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Effect of Foliar Application of Boron on Water Stress Tolerance in Pearl Millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)
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In order to combat the adverse effects of water stress on coriander plants grown in a semi-arid region, this study was undertaken during 2020 and 2021 seasons. Field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of South Tahrir Research Station in El-Bustan area, El-Beheira Governorate, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. The influence of different irrigation levels and boron foliar spray on the vegetative growth, yield and essential oil of coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum L.) grown in a sandy soil were investigated. The treatments comprised of four-drip irrigation levels (60, 80, 100 and 120%) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and four boron rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) in a split plot design with three replicates. The results revealed that both irrigation and boron foliar application significantly affected growth characteristics, yield and essential oil content of coriander plant. Maximum mean values of growth characteristics and fruit yield were achieved with the highest amount of irrigation water (120% ETc) which showed non-significant differences with the lower irrigation level (100% ETc). The least mean values of growth characteristics and yield parameters were obtained at an irrigation level of (60% ETc) in untreated boron application. The results showed that essential oil yield increased at moderate water stress (80% ETc) with boron foliar application at 150 ppm thereby improving fruit quality. The highest values of crop coefficient (Kc) of coriander were obtained in April with a mean value of 0.64 at the experimental site. The mean values of water consumptive use were 1201 m3/feddan during the growing season. Therefore, spraying boron at 150 ppm could serve as a promising approach under moderate water stress (80%) conditions to maximize coriander yield and quality in sandy soils
The yield and quality of field crops are affected by abiotic stresses such as water deficit, which can negatively impact crop growth, productivity, and quality. However, nanotechnology holds great promise for increasing crop yield, maintaining quality, and thus mitigating abiotic stresses. Therefore, the current study was conducted to examine the influences of 0, 50, and 100 mg L−1 zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and 0, 25, and 50 mg L−1 silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles on the yield and quality traits of potato plants grown under water deficit conditions (100%, 75%, and 50% ETc). Water deficit significantly reduced yield traits (average tuber weight, number of plant tubers, and tuber yield) and quality traits (tuber diameter, crude protein, and mineral content). However, it enhanced tuber dry weight, specific gravity, ascorbic acid, starch, and total soluble solids. Foliar applications of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles under water deficit treatments significantly enhanced yield and improved quality traits of potato plants. Moreover, significant and positive correlations were found among yield traits. Thus, it can be concluded that using ZnO NPs at 100 mg L−1 significantly improves potato productivity and quality traits by mitigating the negative effects of water deficit in arid regions.
Boron is one of the 17 essential plant nutrients, required for normal plant growth. Its widespread deficiency in ~30% of Indian soils have been observed to affect plant growth and economic yield. Because of its mobile nature, it tends to leach down in soil layers. Boron deficiency has more specifically been observed in light-textured alluvial soils with low content of organic matter. The higher active absorptive surface area of clays restricts its leaching losses. Boron becomes available to plants upon decomposition of organic matter by soil micro-organisms after its mineralization. The soils with high content of calcium carbonate are also prone to B deficiency. Boron availability decreases with an increase in soil pH, except in saline-sodic soils. Soil application of B has been observed to more credible option owing to its considerable residual effect on succeeding crops. Considerable yield response of B application has been found in cotton, cereals, legumes, oilseeds and alfalfa and citrus fruit plants, grown in B deficient soils. Therefore, assessment of B status in soils is crucial to ensure B application in deficient soils for the long-term sustainability of soils in terms of exploring crop genetic potential. Boron is a critical nutrient from a nutritional requirement point of view as it shows second most widespread micronutrient deficiency globally after Zn.
Silicon (Si) is one of the essential and important elements that plays a vital role in the growth and productivity of crop plants by improving their nutritional status. The exogenous application of Si activates plant defense and phytohormones signaling mechanisms under biotic and abiotic stresses. Different soil factors such as soil pH, texture, organic matter, and temperature significantly influence the bioavailability and solubility of Si in the soil system. However, the uptake, transport, and accumulation of Si within the plants depend upon Si-transporters including LSi1, LSi2, and LSi6 that are present in the roots of plants. From the past few decades, the role of Si in mineral nutrient deficiencies, toxicities, biotic and abiotic stresses is being explored in cereals crops. Si improves the plant resistance against pathogenic stress, salinity, drought, heat, and heavy metals by regulating the defense system. In addition, Si facilitates the uptake of essential nutrients and restricts metal ions by making conjugates, provides mechanical strength to plant cell wall, and enhances the resistance against unwanted environmental conditions. It potentially regulates phytohormones biosynthesis, improves photosynthetic attributes, and increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes to reduce the harmful impacts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other toxic ions. Furthermore, the actual mechanisms behind Si-mediated alterations in plants under mineral nutrient stress are still unclear; however, a little literature is available on other abiotic stresses. Therefore, this study summarizes the findings from various investigations for better understanding the mechanism, regulation, and crosstalk among different phytohormones, micro- and macro-nutrient disorders, other biotic and abiotic stresses and their possible solutions in response to exogenous applications of Si (soil or foliar). Overall, this study suggested that Si supplementation significantly enhances the physio-biochemical attributes, defensive mechanism, hormonal regulation, and activates the regulation of expression pattern of stress responsive genes under stressful conditions.
Water deficit is a major abiotic stress that devastatingly affects wheat growth and production, particularly in arid environ-ments. Moreover, drought is expected to become more frequent and severe owing to current climate change. Consequently, it is necessary to find affordable approaches to enhance drought tolerance, principally for important crops such as wheat. The present study is a controlled pot experiment which was performed to investigate the efficiency of soil application or exogenous foliar of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) or/and iron sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) to attenuate the deleterious impacts of drought stress in winter wheat. The plants were exposed to water deficit (40% field capacity) versus well-watered conditions (80% field capacity). Drought stress significantly declined relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content while increased proline accumulation, water saturation deficit, and water uptake capacity relative to well-watered conditions. Moreover, leaf characters (number and area) significantly diminished as a result of water deficit. The detrimental impacts on physiological and morphological attributes reflected a considerable reduction in grain yield and all contributed traits. However, the soil- and foliar-applied zinc sulfate or/and iron sulfate significantly enhanced all aforementioned depressed parameters which reflected markedly in enhancing yield traits under drought stress. Among the investigated treatments, the exogenous foliar applications were more effective in promoting drought tolerance particularly combined both micronutrients which can be employed in reducing the losses caused by drought stress in wheat-growing regions.
Water stress and salinity are the most common abiotic environmental factors that influenced the biochemical and physiological traits of the plants. The goal of the research was to determine the effects of salt stress and drought stress on physiological and biochemical responses in Mentha pulegium L. and was to evaluate possible effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) in amelioration of stress deleterious effects in this plant. Plants were treated with different levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and polyethylene glycol (0, 5, 10 and 15%), and SA (0.5 mM) was applied as a foliar spray. Stressed plants showed a reduction in plant growth and the content of photosynthetic pigments and relative water content (RWC), as well as in the activity of peroxidase (POX) as compared to control plants. Reducing growth in M. pulegium under drought stress was more than salt stress, which showed the higher sensitivity of this plant to drought stress. On the other side, salinity and drought boosted lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide content, proline content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. SA application improved the growth under both stresses, and positive effects of SA in salinity-treated plants were more prominent than drought-exposed plants. SA increased RWC, proline accumulation, antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, POX and PPO) in plants under salinity and drought conditions. This study further confirms that the application of SA to M. pulegium plants proved very effective to ameliorate the salinity and drought damage.
Abstract: Drought stress, being the inevitable factor that exists in various environments without recognizing borders and no clear warning thereby hampering plant biomass production, quality,
and energy. It is the key important environmental stress that occurs due to temperature dynamics, light intensity, and low rainfall. Despite this, its cumulative, not obvious impact and multidimensional nature severely affects the plant morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes with adverse impact on photosynthetic capacity. Coping with water scarcity, plants evolve various complex resistance and adaptation mechanisms including physiological and biochemical responses, which differ with species level. The sophisticated adaptation mechanisms and regularity network that improves the water stress tolerance and adaptation in plants are briefly discussed. Growth pattern and structural dynamics, reduction in transpiration loss through altering stomatal conductance and distribution, leaf rolling, root to shoot ratio dynamics, root length
increment, accumulation of compatible solutes, enhancement in transpiration efficiency, osmotic and hormonal regulation, and delayed senescence are the strategies that are adopted by plants under water deficit. Approaches for drought stress alleviations are breeding strategies, molecular and genomics perspectives with special emphasis on the omics technology alteration i.e., metabolomics,
proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, glyomics and phenomics that improve the stress tolerance in plants. For drought stress induction, seed priming, growth hormones, osmoprotectants, silicon (Si), selenium (Se) and potassium application are worth using under drought stress conditions in plants. In addition, drought adaptation through microbes, hydrogel, nanoparticles applications and metabolic engineering techniques that regulate the antioxidant enzymes activity
for adaptation to drought stress in plants, enhancing plant tolerance through maintenance in cell homeostasis and ameliorates the adverse effects of water stress are of great potential in agriculture.
DROUGHT and salinity are the most limiting factors for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, pearl millet cultivation may be an excellent selection in arid and saline lands. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted at the Desert Research Center, Agriculture Experimental Station at Ras Sudr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt during 2018 and 2019 seasons, to study the effect of seed priming (as seed soaking) using five salicylic acids levels (tap water as a control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L SA) and fertilizing soil application by five boron rates (without boron, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 kg boron/fed, as boric acid) on pearl millet yields. The results showed that plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicles number/m2, grain weight/panicle (g), seed index (g) and grain protein content percentage as well as biological, grain and protein yields (kg/fed) were significantly increased by salicylic acid (SA) levels in both seasons. Soaking the grains of pearl millet in 200 mg/L SA treatment was the best practice in both seasons as compared to the other treatments. Regarding the effect of boron (B) treatments, all the abovementioned characters were significantly affected by B treatments in the two studied seasons. Adding 3 kg B/fed gave the highest values of all the studied attributes in both seasons. It is clear that from the obtained results pearl millet grain primed in 200 mg/L SA along with B at a rate of 3 kg/fed could be recommended for enhancing pearl millet yields under saline soil conditions.
The whole world is in a great danger due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In December 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 took place in Wuhan, China and then rapidly spread all over the world. The current study provides potential expectations for the adverse impact of (COVID-19). The global infection affected globe on agricultural level such as agriculture, food supplies and animal production sectors. Till today, 29th April 2020, there is no vaccine available for treating novel coronavirus, consequently, the outbreak resulted in closing borders and reducing production following social distancing measures. This short communication illustrates the possible implications and expected outcomes of the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) on agricultural, food security, integrated pest management (IPM), animal productivity; and it predicts, as well, the possible adverse impacts on the economy worldwide. Brazil has one of the most important tropical agriculture in the world, being a leader in soybean production in the world. This chain impacts others such as meat and eggs. The impact of COVID-19 will be positive, encouraging the country to consolidate its leadership in the world market, stimulating exports, the machinery, inputs and fertilizers market, as well as generating employment and income in the country.
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants, having structural roles in primary cell walls, but also other functions in cell division, membrane integrity, pollen germination or metabolism. Both high and low B levels negatively impact crop performance. Thus, plants need to maintain B concentration in their tissues within a narrow range by regulating transport processes. Both active transport and protein-facilitated diffusion through aquaporins have been demonstrated. This study aimed at elucidating the possible involvement of some plant aquaporins, which can potentially transport B and are regulated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in the plant B homeostasis. Thus, AM and non-AM plants were cultivated under 0, 25 or 100 μM B in the growing medium and subjected or not subjected to drought stress. The accumulation of B in plant tissues and the regulation of plant aquaporins and other B transporters were analyzed. The benefits of AM inoculation on plant growth (especially under drought stress) were similar under the three B concentrations assayed. The tissue B accumulation increased with B availability in the growing medium, especially under drought stress conditions. Several maize aquaporins were regulated under low or high B concentrations, mainly in non-AM plants. However, the general down-regulation of aquaporins and B transporters in AM plants suggests that, when the mycorrhizal fungus is present, other mechanisms contribute to B homeostasis, probably related to the enhancement of water transport, which would concomitantly increase the passive transport of this micronutrient.
The yield and quality of horticultural crops mainly depend on genotype, environmental conditions, and cultivation management. Abiotic stresses, such as adverse environmental conditions, can strongly reduce crop performance, with crop yield losses ranging from 50% to 70%. The most common abiotic stresses are represented by cold, heat, drought, flooding, salinity, nutrient deficiency, and high and low light intensities, including ultraviolet radiation. These abiotic stresses affect multiple physiological and biochemical processes in plants. The ability of plants to face these stresses depends on their adaptation aptitude, and tolerant plants may express different strategies to adapt to or avoid the negative effects of abiotic stresses. At the physiological level, photosynthetic activity and light-use efficiency of plants may be modulated to enhance tolerance against the stress. At the biochemical level, several antioxidant systems can be activated, and many enzymes may produce stress-related metabolites to help avoid cellular damage, including such compounds as proline, glycine betaine, amino acids, etc. This special issue gathers eight papers; three are reviews and five are research papers. Two reviews are focused on the application of appropriate agronomic strategies for counteracting the negative effects of abiotic stresses. The third review is based on ornamental plant production under drought stress conditions and the effect on their ornamental quality. The research papers report the effect of climate change on crop development, yield, and quality. Abiotic stresses have been proven to reduce crop performance and yield. Research studies are essential for understanding the key adaptation strategies of plants that can be exploited for improving the crop stress tolerance.
Pearl millet is a C4 cereal crop that grows in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions with the remarkable abiotic stress tolerance. It contributed to the understanding of stress tolerance not only at the physiological level but also at the genetic level. In the present study, we functionally cloned and characterized three abiotic stress-inducible promoters namely cytoplasmic Apx1 (Ascorbate peroxidase), Dhn (Dehydrin), and Hsc70 (Heat shock cognate) from pearl millet. Sequence analysis revealed that all three promoters have several cis-acting elements specific for temporal and spatial expression. PgApx pro, PgDhn pro and PgHsc70 pro were fused with uidA gene in Gateway-based plant transformation pMDC164 vector and transferred into tobacco through leaf-disc method. While PgApx pro and PgDhn pro were active in seedling stages, PgHsc70 pro was active in stem and root tissues of the T2 transgenic tobacco plants under control conditions. Higher activity was observed under high temperature and drought, and less in salt and cold stress conditions. Further, all three promoters displayed higher GUS gene expression in the stem, moderate expression in roots, and less expression in leaves under similar conditions. While RT-qPCR data showed that PgApx pro and PgDhn pro were expressed highly in high temperature, salt and drought, PgHsc70 pro was fairly expressed during high temperature stress only. Histochemical and RT-qPCR assays showed that all three promoters are inducible under abiotic stress conditions. Thus, these promoters appear to be immediate candidates for developing abiotic stress tolerant crops as these promoter-driven transgenics confer high degree of tolerance in comparison with the wild-type (WT) plants.
Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of sugar beet to lose the final sugar yield under water limiting regime. Ample evidences have revealed the important role of mineral nutrition in increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Despite the vital role of calcium (Ca2+) in plant growth and development, as well as in stress responses as an intracellular messenger, its role in alleviating drought stress in sugar beet has been rarely addressed. Here, an attempt was undertaken to investigate whether, and to what extent, foliar application of Ca2+ confers drought stress tolerance in sugar beet plants exposed to drought stress. To achieve this goal, sugar beet plants, which were grown in a high throughput phenotyping platform, were sprayed with Ca2+ and submitted to drought stress. The results showed that foliar application of Ca2+ increased the level of magnesium and silicon in the leaves, promoted plant growth, height, and leaf coverage area as well as chlorophyll level. Ca2+, in turn, increased the carbohydrate levels in leaves under drought condition and regulated transcriptionally the genes involved in sucrose transport (BvSUC3 and BvTST3). Subsequently, Ca2+ enhanced the root biomass and simultaneously led to induction of root (BvSUC3 and BvTST1) sucrose transporters which eventually supported the loading of more sucrose into beetroot under drought stress. Metabolite analysis revealed that the beneficial effect of Ca2+ in tolerance to drought induced-oxidative stress is most likely mediated by higher glutathione pools, increased levels of free polyamine putrescine (Put), and lower levels of amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Taken together, this work demonstrates that foliar application of Ca2+ is a promising fertilization strategy to improve mineral nutrition efficiency, sugar metabolism, redox state, and thus, drought stress tolerance.
Drought is one of the major abiotic stress factors for plants, especially in arid and semiarid areas, where plants are facing with boron (B) contamination problem as well. In these soils, plants deal up with two destructive phenomena: excessive B and water scarcity. The current study aims to understand the adaptation strategy of tomato plant against excess B and drought stresses. For this purpose, hydroponically grown tomato seedlings were subjected with excess B (+B), drought (+PEG), and excess B with drought (B+PEG) stresses. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR)); chlorophyll, soluble protein, and MDA contents; and the root histograms were analyzed. In addition, expression of stress-related genes (GR1, MT2, and Hsp90) was determined by qRT-PCR method. Compared to the non-treated (control) or B+ and PEG+ treated plants, the transcript abundance of the stress-related genes was significantly increased in plants grown under B+PEG condition. The highest relative increase was observed on GR1 gene (~ 7-8-fold), indicating the activation of oxidative stress enzymes. At the same time, chlorophyll content analysis showed a significant increase; MDA level showed a reduction under B+PEG condition. SOD activity was limited, while APX and GR enzymes were found to be increased upon B+ PEG application. Activation of stress-related genes and antioxidant enzymes under B+PEG condition could help to protect plants against excess B and drought stresses. Inclusion of B can enhance the drought adaptation of plants by stimulating the early stress response mechanisms.
Terminal drought stress (drought at reproductive growth stage) has been considered a severe environmental threat under changing climatic scenarios and undoubtedly inhibits sunflower production. A field study was conducted to explore the potential role of foliar applied boron (B) (0, 15, 30, 45 mg L ¡1) at late growth periods of sunflower in alleviating the adversities of terminal drought stress (75, 64, 53 mm DI) grown from inflorescence emergence to maturity stages. The plant water relations such as leaf relative water content (RWC), water potential (C w), osmotic potential (C s), and turgor pressure (C p) were increased significantly with B foliar sprays while exposed to terminal drought stress. Foliar B application considerably improved the nitrogen and B concentrations in leaf and seed tissues, and also chlorophyll a and b pigments under terminal drought stress conditions. Drought-induced proline accumulation prevented the damages caused by drought stress, nevertheless, B foliar spray increased its contents. Compared to well-watered conditions, terminal drought stress substantially declined the growth performance in terms of reduced leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and total dry matter (TDM) production; however, foliar B supply (30 mg L ¡1) might be helpful for improving drought tolerance in sunflower with reduced growth losses.
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.] is an important cereal crop in Niger, West Africa and a potential crop for the United States of America (USA). Only a few studies have been conducted in either country to identify the optimum planting dates for high and stable yields, in part because planting date experiments are resource-intensive. Crop simulation models can be an alternative research tool for determining optimum planting dates and other management practices. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the performance of the Cropping System Simulation Model (CSM)-CERES-Millet model for two contrasting environments, including Mead, Nebraska, USA and Kollo, Niger, West Africa and to use the model for determining the optimum planting dates for these two environments. Field experiments were conducted in both environments to study the impact of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield of three varieties in Kollo and three hybrids in Mead and their associated growth and development characteristics. The CSM-CERES-Millet model was able to accurately simulate growth, development and yield for millet grown in these two contrasting environments and under different management practices that included several genotypes and different nitrogen fertilizer application rates. For Kollo, the optimum planting date to obtain the maximum yield was between 13 and 23 May for variety Heini Kirei, while for the other varieties the planting dates were between 23 May and 2 June. For Mead, the planting date analysis showed that the highest simulated yield was obtained, on average, between 19 and 29 June for hybrid 59022A x 89-083 and 1361M x 6Rm. Further studies should focus on evaluation and application of the millet model for other agroclimatic regions where pearl millet is an important crop.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the foliar application of B, Zn, and Mn nano-chelates in separate and combined forms and determine what level of nano-chelates fertilizer treatment most significantly enhances the grain yield of wheat (Azar-2 cultivar) under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions. The experiment was performed as a split-plot experiment with three replications in two crop years (2014–2015). The main plot included two irrigation regimes ((I1) rainfed irrigation and (I2) supplementary irrigation) during two stages of development (spike emergence and grain filling). The sub-plot had eight foliar application levels: B, Zn, Mn, B + Zn, B + Mn, Zn + Mn, B + Zn + Mn, and distilled water (control). The foliar application of B, Zn, and Mn nano-chelates combined with supplementary irrigation or its sole application dramatically increased wheat’s resistance to drought stress. Thousand kernel weight and the number of kernels per spike play a decisive role in grain yield. Therefore, the foliar application of nano-fertilizers can increase grain yield by improving these components. The highest grain yield (2528.33 kg/ha⁻¹) was obtained in the supplementary irrigation condition after the combined foliar application of B + Mn + Zn nano-chelates. This condition led to a 41% increase compared to the highest grain yield obtained under rainfed conditions after the foliar application of Zn nano-chelates (1490 kg/ha⁻¹).
This study was conducted to determine the effect of boron (B) applications on the olive yield and quality in Izmir and Mugla province of Turkey. For this purpose, 254 soil and leaf samples were taken simultaneously and analyzed. After the analysis six locations with different B levels were chosen. The soil-leaf content was 0.83–12.03 mg kg⁻¹ in Milas, 0.85–14.39 mg kg⁻¹ in Seydikemer; 0.36–16.99 mg kg⁻¹ in Dikili; 0.23–16.80 mg kg⁻¹ in Odemis; 0.65–16.69 mg kg⁻¹ in Urla and 1.40–17.29 mg kg⁻¹ in Bergama, respectively. The field trials were carried out in five replicates according to the random blocks, four application types (control (C), soil (S), foliar (F), soil + foliar (S + F)). S applications (0 g B tree⁻¹; 4000 g B ha⁻¹) were done before the shoot activity, F application (0 mg B L⁻¹; 300 mg B L⁻¹) was done after harvest, before flowering, after fruit set. The F application increased yield 47% at Bergama and 75% at Odemis location. In other locations, applications are not effective statistically, but when compared with the C group, the yield values increase with F and S + F applications. It is thought that this increase of yield is very important for olive plants and it was related to the B contents of the leaves and fruits. B applications increased B content of leaves and fruits, and affected the dry matter and oil content of fruits. The results suggest that foliar B applications are effective in increasing olive yield, and application should be done at three different times after harvest, before flowering and after fruit set. Further studies on B should take the cultivar into account for a faster progress in the knowledge on B mobility in olive.
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