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42
Volume 4, September 2012
Journal of Environmental Science and Resources Management
© 2012 Cenresin Publications
www.cenresinpub.org
ISSN 2277-0097
Corresponding Author: Ndinwa, Chuks Chukwuka
IMPROVISING MUNICIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL THROUGH INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT: THE SOUTHERN NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE
1Ndinwa, Chuks Chukwuka Gabriel,
1Akpafun, Amatoremidedon Solomon,
1Chukumah, Omoikhekpen Charity,
2Osubor-Ndinwa, Nwakaego Praise
1Department of Industrial Safety and Environmental Management Technology, Delta State
School of Marine Technology, Burutu, Nigeria
2M.Sc Student, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
E-mail: gndinwa@yahoo.com, chuksgabriel@ymail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper is aimed at investigating how municipal solid waste are disposed in Nigeria, so
as to design an environmental friendly approach to the management of waste in order to
effectively control the resultant environmental implications of solid waste. This study
involved both personal observation and oral interview of the inhabitants. Also published
and unpublished materials were reviewed. Findings of the study revealed that solid wastes
that are generated in the study area are mainly from market places, homesteads,
factories, workshops, hospitals, seaport, post-primary and tertiary institutions. Pedestrians
and hawkers generate a lot of waste on the roadside and streets. Each commercial place
in the study and household generates a specific amount of commercial/domestic waste on
daily basis. In terms of the problems facing solid waste disposal in the study area, the
findings revealed that, there is no public system of primary collection from the source of
waste generation. The waste discharged here and there is later collected by municipal
sanitation workers through street sweeping and drain cleaning. There is no practice of
storing the waste at source in a scientifically segregated way. Irregular street sweeping
was also observed to be prevalent. Solid wastes in the study area are collected through
traditional handcarts/tricycles which carries only a small quantity. Open sites, masonry
bins or concrete structures are used for temporary bulk storage, which necessitates
multiple handling of waste. Most of the transport vehicles are old and open. They are
usually loaded manually. The fleet is generally inadequate and utilization inoptimal.
Disposal of waste in the study area is the most neglected aspect of solid waste
management services, and the current practices are grossly unscientific. Almost all
municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a dump-yard situated within or outside the
city haphazardly and do not bother to spread and cover the waste with inert material. This
paper therefore considered and answered some basic question: What are the types of
waste generated? How are the wastes disposed? What are the environmental implications
of the waste disposal methods? And what new method of municipal waste management
will be needed to effectively stored and disposed solid waste in a healthy and friendly
manner.
Keywords:
Municipal, Solid Waste, Niger Delta, Landfill, Environment
INTRODUCTION
Solid waste is any movable solid objects which the owner wishes to dispose of (Akpofure,
2009). It is no longer useful to the immediate owner. Solid wastes are non-liquid and non-
soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain
complex, and sometimes hazardous substances. The World Health Organization (2008)
refers to waste as “something, which the owner no longer wants at a given time and
43
Ndinwa, Chuks Chukwuka Gabriel, Akpafun,
Amatoremidedon Solomon, Chukumah,
Omoikhekpen Charity, Osubor-Ndinwa,
Nwakaego Praise
Improvising Municipal Waste Disposal through Integrated
Waste Management: The Southern Nigerian Experience
space and which has no current or perceived market value”. The line of thought in this
definition presented a broad based approach towards the classification of what constitutes
waste. However, what one regards as waste may not be totally useless as much can be
recycled to produce new products. Wastes may be gaseous, liquid or solid. Solid wastes
are not free flowing. Solid wastes have remained man most intractable problems. Waste
generation and disposal is a growing problem worldwide and is directly connected to
industrial development and population growth. Solid waste management remains one of
the most daunting environmental sanitation challenges facing the most developing
countries today and it has continually remained at its lowest ebb despite huge
investments in the sector (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2005). Waste is generated by
activities in all economic sectors and is generally regarded as an unavoidable by-product
of economic activity (Stren
et al
., 2005). Since early modern times, disposing of waste has
been an important concern for individuals and community officials (UNEP, 2002). The
generation and disposal of waste is an intrinsic part of any developing or industrialized
nation. Waste, both from domestic and commercial sources has grown significantly in
Nigeria over the past decade. Currently, as a result of industrialization and rapid
population growth in many cities and towns, wastes are generated faster than they are
collected, transported and disposed. Every time a householder shops at the store and
open market, he contributes to the mountain of waste. It is difficult to quantify the
volume of waste generated from each house hold in Nigeria, but merely from observation,
it shows that the generation of waste amounts to millions of tons. The percent of Nigeria’s
population living in rural-urban, semi-urban and urban areas has more than doubled in
the last 15 years. The cities and urban areas experience continuous growth which
contributes to enormous generation of solid waste. In Nigeria, it has been observed that
about 75% of the total wastes generated each month are mainly from the urban centres
(Nnamani, 2000).
Several researchers have studies the volume of waste generated in Nigerian cities, for
example, Maclaren International Ltd (1993) estimated this volume at 182.900 tones. The
latest study, concluded by Haskoning and Konsadem Associates (2002) estimated the per
capita rate at 0.6kg/day, with a density of 300kg/m3. The projections are based on an
annual growth rate of population per year. The waste composition in major south-west
rural-urban centres comprises of leaves, polythene bags, paper, food waste, tins, metal,
glass and rags (Maclaren International Ltd, 1993). This is because these areas are
located in the heart of a rice commercial land and has a large old and unplanned section.
The management of waste is a matter of national and international concern. The volume
of waste does not actually constitute the problem but the ability of governments,
individuals and waste disposal firms to keep up with the task of managing waste and the
environment becomes the problem. There is no doubt that a dirty environment affects the
standard of living, aesthetic sensibilities, health of the people and thus the quality of their
lives (World Bank, 1992, Koehn, 1992; Kumuyi, 2005; Stren
et al
., 2005; Swilling
et al
.,
2006). The corollary is that improper disposal or storage of these wastes can constitute
hazards to the environment through the pollution of air, land and water. The
indiscriminate disposal and dumping of waste has become a common practice in Nigeria
urban centres (Bodija and Oluyole, 2004). Most of the waste dumps are located close to
residential areas, markets, farms, roadsides and creeks. The composition of waste dumps
varies widely, with many human activities located close to dump sites (World Bank, 1992,
44
Volume 4, September 2012
Journal of Environmental Science and Resources Management
Onibokun and Famran, 1995; Olowu and Akinola, 2008). Significant percentage of what
refuse/garbage resident communities generates, are picked up from house or
establishment by the sweeper and dumped at near by community bin (Hyden, 2004). The
community bins and dumping sites become eye sore, cause foul smell, become breeding
places for harmful bacteria and attracts disease carrying vectors such as flies, mosquitoes,
birds, rats, dogs etc. the situation gets bad-to-worse when this waste enters into water
bodies during wet season (NISER, 1981; Koehn, 1992; Stren
et al
., 2005). The prime
concern arising out of indiscriminate waste disposal system is its impact on community
health and environment. No matter who owns the responsibility of waste disposal, reality
is that resident communities are the victim of their own apathy towards sustainable
solution to the problem (Hyden, 2004). The opportunity cost of using modern waste
disposal system in Nigerian urban cities for disposing waste is very high. Apart from land
being costly and finite resources, judicial activism on use of land near water bodies is
compelling municipal administrators to move towards enforcement of waste segregation
and encourage community initiative towards waste generation (Barrett and Lawler, 2009).
The disposal of wastes in the world is a problem that continues to grow with the
development of industrialized nations and the growth of population (Ahmed, 2004). The
growth of human population coupled with increased economic activities in towns and
cities result in high rate of solid waste generation (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2005).
A fundamental attribute of solid waste is that it is inevitable as almost every human
activity involves the generation of waste in solid, liquid or gaseous form. Social dynamics
such as modernisation and economic development also influences waste generation. The
management of solid waste is far from being satisfactory in Nigeria. Many parts of our
cities and towns do not benefit from any organised waste management services and
therefore wastes are unattended to, buried, burnt or disposed haphazardly. In areas
where the authorities do the collection, it is often irregular and sporadic. Recycling of
waste is negligible while the methods used for collection, transportation and final disposal
are very unsatisfactory. Inadequate environmental sanitation in many urban centres is a
major cause of disease and a drain on the economy by way of lost workdays cost on
treatment and cleanup activities. The disposal of wastes in or on the land without careful
planning and management can present a danger to health and management can present
a danger to health and the environment (Smith, 2005).
In Nigeria especially in major urban centres waste disposal is a critical problem. In fact,
Nigeria government has taken different steps in the past and even present to combat the
problem without success. You don’t need to look far before you see mountain of waste in
most of our urban centres. Earlier on, the step taken was based on waste disposal on
some designated landfills (that were not sanitary because they were not constructed with
underline to prevent leachate problem). Then, when the municipal government could not
cope with waste collection and disposal successfully, the people resorted dumping their
waste into storm water during rainfall, open dumping sites, stream dumping, burning,
landfill e.t.c. Also, wastes generated in the country were characterized by a high
percentage (60-80%) of domestic and commercial waste. This gives the wastes high
density and makes them very attractive to flies, cockroaches, rats and other vermin
(Areme
et al.
, 2007). The term waste disposal and management, in all its ramifications
encompasses all steps taken in controlling the generation, storage, collection,
transportation, processing and disposal or utilization of waste, in a sanitary manner (Isaac
45
Ndinwa, Chuks Chukwuka Gabriel, Akpafun,
Amatoremidedon Solomon, Chukumah,
Omoikhekpen Charity, Osubor-Ndinwa,
Nwakaego Praise
Improvising Municipal Waste Disposal through Integrated
Waste Management: The Southern Nigerian Experience
and Olanike, 2007). Therefore, waste management can be defined as the collection,
transportation, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials produced by human
activities (Papper
et al.
, 2008). It is undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics. Sustainable waste disposal system provides a comprehensive
inter-disciplinary framework for addressing the problems of managing urban solid waste,
often with no effective means of recovering them (Sangodoyin, 2003). Upgrading the
coverage of modern waste disposal system and services and increasing their efficiency is
a precondition for improving the environmental quality of the urban centres. It is against
this background that this paper anchored on improvising municipal waste disposal system
through integrated waste management approach.
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
Warri metropolis is an important urban centre in southern Nigeria that comprises of many
communities. It lies between latitude 50 31’N and longitude 50 45’E of the equator. Warri
metropolis has a boundary town with Uvwie, Udu and Okpe. Warri is a commercial and
highly industrialized urban centre that is, all types of industries (major and minor
industries) are located in the city. It is an important economic area, mostly because of it
having a seaport. The main products transported by ship from Warri port consists of
rubber, palm products, cocoa, groundnut, hides and skin, cargo and fairly used foreign
materials. The centre is surrounded by tropical rainforest and swamp. It experience high
rainfall and high humidity for most part of the year. The centre is connected to Benin city
by a chief highway. Warri is highly populated, with an estimated population between
507,255 to 1,000,000 and it is necessary that over populated area can enhance the rate
of waste generation because the people use all types of materials that results to waste. In
attempt to develop technologically; increase in population and industrialization however
has led to waste generation which in turn contributes to environmental pollution the price
of modernisation.
Figure 1.1: A map of Delta State showing the study areas
46
Volume 4, September 2012
Journal of Environmental Science and Resources Management
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area was divided into eight (8) zones from which field investigation were
conducted. The process of data collection was both on direct personal observations and
oral interview. Also, secondary source of data collected was employed; this includes
published and unpublished materials. This study was based on the examination of the
problems posed on the existing municipal waste disposal methods, environmental and
health effects on the individuals in the study area, so as to improvise the waste disposal
methods by defining an integrated management approach as a solution to arrest the issue
for sustainable development. Therefore the variables determined were the types of waste
generated, methods of disposal, their effects on the environment and human health, and
the effectiveness of the prevailing methods of control. Methods of disposal and their
effectiveness were determined by direct inspection of the dump sites; and also,
photographs were taken to give visual impression of the effects of waste on the
environment. Table was used to present the different types of waste generated and
disposed off in the study area.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Types and Composition of Solid Waste Generated
Solid wastes that are generated in the study area are mainly from market places,
homesteads, factories, workshops, hospitals, seaport, primary, post-primary and tertiary
institutions. Pedestrians and hawkers generate a lot of waste on the roadside and streets.
Each commercial place in the study area like the seaport, oil refinery, market, the
university community and household generates a specific amount of commercial/domestic
waste on daily basis. The quantity of such waste depends mainly on location, activity and
number of people in the household. The rate of solid waste generated per capita
increases as the standard of living improvises. Average per capita waste generated from
city was at 0.29kg/day (Egunjobi, 2004; Ndakara, 2011).
Problems Facing Solid Waste Disposal/Control in the Study Area
Problems facing solid waste disposal in the study area are discussed below in detail.
No System of Primary Collection from the Doorstep: There is no public system of
primary collection from the source of waste generation in the area understudy. The waste
discharged here and there is later collected by municipal sanitation workers through street
sweeping and drain cleaning. Street sweeping during weekends has thus become the
principal method of primary collection in the area understudy.
No Storage of Waste at Source: There is no practice of storing the waste at source in
a scientifically segregated way. Citizens in this locality have not been educated to keep
domestic, trade and institutional bins for storage of waste at source and stop littering on
the roadside and streets.
Irregular Street Sweeping: Even street and roadside sweeping is not carried out on a
day-to-day basis in Warri. Generally, the express way and important areas like gas plant,
PTI are prioritized and the rest of the streets are swept occasionally or not swept at all.
No sweeping is done on Sundays and public holidays and a back log is created on the
next working day. The tools used for street and roadside sweeping/cleaning during every
47
Ndinwa, Chuks Chukwuka Gabriel, Akpafun,
Amatoremidedon Solomon, Chukumah,
Omoikhekpen Charity, Osubor-Ndinwa,
Nwakaego Praise
Improvising Municipal Waste Disposal through Integrated
Waste Management: The Southern Nigerian Experience
last Saturday of the month (environmental sanitation) are generally inefficient and out-
dated. For instance, the broom with a short handle is still in use forcing sweepers to bend
for hours resulting in fatigue and loss of productivity. Traditional handcarts/tricycles are
used for collection, which do not synchronize with the secondary storage systems. Wastes
are deposited on the ground necessitating multiple handling. There are no uniform
yardsticks adopted for street sweeping. Though, indigenes in some of the area understudy
have prescribed work-norms, these are not very scientific. The agency in charge of
managing waste in the area allocates work to sanitation workers on ad hoc basis. The
work distribution ranges between 150 metres to 1000 metres of street and roadside
sweeping each sanitation day. Some sanitation workers are found under worked while
some over burdened.
Waste Storage Depots: Wastes are collected through traditional handcarts/tricycles
which carries only a small quantity. Generally, open sites or round cement concrete bins,
masonry bins or concrete structures are used for temporary bulk storage, which
necessitates multiple handling of waste. Waste in the study area often spills over which
are both unsightly as well as unhygienic.
Transportation of Waste: Transportation of waste from the waste storage depots to
the disposal site is done through a variety of vehicles such as bullock carts, three-
wheelers, tractors, and trucks. Most of the transport vehicles are old and open. They are
usually loaded manually. The fleet is generally inadequate and utilization inoptimal.
Inefficient workshop facilities do not do much to support these old and rumbling squad
vehicles. The traditional transportation system does not synchronize with the system of
primary collection and secondary waste storage facilities and multiple manual handling of
waste results.
Disposal of Waste: Disposal of waste is the most neglected aspect of solid waste
management services in the area understudy, and the current practices are grossly
unscientific. Almost all municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a dump-yard situated
within or outside the city haphazardly and do not bother to spread and cover the waste
with inert material. These sites emanate foul smell and become breeding grounds for flies,
rodent and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting organic waste called leachate
pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and environment. Landfill
sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 percent methane by volume. Methane is 21
times more potent than carbon dioxide aggravating problems related to global warming.
Disposal on Dunghill and Open Areas: In the study area especially around the major
commercialized area and outskirt of the settlement, regular waste collection is done by
each household to be deposited on a dunghill behind the houses, workshop, office and
also within open spaces that have not been built up, especially in uncompleted buildings
and market areas. Waste deposited in these places are burnt when dry or often left to rot.
In many other cases, wastes are indiscriminately dumped on the roadside and streets
which often lead to the blockage of drain ways. The general sanitation of the household is
under women’s, children and sale boy/girl’s control, and there is generally no control by
the government until the dump site becomes offensive.
48
Volume 4, September 2012
Journal of Environmental Science and Resources Management
Burning Trash: In many parts of the study area, waste are gathered near homes,
roadside and street and burnt regularly. The burning of waste to a large extent in the
study area depends on the type of materials in the waste being burnt. In addition, fire
does not completely consume the waste because not all waste can be easily burnt. This
practice is quite unhealthy to the populace living in the area due to the resultant pollution
effects. A pressurized aerosol can explode, burning paint or batteries could leave a
residue of heavy metals, burning solvents might vapourize the liquid into the air, and
burning compounds into the atmosphere which last a long time.
Environmental Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
Modernization and progress has had its share of disadvantages and one of the main
aspects of concern is the pollution it is causing to the earth – be it land, air and water.
With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other
essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each
household. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal waste collection centres from
where it is collected by the area municipalities to be further thrown into the landfills and
dumps. However, either due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this
waste gets collected and transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the
management and disposal is improperly done, it can cause serious impact to the
surrounding environment. In Nigeria, the challenges of urban solid waste management
are palpable. The volume of solid waste that is visible at city junctions emitting nauseating
smells and causing aesthetic nuisance is a measure of the extent of failure of the current
practices. The area understudy are increasingly becoming unhealthy places to live, with
government both at the local and state levels lacking the capacity to collect and dispose
solid waste. Solid waste such as refuse if discharged into drainage system may block the
free flow of water which may eventually result to flooding. In the study area, solid waste
such as garbage, refuse and scrap metals occupy land space and hence obstruct land use
for farming and other purposes. The Warri River has been at the receiving end of solid
waste, the water quality has been affected such that the purpose of the water body have
been interfered with waste materials.
Health Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
Inadequate, improper sanitation and poor solid waste management remain two of the
main transmitters of diseases in the world’s developing countries like Nigeria (Adelegan,
2001). Several studies carried out in Nigeria, India and Egypt indicated the presence of
health problems amongst solid waste pickers and those living in close proximity to dump
sites (Sridhar, 2006; Ekugo, 1998; Oyemade
et al
., 1999). The group at risk from the
unscientific disposal of solid waste include – the population in the area where there is no
proper waste disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste workers; and
workers in facilities producing toxic and infectious material. Other high-risk group includes
population living close to a waste dump and those, whose water supply has become
contaminated either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill sites. Uncollected solid
waste also increases risk of injury and infection. In particular, organic domestic waste
poses a serious threat, since they ferment, creating conditions favourable to the survival
and growth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste can result in various
types of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being
the most vulnerable. Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health
49
Ndinwa, Chuks Chukwuka Gabriel, Akpafun,
Amatoremidedon Solomon, Chukumah,
Omoikhekpen Charity, Osubor-Ndinwa,
Nwakaego Praise
Improvising Municipal Waste Disposal through Integrated
Waste Management: The Southern Nigerian Experience
risks. Other than this, co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste
exposes people to chemical and radioactive hazards. Uncollected solid waste also
obstructs storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water bodies that
become the breeding ground of disease. Waste treatment and disposal sites can also
create health hazards for the neighbourhood. Improperly operated incineration plants
cause air pollution and improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of
insects and rodents that spread disease.
Integrated Waste Management Options
Integrated waste management options are concerned with strategies aimed at reducing
and minimizing the amount of waste generated. A waste minimization programme is an
organized comprehensive and continued effort to systematically reduce waste generation,
while waste reduction is the reduction of waste for a good and healthy environment
(Akpofure, 2009). This paper analyses in detail, the integrated waste management
options.
Avoidance and Reduction Methods: An important method of waste management is
the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods
of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of
buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of
plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such
as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans, packaging and
designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose.
Energy Recovery: Municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy. Several
technologies have been developed that make the processing of municipal solid waste
(MSW) for energy generation cleaner and more economical than ever before, including
landfill gas capture, combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma arc gasification. The
energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct
combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal
treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of
the gas fuel to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis
and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are
heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs
in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into
solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or
refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be
further refined into products such as activated carbon . Gasification and advanced Plasma
arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas
(syngas ) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen . The gas is then burnt to
produce electricity and steam . An alternative to pyrolisis is high temperature and
pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).
Resource Recovery: Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA
(life cycle analysis), attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW
(Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration,
source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic
50
Volume 4, September 2012
Journal of Environmental Science and Resources Management
fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via
anaerobic digestion is to be the favoured path.
Incineration: Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are
subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This
method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue
from waste water management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to
30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are sometimes described as "
thermal treatment
". Incinerators convert
waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small
scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid
and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain
hazardous waste materials. Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land
is more scarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills.
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that
burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity.
Landfill: The last option for disposal of municipal waste is through landfill. Disposing of
waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most
countries. Landfills are often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids
or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and
relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Design characteristics of a
modern landfill include methods to contain leachate such as clay or plastic lining material.
Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stability, and covered
to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Modern landfills also have landfill gas
extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill
using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.
CONCLUSION
This study has revealed critically, that the prevailing processes of solid waste disposal in
Warri metropolis have adverse implications on the environment as well as human health
within the dump sites. These implications were obvious due to industrialization and
population growth which resulted in a failed system of managing waste. It was also
observed that waste in the entire study area was not duly managed. Man can not
continue to live in such uncomfortable and problem prone environment, hence an
integrated management approach is required to tackle holistically the environmental
menace of municipal waste disposal.
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Waste Management: The Southern Nigerian Experience
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