumar, Reetesh Kumar Khare and Vijay Kumar Yadav
TABLE-2: Correlation matrix Table of sampling station ( Barrage-Head) Oct. 2020 to September 2021
Parameters
pH Temp. Transp. Turb. TDS E.C. DO TA TH Chlod. BOD COD Nitrate Phsp.
pH 1
Temp. 0.656* 1
Transp. -0.621* -0.729** 1
Turb. 0.530 0.821** -0.947** 1
TDS 0.475 0.9.6** -0.513 0.663* 1
(ns) (ns)
E.C. 0.541 0.910** -0.456 0.589* 0.942** 1
(ns)
DO -0.709** -0.938** 0.640* -0.724 -0.886** -0.9.3** 1
TA 0.411 0.766** -0.167 0.327 0.885** 0.933** -0.808** 1
(ns) (ns) (ns)
TH 0.456 0.875** -0.526 0.642* 0.824** 0.859** -0.851** 0.773** 1
(ns) (ns)
Chlod. 0.522 0.932** -0.611* 0.743** 0.914** 0.886** -0.883** 0.754** 0.759** 1
(ns)
BOD 0.724** 0.934** -0.735** 0.765** 0.821** 0.814** -0.900** 0.644* 0.793** 0.9.9** 1
COD 0.729** 0.919** -0.737** 0.773** 0.829** 0.799** -0.925** 0.643* 0.776** 0.915** 0.968** 1
NO
3
0.615* 0.957** -0.777** 0.886** 0.900** 0.850** -0.918** 0.701* 0.869** 0.870** 0.866** 0.881** 1
Phosp. 0.524 0.964** -0.716** 0.842** 0.890** 0.863** -0.866** 0.697* 0.826** 0.960** 0.890** 0.898** 0.932** 1
Note: Level of Significance- * P = 0.01; ns (not significant)
Analysis of Physico-chemical Water parameters of Angoori Barrage Head, Datia (M.P.) India 343
determining the EC of the water body. It was recorded
minimum during the winter season in the month of
December due to low ion dissociation while maximum
during the summer season in the month of May due to
high dissolution of ionic concentrations of various
domestic waste effluents and agricultural runoff from the
Barrage catchment area. Some workers reported the
highest EC during the summer season in urban water
bodies in Karnataka26, while other report stated in several
lakes located in Haryana16.
Water pH: It was observed between 7.1 - 8.1. It was
recorded minimum during the winter season, while
maximum in the summer season. The pH shows a
positive correlation with temperature, EC, TDS, TA, TH,
BOD, COD, phosphates and nitrates while it is negatively
correlated with the dissolved oxygen level and water
transparency. The high and low variation level in water
pH in different seasons may be due to concentration of
carbonates, bicarbonates as well as carbon dioxide level
in the water body. This type of pattern was also reported
in some research works9,18,21,22.
Water Temperature: The water temperature fluctuated
from 18.8°C to 29.9°C It was recorded minimum during
the winter season while maximum during the summer
season. The Pearson correlation analysis of water
temperature shows that it was positively correlated with
pH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, BOD and COD parameters while
negatively correlated with the DO level of the water body.
The fluctuation in water temperature may also be due to
seasonal variations as well as atmospheric conditions.
Similar findings were noticed in some investigations12,13.
Water Transparency: The water transparency of the
research area was observed between 98.8 cm and 195.2
cm. It was recorded minimum during the rainy season
in the month of July, while maximum during the winter
season in the month of February. The water transparency
showed a negative correlation with turbidity, EC, TDS,
BOD and COD while being positively correlated with the
DO.
Water Turbidity: The water turbidity was observed
between 1.9 NTU and 14.6 NTU. It was recorded
minimum during the winter season in the month of
February, while maximum during the rainy season in the
month of July due to various clay, silt and undesired
particles of soil erosion suspended in the water body.
The value of water turbidity shows a positive correlation
with most of the selected water parameters and is
negatively correlated with DO. This type of effect on water
turbidity was also recorded at Sion Lake10.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The TDS of the water
body was observed between 106 and 158 mg/l. The
value of TDS shows a positive correlation with EC,
temperature, pH, BOD, COD, TA, TH and chloride
parameters. It was observed minimum during the winter
season in the month of January while, maximum during
the summer season in the month of June due to the
in crease in rate of diss o lutio n of waste water
contamination, fertilizers, garbage and also due to
organic waste mixing of sewage from surrounding areas
of villages.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO):It was observed 3.8 to 8.1 mg/
l. The dissolved oxygen showed a positive correlation
with water transparency and negative correlation with
temperature, BOD, COD, nitrates and phosphates
ranges. It was recorded minimum during the summer
season in the month of May due to high atmospheric
temperature along with increased metabolic rate of
organisms while, maximum during the winter season in
th e mont h of Janua ry due to low atmospher ic
temperature and high photosynthesis by aquatic plants.
The findings are supported by the studies of many
researchers 8,9,12,16,24.
Total Alkalinity (TA): It was observed from 106 to 180
mg/l. The total alkalinity was positively correlated with
temperature, hardness, EC, BOD, COD, nitrates and
phosphates. It was recorded minimum during the winter
season while maximum during the summer season in
June. The variation in TA may be due to the dissolution
of land salt concentrations and the liberation of carbon
dioxide through the decomposition of waste materials.
Similar type of findings were also observed by the
research work in the Yamuna River15 and Sahastradhara
water body23.
Total Hardness (TH): It ranges between 96 to
173 mg/l. The total hardness was also positively
correlated with temperature, alkalinity, EC, nitrates and
phosphates. It was observed minimum during the winter
season in the month of January while maximum during
the summer season in the month of June due to the
addition of sedimentary rocks, sewage, the use of
detergents and soaps in the washing of clothes and
bathing, and large-scale human activity.
Chloride: The value of Chloride ranges from 18.27 to
62.06 mg/l. The chloride content showed a positive
cor relation with TDS, hardness, alkalinity, EC,
temperature, BOD, COD, nitrates and phosphates. In
the study period, it was observed minimum during the
winter season, while maximum during the summer
season due to through-home waste discharge, leaching,
and municipal discharge. Some investigations reported
higher chloride concentrations in the summer season7,
brought on by higher temperatures, a higher rate of
evaporation, and a lower level of water and sewage
mixing.
344 Kamlesh Kumar, Reetesh Kumar Khare and Vijay Kumar Yadav
TABLE-3 : Physico-chemical water parameters of Barrage-Head Oct.2021 to Sept.2022
S.N. Parameters Oct.21 Nov.21 Dec.21 Jan.22 Feb.22 Mar.22 Apr.22 May22 Jun.22 Jul.22 Aug.22 Sep22 Mean ±S.D.
1 Colour T T T T T T T T M M M M
2 pH 7.4 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.6 7.8 8.1 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.5±0.2
3 Temperature (°C) 22.7 20.8 19.7 18.8 20.1 24.6 27.3 29.9 29.1 27.3 24.6 25.2 24.1±3.7
4 Transparency (cm) 120.2 135.7 148.2 126.8 164.9 185.3 180.4 156.7 112.3 98.8 103.6 108.7 136.8±29.9
5 Turbidity (NTU) 6.5 4.3 4.8 3.6 3.1 2.3 5.1 5.8 8.8 14.6 12.2 8.3 6.6±3.7
6 TDS (mg/l) 122 120 116 106 127 137 140 157 148 145 143 150 134±15.7
7 E.C. (µm/cm) 240 238 210 202 234 267 285 328 317 291 280 310 266±41.8
8 DO (mg/l) 5.8 6.7 7.2 7.9 6.3 4.7 4.1 3.8 4.0 6.1 6.8 5.9 5.7±1.3
9 TA (mg/l) 140 119 132 110 117 139 154 168 180 170 144 120 141±22.9
10 TH (mg/l) 136 105 108 96 136 142 168 162 173 158 129 147 138±25.2
11 Chloride (mg/l) 31.16 24.81 20.18 29.87 32.65 46.22 38.88 50.16 62.06 60.72 48.12 55.10 41.6±14.0
12 BOD (mg/l) 2.6 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.9 5.2 3.0 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.7±1.0
13 COD (mg/l) 20.5 18.4 12.3 10.8 13.5 19.8 24.8 30.4 25.6 28.2 28.6 22.1 21.2±6.5
14 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.81 0.52 0.35 0.51 0.42 0.66 0.87 1.30 1.72 1.60 1.45 1.12 0.9±0.4
15 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.43 0.30 0.21 0.49 0.62 0.65 0.79 0.96 1.20 1.08 0.82 0.60 0.6±0.3
Analysis of Physico-chemical Water parameters of Angoori Barrage Head, Datia (M.P.) India 345
346 Kamlesh Kumar, Reetesh Kumar Khare1 and Vijay Kumar Yadav
TABLE-4 : Correlation matrix table of Barrage-Head Oct.2021 to September2022
Parameters
pH Temp. Transp. Turb. TDS E.C. DO TA TH Chlod. BOD COD Nitrate Phsp.
pH 1
Temp. 0.673* 1
Transp. 0.219 -0.076 1
(ns) (ns)
Turb. -0.079 0.483 -0.782** 1
(ns) (ns)
TDS 0.585* 0.916** -0.106 0.509 1
(ns) (ns)
E.C. 0.659* 0.950** -0.161 0.495 0.978** 1
(ns) (ns)
DO -0.842** -0.846** -0.366 0.008 -0.734** -0.771** 1
(ns) (ns)
TA 0.599* 0.875** -0.130 0.538 0.695* 0.722** -0.717** 1
(ns) (ns)
TH 0.678* 0.908** 0.059 0.368 0.852** 0.860** -0.880** 0.798** 1
(ns) (ns)
Chlod. 0.502 0.832** -0.373 0.654* 0.863** 0.874** -0.552 0.681** 0.774** 1
(ns) (ns) (ns)
BOD 0.389 0.856** -0.176 0.546 0.839** 0.835** -0.607* 0.742** 0.674* 0.672* 1
(ns) (ns) (ns)
COD 0.439 0.906** -0.263 0.672* 0.877** 0.884** -0.635* 0.794** 0.747** 0.766** 0.923** 1
(ns) (ns)
NO
3
0.424 0.835** -0.567 0.824** 0.797** 0.832** -0.469 0.798** 0.701* 0.900** 0.767** 0.871** 1
(ns) (ns) (ns)
Phosp. 0.564 0.850** -0.219 0.579* 0.783** 0.800** -0.629* 0.822** 0.820** 0.891** 0.704* 0.768** 0.877* 1
(ns) (ns)
Note: Level of Significance- * P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ns (not significant)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): The BOD was
observed 1.2 to 5.2 mg/l. The BOD content showed a
significant positive correlation with temperature, TDS,
alkalinity, hardness, EC, COD, nitrates and phosphates
while it is negatively correlated with transparency and
DO level. It was observed at its minimum during the
winter season, while maximum during the summer
season in the month of May. High BOD levels in the
summer season could be related to a high rate of organic
decomposition as well as the entry of sewage into the
water body. Similar findings were also reported in some
other lakes12,20,24.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): The COD was
observed 10.4 to 30.4 mg/l.The COD content showed a
significant positive correlation with pH, temperature,
TDS, alk alinity, hardness, EC, BOD, nitrates and
phosphates while it is negatively correlated with
transparency and DO level and was minimum during
the winter season, while maximum during the summer
season. Similar results also reported in the Ramsagar
reservoir of Datia11 and wetlands of the west Garo hills
in Meghalaya3.
Nitrate: Nitrate ranges from 0.31 to 1.72 mg/l. The
nitrates show a positive correlation with temperature,
chloride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, EC, BOD, COD and
phosphat es while a negative correlation with
transparency and DO level. It was recorded minimum
during the winter season and maximum during the
summer season. The seasonal fluctuation of nitrate
concentration was observed maximum in summer due
to high water temperatures, which leads to accelerate
oxidation of untreated domestic waste and nitrogenous
organic materials present in the water body while low
nitrate concentrations were observed in the winter due
to low water temperatures and low rate of decomposition
of nitrogenous organic matter in the water. Similar
findings were reported by various workers12,17.
Phosphate: The phosphates were observed 0.21 to 1.20
mg/l. The phosphate was positively correlated with pH,
TDS, temperature, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, EC,
BOD, COD and nitrates while it was negatively correlated
with water transparency and DO. It was recorded
minimum during the winter while maximum during the
summer season. The main fluctuating source of
phosphate in the research area may be the use of
chemical fertilizers on agricultural land and waste
effluents that leach out from the surrounding catchment
area. The work at Kangsabati reservoir5 and Sarkhej
Roza Lake19 also observed similar findings with a
negative correlation of phosphate content with the DO
of water and water transparency. (Tables 1-4)
Conclusion
The analysis of the physical and chemical
parameters of water samples from the Angoori Barrage
in the current investigation revealed that the water body
was completely alkaline, which is a good indication for
the fisheries sector and agriculture purposes. Most of
the selected parameters were within the permissible limit,
however, the content of dissolved oxygen level and load
of anthropogenic activities are matters of concern.
Hence, to improve the quality of water suitability for
human consumption, management and execution of
aquatic awareness programs between the local people
living close to the affected area are necessary, along
with routine testing of water parameters at the regional
level by the responsible authorities.
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348 Kamlesh Kumar, Reetesh Kumar Khare1 and Vijay Kumar Yadav
