Postmodern and Music -- پست‌مدرن و موسیقی

Abstract

It is not a crime to bring in something new; we are always seeking a way to get updated. We even update our communication systems every now and again. Since the 13th century, the word "modernity" has been appearing on the path of the music and despite of being disapproved from time to time, modernism has eventually overcome the old and has replaced the new clarity. When Bach explored a new system of tuning which made it possible for a composer to write in all twenty-four keys not just in the simple ones, he made a modern act; Beethoven opened a new path for music by using his unique style in his compositions; Wagner took further steps and Debussy and Ravel introduced new ways in music; Stravinsky, Hindemith, Bartok, Schoenberg, and in the other fields of thought, Einstein, Picasso, Kandinsky, etc. played a major role in this insightful transformation. This extensive move has ended to "postmodernism" and "minimalism" and will continue to extend until the end of the presence of the innovative mankind.
Here in this article, we will discuss the progress of this historical movement. Although it does not allow an extensive study of every aspect of modernism, it should not be an excuse for disregarding the history of modernism in music.
Messiaen, Stockhausen, Webern, Boulez, Penderecki, Lutosiaeski, Ligeti, Henze, Dallapiccola, Sessions, Bloch, Cage, Finney, Alban Berg, Britten, Tippett, Davies, Crumb, Birtwistle, Maw, Sallinen, Pärt, Schnittke, Shostakovich, Satie, Cocteau, Riley, Reich, Glass, Adams, Chadwick, and Ives are some of the significant figures of this movement; time was short to discuss many others in this article.
"Expressionism & Music", "Alban Berg & Wozzeck", "Anton Webern", and "Shostakovich and Modernism" are other articles you may find at SOL PHILHARMONIC's website to gain additional information about modern music.
Those who bring in the new and think differently should always be welcomed.
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نو بودن جرم نیست؛ چرا که همه ما در پی به‌روز شدن هستیم و حتی ابزارهای ارتباطی خود را نیز گاه و بیگاه آپدیت می‌کنیم تا به‌روز شوند. واژه مدرنیته از حدود قرن سیزدهم فرا راه موسیقی قرار گرفته است و از هر چند گاه با مقاومت خاصی روبرو بوده که درنهایت با پیروزی مدرنیسم، کهنگی درهم شکسته و شفافیت نوین جایگزین شده است. باخ زمانی‌که به اصلاح فواصل بین پرده‌ای موسیقی همت گماشت، علمی مدرن و نوگرایانه انجام داد؛ و بتهوون آنگاه که گویش خاص خود را در آثارش دمید راه تازه‌ای را پیش پای موسیقی نهاد؛ واگنر گامهای وسیعتر دیگری برداشت؛ و دبوسی، راول راههای تازه‌ای را فراروی مسیر موسیقی قرار دادند؛ استراوینسکی، هندمیت، بارتوک، شوئنبرگ، و در دیگر شاخه‌های تفکر و اندیشه، اینشتین، پیکاسو، کاندینسکی، و ... در این دگردیسی خردمندانه نقش عمده‌ای را ایفا کردند. این حرکت به پست-مدرن و مینیمالیسم ختم شد، راه و روشی که تا زمان حضور انسان ژرف‌اندیش تازه‌جو و نوگرا ادامه خواهد داشت.
ما در مقاله "پست-مدرن و موسیقی" به چند و چون این تحول تاریخی می‌پردازیم؛ اگرچه نیک می‌دانیم پرداختن به همه ابعاد و زوایای آن در این مجال کوتاه ممکن نیست. اما این باعث سکوت و نادیده گرفتن تاریخ مدرنیته در حوزه موسیقی نمی‌تواند بود.
مسیان، اشتوکهاوزن، وبرن، بولز، پندرسکی، لوتوسوافسکی، لیگتی، هنتسه، دالاپیکولا، سشنز، بلوخ، کیج، فینی، آلبان برگ، بریتن، تی‌پت، دیویس، کرامب، برت‌ویسل، ماو، سال‌لینن، پارت، اشنیتکه، شوستاکوویچ، ساتی، کوکتو، رایلی، رایش، گلس، آدامز، چدویک، و آیوز از جمله شخصیتهای مطرح در این حرکت نو و تازه‌اند. و البته بسیاری دیگر که در این مقاله امکان پرداختن به آنها فراهم نبود.
بی‌تردید با خواندن این مطلب می‌توان به مقالات "اکسپرسیونیسم و موسیقی"، "آلبان برگ و وتسک"، "آنتون وبرن"، و "شوستاکوویچ و مدرنیسم" در سایت سل فیلارمونیک مراجعه کرد تا در کل امکان دستیابی صحیح به اطلاعات موسیقی مدرن فراهم شود.
نو بودن و جور دیگر اندیشیدن بی‌تردید جای بسی تبریک دارد.
www.sol-philharmonic.com

Full text

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

""

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            
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
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
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Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
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Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
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Joseph Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

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

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 




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
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

     
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  
   
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






4
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
5
Cubism
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Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
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Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
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Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

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


–










 


4
 

   
       
      













     
        



       
 



     

   



9
Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992)
10
La jeune France (Young France)
11
André Jolivet (1905-1974)
12
Daniel Lesur (1908-2002)
13
Yves Baudrier (1906-1988)
14
Sainte-Trinité, Paris
15
Serial

5

"

""

"
"

"" "

"20
 "

""

" "




           




16
Réveil des oiseaux (Awakening of the birds)
17
Oiseaux exotiques (Exotic birds)
18
Catalogue d'oiseaux (Catalogue of birds)
19
Visions de l'Amen (Visions of the Amen)
20
Vingt regards sur l'enfant-Jésus (Twenty gazes upon the child Jesus)
21
Turangalîla-Symphonie
22
Quatuor pour la fin du temps (Quartet for the End of Time)
23
Utha - Mount Messiaen

6
           




      






     

        
       









   
      




24
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007)
25
Pierre Boulez (1925-2016)
26
Frank Martin (1880-1974)
27
Anton Webern (1883-1945)
28
Twelve-tone technique

7

""



""

"
"

" "


""

" "

1964

""



29
Gigantic opera cycle Licht (Light)
30
Gruppen for three orchestras
31
Kreuzspiel
32
Zeitmaße (Time Measures)
33
Kontakte (Contacts)
34
Mixtur (Mixture)

8












35
Luciano Berio (1925-2003)
36
Post Modern

9









""


10









""""

11


 "

"












       

     







37
Pavl Hindemith (1895-1963)
38
Bela Bartok (1881-1945)
39
Krzysztof Penderecki (1933-2020)
40
Montbrison
41
René Leibowitz (1913-1972)
42
Dodécaphonisme (Twelve-tone Technique)

12



""

""


" "









""


" "

""


""


      
.





43
The Hammer without Master
44
Fold upon fold
45
Portrait of Mallarmé (Pli selon pli)
46
Baden-Baden
47
Le Soleil des eaux (The Sun of Waters)
48
Eclats
49
Visage nuptial (The Nuptial Face)
50
Polyphony X.
51
Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898)
52
Nadar (Gaspard-Félix) (1820-1910)

13
" "

14




53
Lenz Klotz (1925-2017)

15






""


" "












" "



""



  


54
Witold Lutosiaeski (1913-1994)
55
Little Suite
56
Krzysztof Penderecki (1933-2020)
57
Dębica
58
Kraków
59
Artur Malawski (1904-1957)
60
Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima

16

"
"" "


 "  "

"
"






" "
61
St. Luke Passion
62
Canon for 52 strings and 2 tapes
63
Devils of Loudun
64
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)

17
 










65
John Whiting (1917-1963)

18
""

 "
"

" "













66
Polymorphia
67
String Quartet No. 2
68
Pittsburgh Overture
69
Richard P. Lohse (1902-1988)

19


    


 ""








""
70
Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006)
71
Le Grand Macabre

20








" "

""


" "




   " "

" "

" "

" "





 "
 "






72
Hans Werner Henze (1926-2012)
73
Wolfgang Fortner (1907-1987)
74
Elegy for Young Lovers
75
The Bassarids
76
The raft of the Medusa
77
Théodore Géricault (1791-1824)
78
Boulevard Solitude
79
König Hirsch (The Stag King)
80
Der Prinz von Homburg (The Prince of Homburg)
81
Der junge Lord (The Young Lord)
82
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
83
Dance Marathon

21
 

    



" "



      
       "
"

   "
"





"
    "

   
""

""


""

   


 


84
Luciano Berio (1925-2003)
85
Luigi Dallapiccola (1904-1975)
86
Circles
87
Tempi Concertati
88
Allez Hop
89
Giorgio Federico Ghedini (1892-1965)
90
Serenade I for Flute and 14 Instruments
91
Nones
92
Mutazioni
93
Epifanie

22

       



       




 








"

"
94
Ernst Fischer (1899-1972)
95
John Cage (1912-1992)

23








         

 




    "  "

" "

  





96
Roger Sessions (1896-1985)
97
Yale
98
Horatio Parker (1863-1919)
99
Ernest Bloch (1880-1959)
100
The Trial of Lucullus
101
Montezuma
102
Harold Weston (1894-1972)

24






 " "

""



" "


" "
108



  





         
        
"
 "


 1919



103
Idyll
104
Theocritus (Born c. 300 BC)
105
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
106
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
107
The Musical Experience of Composer, Performer, Listener
108
Questions About Music
109
Horatio Parker (1863-1919)
110
George Whitefield Chadwick (1854-1931)
111
Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839-1901)
112
Hora Novissima

25





 

     








" "

""

" "

"
 "



"

"


113
Luigi Dallapiccola (1904-1975)
114
Neo-romanticism
115
Volo di notte (Night Flight)
116
Il prigioniero (The Prisoner)
117
Job
118
Divertimento in quattro esercizi
119
Rencesvals

26



     






   



     







       
  




120
Ross Lee Finney (1906-1997)
121
Alban Berg (1885-1935)
122
Hexachord
123
Alban Berg

27





      

      

 





124
Nadia Boulanger (1887-1979)
125
Ernest Boulanger (1815-1900)
126
Lili Boulanger (1893-1918)
127
Madeleine

28


29









     
    





         " 
"

""

""



""


""





128
Benjamin Britten (1913-1976)
129
Michael Kemp Tippett (1905-1998)
130
Morley College
131
The Midsummer Marriage
132
King Priam
133
Knot Garden
134
A child of Our Time
135
The vision of St. Augustine

30
 

  

"
 "


""








 
–




""







""


""

1957-1958

136
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-2016)
137
New Music Manchester
138
Eight songs for a Mad King
139
Randolph Stow (1935-2010)
140
Monoderam
141
Martyrdom of St. Magnus
142
Orkney
143
Goffredo Petrassi (1904-2003)
144
St. Michael Sonata for 17 Winds
145
Prolation

31


 



        
""


-

""




     "  
 "


 

   



" "


"



146
Harrison Birtwistle (1934-2022)
147
Michael Hall (1932-2012)
148
Triumph of Time
149
Punch and Judy
150
Tragoedia for 10 Instruments
151
Nicholas Maw (1935-2009)
152
The Rising of the Moon

32
"


" ""
"


" "



153
Scenes and Arias
154
One Man Show
155
Harrison's-Clocks

33








""







156
Aulis Sallinen (1935-)
157
Jean Sibelius (1865-1957)
158
Finlandia

34
 

  
   

       







 





" "



" "




159
George Crumb (1929-2022)
160
Tembre
161
Federico García Lorca (1898- 1936)
162
Ancient Voices of Children

35


" "
" "


       "  "

" "


" "

"
"

" "


""



""
163
Black Angels (Thirteen Images from the Darkland)
164
Star-Child
165
Celestial Mechanics (Makrokosmos IV) (1979), for amplified piano (four hands)
166
Zeitgeist (Tableaux Vivants)
167
Eine Kleine Mitternachtmusik (A Little Midnight Music)
168
American Songbook
169
Spanish Songbook

36
""

37





       
 









    









170
Arvo Part (1935-)
171
Alfred Schnittke (1934-1998)
172
Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975)
173
Minimalist

38












174
Gymnopedies

39



























175
Erik Satie (1866-1925)
176
Albert Roussel (1869-1937)
177
Vincent D’indy (1851-1931)
178
Jean Cocteau b Meurisse (1889-1963)
179
Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929)
180
Darius Milhaud (1892-1974)
181
Dada or Dadaism

40


 






""

""

""



""

""






182
Modal Music
183
Parade
184
Socrates
185
Messe des pauvres
186
Trois morceaux en forme de poire (Three Pear-shaped Pieces)
187
Sports et Divertissements.

41














 

  

   







188
Fade
189
Josef Rheinberger (1839-1901)
190
Feldkirch

42




 


























191
Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886-1954)
192
Engelbert Humperdinck (1854-1921)
193
Ferdinand Hiller (1811-1885)
194
Isidor Seiss (1840-1905)
195
Franz Lachner (1803-1890)
196
Bayreuth

43















""






197
Parsifal
198
Siegfried Wagner (1869-1930)
199
Hoch Conservatory
200
Julius Stockhausen's Vocal School
201
Humoresque

44















   






202
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876-1948)
203
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)

45





46





" "




" "






204
John Cage (1912-1992)
205
Prepared piano
206
Imaginary Landscape No. 4

47









 

""



" "

""


""
211
.

         "  "

  



207
Terry Riley (1935-)
208
California Background
209
Poppy Nogood and the Phantom Band
210
Keyboard Studies
211
In C
212
A Rain Bow in Curved Air

48








""



      
""



213
Robert Erickson
214
Mills Collage
215
Steve Reich (1936-)
216
Passing Trains

49
""






" "



""

 
217
Music for 18 Musicians
218
Canon
219
Traveller’s Prayer
220
Violin Phase

50


 
       







 



               










221
Philip Glass (1937-)
222
Pea Body
223
Luis Álvarez Roure
224
Vincent Persichetti (1915-1987)
225
William Bergsma (1921-1994)
226
Peter Schickele (1935-)

51










 "  "

""

" "


""






227
BMI Foundation
228
Petersburg, Virginia
229
Einstein on the Beach
230
Akhnaten
231
Galileo Galilei
232
Johannes Kepler

52
 

    
         

       



    








     
       


    





233
John Adams (1947-)
234
Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)

53

""

""



 " "








""



 


235
Nixon in China
236
Shaker Loops
237
Second New England School (Boston Six)
238
Charles Edward Ives (1874-1954)
239
Symphonic poem
240
Boston Six

54







  

 
        
     





241
Charles Ives

55


  








1911


""

"

"
 " "
244

 ""

 " "
246

""
247
""


242
Concord
243
Pulitzer Prize
244
Variations on America
245
New England Holidays
246
Central Park in the Dark
247
The Unanswered Question
248
Emerson Concerto

56







