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Keywords data-driven design, discrete architecture, stac-oriented design, experimental architecture
Fig. 01. Exterior Perspecve View
Abstract
The Memory Labyrinth
The memory labyrinth is a pavilion that explores the unique intersecon of architecture, computaonal de-
sign, and Alzheimer’s disease from its very concepon. The pavilion serves as a tangible narrator - acng both
visually and spaally - to illustrate the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Its architectural language draws
inspiraon from the cognive deterioraon caused by Alzheimer’s, translang the gaps and holes in human
memory into physical spaces. Alarming on the isolated and depressive experiences oen associated with Alz-
heimer’s, the pavilion emerges as a collaborave space, encouraging collecve interacon and memory-mak-
ing. In this regard, the pavilion’s overall form arises from a computaonal approach driven by Alzheimer’s pa-
ents’ data. Using an algorithmic process a unique perforaon is provoked on its originally connuous shell
based on a degree of brain deterioraon (Atrophy Scaling Factor), thus creang the possibility for interacve
areas. These discrete spaces, posioned via a Wave Funcon Collapse (WFC), oer visitors a memorable ex-
perience as the pavilion becomes a legacy of a data-oriented approach in design, that shapes digital data into
physical arfacts. Finally, by fostering interacon, the Pavilion of the Memory Labyrinth aims to counteract
the societal isolaon oen experienced by individuals with Alzheimer’s. Through its architectural congura-
on, the pavilion lasngly communicates the narrave of Alzheimer’s disease to visitors, enabling a deeper
understanding of the condion towards not only awareness but also inclusivity and acceptance.
Sarvenaz Rezaei
Ecole Naonale des Ponts et Chaussées ParisTech Mastère Spécialisé,
Digital Building Design 2022 - 2023
Academic Tutor: Iacopo Neri, Faculty at IAAC and scienc collaborator at DVS-UZH
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
2
1 Introducon
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most complex diseases known so far, and a specic cause has not yet been
found. Given its manifold nature, this pavilion funcons as an aempt to inform the public about the complex
geometry of its shell. Dierent layers of the pavilion mimic the decay of the Alzheimer’s mind in its brain’s
inner layers, while the inner shell wraps spaces on its inside. By standing and walking in the space of the pa-
vilion, each point of the shell (1 x 1 m space) indicates the state of mental deterioraon of a paent. Various
factors are measured to diagnose the degree of severity of Alzheimer’s disease and the Atrophy Scaling Fac-
tor (ASF) - or the brain’s volume scaling factor - is among them. If the paent’s ASF is higher than the average
ASF of other paents, mul-cavity spaal envelopes ll its place, via a computaonally discrete approach,
further discussed in secon 1.1 of this arcle. Finally, directly using the data of Alzheimer’s paents in the
volume and form of the pavilion aims to provoke a tangible and durable experience in the eyes of the viewer.
In the context of this research, a data-driven approach is key for the design of the pavilion to ensure any
experience of its interior spaces as narrators of incoherent memories like the ones any paent has to face
endlessly. In this regard, the visitor is placed among the formless, layered, and smooth shell/plate and loses
a sense of orientaon along the various spaal curves in the plan. The pavilion becomes the daily expression
of an Alzheimer’s paent. With the help of the Wave Funcon Collapse algorithm which is a constraint-based
algorithm that takes a small part and procedurally generates a larger piece in the same style, it works like a
solver and leaves the missing pieces in an unknown place. This project has an informave aspect and is com-
pleted with the help of data-driven design and discrete architecture.
“Data-driven design is an approach to design that relies on the analysis and ulizaon of data to inform the
design process. In data-driven design, decisions are guided by empirical data and insights rather than relying
solely on intuion or assumpons. This approach leverages informaon collected from various sources to
opmize design choices and outcomes.”(Flowndeveloper, 2023)
2 Context
2.1 Data-Driven Design
In this light, one reference project for this study is Nutri.net by the master’s students of UCL. which
is based on food data focusing on designing food centers from producon to consumpon in the Co-
rona era is the main idea of using data in this project turns this project into a rich study. This research
points to unsustainable ecosystems led by consumerism, and to solving climate problems, it points out
that cies must become an integral part of the soluon, and establish a balance between the city con-
sumer and the producer village. This research has been considered and designed by examining the
data on the food in demand and suitable places for culvaon and distribuon in the shortest distance
from the consumpon centers. Such a project is not possible without data review and analysis, and the
existence of such projects is important because of their analysis-oriented and forward-looking sight.
Discrete architecture is a method for building complex architectures from simple elements as it produces
highly variable spaces through the computaonally supported combinaon of its parts. In other words “With
a discrete approach, the dichotomy between the virtual—the way things are designed—and the physical—
the way things are realized—becomes much smaller.
2.2 Discrete Architecture
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
3
Today, it is very important how an architectural project is dened and implemented, even more so in light of
the global lack of resources, the increase in polluon, and the diversity of human needs. Discrete architec-
ture works towards forms and processes of digital and automated producon that can facilitate and promote
pracces of equity, heterogeneity, and inclusivity. Oen, the Dom-ino House is taken as an example of mass
standardizaon in the modern era as it simplies the building, dening it only with three elements: column,
slab, and stairs. Through discrete architecture, on the other hand, the same space is achieved through only
one element which can be seen as columns, slabs, and stairs. (Fig. 2.)
KarlsPlatz in Vienna by Gilles Retsin Architecture (Fig. 3.) is a building that is built with only a few cells, and
it seems that it is not made of slabs or columns. Assembly takes advantage of the specic characteriscs of
objects and makes them as a whole. As the parts themselves gain more importance, the role of the architect
is discussed because the form no longer holds its meaning. The primary element or elements in discrete
architecture, which are the core of the project, dene all the architecture and spaal quality. The size and
shape of the elements are the basis of the construcon of discrete architecture, for example, the use of
agent-based components in Prototype for a 3D printed house by Gilles Retsin architecture (Fig. 5.), which
produces a coherent and free form, or mega element in Helsinki Naonal Museum by Gilles Retsin architec-
ture (Fig. 4.) which, in addion to creang the form of a building, also becomes a part of the habitable space
in the project due to its giant and human-friendly scale. Overall, discrete architecture embraces two visions
of architecture. In project KarlsPlatz, it is the top-down approach, as if the components together create the
form of a building, or the boom-up approach in project ProtoHouse (Prototype for a 3D printed house),
where the integrity of its components and the way they are placed lead to the producon of free-form. Also,
in the Yure Pavilion by Kengo Kuma & Associates (Fig. 6.), the type of placement and locking of components
has brought such a form in this approach.
So, the ulizaon of visual programming becomes imperave in data-oriented architectural frameworks and
space design plaorms featuring repeve elements. This approach transforms informaon into a funda-
mental architectural element, rendering abstract concepts tangible, parcularly through visualizaon using
Rhino soware. Grasshopper, a visual programming plugin integrated into Rhino, plays a central role in this
research, facilitang the implementaon of these concepts.
With the advent of visual scripng, various plugins are of support to discrete architectural projects, like
WASP1 by Andrea Rossi, Monoceros by Subdigital Studio, and Assembler by Alessio Erioli.
Fig. 02. Discrete parts as reassembly of Maison Dom-ino. Image: Ivo Tedbury, Semblr, Unit 19/DCL, 2017.
1 See hps://www.food4rhino.com/en/app/wasp
Methods and processes of design, fabricaon, and assembly become more streamlined. The role of the ar-
chitect becomes less concerned with the nal form a building may take, and instead engages more with the
overarching economic, social, material, and technical framework in which it is produced.” (Claypool, 2019).
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
4
This plugin implements in Grasshopper the Wave Funcon Collapse algorithm (WFC). WFC is an algorithm
that lls a space by pung modules or puzzle pieces together in a meaningful way so that each piece can
connect with its neighbor and ll an input space like puzzle pieces. Open to both approaches, top-down
and boom-up, it begins with the denion of envelopes, known as Slot in Monoceros2. In the case of a
top-down approach, the nal volume can be pixelated, and the Slots are ready to accept the module in-
side them. Oppositely, with the boom-up approach, the nal volume is obtained as a result of the rules
that are dened a priori for placing the modules. Technically, the way to connect modules is dened in
such a way that the connecon of the face of one slot with another using a point, line, or a combinaon
of these rules is a set of rules that gives the designer the authority to place the modules (Fig. 7.). By in-
pung the dened slots, modules, and rules to the Monoceros solver that works with the WFC algo-
rithm, it is possible to obtain a nal volume, regardless of its architectural or design purposes (Figure 8).
2.2.1 Monoceros
Fig. 03. KarlsPlats in Vienna by Gilles
Retsin Architecture
Fig. 05. Prototype for a 3D printed
house by Gilles Retsin Architecture
Fig. 04. Helsinki Naonal Museum
by Gilles Retsin Architecture
Fig. 06. Yure Pavilion by Kengo
Kuma & Associates
Fig. 07. Monoceros Introducon
2 See hps://www.food4rhino.com/en/app/wasp
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
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4.1 Data Extracon
The pavilion of Memory Labyrinth is rooted in a form obtained from the factors of a collecon of Alzhei-
mer’s paents. Each square meter of its shell comes from the informaon of an Alzheimer’s paent who is
responsible for a panel-by-panel modicaon. In this regard, if ASF values are higher than average, panels
are removed and replaced by the inially dened cell (which should be mesh) that contains the interacon
piece. The replacement pieces on the original shell, which have sharp-edged forms, contrast with the so
and curved form of the pavilion shell. In the connuaon of the research, other forms of these parts and
studies in the eld of discrete architecture will be discussed.
“Data extracon is the process of retrieving specic informaon from a dataset or database, oen for analysis,
reporng, or further processing. This can involve pulling out structured data from a database, unstructured
data from documents or websites, or even extracng specic features from images or other types of media.”
(Astera Analycs Team, 2023) Data extracon is a process used in Web Scraping, Database Querying (using
Structured Query Language or other query languages), Text Mining and Natural Language Processing (NLP),
Image Processing Data Cleaning and Preprocessing, Site Analysis, Material Specicaons, Building Codes and
Regulaons, Energy Eciency and Sustainability Data, Structural Data, Cost Esmaon and Budgeng, User
Requirements and Programming Data, Building Performance Data, BIM (Building Informaon Modeling)
4 Methodology
The aim of this arcle is the construcon of a pavilion as a result of a computaonal exploraon that func-
ons as an informaonal piece on the struggles of Alzheimer’s paents How data about Alzheimer’s paents
can be used in building a pavilion and how it turns demena into an architectural process, are the key ques-
ons for this research. Two approaches, data-driven design and discrete architecture are used and studied
in the pavilion design process. The form of the pavilion shell is obtained from the data of Alzheimer paents
and the destroyed parts of the shell are lled by specic parts with the help of discrete architecture.
3 Objecve
Fig. 08. Generated chairs in top-down approach with Monoceros
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
6
For this study, the type of data extracon is structured data. This involves programmacally accessing and re-
trieving specic data from a structured source, such as a spreadsheet, database, or any other organized data
format. In this case, the structured source is the Excel le, and using C# (a programming language) to access
and extract specic pieces of informaon from it. This could involve reading specic cells, rows, and columns.
The main characteriscs of Alzheimer’s disease are eTIV, nWBV, ASF, CDR, MMSE, and SES. eTIV stands for
esmated Total Intracranial Volume, which is a proxy for the volume of the skull, while nWBV is Normalized
Whole Brain Volume. Parts of the brain in Alzheimer’s paents degenerate, and nWBV is the remaining vol-
ume of the brain. As above menoned ASF is the Atrophy Scaling Factor and shows the amount of destroyed
brain volume (Fig. 9.). CDR stands for “the Clinical Demena Rang (CDR) Demena Staging Instrument in
one aspect is a 5-point scale used to characterize six domains of cognive and funconal performance ap-
plicable to Alzheimer disease and related demenas: Memory, Orientaon, Judgment & Problem Solving,
Community Aairs, Home & Hobbies, etc.” (Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 2023). MMSE stands
for The Mini-Mental State Examinaon (Folstein 1975) “is a simple pen-and-paper test of cognive funcon
based on a total possible score of 30 points; it includes tests of orientaon, concentraon, aenon, verbal
memory, naming and visuospaal skills.” (Naon Library of Medicine, 2023). SES or Socioeconomic status
“reecng both social and economic measures of a person’s work experience, and of an individual’s or fam-
ily’s economic access to resources and social posion — has been linked to both physical and psychological
health and well-being.” (AAIC, 2022).
MRI image from the research arcle: Quan-
tave assessment of eld strength, total
intracranial volume, sex, and age eects
on the goodness of harmonizaon for volu-
metric analysis on the ADNI database
eTIV: Esmated Total In-
tracranial Volume
nWBV: Normalized
Whole Brain Volume
ASF: Atrophy Scaling
Factor
Alzheimer’s disease progression - MRI im-
age from the reseach:Brain imaging use
in Alzheimer ’s demena diagnosis Alzhei-
mer’s disease and demena
MRI image from the research paper: Brain
Atrophy and Clinical Characterizaon of
Adults With Mild Cognive Impairment
and Dierent Cerebrospinal Fluid Bio-
marker Proles According to the AT(N) Re-
search Framework of Alzheimer’s Disease
Fig. 09. eTIV, nWBV, ASF of Alzheimer’s paents
The sum of all these indicators is evaluated to determine a person subject to Alzheimer’s and track the diag-
nosis and progression of the disease. There are 354 Alzheimer’s paent informaon in the studied Excel le
that was obtained from the data science compeon plaorm kaggle.com. The form-nding process, which
is discussed in detail in the next secon, is the result of converng the three main indicators of Alzheimer’s
disease, eTIV, nWBV, and ASF, into a geometrical enty: a point. For this, a specic data preprocessing phase
is required. Extracng data from an Excel le falls under the category of structured data extracon which
refers to informaon that is organized in a consistent format.
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
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4.2 Generang Forms
Fig. 10. Data Extracon
“The box is a theorecal device that I developed inspired by some of Slavoj Zizek’s statements that “Some-
mes you need to oversimplify things to nd the core. We think too much in shades of gray and we should
be more black and white.” Metabox consists of mass, lines, points, surfaces.” (Retsin, 2018) The basic ele-
ments of architecture became the rst step to generang form. Point, line, and surface. These points are the
rst step to the beginning of various forms that we will connue to study, the producon of the surface and
how this surface becomes a shell with dierent borders will be discussed later. Therefore, to start the form
generaon, the informaon of Alzheimer’s paents was converted to points. From Fig. 11 to Fig. 18 are the
exploring process for generang forms. To produce a surface from these points, the three main indicators
of Alzheimer’s disease, eTIV, nWBV, and ASF were applied to X, Y, and Z. The surface that was obtained from
these characteriscs was very long and inappropriate for architectural space. (Fig. 11.)
In an Excel le, data is typically organized in rows and columns, which provides a clear structure for storing
and retrieving informaon. Extracng structured data from an Excel le oen involves using programming
languages that can read and manipulate spreadsheet les. For this exploraon, the converng process is
achieved with the help of the C# component in Grasshopper. C# performs the reading of the Excel le in such
a way that a list of points is generated, having as coordinates (X, Y, and Z) values coming from three specic
rows of the Excel le. More precisely, the twelh row of the Excel sheet, corresponding to the 354 paents’
eTIV value, is applied to the X coordinate The thirteenth row of the Excel sheet (nWBV) applies to the Y index
of the points and the fourteenth row applies to the Z index of the points. (Fig. 10.)
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
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Fig. 12. Alzheimer’s paents’ characteriscs were converted to points. (edion 2)
Therefore, to have more control over the generated surface, the points were given X and Y coordinates as
the number of paents which provided a square border that means each point on the surface represented a
paent of Alzheimer’s disease. (Fig. 12.)
Fig. 11. Alzheimer’s paents’ characteriscs were converted to points.
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
9
In the next step, it was considered that if there is no limitaon to the shape of the border of the surface,
then any form can be generated by the exisng points, and if the border points of the surface are known as
the supports, a volume can be obtained that has a high disncon between its interior and exterior space.
This became a law for the producon of pavilion form.
4.3 Discrezaon
At this stage and aer producing the form of the volume, the ASF level of each Alzheimer’s paent is checked.
“Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerave condion, which means that it causes progressive damage to
the brain over me. Here’s what happens to an Alzheimer’s paent’s mind:
Neurobrillary Tangles: Inside brain cells, there are twisted tangles of protein bers known as neuro-
brillary tangles. These tangles disrupt communicaon within the cells, eventually leading to cell death.
Amyloid Plaques: Abnormal clumps of a protein called amyloid plaques accumulate between nerve cells.
These plaques disrupt cell funcon and communicaon.
Shrinkage of Brain Tissue: Over me, the brain of an Alzheimer’s paent typically shrinks in size. This aects
various regions of the brain, including those responsible for memory, thinking, and other cognive funcons.
Impaired Synapc Funcon: The connecons (synapses) between brain cells are crical for communicaon.
In Alzheimer’s, these synapses become damaged, leading to a breakdown in signaling.” (Naonal Instute of
Aging, 2023)
Fig. 13. Two types of anchors (linear and curved) were studied for generang dierent surfaces
However, the generated surface remains unsuitable for living and hardly standing. Walls and foundaons
are needed. The wall can be a part of the surface, which makes the whole form integrated. Any point on the
surface that projects onto the ground can be dened as the support of the surface. In Figure 13, the surfaces
were generated with linear and curved anchors.
The Excel le reports that there are 354 people with a high probability of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis,
which are arranged in the order of their IDs. The characteriscs of each paent according to the size of the
disease factors become Cartesian coordinates in space and points are created. In the design process, the
waves can be changed only by changing the rao of the spaal dierence of the points to each other in
height, and therefore their control is in the hands of the designer.
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
Strategy 1: Destroyed parts with perforated texture or linear elements that let outside light pass through
their hollow texture and are a symbol of forgoen memories. (Fig. 14.)
Strategy 2:to replace the damaged parts with solar cells that provide some of the electricity consumed by
the pavilion. (Fig. 15.)
Strategy 3: Instead of the destroyed parts, interacve spaces should be formed, which is the place of in-
ter-acon and the formaon of new memories with reusable material. (Fig. 16.)
At this stage and aer producing the form of the volume (shell), the ASF level of each Alzheimer’s paent is
checked. Now, each point of the surface/shell is a paent, by comparing the ASF of that person with the average,
if the ASF is smaller than the average, the surface/shell will not be destroyed, but if it is greater than the average,
that area will not be made and remains destroyed. Technically, the shell is made of 354 points when it is said
that the point of the shell means the area of the shell divided by 354. For the destroyed parts like the minds of
Alzheimer’s paents, dierent strategies were considered, all of them using the WFC algorithm that puts the
pieces together like a puzzle. Its meaning is that in the parts where the memories are forgoen and lose their
coherence, they are replaced by connected pieces with various funcons according to the dened strategy.
Fig. 14. Strategy 1 - Destroyed parts are lled with linear elements and straight and curvy surfaces.
“Memory and Cognive Decline: Due to the widespread damage to brain cells, especially in areas crucial for
memory and cognive funcon (such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex), individuals with Alzheimer’s
experience progressive memory loss and a decline in thinking and problem-solving abilies.” (Corey-Bloom,
2002)
10
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
Fig. 15. Strategy 2 - Destroyed parts are lled with solar cells.
Fig. 16. Strategy 3 - Destroyed parts are lled with interacve spaces.
The designed modules must be converted into Monoceros modules and slots must be made for placing
modules into them. The slots are placed in the destroyed parts. Also, these modules need rules to be con-
nected. Finally, the WFC solver creates the nal arrangement with modules, slots, and connecon rules.
Slots must be materialized to visualize the nal layout. (Fig. 17.)
Fig. 17. Monoceros
11
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
Fig. 18. Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
The shell produced from the ASF amount of Alzheimer’s paents is wavy. The form of the shell is obtained
from the determined points and boundaries. (Fig. 18.)
5 Result
This shell has a second shell inside itself, which has the role of containing visual art display rooms. The sec-
ond skin is produced from the same data by changing the ASF rao of paents and with the same boundary,
which has steeper valleys to display visual arts on their skin. (Fig. 19.) The pavilion includes galleries, visual
arts display rooms, service, and a cafe. Those shell points whose ASF is higher than the average are not cre-
ated to give place to interacve spaces that are computaonally placed via WFC and organized like a puzzle.
In this regard, architecture becomes a medium for new interacon and memories in those places where the
most mental deterioraon has occurred. The shell of the pavilion is xed in place with the help of a wooden
lamella structure, the material of the rst (exterior) semi-transparent shell is polycarbonate panels, the sec-
ond one (interior) is prefabricated plywood, and the interacve space is made of reusable wood.
Fig. 19. The second shell of Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
12
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
The pavilion of the memory labyrinth with its formaon and construcon process is a narrator of Alzhei-
mer’s disease. Its architectural language takes formal inspiraon from Alzheimer’s disease progress where
demena produces holes in the human mind, gaps in its volume. Instead of distorted thought and memory,
the pavilion becomes a place for people to interact and make memories collecvely, deeply contrasng the
Alzheimer-induced feeling of isolaon and depression. Moreover, a computaonal approach drives its over-
all shape, which is mostly represented by the perforated shell. Result of transforming the characteriscs of
Alzheimer’s disease paents into points within a given boundary, the shell is analyzed so that, where the
deterioraon is higher than the average (ASF), shell pieces get removed and give way to interacve areas:
discrete spaces algorithmically placed and oriented via WFC funcon. The pavilion is the result of a data-ori-
ented approach, and with its conguraon, it narrates Alzheimer’s disease to the visitors, and by inving
interacon, it tries to prevent the isolaon of Alzheimer’s paents in society.
I would like to express my deep gratude to Iacopo Neri for his guidance, construcve suggesons, and valu-
able support throughout the development of this research. My thanks are extended to Romain Duballet for
his advice through all progression levels. I would also like to thank Selma Abbas, Camille Chevrier, Kateryna
Kuzmenko, Romain Mesnil, Vincent Méthot, Mahan Motamedi, Quenn Mouly, Hoodad Zoroufchian, and my
supporve family.
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
List of Figures
Fig. 01. Exterior Perspecve View
Fig. 02. Discrete parts as a reassembly of Maison Dom-ino. Image: Ivo Tedbury, Semblr, Unit 19/DCL, 2017.
Fig. 03. KarlsPlats in Vienna by Gilles Retsin Architecture
Fig. 04. Helsinki Naonal Museum by Gilles Retsin architecture
Fig. 05. Prototype for a 3D printed house by Gilles Retsin architecture
Fig. 06. Yure Pavilion by Kengo Kuma & Associates
Fig. 07. Monoceros Introducon
Fig. 08. Generated chairs in top-down approach with Monoceros
Fig. 09. eTIV, nWBV, ASF of Alzheimer’s paents
Fig. 10. Data Extracon
Fig. 11. Alzheimer’s paents’ characteriscs were converted to points.
Fig. 12. Alzheimer’s paents’ characteriscs were converted to points. (edion 2)
Fig. 13. Two types of anchors (linear and curved) were studied for generang dierent surfaces
Fig. 14. Strategy 1 - Destroyed parts are lled with linear elements and straight and curvy surfaces.
Fig. 15. Strategy 2 - Destroyed parts are lled with solar cells.
Fig. 16. Strategy 3 - Destroyed parts are lled with interacve spaces.
Fig. 17. Monoceros
Fig. 18. Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
Fig. 19. The second shell of Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
13
Pavilion of Alzheimer’s Paents
14
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hps://knightadrc.wustl.edu/professionals-clinicians/cdr-demena-staging-instrument/#:~:text=The%20
Clinical%20Demena%20Rang%20(CDR,Aairs%2C%20Home%20%26%20Hobbies%2C%20and
hps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arcles/PMC8406467/#:~:text=The%20Mini%E2%80%90Mental%20
State%20Examinaon%20(Folstein%201975)%2C%20or,memory%2C%20naming%20and%20visuospa-
al%20skills.
hps://aaic.alz.org/releases_2022/lower-socioeconomic-demena-risk.asp#:~:text=Socioeconomic%20sta-
tus%20(SES)%20%E2%80%94%20reecng,psychological%20health%20and%20well%2Dbeing.
hps://www.nia.nih.gov/news/amyloid-structure-linked-dierent-types-alzheimers-disease#:~:text=Amy-
loid%20plaques%20form%20in%20the,many%20amino%20acids%20they%20contain.
hps://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease#:~:text=Neurobrillary%20tan-
gles&text=In%20healthy%20neurons%2C%20tau%20normally,to%20form%20tangles%20inside%20neu-
rons.
