No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Su Kalitesi Ve Kirliliğinin İyonik Bileşen İçeriği Tespiti İle DeğerlendirilmesiEvaluation of Water Quality and Pollution by Determination of Ionic Component Content
Abstract
Bu çalışmada; Sinop ilinin Erfelek ilçesi sınırlarında bulunan Gümüşsuyu Göletin su kalitesinin belirlenmesi, su kirliliğine sebep olan nedenlerin tespiti, göletin canlı yaşamına uygunluk durumunun belirlenmesi amacıyla Nisan 2018 – Mart 2019 tarihleri arasında aylık dönemler halinde göletin bütününü temsil eden dört istasyondan bir yıl boyunca alınan numunelerde, fiziksel ve kimyasal su parametrelerinin değişimleri irdelenmiştir. Bu amaçla; elektriksel iletkenlik (Eİ), askıda katı madde (AKM), biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ), fosfat (PO4-3), sülfat (SO4-2), sülfit (Na2SO3), klorür (Cl-), sodyum (Na), potasyum (K), toplam alkalinite, toplam sertlik, kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), nitrat(NO3-), nitrit (NO2-) ve amonyum azotu (NH4+) parametreleri için analizler yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları genel ortalamalar, mevsimsel ortalamalar ve standart sapma değerlerinin hesaplanması suretiyle incelenmiştir. Bu veriler ışığında Yüzey Suları Su Kalitesi Yönetim Yönetmeliği’nde belirtilen standartlara göre Gümüşsuyu Göleti’nin su kalitesi I. sınıf olarak tespit edilmiş ve gölet suyunun çok sert sular grubunda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Gümüşsuyu Göleti’nde şu an herhangi bir kirlilik problemi olmamakla birlikte, kirlilik baskısı altında olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durumun üzerinde gerekli hassasiyetin gösterilmemesi durumunda gelecekte, Gümüşsuyu Göleti’nin sucul ekosisteminde yaşayan canlılar için tehlike oluşturacağı ön görülmektedir.
Akgöl Göleti; Sinop’un Ayancık ilçesinin güneyinde, Ayancık-Kastamonu yolunun 31. kilometresinde ayrılan yoldan 5 kilometre içeride (41°41’59.1″N 34°35’43.5″E) bulunmaktadır. Akgöl; deniz seviyesinden 1200 metre yükseklikte olup, etrafını çevreleyen köknar ormanları içerisinden akan iki çayın birleşmesiyle oluşturulan yapay bir gölettir. Akgöl, 1991 yılında Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı ve Akgöl Yaylası adı ile turizm merkezi olarak ilan edilmiştir. Gölün çapı, ortalama 3 dönümlük bir alanı kaplamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, Akgöl Göleti’nin ve çevresindeki su kaynaklarının su kalitesi ve kirliliğinin ile canlılar üzerindeki olası etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yerinde analizlerle suyun sıcaklığı, iletkenliği, çözünmüş oksijen miktarı, pH ve tuzluluk miktarı doğrudan gölet üzerinde ölçülmüş, ağır metal içeriği ise belirlenen istasyonlardan alınan su örneklerinden ICP-OES cihazında analizlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Akgöl Göletinin su kalitesinin Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (YSKY) standartlarına göre I. Sınıf olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu bağlı olarak göletin canlılar için risk oluşturmadığı ve balık yetiştiriciliğine uygun olduğu söylenebilir.
Bu çalışma; Şubat 2016 – Ocak 2017 tarihleri arasında Gelence Deresi üzerine kurulmuş olan Tekirler Barajı (Nallıhan – Ankara)‘nda belirlenen üç (3) istasyonda aylık örnekleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tekirler Baraj Gölü çevresindeki tarım arazilerinin sulama suyu ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere 2001 yılında inşa edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amaçları; Tekirler Baraj Gölünde ölçülen fizikokimyasal parametreler ile ağır metal içeriğinin aylık ve mevsimsel değişimlerini gözlemek, barajın su kalitesi özeliklerini ve sucul yaşam açısından uygunluk seviyesini belirlemek, ayrıca Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve Türkiye Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliği (YSKYY) tarafından belirlenen standartlara göre değerlendirmektir. Toplam dokuz tane fizikokimyasal parametre ile 7 ağır metal parametresi incelenmiştir. Tekirler Baraj Göleti’nin su kalitesi Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliği (YSKYY)’nin su kaynakları sınıflarına göre I –III sınıf olarak bulunmuştur. Fiziksel ve kimyasal analiz bulguları karşılaştırıldığında bu baraj gölünün oligotrofik karakterde olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar ışığında; Tekirler Baraj Gölü’nün su kalitesinin sucul organizmaların yaşaması için uygun olduğu belirlenmiş, bu su kaynağının kirlilik baskısı altında olduğu ve baraj gölünün suyunun daha da kirlenmemesi ve mevcut su kalitesinin korunması açısından düzenli olarak izlenmesi ve gerekli tedbirlerin alınması için yetkili organlara bilgi verilmesi sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of the Kışla (Kozcagiz) Dam located in the province of Bartın in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Water samples were collected monthly from 5 stations for a year and analyses were conducted using 27 water quality parameters. The quality of the dam and the water quality parameters were evaluated using different indices in comparison to the limits determined according to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Turkey Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR). Water quality index (WQI), organic pollution index (OPI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), and metal pollution index (MPI) were calculated and spatial assessment of pollution was made seasonally by making use of the geographic information system (GIS). A piper diagram was used in determining the facies of the water. The types of Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- predominated in the dam water. Moreover, statistical analyses were used in order to determine if there was a significant difference between the parameters. WQI results generally indicate that the water quality was good in all seasons; however, only in the autumn, sampling points S1 (101.58), S2 (100.59), S4 (102.31), and S5 (102.12) showed poor water characteristics. According to the OPI results, while winter and spring yielded good water quality, summer samples were lightly polluted and autumn samples were moderately polluted. Given SAR results, it can be stated that the water of Kışla Dam could be used as irrigation water. Considering the standards specified by WHO and SWQR, the parameters generally exceeded the threshold values, but the water hardness value was much higher than 100 mg L-1 specified in SWQR as very hard water. The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the pollution sources were anthropogenic. Thus, for the dam water to not be affected by the increasing pollutant factors, it should be continuously monitored, and attention should be paid to the irrigation methods used in agricultural activities.
Küre National Park, which also includes the Aydos River, is Turkey’s First PAN Park (Protected Area Network Parks). The monthly, seasonal, and spatial changes in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were determined using water quality index (WQI), hierarchical cluster analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), and other statistical methods revealing the water quality characteristics and pollutants. WQI was calculated using parameters constituting the main components of water. It was determined that, according to WHO and SWQR, the water quality of this river varied between high quality and very polluted. The sodium absorption rate, % Na, residual sodium carbonate, and Kelly Ratio results did not exceed the threshold but the water was found to be dangerous in terms of magnesium hazard. In cluster analysis, winter and spring were found to be similar to each other more than autumn and summer. Moreover, with this analysis, the basin was spatially divided into an upper basin and a lower basin. Five main factors were found to be significantly affected by parameters explaining 84.65% of the total variance in PCA. It was found that temperature, anions originating from pesticides and fertilizers, and non-point pollutants originating from heavy metals were the pollution sources of this river. Monitoring is recommended in freshwater management of basins for the future of wildlife.
Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 24 (2), 156-166. (DERLEME)
Aim of the study
In the present study, the spatial-temporal variations of water quality in Boyalı Pond were analyzed. Water Quality Index (WQI) based on the World Health Organization's standards specified for drinking water and Water Quality Control Regulations in Turkey (WQCR), as well as certain multi-statistical methods, were used in analyzing the water quality.
Material and methods
Water samples were collected from 5 stations selected in the lake on monthly basis in 2019 and 30 water quality parameters were measured in total. Water Quality Index (WQI), Factor Analysis (FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used in order to determine the differences between the spatial and temporal quality levels and to classify the investigated locations.
Results and conclusions
According to data observed, Boyalı Dam Lake was found to have Class I and Class II water quality. In general , the WQI results obtained suggested that, although the water quality was found to significantly decrease in summer months, the reservoir was found to have an "A Grade-Excellent" water quality (< 50) in all the months and stations analyzed here. WQI values recorded in the dam lake ranged between 16.4 and 27.8 and the detected limnologic parameters did not exceed the standards specified for drinking water in any of the investigated months and stations (< 50 for WQI). As a result of FA, 3 factors explained 88.9% of total variances and as a result of CA, 2 statistical clusters were formed.
Monitoring the pollution status of freshwater resources is an important step in sustainable planning. This study aimed to determine the distribution and sources of metals in the sediments of the transboundary eastern Anatolian/Caucasus region Kura river as well as its ecological risk level. Surface sediment samples were collected from eight sites along the human disturbance gradient. Multi-element analyses of the collected samples were performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chlorophyll degradation product (CDP) analysis was performed spectrophotometrically. OC analysis was carried out using the titration method. The data obtained were evaluated using the indices of enrichment factor, geo-accumulation, modified hazard quotient and ecological contamination index and potential ecological risk. The average content of metals in the sediment at the eight sites was of the following descending order from highest to lowest: Al > Mn > Zn > V> Ni > Cr > Cu > Co > Pb > As > Cd > Tl > Hg. According to the distribution of raw metal values, urbanization is not the only factor controlling metal distribution. Adsorption processes and organic material content also emerge as an important factor. Enrichment factor values were of the following order: T1 > Pb > Mn > Hg > Cr > Co > Cd > Ni > As > Zn > Al > Cu > V. Results revealed that the sources of Cu, V and Al were lithogenic, in contrast to Tl, Pb, Mn, Hg, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, and As, thus pointing to human-induced accumulation. According to the potential ecological risk index, these elements have the potential to create medium-to-high level ecological risks and were substantially of atmospheric origin. The ecological contamination index is also consistent with these findings in terms of risk level. A municipal waste stream, fossil fuel burning and a cement plant operating in close proximity also appeared to be the possible sources.
Bu çalışmada Belek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesindeki yüzey ve yeraltısularının hidrojeokimyasal özellikleri, kullanılabilirlik durumu ve su kalitesi değerlendirilmiştir. Yeraltısularında genel olarak Ca-Mg-HCO3 ve Mg-Ca-HCO3 su tipleri hakimdir. Bölgedeki derelerden alınan yüzeysuyu örnekleri de benzer şekilde Ca-Mg-HCO3 ve Mg-Ca-HCO3 su tipi özelliği taşımaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yeraltısuları Mg, NO3 ve sertlik parametreleri bakımından; dereler ise NO3 bakımından içme suyu olarak kullanıma uygun değildir. Su kalitesi değerlendirmeleri sonucunda bölgede yaygın olarak sürdürülen tarımsal faaliyetler sırasında kullanılan gübreler ve evsel atık suların lokal olarak kontrolsüz deşarjlarının bölgede su kalitesini olumsuz etkilediği belirlenmiştir.
Heavy metal (HM) pollution of river sediments is one of the most important problems encountered in the aquatic environments. The purpose of this study was to determine potential HM contamination in the sediments of Çömlekci stream and to assess the environmental risks associated with this contamination. To achieve these objectives, sediment samples were collected seasonally at three different stations, dried at 103˚C for 24 h, sieved to <63 lm, and analyzed for HMs with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average concentrations (mg/kg) in the sediments were as follows: Iron (Fe) 8597 ± 1726 > manganese (Mn) 297.7 ± 48.42 > zinc (Zn) 60.09 ± 46.52 > copper (Cu) 35.26 ± 23.33 > lead (Pb) 19.91 ± 11.01 > chrome (Cr) 7.89 ± 2.78 > nickel (Ni) 7.01 ± 3.33 > cobalt (Co) 5.77 ± 1.32 > cadmium (Cd) 0.11 ± 0.17. To determine the origins and the relationships of HMs, statistical methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used. In addition , potential ecological risks and toxicity to human health were determined by performing calculations of the geoaccumulation index (I geo), enrichment factor (EF), hazard index (HI), hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and comparing data to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The average enrichment factors (EFs) of Fe, Ni and Cr were less than 1.5, which indicates that they come from natural sources, while the other metals were consistently higher (EF > 1.5), which implies an anthropogenic influence. According to I geo results, there is limited contamination of sediments by Cu, Pb and Zn. Average value of SQGs showed that there is no environmental risk for aquatic biota. Data of HI, HQ, and LCR indicate that HMs do not pose carcinogenic risks or non-carcinogenic hazards to human health.
Rivers have an extremely important role in providing drinking water to humans and animals. However, metal pollution in the water can endanger human health depending on the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the status of 13 elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, U), which pollute waters in seven streams of northeastern Turkey (Giresun) basin and the contamination level were investigated. Besides, waters were evaluated in terms of public health. In most cases, it was identified that the levels of Al element in the rivers exceeded the WHO acceptable limits. Furthermore, as Al elements' results of Nemerow index (P n) and Contamination index (C d) were examined, contamination was found according to both indexes. In terms of arsenic, risk of cancer (CR) for children and adults was low only in Aksu River. When water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), hazard quotient, and hazard index were investigated. WQI, HPI, and HEI values were determined in the range of 14.26-21.57, 59.68-69.44, and 1.94-2.76, respectively. The water quality of the streams was determined as good quality and there was no potential hazard. However, due to the intensive anthropogenic activities in the river basins, it is considered that drinking water resources should be continuously evaluated and monitored.
The objectives of this study were to observe the monthly and annual changes in water samples through physicochemical methods, to determine the water quality properties, to investigate the pollution problems, to determine the suitability level in terms of aquatic life, and to classify the water quality in accordance with the SWQMR criteria. This study was carried out through monthly sampling between April 2011 and March 2014 in 3 stations at Serefiye Dam, which is a "Class B" dam according to the RAMSAR criteria. The samples were immediately taken to the laboratories for analyses. Station 1 is at the entrance point of Egridere into the dam, 2nd point is at western side of the dam (Serefiye town), and the Station 3 is located at the center of the dam. The water quality in Serefiye dam, which is under protection within the scope of RAMSAR convention, was determined to be Class II according to SWQMR. In order to protect the water quality and to ensure the sustainability of aquatic life in this dam, it is required to make regular observations and to monitor the parameters affecting the water quality and aquatic life.
Aim of the study: The objectives of this study are to observe the monthly and annual changes in water
samples using physical–chemical methods in order to determine the water quality properties, to reveal
pollution problems, to determine the suitability of water quality for aquatic life and to classify the quality
of water in accordance with the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation’s Inland Surface Water
Classes criteria.
Area of the study: Lake Tecer is located in the southeastern area of Sivas city and at the end of Brook
Tecer, a branch of the Kızılırmak. The lake has a mean depth of 2.4 m and is fed by surface waters and
snowmelt.
Material and methods: The study period was from March 2011 to February 2012. Samples analysed
for several chemical and physical parameters representing water quality were collected monthly over a
period of 12 months.
Main results: It was observed that the condition of the lake in terms of water quality is good.
According to the Classification of the Intra-Continental Water Resources in the WPCR, the lake shows
Class I, II and III water quality characteristics.
Research highlights: In order to protect the water quality of this water source, to reduce further
pollution and to sustain the natural ecological balance consisting of natural fish stocks and other aquatic
animals, this lake should be monitored continuousl
In year 2013, onsite seasonal measurements have been carried out in 4 different points of Birecik Reservoir, and water samples have been taken from surface and different depths. Physical and chemical parameters have been investigated in taken water samples. The result of analysis were obtained in the following range pH (6.98-9), temperature (9.9-26 °C), electrical conductivity (275-373 µs/cm), sodium ( 19.93-22.06 mg/L), potassium (1.-2.2 mg/L), chloride/11.68-21.4, hardness (179-210 mg/L), calcium (41.66-52.9 mg/L), magnesium ((17-18.35 mg/L), sulphate (27.92-43.48 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (7.92-8.83 mg/L), chemical oxygen (0.25-8.70 mg/L), nitrate (0.62-2.48 mg/L), nitrate (0.001-0.008), ammonium (0.01-0.07), phosphate (0.001-0.031 mg/L). The samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health (WHO). The study finalize that Birecik reservoir which was declared to be a threat to the water quality should be arrested at denitrification and nutrient control to halt the degradation of the water.
Çınarlı Stream within the borders of Hafik district of Sivas city is famous for its natural beauties and rich water resource. By passing through a steep valley, Çınarlı stream reaches at forages exhibiting gypsum characteristic of Çınarlı Village. It supplies the irrigation water needs of Koşutdere and near villages where it merges with Koç Stream, and then mixes into Kızılırmak within the borders of Hafik district. Çınarlı Stream satisfies table and usage water requirements of Çınarlı, Bahçecik and Koşutdere villages, besides supplying the irrigation water for fertile agricultural lands near them. In this study, by observing the water quality of Çınarlı Stream via physico-chemical methods by taking samples from 6 stations on stream and analyzing these samples between October 2011 and September 2013, it has been aimed to determine and record the monthly and seasonal changes in water quality, to determine the quality criteria in accordance with Water Pollution and Control Regulation (WPCR), and to create a data base for further studies in Çınarlı Stream, where no other study has been carried out.
Determination of Water Quality Parameters and Heavy Metal Content in Surface Water of Çiğdem Pond (Kastamonu/Turkey)
The main aims of this study were to observe the seasonal variations of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal content, to determine the water quality properties and the suitability level in terms of aquatic life, and also to classify the quality of water in accordance with the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation (SWQMR) criteria at Çiğdem Pond (Kastamonu/Turkey). In total, 21 physicochemical parameters and 7 heavy metals were investigated for water quality assessment of the studied pond between July 2015 and June 2016 in 3 stations. The water quality in Çiğdem Pond was found to be Class I according to SWQMR. The results of this study provide a data baseline for future studies on subsequent evaluations of possible future environmental contamination. Also, to protect the water quality and to ensure the health of aquatic life in this area, it is required to make regular observations.
The evaluation of trace elements (TEs) in sediments of dam lakes is crucial for maintaining ecosystem health. Therefore, it is very important to determine their concentrations, pollution status, sources, controlling factors and ecological risks in these ecosystems. Here, for the first time, we analyzed 14 TEs (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Pb) and sediment properties (organic matter (OM) and pH) in sediments from four dam lakes (Erfelek, Derbent, Suat Uğurlu and Saraydüzü) in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, which are used for different purposes and located on the different rivers or streams with different pollution levels. The results indicated that Al, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Sb concentrations were lower in the Erfelek Dam Lake which has been used for drinking water supply, indicating that it is more protected than other dam lakes. However, Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Sb concentrations were higher in the Suat Uğurlu Dam Lake on the Yeşilırmak River which is moderately polluted. According to sediment contamination indices, there was low contamination in the sediments of all dam lakes. Similarly, the assessment of ecological risk posed by TEs indicated low eclogical risk in the dam lakes. Sediment OM and pH were found to be important control factors affecting the distribution of TEs in the dam lakes sediments. Correlation and factor analyses suggested that all TEs in the sediments of dam lakes mainly originated from geogenic sources.
Foreword to the first edition. Foreword to the second edition. Summary and scope. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations used in text. An introduction to water quality. Characterisation of water bodies. Definitions related to water quality. Anthropogenic impacts on water quality. Pollutant sources and pathways. Spatial and temporal variations. Economic development and water quality. References. Strategies for water quality assessment. Introduction. The water quality assessment process. Typical water quality monitoring programmes. Design of assessment programmes. Implementation of water quality assessment programmes. Data processing. Data quality control. Interpretation and dissemination of data. Recommendations. References. Selection of water quality variables. Introduction. Hydrological variables. General variables. Nutrients. Organic matter. Major ions. Other inorganic variables. Metals. Organic contaminants. Microbiological indicators. Selection of variables. Summary and recommendations. References. The use of particulate material. Introduction. Composition of particulate matter. Transport and deposition. Environmental control of particulate matter quality. Sampling of particulate matter. Analysis of particulate matter. Development of a programme for assessing particulate matter quality. Data evaluation. The use of particulate material in water quality assessments: case studies. Conclusions and future developments. References. The use of biological material. Introduction. Factors affecting biological systems in the aquatic environment. Uses and benefits of biological methods. Ecological methods. Microbiological methods. Physiological and biochemical methods. Methods for assessing toxic pollution in controlled environments. The use of aquatic organisms in chemical monitoring. Histological and morphological methods. Biological sampling strategies and techniques. Selection of biological methods: case studies. Conclusions and recommendations. References. Rivers. Introduction. Hydrological characteristics. Chemical characteristics. Biological characteristics. Major water quality issues in rivers. Strategies for water quality assessment in river systems. Approaches to river monitoring and assessment: case studies. Summary and conclusions. References. Lakes. Introduction. Characteristics and typology. Water quality issues. The application of sediment studies in lakes. Assessment strategies. Approaches to lake assessment: case studies. Summary and conclusions. References. Groundwater. Introduction. Characteristics of graoundwater bodies. Water-soil-rock interactions. Groundwater quality issues. Assessment strategies. Examples of groundwater assessment. Conclusions and recommendations. References. Data handling and presentation. Introduction. Handling, storage and retrieval of water quality data. Data charcteristics. Basic statistics. Basic graphical methods. Data analysis
Su kirliliği (Ders Kitabı)
- M Z L Göksu
Determination the effectiveness of the cytotoxic analysis on the water quality assessments
- N Emin
- E Mutlu
- A E Güzel
Akarsu kirlenmesinin biyolojik ve kimyasal yönden değerlendirilmesi ve kriterleri
- M Barlas
Karagöl (Hafik-Sivas)’ün su kalitesinin incelenmesi
- E Mutlu
- T Yanık
- T Demir
Balık üretiminde su kalitesi
- S Pulatsü
- A Topçu
Su kirlenmesi ve kontrolü. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No:1513, Ders Kitabı, 292 s
- D Atay
- S Pulatsü
Deniz ekolojisine giriş
- R Geldiay
- A Kocataş
Evaluation of some physicochemical water quality parameters of Gümüşsuyu Pond
- E Mutlu
- A E Güzel
Assessment of the potentially toxic element contamination in water of Şehriban Stream
- C Tokatlı
- E Mutlu
- N Arslan