Privacy and security issues in smart grids: A survey

Abstract

Smart grids have emerged as a transformative technology in the energy sector, enabling efficient electricity management, improved reliability, and integration of renewable energy sources. The necessity to promote smart grid (SG) has been recognized with a strong consensus. The SG integrates electrical grids and communication infrastructures and forms an intelligent electricity network working with all connected components to deliver sustainable electricity supplies. Many advanced communication technologies have been identified for SG applications with a potential to significantly enhance the overall efficiency of power grids. However, the widespread deployment of smart grids raises concerns about the privacy and security of the data collected and transmitted by these systems. To address these concerns, this paper proposes a comprehensive framework for ensuring privacy and security in smart grid systems. This framework includes encryption techniques, access control mechanisms, and robust authentication protocols. Additionally, this paper discusses the importance of user awareness and education in mitigating privacy and security risks. The research contributes to the existing literature on smart grid privacy and security by providing insights specific to the information technology security domain. The findings of this manuscript will be valuable for policymakers, energy providers, and researchers working towards the development of secure and privacy-preserving smart grid systems.

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*Corresponding author: Ogweno Jeremiah Okeyo
Copyright © 2023 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
Privacy and security issues in smart grids: A survey
Ogweno Jeremiah Okeyo *
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo-Kenya.
World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2023, 10(02), 182–202
Publication history: Received on 06 November 2023; revised on 19 December 2023; accepted on 22 December 2023
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.10.2.0306
Abstract
Smart grids have emerged as a transformative technology in the energy sector, enabling efficient electricity
management, improved reliability, and integration of renewable energy sources. The necessity to promote smart grid
(SG) has been recognized with a strong consensus. The SG integrates electrical grids and communication infrastructures
and forms an intelligent electricity network working with all connected components to deliver sustainable electricity
supplies. Many advanced communication technologies have been identified for SG applications with a potential to
significantly enhance the overall efficiency of power grids. However, the widespread deployment of smart grids raises
concerns about the privacy and security of the data collected and transmitted by these systems. To address these
concerns, this paper proposes a comprehensive framework for ensuring privacy and security in smart grid systems.
This framework includes encryption techniques, access control mechanisms, and robust authentication protocols.
Additionally, this paper discusses the importance of user awareness and education in mitigating privacy and security
risks. The research contributes to the existing literature on smart grid privacy and security by providing insights specific
to the information technology security domain. The findings of this manuscript will be valuable for policymakers, energy
providers, and researchers working towards the development of secure and privacy-preserving smart grid systems.
Keywords: Smart grids; Privacy; Security; Data protection
1. Introduction
In an era of rapidly advancing technology, the concept of a "Smart Grid" has emerged as a promising solution to
modernize and enhance our electrical infrastructure. By integrating advanced communication and information
technologies into the traditional power grid, Smart Grids offer numerous benefits such as improved efficiency,
reliability, and sustainability [1]-[6]. However, as this transformative technology becomes more prevalent, concerns
regarding privacy and security have also come to the forefront. This manuscript aims to delve into the privacy and
security issues surrounding Smart Grids, examining the potential risks and vulnerabilities that arise from the collection
and transmission of vast amounts of data. It will explore the implications of these concerns on individual privacy,
national security, and societal trust in this evolving energy landscape. Table 1 presents the comparisons of the
traditional power grid and smart grid systems. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, case studies,
and expert opinions, this manuscript seeks to shed light on the multifaceted challenges posed by Smart Grids and
propose strategies to address these issues effectively. By understanding the complexities of privacy and security in the
context of smart grids, we can pave the way for a safer, more sustainable future powered by intelligent energy systems.

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Table 1 Conventional power grids Vs. Smart grids
Traditional Power Grids
Smart grids
Centralized Control - Traditional grids typically have a
centralized control system where power generation,
distribution, and consumption are managed by a few
large power plants.
Decentralized Control - Smart grids use decentralized
control systems that allow for more distributed energy
resources (DERs) such as solar panels and wind turbines.
This enables better management of power flow.
One-way Communication - Communication in
traditional grids is primarily one-way, from the power
plant to the consumers. There is limited information
exchange between different components of the grid.
Two-way Communication - Smart grids facilitate two-way
communication between various components, including
consumers. This enables real-time monitoring, control, and
data exchange, providing more information for decision-
making.
Limited Automation - Automation in traditional grids is
relatively limited. Manual monitoring and control are
common, and responses to faults or changes in demand
may take time.
Advanced Automation - Smart grids leverage advanced
automation and digital technologies, such as sensors and
smart meters, to detect and respond to changes in demand
or faults in real time.
Predictable Demand - Traditional grids are designed to
handle predictable and steady power demand. They
may struggle with managing intermittent renewable
energy sources and accommodating fluctuations in
demand.
Integration of Renewable Energy - Smart grids are
designed to integrate renewable energy sources
seamlessly. They can manage the variability of sources like
solar and wind through advanced forecasting and energy
storage solutions.
Infrastructure - The infrastructure in traditional grids
is often less flexible and adaptable. Upgrading or
making changes to the system can be time-consuming
and costly.
Enhanced Resilience and Reliability - Smart grids are more
resilient to disruptions. They can quickly identify and
isolate faults, reducing downtime and improving overall
reliability.
Flexibility and Adaptability - Smart grids are more flexible
and adaptable to changes in energy demand, technology,
and infrastructure. They can incorporate new technologies
and scale more easily.
Demand Response - Smart grids enable demand response
programs, allowing consumers to actively participate in
managing their energy consumption based on price signals
or grid conditions.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern energy infrastructure, Smart Grids have emerged as a transformative
technology, promising increased efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in the management of electricity distribution
[7]-[12]. Smart Grids leverage advanced digital communication and information technologies to enhance the two-way
flow of data between utilities and consumers, enabling real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of the electrical
grid. While these advancements bring about numerous benefits, such as improved grid management and the integration
of renewable energy sources, they also raise significant concerns regarding privacy and security.
The integration of interconnected sensors, smart meters, and communication networks in Smart Grids creates a vast
and intricate web of data exchange. This wealth of information, ranging from individual energy consumption patterns
to grid performance data, poses a potential threat to privacy if not adequately protected [13]-[18]. Moreover, the
increased reliance on digital systems makes Smart Grids susceptible to cyber threats, which could have far-reaching
consequences, including disruptions to the energy supply, financial losses, and even compromise of personal safety.
This paper explores the intricate interplay between privacy and security within the realm of Smart Grids, shedding light
on the challenges and considerations that arise as we navigate the path toward a more connected and intelligent energy
infrastructure. As we delve into this discourse, it becomes apparent that striking a delicate balance between the benefits
of innovation and safeguarding the privacy and security of individuals and the grid itself is imperative for the successful
deployment and sustained advancement of Smart Grid technologies.

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2. Emergence of the smart grids
The grid," refers to the electric grid, a network of transmission lines, substations, transformers and more that deliver
electricity from the power plant to your home or business. Figure 1 shows the conventional power grid system. It’s what
you plug into when you flip on your light switch or power up your computer [19]-[24]. Our current electric grid was
built in the 1890s and improved upon as technology advanced through each decade. Today, it consists of more than
9,200 electric generating units with more than 1 million megawatts of generating capacity connected to more than
300,000 miles of transmission lines.
Figure 1 Conventional power grid system
Figure 2 Smart grid communication

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The digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing
along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart. Figure 2 illustrates the various components of the smart grid
network. Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and
equipment working together [25]. The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy
industry into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental
health [26]. The smart grid is not just about utilities and technologies. It is about giving one the information and tools
he/she need to make choices about his energy use. A smarter grid enable unprecedented level of consumer
participation. For example, you will no longer have to wait for your monthly statement to know how much electricity
you use. With a smarter grid, you can have a clear and timely picture of it. "Smart meters," and other mechanisms, will
allow you to see how much electricity you use, when you use it, and its cost [27]-[30].
The integration and management of renewable energy sources in the smart grid are facilitated by advanced technology
in several ways: real-time monitoring and control: smart grids utilize advanced sensors and communication
technologies to monitor the generation and consumption of renewable energy sources in real-time [31]-[36]. This
allows operators to optimize the utilization of these sources based on their availability and demand patterns. Demand
response programs: Smart Grids enable demand response programs, where consumers can adjust their energy usage
based on the availability of renewable energy. Through advanced metering and communication systems, consumers can
receive signals or incentives to shift their energy consumption to times when renewable energy sources are abundant.
Energy storage integration: Advanced technologies such as battery storage systems are integrated into the Smart Grid
to store excess renewable energy during periods of high generation and release it during times of low generation [37]-
[42]. This helps to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and ensure a stable supply of electricity.
Advanced forecasting and prediction: Smart Grids leverage data analytics and predictive algorithms to forecast the
generation capacity of renewable energy sources. This enables better planning and management of the grid, ensuring
that renewable energy sources are effectively utilized without compromising grid stability. Distributed energy
resources management: The Smart Grid allows for the effective integration and management of distributed energy
resources (DERs) such as rooftop solar panels and small wind turbines. Advanced technologies enable the seamless
integration of these DERs into the grid, allowing them to contribute to the overall generation capacity and reducing
reliance on centralized power plants [43]-[48]. Overall, the integration of advanced technology in the Smart Grid enables
the effective management and utilization of renewable energy sources. By leveraging real-time monitoring, demand
response programs, energy storage, forecasting, and distributed energy resource management, the Smart Grid
maximizes the benefits of renewable energy while ensuring grid reliability and stability.
3. Data collection process in smart grids
Figure 3 Data collection process in smart grids

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For the mart grids to be able to perform its functionalities it will have to collect and store different types of data from
the clients or the consumers [49], [50]. As shown in Figure 3, the data are collected and transmitted with help of smart
meters which provide energy related information to both the utility company (or DSO) and customers. For the energy
consumption of residential customers, the number of smart meter readings for a large utility company is expected to
rise from 24 million a year to 220 million per day.
As an emerging component in electricity market and smart grid, electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs)
have seen a growing popularity with the movement of electrification in transportation sector and progress of artificial
intelligence. To control the normal operation status of the distribution system, DSO traditionally relies on the
measurements in the primary sub- station, at the beginning of each MV feeder, where the protection systems are
normally installed. The current magnitude information is also needed for the automatic on-load tap changer in HV/MV
transformers for voltage regulation. The measurements of a typical smart meter include the node voltage, feeder
current, power factor, active and reactive power, energy over a period, total harmonic distortion as well as load demand,
etc. The intelligent devices for data collection in smart grid are listed as Table 2.
Table 2 Intelligent data collection devices in smart grid
Intelligent device
Technology
Application
Advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI)
Integration of smart meters, data management systems
and communication networks to provide bidirectional
communication between customers and utilities
Remote meter configuration,
dynamic tariffs, power quality
monitoring and local control
Phasor measurement
unit (PMU)
Real-time measurements (30 to 60 samples/ second) of
multiple remote points with a common time source for
synchronization
Electrical waves measurement of
power grid
Wide area monitoring
system (WAMS)
An application server to deal with the incoming
information from PMUs
Dynamic stability of the grid
Remote terminal unit
(RTU)
A microprocessor-controlled device that transmitting
telemetry data
Information collection of system
operation status
Supervisory control
and data acquisition
(SCADA)
Both manual and automatic
System monitoring, event
processing and alarm
Smart grid is considered as a future of power grid which is able to manage the production, transmission and distribution
of electricity by modern technology to resolve many issues of current power grid systems. Some of these obstacles such
as voltage sags, blackouts, overloads and old grids are part of economic issue and other factors especially carbon
emissions which contribute to the environmental problem [51]-[54]. Thus, considering both economic and
environmental interests, application of smart grid will be essential for near future. Modernization of power grid by new
facilities has been a reason for rapidly emerging of smart grid in many regions around the world especially in developed
countries. Moreover, smart grid is necessary for developing countries in future due to integration with renewable
energies and energy management features [55], [56]. However, there are many challenging aspects for this technology
to expand due to its broad nature and multi-disciplinary aspects, that can make it becomes complicated and difficult to
be implemented by governments in such countries.
4. Architecture of the Smart Grids
Just like traditional grids, smart grids have a number of moving components as shown in Figure 4. However, smart grids
have parts that are more efficient in terms of design and functionality. For instance, there are intelligent appliances that
are capable of deciding when to consume power based on the pre-set user preferences. There are also smart substations
that control critical and non-critical operational data, such as power factor performance, breaker, and battery and
transformer status [57]-[59]. Another critical component of a smart grid is the smart power meter that is capable of
two-way communication [60] between the consumer and power provider. This makes detection of power outages,
billing, data collection and dispatching of repair crews easier and faster. There is also smart distribution characterized
by automated monitoring and analysis tools, superconducting cables for long-distance transmission, self-healing, self-
optimization and self-balancing. Smart generation is another key component of a smart grid [61]. The system is capable

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of “learning” the unique behavior of power generation resources to optimize energy production and to automatically
maintain voltage, frequency and power factor standards based on feedback from multiple points in the grid. There is
also universal access to affordable, low-carbon electrical power generation and storage solutions. Smart grids are not
only aligned perfectly with the needs and demands of our time, they are also predicted to have significant long-lasting
effects. For instance, the technology will overhaul aging equipment and bring things up to speed. This will help to reduce
the likelihood of blackouts, burnouts and power surges [62]-[65]. The technology will also reduce both the cost of
energy consumption [66] and production.
Figure 4 Architecture of the Smart Grids
With its full implementation, smart grids will make renewable power feasible and equip the grid to meet increasing
energy demands. More importantly, however, the technology will give consumers near real-time control of their energy
bills and facilitate large-scale electric vehicle charging. Switching to a smart grid is all about providing consumers with
a financial edge not just improving power management and adopting greener technology [67].
5. Communication Pathways of smart grid
Figure 5 Basic Network Architecture
The updated smart grid conceptual model provides a high-level set of descriptions adequate to include the broad set of
evolving trends in the smart grid. Yet interoperability requirements derive from specific system and device interfaces
that are not sufficiently characterized by such high-level depictions. In this section, another set of communication

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infrastructures are provided as shown in Figure 5. Three different network types—the Local Area Network (LAN),
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), and Wide Area Network (WAN)—can serve as the foundation for the smart grid's
communication infrastructure [68]-[72].
5.1. Local Area Network (LAN)
The Premise Area Network divides into three sections depending on the environment, HAN (Home Area Network),
Building Area Network (BAN), and IAN (Industrial Area Network). These are wired or wireless networks within the
end-user’s premise. The purpose of the HAN is to provide communication between for example the smart meter and
home automation, appliances, Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), solar panels, or electric vehicles [73]-[77].
BAN and IAN are commercial and industrial focused and communicate typically with building automation systems such
as heating and ventilation or energy management systems. These applications do not require large coverage, high speed,
or high data rate [78], and can be managed with low power, low-cost technologies such as Power Line Communication
(PLC), Wi-Fi, or ZigBee. The required bandwidth in HANs vary from 10 to 100 kbps for each device, depending on
function. The premise networks should be expandable to allow for the number of connected devices to increase. Other
applications for the smart metering devices within the premise area are delivering information such as power and real-
time price information to the end-user through HEMS [79]-[82]. The end-user can then make decisions whether to use
appliances during high price periods or wait for lower price. This can in turn help with peak demand reduction and load
shifting.
5.2. Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) / Field Area Network (FAN)
The Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Field Area Network (FAN) are networks within the distribution domain,
both enable the flow of information [83] between WAN and a Premise Area Network (HAN, BAN, IAN). The NAN
connects premises networks within a neighborhood via smart meters at the end-user. The NAN enable services such as
monitoring and controlling electricity delivery to each end-user, demand response and distribution automation [84]-
[87]. The area NAN/FAN covers can in some cases be large, one of the features of NAN/FAN is communication between
intelligent [88] electronic devices (IEDs). The data in a NAN/FAN is transmitted from a large number of sources to a
data concentrator or substation. This requires a high data rate and large coverage distance. For the existing grid
infrastructure in the NAN/FAN covered areas, it in most cases not possible to make extensive alterations to the
infrastructure. Because of the varying nature of the physical environment of which the NAN/FAN operate, coverage
requirements, etc., different technologies for communication are used. When the coverage requirements are lower,
standards from NAN can be applied, if longer coverage is required, other technologies will be more suitable. The
communication technologies used therefore have to be adapted to each specific situation. Both wired and wireless
technologies are used in NAN/FAN, and the different communication technologies should be complementary [89]-[93].
As distributed energy generation are deployed, these are connected to the NAN/FAN. Communication technologies such
as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or PLC are widely used in these networks.
5.3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Table 3 Communication infrastructure in smart grid
Type of
network
Function
Characteristic
HAN
Enabling the communication among smart home or
office devices and smart meters for local energy
management
Deployed at house or small office with a
relatively low transmission data rate (less
than 1 Kbps
NAN
Consisting of several HANs for energy consumption
data aggregation and storage at load data center
(LDC)
Deployed within area of hundreds of meters
with up to 2Kbps
WAN
Enabling the communication of all smart grid’s
components
Deployed within tens of kilometers with high
data transmission capability up to few Gbps
A WAN forms the backbone of the communication network in the power grid. It connects smaller distributed networks
[94] such as transmission substations, control systems and protection equipment, e.g., Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA), Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), and Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) to the utility companies’
control centers. Other terms used for the WAN is the backbone network or Metropolitan Area Network. WAN
applications require a higher number of data points at high data rates (10 Mbps–1 Gbps), and long-distance coverage

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(10–100 km). Real-time measurements are taken throughout the power grid by measurement and control devices and
sent to control centers [95]-[98]. In reverse, instructions and commands are sent from control centers to the devices.
This communication requires both a high degree of distance coverage and speed to maintain stability. Suitable
communication technologies for this application are PLC, fiber optic communication [99], cellular, or WiMAX. Satellite
communication can be used as backup communication or in remote locations. Table 3 presents a summary of the
communication infrastructure in smart grids.
6. Challenges of Smart Grid Communication
The deployment of smart grids introduces several challenges related to communication infrastructure. One significant
hurdle is the need for robust and secure two-way communication systems to enable real-time data exchange between
various components of the smart grid, including sensors, smart meters, and control systems. Ensuring the reliability
and resilience of communication networks becomes crucial, as any disruptions or cyber-attacks could compromise the
grid's functionality and pose serious threats to the stability of the entire energy infrastructure. Figure 6 presents some
of the sources of threats to smart grid security.
Figure 6 Sources of threats to smart grid security
Interoperability issues may arise due to the integration of diverse technologies and communication protocols, requiring
standardized approaches to facilitate seamless connectivity. Additionally, concerns related to data privacy and security
must be addressed to build public trust and ensure the protection of sensitive information generated by smart grid
devices, further complicating the implementation of effective communication solutions for the evolving energy
landscape. In this section we will discuss some challenges in smart grid communications and applications.
6.1. Privacy issues in smart grids
Communication in SGs is often linked to information related to individual customers and their lives. This is why securing
authentication, authorization, and confidentiality is so important in a SG environment. It is of greatest importance not
to disclose private data to anyone other than consented entities [100]-[105]. Private data include consumer
identification, address, and energy usage information. Smart meters are expected to provide high accuracy reading of
power consumption at defined time intervals to the utilities companies. This data is used for billing purposes and grid
management. However, measurement data from smart meter may be used for other purposes. Usage pattern analysis
can be useful for power saving, but involves a significant risk. The data holds a great amount of information about
individual consumers. Non-intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring (NALM) technologies uses extracts detailed
information on appliance use based on energy measurements. By analyzing data and usage patterns, it may be possible

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to predict when people are at home or away from home, or what appliances are in use [106]-[109]. This information is
could be of interest for the police, tax authorities, insurance companies, etc. NIST have acknowledged that the major
benefit of SGs is the ability to receive richer data from smart meters and devices, is also the biggest weakness from a
privacy standpoint.
6.2. Reliable Transmission
Reliable transmission of information with high QoS [110] is one of the most prioritized requirements for SG
communications. It will greatly improve the system robustness and reliability by harnessing the modern and secure
communication protocols, the communication technologies, faster and more robust control devices and Intelligent
Electronic Devices (IEDs) for the entire grid from substation and feeder to customer resources. As the use of
communication systems in other scenarios, there are many challenges to achieve robust transmission because of limited
bandwidth, limited power, or adverse transmission environment (interference, high path loss, etc.) [111]-[115]. As
discussed in the previous sections, both wireless and wired communication technique consists important parts of the
SG communication with its own advantages and disadvantages. In many cases, a hybrid communication technology
mixed with wired and wireless solutions can be used in order to provide higher level of system reliability, robustness
and availability.
6.3. Security
Cyber security is considered to be one of the biggest challenges to SG deployment as the power grid becomes more and
more interconnected. With the number of connected devices increasing, the possibility for cyber-attacks against the
power grid will increase. Cyber security is essential as every aspect of the SG must be secure [116]-[120]. Security
measures must cover issues involving communication and automation that affects operation of the power system and
the utilities managing them. It must address deliberate attacks as well as inadvertent accidents such as user error and
equipment failure. SGs are vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to the integration of communication paths throughout the
grid infrastructure. SGs are still evolving, and considering security in a new SG environment is important, but
challenging. Undetected cyber-attacks can lead to critical damage affecting thousands or millions of customers and life
threatening infrastructure. Securing the data is vital for both end-user and power companies to ensure trust. As more
functions and capabilities are implemented to the SG importance of secure and safe communication increase. From
distributed energy generation, energy storage, electric vehicles to power station and power grid control systems.
Additionally, something possibly as trivial as securing that the reading from the end-user’s smart meters are sending
correct billing information, or that the utilities companies receive the correct information is essential. As for any other
communication systems, security enhancement for SG communication can be achieved at different layer of the protocol
by utilizing the techniques from the conventional upper layer cryptography to the physical layer security [121]-[125].
Different communication technologies, wired and wireless, interconnect and are required to operate the grid securely.
Different authorities are responsible securing different data and security aspects in Smart Grid/smart metering.
6.4. Vulnerabilities and threats
Vulnerabilities and threats may also be categorized as consumer threat, naturally occurring threat, individual and
organizational threat, impacts on consumer, and impacts on availability, financial impacts, and likelihood of attack.
Attacks on Smart Grids can occur on all levels, from generation and distribution to home networks, it can be protocol-
based attacks, routing attacks, intrusion, malware and denial-of-service attacks (DoS) [126]-[131]. Successful attacks
can lead to grid instability, or in the worst case failure and blackouts. A reliable SG depends on avoiding attacks, or
detecting and establishing mitigation measures [31]. Protection should be used within SG for message authentication,
integrity, and encryption. Security must also address loss of communication, unauthorized access to network and
devices (eavesdropping), network attacks, DoS, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Man-in-the-middle (MITM), and
jamming of radio signals. There have been several attacks on power companies in the last years, where some have led
to system failure and blackout. In 2006 a nuclear power plant in Alabama, USA failed due to overload on the control
system network. Investigations later identified the source to be manipulated smart meter power readings. In 2013–
2014 an attack affected more than 1000 energy companies in 84 countries including Germany, France, Italy, Spain,
Poland, and the US. In December 2015, Ukraine experienced a cyber-attack on three regional power distribution
companies, leaving people in the dark for over six hours. Over two months after the attack, control centers were not
fully operational. The attack was distributed via spear-phishing email, targeting IT staff and systems administrators in
companies responsible for power distribution. By opening an attachment in an email, malicious firmware were
uploaded SCADA-network. The intruders gained access to substation control centers via Virtual Private Networks
(VPNs) and were able to send commands to disable Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems, and open breakers in
substations. The blackout affected around 225,000 customers, and manual operations were required to turn the power
back on. In 2016 Ukrainian power distribution was once again attacked, parts of the city of Kyiv lost power for an hour.

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The malware enabled control of circuit breakers to the attackers. In 2020, the European Network of Transmission
System Operations for Electricity experienced an attack on its office network. The attack did however not infect any of
the systems responsible for controlling the power grid.
6.5. Types of attacks in smart grids
Table 4 Types of attacks in smart grids
Attacks
Details
Malware spreading
An attacker can develop malware and spread it to infect smart meters or company servers
[138]. Malware can be used to replace or add any function to a device or a system such as
sending sensitive information.
Access through
database links
Control systems record their activities in a database on the control system network then
mirror the logs into the business network. If the underneath database management systems
are not properly configured, a skilled attacker can gain access to the business network
database, and then use his skills to exploit the control system network [139]-[141].
Compromising
communication
equipment
An attacker may compromise some of the communication equipment such as multiplexers
causing a direct damage or using it as a backdoor to launch future attacks [142], [143].
Injecting false
information (Replay
Attack)
An attacker can send packets to inject false information in the network, such as wrong meter
data, false prices, fake emergency event, etc [144]-[148]. Fake information can have huge
financial impact on the electricity markets.
Network Availability
Since smart grid uses IP protocol and TCP/IP stack, it becomes subject to DoS attacks and to
the vulnerabilities inherent in the TCP/IP stack [149]-[153]. DoS attacks might attempt to
delay, block, or corrupt information transmission in order to make smart grid resources
unavailable.
Eavesdropping and
traffic analysis
An adversary can obtain sensitive information by monitoring network traffic [154]-[160].
Examples of monitored information include future price information, control structure of the
grid, and power usage.
Modbus security
issue
The term SCADA refers to computer systems and protocols that monitor and control
industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes such as smart grid processes [161]-
[164]. Modbus protocol is one piece of the SCADA system that is responsible for exchanging
SCADA information needed to control industrial processes. Given that the Modbus protocol
was not designed for highly security-critical environments [165], several attacks are possible
including: (a) sending fake broadcast messages to slave devices (Broadcast message
spoofing), (b) replaying genuine recorded messages back to the master (Baseline response
replay), (c) locking out a master and controlling one or more field devices (Direct slave
control), (d) sending benign messages to all possible addresses to collect devices’
information (Modbus network scanning), (e) reading Modbus messages (Passive
reconnaissance), (f) delaying response messages intended for the masters (Response delay),
and (g) attacking a computer with the appropriate adapters (Rouge interloper) [166]-[169].
The just mentioned vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers with different motives and expertise and could cause
different levels of damage to the network. Attackers could be script kiddies, elite hackers, terrorists, employees,
competitors, or customers. Those attackers are normally driven by intellectual challenge and curiosity, Consumers
driven by vengeance and vindictiveness towards other consumers making them figure out ways to shut down their
home’s power. Terrorists who view the smart grid as an attractive target as it affects millions of people making the
terrorists’ cause more visible. Employees disgruntled on the utility/customers or ill-trained employees causing
unintentional errors. Competitors attacking each other for the sake of financial gain those attackers can cause a wide
variety of attacks, classified into three main categories: Component-wise, protocol-wise, and topology-wise.
Component-wise attacks target the field components that include Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). RTUs are traditionally
used by engineers to remotely configure and troubleshoot the smart grid devices. This remote access feature can be
subject to an attack that enables malicious users to take control over the devices and issue faulty states such as shutting
down the devices [132], [133]. Protocol-wise attacks target the communication protocol itself using methods such as
reverse engineering and false data injections. Topology-wise attacks target the topology of the smart grid by launching

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a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack that prevents operators from having a full view of the power system causing
inappropriate decision making [134]-[137]. More attacks are discussed in Table 4 below.
7. Future research directions
Privacy and security issues in Smart Grids are critical considerations as these systems become more integrated and
interconnected. Future research in this field is essential to address emerging challenges and stay ahead of potential
threats. Here are some potential research directions in privacy and security for Smart Grids:
Secure Communication Protocols- Develop and evaluate robust communication protocols that ensure secure and reliable
data exchange among Smart Grid components [170]. This includes addressing issues such as data integrity,
authentication, and encryption to prevent unauthorized access and tampering [171].
Blockchain Technology- Investigate the application of blockchain technology in Smart Grids to enhance security and
privacy [172]-[175]. Blockchain can provide a decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger, ensuring the integrity and
authenticity of transactions within the grid.
Privacy-Preserving Data Analytics- Develop advanced data analytics techniques that can extract meaningful insights
from Smart Grid data without compromising individual user privacy [176], [177]. This involves exploring techniques
like homomorphic encryption and differential privacy to protect sensitive information.
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems- Enhance the capabilities of intrusion detection and prevention systems
specifically designed for Smart Grids. This includes the development of anomaly detection algorithms capable of
identifying and mitigating cyber threats in real-time [178], [179].
Security of IoT Devices- Investigate security measures for the Internet of Things (IoT) devices within the Smart Grid
[180], [181]. This involves securing sensors, smart meters, and other IoT devices to prevent unauthorized access, data
manipulation [182], and potential exploitation by malicious actors.
Resilience and Disaster Recovery- Research strategies to enhance the resilience of Smart Grids against cyber-attacks and
natural disasters [183]. This includes developing robust disaster recovery plans and mechanisms to quickly restore
functionality in case of system disruptions.
Human Factors and User Awareness- Explore the human factors involved in Smart Grid security, including user
awareness, training, and behavior [184]. Develop strategies to educate end-users and grid operators about security best
practices to prevent social engineering attacks and improve overall system security.
Regulatory Frameworks- Evaluate and propose regulatory frameworks that ensure the privacy and security of Smart
Grids [185], [186]. This involves collaboration between researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers to
establish standards and guidelines for secure Smart Grid deployment.
Machine Learning for Threat Prediction- Utilize machine learning algorithms to predict and identify potential security
threats in real-time [187], [188]. This involves developing models that can analyze large volumes of data to detect
patterns indicative of cyber threats and take proactive measures to prevent attacks.
Secure firmware and software updates- Research methods to securely update firmware and software in Smart Grid
components to patch vulnerabilities and improve overall system security [189]-[192]. This includes exploring secure
over-the-air update mechanisms and ensuring the integrity of updates.
Quantum-safe cryptography- Anticipate the future threat of quantum computers on current cryptographic systems and
develop quantum-safe cryptographic algorithms for securing Smart Grid communications against potential quantum
attacks [193], [194].
Continuous collaboration between researchers, industry experts, and policymakers is crucial to addressing these
challenges and ensuring the long-term security and privacy of Smart Grids.

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8. Conclusion
This manuscript has shed light on the critical privacy and security issues surrounding smart grids. Through a
comprehensive analysis of the various aspects of smart grid technology, it has become evident that while these systems
offer numerous benefits such as improved energy efficiency and reliability, they also pose significant risks to the privacy
and security of consumers and the overall grid infrastructure. The manuscript has highlighted the potential threats
faced by smart grids, including unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber-attacks. It has emphasized the importance
of implementing robust security measures to safeguard sensitive consumer information and protect against potential
disruptions to the grid's operation. Additionally, the manuscript has explored the challenges associated with ensuring
privacy in a smart grid environment, particularly regarding the collection, storage, and sharing of consumer data.
Furthermore, the manuscript has discussed various privacy-enhancing technologies and security frameworks that can
be employed to mitigate these risks. It has emphasized the need for collaboration between stakeholders, including
utilities, regulators, policymakers, and consumers, to establish comprehensive privacy and security policies and
standards. Additionally, it has highlighted the significance of educating consumers about their rights and providing them
with mechanisms to control their data within the smart grid ecosystem. Overall, this manuscript serves as a valuable
resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals by providing an in-depth understanding of the
privacy and security challenges associated with smart grids. It underscores the urgency of addressing these issues to
ensure the successful deployment and widespread adoption of this transformative technology. By incorporating the
recommendations and insights presented in this manuscript, stakeholders can work towards building a secure and
privacy-preserving smart grid infrastructure that maximizes its benefits while minimizing potential risks.
Compliance with ethical standard
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank all my friends who supported me when I was developing this paper.
Disclosure of conflict of interest
The author declares that he holds no conflict of interest.
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