SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE RECREATIONAL BUSINESS DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT IN KUTA BEACH, CENTRAL LOMBOK REGENCY

Abstract

The development of the Mandalika Area in Central Lombok Regency is closely related to the determination of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the operation of the Mandalika International Circuit. Regional development is seen through the emergence of business districts which are marked by the mushrooming of facilities spatially to form a Recreational Business District (RBD) spatial pattern with three components, namely Large Shopping Center (LSC), Commercial Pedestrian Street (CPS), and Urban Leisure Area (ULA). The results show those are predominantly located in coastal areas with rather steep terrain. The shape of the landscape, combining coastal regions with an altitude of <100 masl and a slope of 2-15%, is suitable for constructing RBD facilities. The Kuta Beach business area exhibits diverse terrain, including flat coastal areas, sloping coasts, and steep mountains. The dominant RBD components align with plantations/gardens, fields, and grasslands, providing convenient access to construction materials and lowering transportation costs. Although RBD development is increasing near the beach, it remains minimal compared to the large available land. This abundance of land is highly suitable for developing recreational business facilities. The discussion highlights the suitable coastal terrain, favorable geological and soil conditions can reduce construction costs and complexity, then access to construction materials in the Kuta Beach area for RBD development. The diverse terrain forms and land availability further support the construction of recreational business facilities. To ensure sustainability, implementing green infrastructure and sustainable land use practices must be considered to minimize environmental risks.

Full text

1169
13th Int. Conf. on Geotechnique, Construction Materials & Environment,
Tsu, Mie, Japan, 14-16 November 2023, ISBN 978-4-909106100 C3051
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR
SUSTAINABLE RECREATIONAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
DEVELOPMENT IN KUTA BEACH, CENTRAL LOMBOK REGENCY
*Dewi Susiloningtyas1,2, Andini Dwi Khairunnisa Daulay1, Abinawanto3, Annisa Azzahara1, Bintang
Mahakarya Sembahen4
1Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, 16425,
Depok, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Universitas Indonesia, 16425, Depok, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Biology, Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, 16425, Depok, West Java, Indonesia;
4Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, 16425, Depok,
West Java, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The development of the Mandalika Area in Central Lombok Regency is closely related to the determination
of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the operation of the Mandalika International Circuit.
Regional development is seen through the emergence of business districts which are marked by the
mushrooming of facilities spatially to form a Recreational Business District (RBD) spatial pattern with three
components, namely Large Shopping Center (LSC), Commercial Pedestrian Street (CPS), and Urban Leisure
Area (ULA). The results show those are predominantly located in coastal areas with rather steep terrain. The
shape of the landscape, combining coastal regions with an altitude of <100 masl and a slope of 2-15%, is suitable
for constructing RBD facilities. The Kuta Beach business area exhibits diverse terrain, including flat coastal
areas, sloping coasts, and steep mountains. The dominant RBD components align with plantations/gardens,
fields, and grasslands, providing convenient access to construction materials and lowering transportation costs.
Although RBD development is increasing near the beach, it remains minimal compared to the large available
land. This abundance of land is highly suitable for developing recreational business facilities. The discussion
highlights the suitable coastal terrain, favorable geological and soil conditions can reduce construction costs and
complexity, then access to construction materials in the Kuta Beach area for RBD development. The diverse
terrain forms and land availability further support the construction of recreational business facilities. To ensure
sustainability, implementing green infrastructure and sustainable land use practices must be considered to
minimize environmental risks.
Keywords: RBD Development, Spatial Pattern, Environment, Materials Access, Mandalika Area
1. INTRODUCTION
Tourism is one of the sectors that the government
and stakeholders focus on in developing Indonesia's
territory. Tourism is one of the leading sectors, so it
is the key to business and infrastructure development
[1]. Indonesia consists of a group of islands with a
coastline stretching 95,181 kilometers [2]. The
availability of natural resources and a variety of
tourist attractions trigger the use of space as a
tourism zone. The emergence of urban tourism in the
1990s had distinctive and significant characteristics
[3]. Various cities in Indonesia with unique
resources had strategies for managing tourism
objects in their regions. Regional management can
trigger additional attractions, facilities,
infrastructure, and even other facilities that have
mushroomed and complemented business space.
Since 2014, the government has designed a
strategy for establishing the Mandalika Special
Economic Zone (SEZ), which is located in the
southern part of Lombok Island and is incorporated
within the administrative scope of Central Lombok
Regency with an area of 1,035.57 hectares [4]. SEZ
Mandalika was established through Government
Regulation 52 of 2014 and managed by the
Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation
(ITDC). This area is directed to become a Tourism
SEZ because it fulfills maritime, tourism, and
economic elements [5]. An effective tool to address
the issues in this situation is a policy intervention
through development scenario, which should be
taken into consideration to improve sustainable
performance in building tourism industry [6].
Dominant developing nations, but mostly emerging
nations that prioritize economic growth over
environmental concerns, implement regional
development scenarios [7]. The existence of this
area is inspired by the development of environment-
based tourism, where the available space will be
used as a location for the construction of tourist
objects that lead to sustainable values in the

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environment and must still consider the elements of
spatial sustainability.
The development of tourist objects in Central
Lombok Regency is inseparable from the
development series of the Mandalika SEZ. At the
end of 2019, the construction of a sports facility
known as the Mandalika International Circuit or
officially known as the Pertamina Mandalika
International Street Circuit. The Mandalika Circuit,
a sports tourism-based attraction in the form of a
racing circuit, is in a particular economic area with a
track length of 4.3 km and an audience capacity of
up to 200,000 people [8]. The circuit was
inaugurated on November 12, 2021, which indicates
that the circuit can operate. In a short time, the
Mandalika Circuit was used as the location for two
international racing sports events: WSBK (World
Superbike) and MotoGP, which are prestigious
events that can become bait in attracting the arrival
of domestic and foreign tourists. The construction of
the circuit as a tourist attraction that triggers the
emergence of activity and an increase in the number
of tourist visits will be directly proportional to the
increase in tourist demand for the need for facilities
to support tourism activities, such as
accommodation, places to eat, souvenir shops,
places of worship and other leisure facilities related
to business development.
2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Research Significance
Some studies have examined the importance of
assesing environmental factors due to sustainable
recreational business district development. The
growth of the Mandalika SEZ and the building of the
Mandalika Circuit had been predicted, which
resulted in an increase in facility building
construction. Regarding accommodation around the
coast of Central Lombok Regency, there are yet to
be many star-rated hotels available. Over time, the
proliferation of dining and cafe facilities, as well as
souvenir shops, has become a phenomenon that
marks developments in the surrounding area because
of recreation and spatial patterns that experience
continuous changes, giving rise to a recreation-based
activity center known as the Recreational Business
District (RBD).
2.2 Recreational Business District
Preliminary research by Stansfield and Ricket
(1970) suggested the RBD spatial pattern as a linear
aggregation of restaurant facilities, various food
stalls, candy shops, and gift shops that serve the
shopping needs of visitors [9]. Taylor (1975)
suggests that the RBD must have at least 50% of the
total recreational service facilities, including
restaurants, hotels, and shops [10]. Not much
different from before, Buttler (1991) put forward the
sign that RBD is associated with areas with catering,
entertainment, hotel, and retail facilities [11]. Then,
Shaw and Williams (1994) stated that RBD is a
concentrated area of leisure activities and attractions.
With a review of the previous definitions and
characteristics of RBD, RBD patterns can be formed
in coastal resorts [12]. This area will focus on spatial
patterns that link the relationships of facilities in the
surrounding area. By analogy with the Mandalika
area as a tourism development area, this research
will produce output in the form of a Recreational
Business District (RBD) spatial pattern in the Kuta
Beach area.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Research Area
The selection of research areas is based on the
scope of the Mandalika SEZ area, tourist attractions,
popularity, ease of access to beach locations, and
considerations through the availability of journals
and previous publications from researchers who
conduct research at tourist attraction locations. Pujut
District is one of the sub-districts located on the
southern coast of Lombok Island, where this area is
included in the administrative scope of Central
Lombok Regency (Loteng Regency).
Geographically, Pujut District is located between
8°56' South Latitude – 8°57' South Latitude and
116°23.5' East Longitude and 116°24' East
Longitude. The area reaches 23,355 hectares or
19.3% of the total area of Central Lombok Regency,
making this sub-district the most extensive area
among the 12 other sub-districts [13].
3.2 Calculations: Nearest Neighbour Analysis
(NNA) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)
The quantitative method is used to apply Nearest
Neighbor Analysis (NNA) and Kernel Density
Estimation (KDE) analysis. Analysis using the
Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) and Kernel
Density Analysis (KDA) methods are widely used to
see how the distribution of spatial data in the form of
points is spread [20]. NNA can be used to determine
what kind of distribution patterns are formed,
namely clustered, spread, or random. The formula is:
Rn = 2đ√n/A (1)
Description:
Rn = value of nearest neighbor which describes the
dot pattern.
d = average distance of observed neighbors.
n = the total number of points investigated
A = the area of the phenomenon under study in
square kilometers
An increase in the R value indicates an increase

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in dispersion leading to a uniform pattern, while a
decrease in the R value indicates aggregation [14].
Then, Kernel analysis determines the density of all
existing tourist facilities per unit in a specific area.
Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is a statistical
approach to estimate probability distribution
functions. In the research by Zhu, et al., (2015) also
used KDE to measure the density of the sample area
to the number of facility points [3]. KDE's
probability distribution function equation is as
follows [15]. Both NNA and KDA analysis were
carried out using the Geographic Information
System software, ArcMap 10.8.
(2)
Description:
N = number of observation samples
h = bandwidth
K = kernel function
D = dimension of the observed variable
x = data value
3.3 RBD Clustering Activity Scales
The availability of facilities at tourist
destinations is one of the attractions in tourism
activities, where these facilities and services are also
needed by tourists [16]. According to Stansfield &
Rickert (1970), tourism-forming facilities are
dominated by types of accommodation and other
needs closely related to visitors' needs in tourist
areas [9]. In addition to the above categories of
facilities, Taylor (1975) in He Zhu et al. (2015)
suggests that accommodation, for example, a hotel is
a type of facility that belongs to the RBD, apart from
restaurants or shops. According to Jansen-Verbeke,
tourism facilities consist of three elements: Primary,
Secondary, and Conditional [17]. Based on the scale
of activity in urban RBD areas, RBD can be
classified into three parts as follows [3].
a) The Large Shopping Center (LSC) is
often referred to as a shopping mall due to
its wide range of activities and land
coverage, usually more than 100,000 square
meters. Large-scale retail businesses
primarily occupy the LSC area with
specialty shops, commercial services,
catering services, entertainment, and
recreational functions, as well as ample
parking space provision.
b) Commercial Pedestrian Street/CPS has
the characteristics of a shopping, tourism,
cultural and recreational area with
comprehensive environmental coverage.
The uniqueness of the culture, themes, and
atmosphere of trading activities in the
pedestrian area are also recreational
attractions. Spatially, most of the streets in
this area have large markets and shops
scattered in various areas.
c) The Urban Leisure Area/ULA is an area
that has a recreational function or an
industrial tourism area that becomes
cultural tourism. In addition to recreational
activities, entertainment, catering, real
estate, cultural creation, and other functions
are also provided. ULA areas tend to have
low peak land values, where facilities are
evenly distributed, and tourist attractions
are relatively diversified.
4. RESULTS
4.1 Suitability Environmental Aspects Kuta
Beach as Tourism Object
Suitability of Kuta Beach as tourism object
influences by some physical factors, such as: the
beach type, water bottom material, and coastline
length. Kuta Beach is a type of sand with a large size
resembling pepper with lots of coral fragments
mixed in. This is similar to the findings of previous
research regarding the attractiveness of white pepper
sand accompanied by small coral reefs on Kuta
Beach [18]. The bottom material is associated with
the sand and coral reefs found on the coast, so the
type of material is classified as sandy coral. In other
components, the length of the coastline is measured
through Google Earth Pro and combined with
secondary data through related tourism management
agencies where the length of the coastline is around
5 kilometers so that the coverage of this beach is
also extensive to be used as a tourist destination. If
reflected by the type of beach [19]. Kuta Beach is
included in the category of white sand mixed with
coral rubble with an appropriate score, water bottom
material parameters in the sandy coral category with
an appropriate score, and the length of the coastline
is very suitable. Some of the documentation of
stretches and sand material found on Kuta Beach is
as follows.
Fig. 1. Material Coral White Sand Kuta Beach
4.2 RBD Facilities Components
RBD Facility Points consist of LSC, CPS, and
ULA points. Grouping analysis data was carried out
in Kuta Beach to determine the overall form of point
grouping and other analysis processes to find high
density group. Point density analysis helps
researchers to find groupings of points with different

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classes. Based on the data processing results, the
distribution of points and spatial patterns of the Kuta
Beach Recreational Business District (RBD) is
obtained, as shown below. Based on the number, it
is known that there is a total of 605 facility points in
the three components consisting of 407 LSC points,
133 CPS points, and 65 ULA component points.
The spatial analysis of the map above found that
the LSC component is a combination of facility
points that are very densely clustered in the western
part and along the coastline. The CPS component
combines facility points densely clustered in the
southwest and near the coastline. The grouping of
CPS components is inseparable from the existence
of LSC, which complements the functions of the
recreation business and meets the needs of tourists.
The ULA component is a combination of facility
points not in dense clusters but scattered in the
southwestern and southeastern parts.
4.3 Neighbour Analysis and Kernel Estimation
as the Quantitative Analysis
Processing using the NNA method is carried
out in Arcmap with initial assumptions to find out
the form of grouping RBD facility points which are
one of three types of patterns, namely: uniform in
the range 0 – 1, random in the value 1, or group with
the range of R values ranging from 1 – 2.15. Based
on the calculation results, the R-value of the Kuta
Beach RBD facility component is 0.529. This
indicates a decrease in R-value, which means that
the facilities are clustered or have a close distance.
After performing the NNA analysis, the RBD
facility component data is further processed by
Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) analysis with a
statistical approach to estimate the probability
distribution function.
Table 1. Density of RBD Facilities
No.
Classes
Range
1
Very Low Density
0 – 600,261.2
2
Low Density
600,261.2 – 2,050,892.4
3
Fairly High
Density
2,050,892.4 –4,101
.784.7
4
High Density
4,101,784.7 – 7,653,330
5
VeryHigh Density
7,653,330 – 12,755,550
The results obtained were clustered patterns
based on NNA analysis, which was carried out in
general for all RBD components. This is directly
proportional to the density analysis, which shows the
grouping of the RBD components (LSC and CPS) in
very high, high, and relatively high classes.
Meanwhile, in the low and very low-density classes,
the RBD components tended to spread out and not
close together. Density analysis also shows that
facilities are grouped into density classes, where
there is an area marked with a polygon indicating the
appearance of dense facility groups. This referred to
Fig. 2. The Distribution of Points in the Kuta Beach RBD

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as the core or core in density analysis [3]. It was
found that the Very High-density class has a single
core, the High and Very Low-density classes are
divided into two cores, and the Fair High and Low-
density classes have multiple areas (more than > 2
areas). The cores reflected through density implicitly
show that business areas are linked in supporting
business operations; for example, high-density areas
require other facilities that are provided by low-
density areas. In this case, the business area
relationships support each other and complement the
facilities needed by tourists at beach tourism objects.
4.4 Spatial Patterns of Kuta Beach RBD on
Terrain Forms and Land Use
Concerning the spatial pattern being analyzed,
it is necessary to find a link between the
phenomenon of area density and spatial elements in
terrain, land use, and road networks. The map
showing the results of overlaying the density of
RBD component points with spatial elements (fig 4).
Through spatial analysis, areas with very high,
high, and fair high-density classes are in the range of
terrain forms in the form of rather steep coastal areas
with low elevations <100 meters above sea level and
slopes in the range of 5 – 15%, which are not too
steep. This type of coastal terrain is rather steep,
making it a suitable area for constructing many
facilities, causing density and being marked by
clustered points. This is influenced by the coastal
area directly adjacent to the beach, so it is close to
beach tourism objects that are attractions for tourists
when visiting. Areas with a low-density class are
found in rather steep coastal and steep coastal areas;
this can be influenced by steep terrain reaching a
slope of 40% so that the density of facilities tends to
decrease, which is marked by points that are
somewhat spaced and not clustered.
Steep conditions can complicate access to
construction facilities or provide less comfort to
tourists who are in the area. In the last density area,
there is a deficient density class which is unique
with various terrain forms in the form of flat coastal
areas, sloping coasts, rather steep coasts, steep
coasts, rather steep mountains,
and steep mountains. The increasing number of
terrain types indicates that this area has
comprehensive coverage, but the existing RBD
facilities have a small number and are spread far
apart. Through this analysis, it is known that the
spatial pattern of the Kuta beach RBD has density
classes in the form of coastal and mountainous
terrain with a height range of <100 meters above sea
level and 500 – 1000 meters above sea level, and a
slope of 0 – 40%. Overall, areas with dense business
facilities are dominantly located in strategic coastal
areas close to coastal tourism objects in terms of
distance, thus enabling future facilities development.
Fig. 3. Density of Kuta Beach RBD Facilities

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The results of the overlay of the Kuta Beach
RBD density class with the spatial elements of land
use are as fig 5. Through spatial analysis of the
spatial pattern of the Kuta Beach RBD on land use,
areas with very high and high-density classes are in
the type of plantation/garden use. The original
Fig. 4. Overlay Map of Spatial Patterns of Kuta Beach RBD Against Terrain
Shapes
Fig. 5. Overlay Map of Kuta Beach RBD Spatial Patterns Against Land Use

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garden area has begun to shift and be used as a
business area filled with clusters of RBD facility
points in the business district. Moderately high and
low-density classes are found in land use types of
gardens, grasslands, shrubs, and dry fields. These
four types of land use were found to be quite
extensive and close to coastal tourism objects, with
point densities starting to decrease. Furthermore, the
very low-density class has the most expansive area
coverage compared to other density classes. The
RBD facility uses garden land, grasslands, shrubs,
moor/fields, paddy fields, and a small portion of
residential areas. Overall, land use around Kuta
Beach is in the form of agricultural activities.
However, after making observations during field
surveys, the land use changes have become more
massive. In the temporal range after the Mandalika
SEZ was established and began to operate, facilities
construction activities began to be carried out slowly
so that some agricultural lands changed functions
and became dense business areas.
5. DISCUSSION
Spatially, it can be found that the RBD
components (LSC, CPS, ULA) are dominantly
located in coastal areas with rather steep coastal
terrain and steep coastal areas. The shape of the
terrain formed from a combination of coastal areas
with an altitude of <100 masl with a slope of 2 –
15% is considered a suitable area for constructing
facilities in the Kuta Beach business area. The
geological and soil conditions in these areas and
surrounding formed by rocks generated from the
eruption of submarine volcano and the beach is
covered with the sands in the form of round-shape
fossil shells [21] which favorable for constructing
the foundation system required for RBD
infrastructure which can reduce the cost and
complexity of construction.
The Kuta Beach business area has a combination
of terrain forms in the form of flat coastal areas,
sloping coasts, rather steep coasts, and steep coasts
to rather steep mountains and steep mountains.
Meanwhile, in the land use element, it was found
that the dominant RBD components were in the
types of plantations/gardens, fields/fields, and
grasslands. These areas can provide easy access to
construction materials, reducing transportation costs
and making construction more economically feasible.
Land starting to be built up is marked by the
presence of built-up land near the beach; now, the
construction of RBD facilities to use the land as a
recreation-based business area on Kuta Beach is
increasing. Even though some areas have been built
around Kuta Beach, the amount is minimal
compared to the availability of large land. The
diverse terrain forms and land availability further
support the construction of recreational business
facilities. It is very suitable if it is developed into an
area for building facilities to support recreational
business activities. However, it is important to note
that the sustainable development practices should be
prioritized to mitigate the negative impact on the
environment [22] in the RBD development. The use
of green infrastructure and sustainable land use
practices can help preserve natural resources and
reduce the overall environmental footprint of the
project.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The study revealed that the RBD components
(LSC, CPS, ULA) are primarily concentrated in
coastal areas with rather steep terrain (2 – 15%
slope) and an altitude of less than 100 masl. These
areas, formed by geological conditions favorable for
infrastructure construction, offer a promising
location for recreational business facilities.
The dominant land use types, including
plantations/gardens, fields, and grasslands, facilitate
easy access to construction materials, supporting the
growth of recreational businesses. While some built-
up areas exist near Kuta Beach, there is considerable
available land for further expansion.
Mandalika Area, particularly Kuta Beach,
demonstrates significant potential for sustainable
RBD development, given its suitable terrain,
geological advantages, and land availability.
However, to ensure the preservation of the
environment and natural resources, it is imperative
to prioritize sustainable development practices in the
planning and execution of recreational business
projects in the region.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was financially supported by
Universitas Indonesia for Hibah Publikasi
Terindeks Internasional (Hibah PUTI) Q1 in
2023/2024 in accordance with the agreement letter
No. NKB-468/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2023.
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