CHECKLIST OF BIVALVIA (MOLLUSCA) IN IRAQ

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive list of the freshwater and marine bivalves distributed in Iraq. A total of 51 species were recorded, and distributed as: 14 freshwater species, and 37 marine species, these species belonging to 25 families, all available remarks on the distribution, taxonomy, and nomenclature of these species were given. This study included the recently collected specimens along with those previously studied and recorded in Iraq.

Full text

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BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
Jihad, H. M.
Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus.
(2023) 17(4): 589-610. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.4.0589
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
CHECKLIST OF BIVALVIA (MOLLUSCA) IN IRAQ
Hiba Mohammed Jihad
Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
E-mail: hiba.muhammad@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Recived Date:
22
February
2023
, Accepted Date 30 June 2023, Published Date:20 December 2023
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
ABSTRACT
This study presents a comprehensive list of the freshwater and marine bivalves distributed
in Iraq. A total of 51 species were recorded, and distributed as: 14 freshwater species, and 37
marine species, these species belonging to 25 families, all available remarks on the
distribution, taxonomy, and nomenclature of these species were given. This study included
the recently collected specimens along with those previously studied and recorded in Iraq.
Keywords: Bivalvia, Checklist, Freshwater, Iraq, Marine, Mussels.
INTRODUCTION
Iraq is characterized by having diverse aquatic environments that include a marine coast,
rivers, marshes, and lakes that support the biodiversity of various biological groups (including
bivalvia); the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the Iraqi main water resources. The Iraqi
marine coast represent the north-west part of the Arabian Gulf occupies an area of 64 km
(Abbas et al., 2020), from the Arabian Gulf which has a surface area 239 Km² and differs
from it due to the effect of sediments transferred from Shatt al-Arab (Al-Shamary et al.,
2020).
A few studies concerned with the systematic study of mussels in Iraq were conducted, and
many of the recorded species are considered synonyms for other species, many others are
needed to be updated. In the earlier studies Annandale (1918) described some bivalve species
of his collections from Iraq; some bivalvian species were described by Ahmed (1975), another
species of bivalve were recorded in Iraq by Al-Hassan and Al-Hasani(1985), five more
marine species were added to Iraqi malacofauna by Ali et al. (2017), recently, Bogan et al.
(2021) recorded the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) in Iraq; then
Yasser et al. (2022) published a checklist that included the marine species, in this checklist,
32 taxa were reported including four species were described for the first time to Iraqi
malacofauna, lastly, six other marine species were added to malacofauna of Iraq by Yasser et
al. (2023) and Bashê (2022) made a study about the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis in the
north of Iraq.
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Checklist of bivalvia
The current data will be important inputs for a better understanding of the mussel's
biodiversity in Iraq. As with all lists, this list will undoubtedly require to be revised as
additional research evidence becomes available. Therefore, the present paper aimed to study
the biodiversity of bivalves and provide a comprehensive list of this group distributed in Iraq.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling: The specimens of the present study were collected by hand or by means of sieves,
and then preserved in ethanol solution 70% (Forsyth, 1999). Dried shells were also collected
and preserved.
The first collection was made from the Euphrates River north of Babylon, in October 2021,
six alive specimens were collected. The second collection was from the Tigris River, north of
Baghdad, in October 2021, three alive specimens were collected. The third collection made
from the Canal of Euphrates River north of Babylon, in November 2021, about 30 shells were
collected. In April 2022, four more specimens were obtained from the Tigris River in Al-
Madain District, southeast Baghdad, and four more specimens were obtained from the Al-
Dalmaj Marsh in April 2023. These specimens are deposited in the collection of mollusks at
the Iraqi Natural History Research Center and Museum.
Identification: The identification of specimens was made according to many morphological
characteristics such as shell shape, length, width, high and texture, and on the base of many
identification keys and available literatures such as Popa et al.( 2007) and Rogers and Thorp(
2019). In order to correct and standardize the scientific names, all taxon names were checked
by GBIF Secretariat (2022), Molluscabase (2023) and WoRMS (2023), the reference to the
original description was based on Molluscabase (2023).
RESULTS
The current study recorded 51 species in total, distributed as: 14 freshwater species and 37
marine species within 12 orders, 25 families, and 43 genera. These taxa as follows:
Class: Bivalvia
1-Order: Adapedonta
Family: Solenidae
Solen vagina Linnaeus, 1758
Original description: Solen vagina Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Natura, 1:824pp.
Synonyms: Solen brevis Hanley, 1842
Solen abbreviates R. A. Philippi, 1843
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975). Turkey (Uysal, 1967); Thailand (Saeedi et al., 2016),
Vietnam (Ambarwati and Irawan, 2020).
2-Order: Arcida
(A) Family: Arcidae
Acar plicata (Dillwyn, 1817)

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Original description: Arca plicata Dillwyn, 1817. A descriptive catalogue of recent shells,
arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy, 1: 1-
580pp.
Synonyms: Acar dubia digma Iredale, 1939
Acar dubiakerma Iredale, 1939
Arca irioides Menke, 1843
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Kuwait, Arabian Gulf (Al-Kandari et al., 2020).
Anadara uropigimelana (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827)
Original description: Arca uropigimelana Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827. Tableau
encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Vers, coquilles, mollusques et
polypiers.1: part29, pp83-84, 133-180.
Synonyms: Anadara holoserica (Reeve, 1843)
Arca holoserica Reeve, 1843
Anadara (Anadara) uropigimelana (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Arca uropyogomelana a miss spelling of Arca
uropigimelana Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 by Ahmed (1975). Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba
(Rusmore-Villaume, 2008); Central Pacific (Tebano and Paulay, 2000).
Barbatia decussata (Sowerby, 1833)
Original description: Byssorca decussata Sowerby, 1833.Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London. 1833: 16-22, 34-38.
Synonyms: Arca decussate (Sowerby, 1833)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Ali et al., 2017). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012); Iran (Zeinalipour et al.,
2014).
Barbatia foliata (Forsskål, 1775)
Arca foliata Forskål, 1775. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae, 1-20.
Synonyms: Arca lima Reeve, 1844
Arca corallicola Iredale, 1939
Arca nivea Röding, 1798
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: It was recorded in Iraq under the name Arca foliate Forsskål, 1775 by Ahmed
(1975). Red Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008), China (Tan and Kastoro, 2004), and Western
Central Pacific (Poutiers, 1998).
Barbatia trapezina (Lamarck, 1819) Original description: Arca trapezina Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans
vertebres. 6(1):5+343 pp.
Synonyms: Arca areolata Deshayes, 1858
Barbatia oblonga Dunker, 1868

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Barbatia petersii Dunker, 1871
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Al-Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2020), and Red Sea
(Rusmore-Villaume, 2008).
(B) Family: Neotiidae
Didimacar tenebrica (Reeve, 1844)
Original description: Arca tenebrica Reeve, 1844. Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the
shells of molluscous animals, 2: 1-17.
Synonyms: Barbatia koshibensis Hatai & Nishiyama, 1952
Didimacar repenta Iredale, 1939
Striarca tenebrica (Reeve, 1844)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2020).
(C) Family: Spondylidae
Spondylus foliaceus Schreibers, 1793 Original description: Spondylus foliaceus Schreibers, 1793. Zweyter Band. Von den
Muscheln, pp. (1-9), 1-416.
Synonyms: Spondylus costatus Lamarck, 1819
Spondylus digitatus Perry, 1811
Spondylus nux Reeve, 1856
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Spondylus costatus Lamarck, 1819 by Ahmed (1975).
Indo-Pacific (Lamprell and Willan, 2000).
3-Order: Cardiida
(A) Family: Cardiidae
Vasticardium assimile (Reeve, 1844)
Original description: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845. Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations
of the shells of molluscous animals, 2, pl.1-22.
Synonyms: Acrosterigma lacunosum (Reeve, 1845)
Trachycardium lacunosum (Reeve, 1845)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: In Iraq, it was recorded as Acrosterigma lacunose (Reeve, 1845) by Yasser et al.
(2023). Kuwait and Arabian Gulf (Al-Kandari et al., 2020).
Vasticardium flavum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original description: Cardium flavum Linnaeus, 1758. Editio decima, reformata (10th ed.), 1:
824pp.
Synonyms: Cardium fucatum Spengler, 1799
Acrosterigma flavum flavum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Habitat: Marine.

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Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Laevicardium flavum (Linnaeus, 1758) by Ahmed
(1975). Indo-Pacific (Vidal, 1997).
(B) Family: Psammobiidae
Gari occidens (Gmelin, 1791)
Original description: Solen occidens Gmelin, 1791. Systema Natura, 1(6).
Synonyms: Psammobia nivosa Deshayes, 1855
Dysmea vitrea Dall, Batsch& Rehder, 1938
Solen occidens Gmelin, 1791
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et. al., 2022). Eastern Pacific (Coan, 2000).
(C) Family: Semelidae
Theora mesopotamica (Annandale, 1918)
Original description: Corbula (Eeodona) mesopotamica Annandale, 1018. Records of Indian
museum. 15(3): 159-170.
Synonyms: Abra cadabra Eames & Wilkins, 1957
Corbula mesopotamica Annandale, 1918
Theora cadabra (Eames & Wilkins, 1957)
Habitat: Marine and Brackish.
Distribution: It was recorded in Iraq as Corbula (Erodona) mesopatamica Annandale, 1918
Annandale (1918). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012).
4-Order: Carditida
Family: Condylocardiidae
Carditopsis coxii (Eames & Wilkins, 1957)
Original description: Cuna coxi Eames & Wilkins, 1957. Proceeding of the Malacological
Society of London, 32(5): 198-203.
Synonyms: Cuna coxi Eames & Wilkins, 1957
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022).
5-Order: Myida
(A) Family: Dreissenidae
Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)
Original description: Mytulus polymorphus Pallas, 1771. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen
des Russischen Reichs. 12, 504, 6 p.
Synonyms: Dreissena locardi Locard, 1893
Dreissena kuesteri Dunker, 1855
Materials examined: Three specimens, Tigris River, Baghdad, October 2021.
Habitat: Brackish-water, freshwater.
Distribution: Iraq (Al-Rawy, 2005). Turkey (Aksu et al., 2017), Black and the Caspian Sea
Basins, and spreads across Europe (Karatayev et al., 1997).

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Dreissena siouffi Bourguignat, 1893
Original description: Dreissena siouffi Bourguignat, 1893. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 1(1):
113-185.
Synonyms: Dreissena elongataLocard, 1893
Dreissena elongata Bourguignat, 1893
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Iraq, Euphrates River (Locard, 1893).
(B) Family: Pholadidae
Aspidopholas tubigera (Valenciennes, 1846)
Original description: Penitella tubigera Valenciennes, 1846. Atlas de Zoologia. Mollusques.
Synonyms: Martesiaobtecta (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
Pholasobtecta G. B. Sowerby II, 1849
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Aspidopholas obtecta (Sowerby, 1849) by Yasser et al.
(2022). Southeastern Thailand (Valentich-Scott and Tongkerd, 2008), Pacific region (Wonc,
1982).
6-Order: Mytilida
Family: Mytilidae
Brachidontes variabilis (Krauss, 1848)
Original description: Mytilus variabilis Krauss, 1848. Die Südafrikanischen Mollusken,140
pp.
Synonyms: Brachidontes semistriatus (Krauss, 1848)
Mytilus variabilis Krauss, 1848
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded under the name Brachyodontes variabilis (Krauss, 1848) by
Ahmed (1975). Indo-Pacific regions (Shin et al., 2008), Red Sea and Gulf of Suez (Rusmore-
Villaume, 2008).
Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857)
Original description: Volsella fortunei Dunker, 1857. Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, 24: 358-366.
Synonyms: Limnoperna coreana Park &Choi, 2008
Modiola cambodjensis Clessin, 1889
Mytilus martensi Neumayer, 1898 Habitat: Freshwater
Distribution: Iraq (Al-Khafaji et al., 2022). China (Xu, 2015).
Lithophaga robusta Jousseaume, 1919
Original description: Lithophaga robusta Jousseaume, 1919. Bulletin du Museum National d
Histoire Naturelle. 25: 252- 257, 344-350.
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Ali et al., 2017). Indo-Pacific (Oliver et al., 2004).

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Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758
Original description: Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Natura, 10 (ed), 1: 824pp.
Synonyms: Mytilus abbreviates Lamarck, 181
Mytilus borealisLamarck, 1819
Mytilus retusus Lamarck, 1819
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Okash et al., 2022). Arabian Gulf (Okash et al., 2022), and Western
Europe (Hilbish et al., 2002).
7-Order: Nuculanida
Family: Yoldiidae
Scissileda tropica (Melvill, 1897)
Original description: Yoldia tropica Melvill, 1897. Memoris and Proceedings of the
Manchester Litterary and Philosophical Society, 41(7): 1-25.
Synonyms: Yoldia vicina E. A. Smith, 1906 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2020).
8-Order: Ostreida
(A) Family: Isognomonidae
Isognomon legumen (Gmelin, 1791)
Original description: Ostrea legumen Gmelin, 1791. Systema Natura, 1(6).
Synonyms: Isognomon vulsella (Lamarck, 1819)
Perna caudate Reeve, 1858
Perna spengleri Lynge, 1909
Perna maillardi Deshayes, 1863
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Mediterranean (Scuderi and Viola, 2019), and Red
Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008).
(B) Family: Malleidae
Malleus regula (Forsskål, 1775)
Original description: Ostrea regula Forsskål, 1775. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten
Niebuhr. Hauniae, 1-20, 1-34, 1-164.
Synonyms: Malleus aquatilis Reeve, 1858
Malleus decurtatus Lamarck, 1819
Malleus maculosus Reeve, 1858
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022).Turkey (Falchi, 1974).
(C) Family: Margaritidae
Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814)
Original description: Avicula radiate Leach, 1814. Zoological miscellany: being descriptions
of new or interesting animals. London, vol 1, 2, 3.

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Synonyms: Meleagrina savignyi Monterosato, 1884
Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq, recorded as Pinctada imbricate radiata (Leach, 1814) (Yasser et al., 2022).
Eastern Mediterranean (Doğan and Nerlović, 2008), Red Sea (Rousmore-Villum, 2008).
(D) Family: Ostreidae
Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) Original description: Ostrea cuccullata Born, 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei
Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. testacea, (1-40), 1-458, (1-82).
Synonyms: Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778)
Saccostrea forskahlii (Gmelin, 1791) Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq, firstly recorded as Ostrea sp. (Mitchell, 1958), later the species recorded
under the name Crassostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) by Ahmed (1975). Turkey (Çevik et al.,
2001), Africa (Dye, 1989), Red Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008(.
(E) Family: Pinnidae
Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1971
Original description: Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1971. Systema Natura, 1:6.
Synonyms: Artina bicolor (Gmelin, 1971)
Pinna cochlearis H. Fischer, 1901
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Ali et al., 2017). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012).
9-Order: Pectinida
(A) Family: Pectinidae
Scaeochlamys livida (Lamarck, 1819)
Original description: Pecten lividus Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans
vertebres, 6(1): 6, 343pp.
Synonyms: Ostrea tegula W. Wood, 1828
Pecten lividus Lamarck, 1819
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Chlamys lividis (Lamarck, 1819) by Ali et al. (2017).
Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012).
(B) Family: Placunidae
Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) Original description: Anomia placenta Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Natura.(10th ed.). 1:824pp.
Synonyms: Placenta auriculata Mörch, 1853
Placenta orbicularis Philipsson, 1788
Ephippium transparens Röding, 1798
Habitat: Marine.

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Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Placenta placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) by (Ahmed (1975).
Indo-West Pacific (Mondal et al., 2020).
10-Order: Spheriida
Family: Sphaeriidae
Pisidium dubium (Say, 1817)
Original description: Cyclas dubia Say, 1817. American edition of the British Encyclopedia,
or, dictionary of arts and sciences comprising an accurate and popular view of the present
improved state of human knowledge. (1st ed.).
Synonyms: Cyclas aequalis Férussac, 1835
Cyclas (Phymesoda) equalis Rafinesque, 1820
Cyclas (Pisidium) dubium (Say, 1817)
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Iraq (Mirza and Nashaat, 2019). Canada, United States (Herrington, 1962).
11-Order: Unionida
Family: Unionidae Anodonta vescoiana Bourguignat, 1856
Original citation: Anodonta vescoiana Bourguignat, 1856. Aménités Malacologiques.
6,255pp.
Synonyms: Anodonta bahlikiana Pallary, 1939
Anodonta schlaefliiMousson, 1874
Anodonta vescoiana subsp. Mesopotamica Mousson, 1874
Anodonta vescoiana var. schlaeflii Mousson, 1874
Anodonta (Euphrata) bahlikianaPallary, 1939
Sinanodonta vescoiana (Bourguignat, 1856)
Habitat: Freshwater
Distribution: In Iraq, it was recorded as Anodonta bahlikiana Pallary, 1939 by Pallary (1939),
this species is endemic to the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, Iraq and Turkey (MolluscaBase,
2023). Asia Minor (Kinzelbach, 1989).
Remark: According to the IUCN Red List, this species in Iraq is near threatened of extinction
in the near future (Lopes-Lima, 2014).
Leguminaia saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852)
Original citation: Unio saulcyi Bourguignat, 1852.Testacea novissima, (1), 5-31.
Synonyms: Pseudodon chantrei Locard, 1883
Unio michonii Bourguignat, 1852
Unio saulcyi Bourguignat, 1852
Habitat: Freshwater Distribution: Iraq (Harris, 1965). Levant Region (Kinzelbach and Roth, 1984).
Leguminaia wheatleyi (Lea, 1862)
Basionym: Monocondyloea wheatleyi Lea, 1862 (original citation not documented according
to Molluscabase (2023)).

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Synonyms: Leguminaia mardinensis (I. Lea, 1865)
Monocondyloea haasii Kobelt, 1914
Habitat: Freshwater
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Monocondyloea wheatleyi Lea, 1862 by Lea (1862);
Levant Region (Kinzelbach and Roth, 1984).
Potomida semirugata (Lamarck, 1819)
Original citation: Unio semirugata Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans
vetebres, 6(1): 5,
343pp.
Synonyms: Potamida delesserti (Bourguignat, 1852)
Potamida tracheae ( Kobelt & Rolle, 1895)
Habitat: Freshwater
Distribution: Iraq, recorded as Unio salambonia Lamarck, 1819 by Pallary (1939);
Mediterranean Region (Froufe et al., 2016).
Pseudodontopsis euphratica (Bourguignat, 1852)
Original citation: Unio euphratica Bourguignat, 1852. Testacea novissima, (1), 5-31.
Synonyms: Pseudodontopsis babylonica Kobelt, 1913
Unio euphraticus Bourguignat, 1852 by Ahmed (1975)
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: In Iraq, it was recorded under the name Pseudodontopsis babylonica Kobelt,
1913 by Pallary (1939). Endemic to the Eastern Mediterranean Regions, in the middle and
lower sections of the Tigris and Euphrates basin (Lopes-Lima et al., 2021).
Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834)
Original citation: Symphynota woodiana Lea, 1834. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, 5:23-119, 1-19.
Synonyms: Anodon castanea Heude, 1880
Anodon confusa Heude, 1881
Materials examined: Four specimens, Euphrates River, Babylon, October 2021, four
specimens, Tigris River, Baghdad, April 2022.
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: In Iraq, this species was recorded by Bogan et al. (2021). East and South-East
Asia, and introduced to Europe (Popa et al., 2007).
Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788
Original citation: Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788. Dissertatio historico-naturalis sistens nova
testaceorum genera, 4,23pp.
Synonyms: Unio tiguricus Servain, 1885
Unio croaticus Drouët, 1881
Unio ehrmanni Kobelt, 1913
Material examined: Two specimens Euphrates River, Babylon, October 2021.
Habitat: Freshwater.

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Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Unio ciconius Kobelt, 1913 by Annandale (1918).
Western Palearctic (Araujo et al., 2017).
Unio tigridis Bourguignat, 1852
Original citation: Unio tigridis Bourguignat, 1852. Testacea Novissima, (1), 5-31.
Synonyms: Unio calliopsis Kobelt, 1913
Margaron tigris Lea, 1870
Unio bourguignatianus Lea, 1863
Unio dignatus Lea, 1863
Unio mosulensis Lea, 1863
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Iraq, it was listed as Unio calliopsis Kobelt, 1913 by Annandale (1918). Middle
East (Graf and Cummings, 2007).
12-Order: Venerida
(A) Family: Cyrinidae
Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Original citation: Tellina fluminalis O.F. Müller, 1774. Vermivm Terrestrium et Fluviatilum,
1: 1-136.
Synonyms: Corbicula aegyptiaca Germain, 1906
Corbicula albeda (Krauss, 1848)
Corbicula artini Pallary, 1902
Materials examined: 30 shells, Canal of Euphrates River, Babylon, November 2021.
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975).Wide range in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and
South America (Freitas, 2010).
Corbicula fluminea (O.F.Müller, 1774)
Original citation: Tellina fluminea O.F. Müller, 1774.Vermivm Terrestrium et Fluviatilum, 2:
1-36, 1-214.
Synonyms: Corbicula aquiline Heudo, 1880
Corbicula astronomoca Heudo, 1880
Corbicula cheniana Heudo, 1880
Materials examined: Four specimens, Al-Dalmaj Marsh, April 2023.
Habitat: Freshwater.
Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975). Eastern Asia, South America, North America, and Europe
(Crespo et al., 2015).
(B) Family: Mactridae
Mactra dissimilis Reeve, 1854
Original citation: Mactra dissimilis Reeve, 1854. Conchologia Iconica, 8:1-21.
Synonyms: Mactra lilacea Lamarck, 1818
Mactra dissimilis Deshayes, 1855
Habitat: Marine.

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Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975). Australia (Reeve, 1854), and Singapore (Wong, 2009).
(C)Family: Trapezidae
Neotrapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck, 1819)
Original citation: Cardita sublaevigata Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans
vertebres, 6(1): 6, 343pp.
Synonyms: Cardita sinuosa Potiez & Michaud, 1844 ·
Cardita sublaevigata Lamarck, 1819 ·
Cypricardia solenoidsReeve, 1843 ·
Cypricardia vellicata Reeve, 1843 ·
Libitina sublaevigata Lamarck, 1819 ·
Petricola esculpturata Preston, 1915 ·
Trapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck, 1819) ·
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Singapore (Tan and Low, 2013), and Hong Kong
(Morton, 1979).
(D)Family: Veneridae
Callistaum bonella (Lamarck, 1818)
Original citation: Cytherea umbonella Lamarck, 1818. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans
vertebres, 612pp.
Synonyms: Amiantis umbonella (Lamarck, 1818)
Cytherea isselina Jousseaume, 1888
Meretrix umbonella (Lamarck, 1818)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Macrocallista umbonella by Ahmed (1975). Northwest
and south-east of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman (Saeedi et al., 2010).
Circenita callipyga (Born, 1778)
Original citation: Venus callipyga Born, 1778. Index rerum naturalism Musei Caesarei
Vindobonensis. Testacea, (1-40), 1-458.
Synonyms: Circe crachrodii Gray, 1838
Circe fumata Reeve, 1863
Cytheraea elliptica G. B. Sowerby II, 1851
Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Kuwait and Arabian Gulf (Al-Kandari et al., 2020).
Marcia cordata (Forsskål, 1775)
Original citation: Venus cordata Forsskål, 1775.Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr.
Hauniae. 1-20.
Synonyms: Marcia flammea (Gmelin, 1791)
Tapes Kraussi Reeve, 1864
Venus flammea Gmelin, 1791
Habitat: Marine.

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Jihad, H. M.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Kuwait (Al-Kandari, 2020).
Pelecyora katiawarensis (Fischer-Piette and Métivier, 1971)
Basionym: Dosinia katiawarensis Fischer-Piette and Métivier, 1971(original name not
documented according to Molluscabase (2023)).
Synonym: Dosinia katiawarensis Fischer-Piette and Métivier, 1971
Habitat: Marine
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Western Pacific, China, Taiwan, and Philippines
(Bernard et al., 1993).
Periglypta reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original citation: Venus reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Naturae. (10th ed.). 1: 824pp.
Synonyms: Antigona reticulate (Linnaeus, 1758)
Chione reticulate (Linnaeus, 1758)
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). South Pacific (Paulay, 1987).
Placamen lamellatum (Röding, 1798)
Original citation: Venus lamellata Röding, 1798. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus
cimeliorum e tribus regins naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, 8, 199pp.
Synonyms: Bassina javana Kotaka, 1977
Placamen tiara (Dillwyn, 1817)
Venus lamellate Röding, 1798
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). India (Joshi et al., 2018).
Protapes cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853)
Original citation: Venus cor G. B. Sowerby II, 1853. Thesaurus conchyliorum or monographs
of genera of shells, 2(14): 703-739, 152-162.
Synonyms: Paphia (Protapes) cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853)
Paphia cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853)
Tapes cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853)
Venus cor G. B. Sowerby II, 1853
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Arabian Gulf (Oliver and Glover, 1996), India, and
Pakistan ( Ramakrishna, 2010).
Protapes ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original citation: Venus ziczac Linnaeus, 1758. Systema natura. (10th ed.). 1:824pp.
Synonyms: Tapes inflata Römer, 1870
Venus ziczac Linnaeus, 1758
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022); Indian Ocean including Red Sea, Madagascar, East
Africa, Oman, and Persian Gulf (Arathi et al., 2018).

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Sunetta effossa (Hanley, 1843)
Original citation: Cytherea effosa Hanley, 1843. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London, 10: 122-132.
Synonyms: Sunetta effossa Var. semisulcata Fischer-Piette&P.-H. Fischer, 1939.
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023).Thailand (Wells et al., 2021).
Timoclea arakana (Nevill & Nevill, 1871)
Original citation: Cryptogramma arakana Nevill & Nevill, 1871. The Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, part2, 40(1):1-11.
Synonyms: Timoclea farsiana Biggs, 1973
Timoclea lavrani Fischer-Piette, 1974
Venus arakana Nevill & Nevill, 1871
Habitat: Marine.
Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Iran (AminiYekta et al., 2014).
DISCUSSION
The results of the current study generally show that Iraq has a diverse malacofauna
distributed in its diverse aquatic environment, and as indicated by this study the freshwater
environment has much fewer species (14 species) than the marine one (37), probably this is
due to fewer surveys and studies concerned with freshwater bivalve in the region. The most
prevalent family was Unionidae with eight species, then Arcidae with five species.
Compared the number of Iraqi bivalve species with these listed of neighboring
countries100 species in Al-Kuwait state (Al-Kandari et al., 2020), 57 marine species in Iran
(Paphan and Ghajari, 2018), 40 freshwater species in Turkey (Gürlek et al., 2019) and 279
marine species in Turkey (Öztürk et al., 2014) revealed much less diversity among these
species probably due to differences in the nature of the Iraqi aquatic environments.
CONCLUSIONS
The current list, as compared with previous studies about Bivalvia in Iraq considered the
first study that gives us a comprehensive overview of the bivalves (freshwater and marine)
recorded in Iraq over time. The distribution of bivalvia species and their current systematic
situation were demonstrated. During the preparation of this list, all bivalvia studies conducted
in Iraq up to the present time were taken into account, including both old and recent studies.
Among the 25 documented families of bivalvia in Iraq the family Unionidae is the most
studied in Iraq. Some old records of species needed to be emphasized, so more work on
bivalve species must be done in different ecologies of marine and freshwater of Iraq to
emphasizing the validity of the recorder species, and for the possibility of more species
existence.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
"The author has no conflicts of interest to declare".

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Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus.
(2023) 17(4): 589-610.
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
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

           
   
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