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Res. Crop. 24 (4): 765-773 (2023)
With three figures & one plate
Printed in India
DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2023.ROC-1021
Effect of Acarus siro L. infestation on germination of wheat and
barley seeds under laboratory conditions
SINDAB SAMI JASSIM AL-DAHWI1, HALA KADHEM JBIR AL-JUBOURI1, *
AND ZEENA MOFEED MAHMOD AL-MRSOMI2
1Plant Protection Department
College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences
University of Baghdad, Jadriyah, Baghdad, Iraq
*(e-mail: hala.kadhem1004@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
(Received: September 23, 2023/Accepted: December 07, 2023)
ABSTRACT
A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effect of mite infestation with
the grain on the ge rmination of wheat (IPA-99 variety) and barley (Al-Khair variety)
seeds. The mite was diagnosed in stored and infested wheat and barley seeds as grain
mite (cheese mite) Acarus siro L. The results showed that infestation of wheat and
barley seeds with A. siro had a significant impact on their germination percentage, whether
the seeds were unwashed or washed. The percentage of infestation and ge rmination in
wheat seed samples reached 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 reached 45.00%, 80.00% , 91.67% ,
93.75%, and 96.00% with a germination rate of 55.00%, 20.00%, 8.33%, 6.25%, and 4.00%
for unwashed seeds, respectively. For washed seeds, the infestation rate was 40.00%,
62.50%, 80.00%, 85.00%, and 90.00% with a germination rate of 60.00%, 37.50%, 20.00%,
15.00% , and 10.00%, respectively. Whereas, for barley seeds, the pe rcentage of infestation
and germination in the samples 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 re ached 35.00%, 72.50% , 83.33% ,
88.75% , and 94.00% with a germination rate of 65.00% , 27.50%, 16.67% , 11.25% , and
6.00% for unwashed seeds, respectively. For washed seeds, the infestation rate was
25.00%, 57.50%, 70.00%, 81.25%, and 90.00% with a germination rate of 75.00%, 42.50%,
30.00% , 18.75% , and 10.00% , respectively. The results also showed that infestation of
wheat and barley seeds had a greater impact on reducing their germination percentage
in unwa shed samp les comp ar ed to wash ed samples , with signif icant difference s.
Unwashed whe at seed samples achieved the highest infestation rate and the lowest
germination rate at 81.28% and 18.72%, respectively. Unwashed barley seed samples
achieved the highest infestation rate and the lowest germination rate at 74.72% and
25.28%, respectively. It is also noted that the highest infestation rate and the lowest
germination rate for wheat and barley seeds were observed in the 100 samples, while
the lowest infestation rate and the highest germination rate were found in the 20 samples
for both unwashed and washed seeds, respectively. The re sults indicated that wheat
was more preferred by the mite than barley in both unwashed and washed seed samples.
Key words: Acarus siro, barley, germination percent, grain mite, infection rate, wheat
2Ministry of Agriculture, Mesopotamia State Company, Iraq.
INTRODUCTION
Store d food ite ms in ge n e ra l,
particularly grains, are the largest contributor
to global food security because they directly
impact, reducing the gap between population
growth and ensuring daily food supply. Grains,
their products, and stored foods provide calories
for over 35% of the world’s population (Mustafa
and Jbara, 2018; Fathi et al., 2022). They are
al so ess e nti al source s o f ne c es sa ry
carbohydrates for human nutrition and serve
as a strategic reserve that can sustain for
several months during natural disasters and
severe annual production deficits (Ibrahim and
Nasser, 2009; Saeed, 2018). Wheat (Triticum sp.)
and barley (Hordeum sp.) are among the most
important cereal crops belonging to the grass
family, known as the Poaceae (Gramineae).
Th e y ar e cul t i v a t e d fo r th e ir se e d s f or
agricultural, food, industrial, and feed purposes.
These crops are widely grown to the extent that
some countries consider them strategic crops
for their national economy (Hassuny, 2016;
Mahdi et al., 2017; Ivanchenko and Boldyrev,
2023).
Grains are exposed to various pests
fr o m th e st a g e of har v e sti n g , st o r a g e,
marketing, and consumption (Al Baldawi and
Al Hani, 2017; Ali and Jabara, 2021). Some of
these pests cause significant damage to their
quantity, quality, or both. The annual losses
resulting from these pests in global field crop
production, both in the field and in storage,
are e stimated t o range between 58-6 3%
(Abdullah, 2008; Muhammed and Hussein,
2022). The losses in stored wheat grains reach
26% after just 15 weeks of storage, and the
percentage ranges from at least 25-30% of the
world’s grain reserves that are destroyed e ach
year due to pests. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) estimated that global losses
resulting from pests attacking stored grains
and their products amount to 36 million tons
annually. Furt herm ore , the se l osses are
estimat e d to be 80% in the Third World
(Muhammad et al., 2010; Al-Ubaidy, 2015).
Th e most si gnifi c a n t thre at s and
challenges to maintaining the quality of grains
an d t h ei r pr o du cts du ri ng st o r ag e in
warehouses are pests of stored materials.
These pests have adapted themselves to grow
and thrive in relatively dry environments,
especially in grain storage facilitie s. They
consume large quantities of grains and, at the
same time, contaminate the stored grains and
their products with their secretions, thereby
affecting their marke t value (Al -Iraqi and
Jami l, 2007) . Th e grai n mite , A. siro, or
commonly known as t he flat g rai n mite,
Tyroglyphus farinae De Geer, is a dangerous
pe s t t hat affects stored grai ns and food
products, causing various problems in the
quantity and quality of these grains. It causes
significant weight loss, especially in wheat and
barley grain mills, as it feeds on the endosperm
and e mbryo of the grain, damag i ng a nd
contaminating it with its excrement and shed
skin s, the r e b y re duci n g t h e se e d ’ s
ge rmin a t i o n capacit y (I s m a i l , 2 0 14 ).
Additionally, it alters the moisture content
inside the seed, making i t susceptible to
various fungal infe ctions. The weight loss
percentage in some varieties of wheat affected
by the grain mite can exceed 80% , especially
in grain warehouse s, mills, and farme rs’
homes worldwide (Khalaf et al., 2019). This pest
is w i d e spre ad in grai n- g r o w i n g re gions
worldwide, with a global distribution that
includes East and West Asia, India, Japan,
America, Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, and
Afri ca. It can also be fo un d in t h e
Mediterranean basin, including Syria, Jordan,
and Lebanon (Al-Mallah, 2009).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top of Form
This study was conducted in the Insect
Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection,
College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences,
University of Baghdad, Jadriyah, Baghdad, Iraq.
The study period was from 5th January 2021 to
5th July 2022. Samples of wheat and barley
seeds were o bt aine d from the Ministry of
Agriculture/Mesopotamia State Company. The
samples were brought to the laboratory for
isolation and diagnosis purposes.
Isolation and Diagnosis
The whe at an d barle y seeds were
ex ami n e d under a ste r e osc o p i c l ig h t
microscope (WILD M11) at a magnification of
40X to confirm the infestation of the seeds by
th e gr ai n mi t e. T h e p re se n c e o f mi te
individuals on the upper and lower surfaces of
the seeds indicated their infes tation. The
accompanying mites were isolated from the
affected seeds. The mites were mounted on
glass slides using special media for mounting
grain mites, specifically Hoyer’s medium. Each
slide was assigned a specific number. After the
completion of the loading, drying, and careful
examination process, the best 30 glass slides
we re se l e cte d . Th e s e sl ide s w ere the n
diagno sed by Dr. Hala Kaze m Jabee r Al-
Ju bour i i n the I n se c t L ab o ra t o ry for
Postgraduate Stu dies, affiliate d with the
Department of Plant Protection, College of
Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University
of Baghdad.
Effect of Grain Mite Infestation on the
Germination Rate of Wheat and Barley Seeds
Two kilograms o f wheat and barley
seeds were weighed, with 1 kilogram allocated
for each of the wheat variety (IPA-99) and the
766 Al-Dahwi, Al-Jubouri and Al-Mrsomi
barley variety (Al-Khair). Samples of the wheat
variety (IPA-99) and the barley variety (Al-
Khair) we re selected, some of which were
infested with 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mites
grain/sample, while other samples of the same
seeds were completely free fro m any mite
infe s tation . To evalu ate the e f fect of the
se v e rity of grain mite infe s tation on the
germination rate, plastic pots with a capacity
of 250g were prepared, containing a mixture
of loam soil and peat in a ratio of 2:1, which
was st eril i z e d usi n g a n au t oclave at a
temperature of 121°C and a pressure of 1.5 kg/
cm2 for 20 minutes, repeated twice with a one-
day interval. Eac h varie t y was plac e d in
separate pots in a well-lit laboratory with a
temperature ranging between 25-30 °C and a
relative humidity between 45-55% . The pots
were left in the laboratory under continuous
monitoring. The germination percentage was
studi e d i n two differe nt tre atm e nts, one
without washing the seeds and the other after
washing the seeds, with a ratio of 100 seeds
per wash. The percentage of infestation was
calculated based on previous studies (Al-Neami
et al., 2012), and the germination percentage
was determined based on equations provided
by Al-Mousawy and Jaber (2012) and Abdul-
Karim (2021) as follows:
No. of infected seeds
Infestation (%) = –––––––––––––––––––––– × 100
Total no. of seeds
No. of germinated seeds
Germination (%) = –––––––––––––––––––– × 100
Total no. of seeds
Statistical Analysis
La bo ra tory t ri al s w e re de si gn e d
according to a completely randomized design
(CRD), and the data were statistically analyzed
using the statistical software Genstat V.12.1.
Me ans we re co m pa re d using the Le a s t
Significant Difference (L.S.D) at a significance
level of 5% (Al-Rawi and Khalfallah, 2000).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diagnosis
The diagn ostic results of the study
clarified that the mites depicted on glass slides,
ba s e d on the c l assificat i o n ke y s in th e
available scientific references, as well as the
assistance of some specialized and reliable
scientific websites, led to the diagnosis of the
mite as grain mite (cheese mite) Acarus siro
L. (Plate 1) according to the classification given
by Krantz and Walter (2009).
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Subclass: Acari
Order: Acariformes
Suborder: Astigmata (Acaridida)
Superfamily: Acaroidea
Family: Acaridae
Genus: Acarus
Species: siro
Binomial name: Acarus siro Linnaeus,
1758 (=Tyroglyphus farinae De Geer, 1778).
Plate 1. Acarus siro grain mite (Cheese mite) on a
grain of wheat under 100X magnification.
The microscopic examination under
100X and 400X magnification revealed that the
grain mite A. siro has a creamy white colour
with gray legs. The length of females ranges
from 0.36 to 0.66 mm (0.014-0.026 inches),
while males rang e from 0.33 t o 0.43 mm
(0.013-0.017 inches). One of the distinguishing
diagnostic characteristics in adult females is
that the outer pair of vertical spines is located
between the level of the inner pair and one-
third of the distance between the shoulder
spines (sci and sce) on the dorsal surface of
the anterior body in Prostigmata, on the sides
of the eyes. The sensory organ, called the
Grandjean organ, is located behind the first
Germination of wheat and barley influenced by Acarus siro L. infestation 767
leg’s tibia, and has multiple branches. The
spiracular f o rk o n t h e first le g ’ s ti b i a,
represented by , is three times longer than
the spiracular fork on the second leg’s tibia,
represented by . The pair of anterior dorsal
spines is thin at the wrist of the first leg,
meaning at its tip, and the claw-like spines
(u+v) located on the side of the wrist are short,
sharp, and strong. Additionally, the structure
of the spe rm acce ss ch a n n e l en tr a n ce
resemble s a prominent bell shape. As for the
diagnostic characteristics in males, their legs
are long, and a thick spine is visible on the
inner side. The first pair of legs is larger than
the other three pairs, and there is an arm or
ventral protrusion on the femur. These results
are consistent with the findings reported by
Athanassiou et al. (2005), Al-Mallah (2009),
Krantz and Walter (2009), Ismail (2014), Al-
Mallah (2016) and GBIF Secretariat (2022).
Effect of Infestation with Grain Mite Acarus
Siro on Germination Percentage of Wheat
and Barley Seeds
Wheat Seeds
The results show that the infestation
of wheat seeds with A. siro had a significant
effect on the germination rate in unwashed
and washed seed samples (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
The samples of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mites
per sample recorded an infestation of 45.00,
80.00 , 91.6 7, 9 3.75, and 96.00% an d a
germination rate of 55.00, 20.00, 8.33, 6.25,
and 4.00% for unwashed seeds, respectively.
Whereas, for the washed seeds, the infestation
rate was 40.00, 62.50, 80.00, 85.00, and
90.00% , and the germination rate was 60.00,
37.50, 20.00, 15.00, and 10.00% , respectively.
The results also showed that the rate
of infestation of wheat seeds with mites had a
greater effect on reducing germination in the
unwashed samples than the washed samples,
with significant differences. The unwashed
seed samples achieved the mean infection
rate and germination rate of 81.28 and 18.72%,
respectively. On the other hand, the washed
seed samples had the mean infestation rate
and germination rate of 71.50 and 28.50% ,
respective ly. Additionally, the incre ase in
infestation rates was inversely related to the
ge rminati on rate for both u nwashe d and
washed wheat seed samples, with significant
differences. It is noticeable that the highest
infestation rate and the lowest germination
rates we re observe d in the 100 mites per
sample s, reac h i ng 9 6.0 0 and 4.00% for
unwashed seeds, and 90.00 and 10.00% for
washed seeds, respectively. Meanwhile, the
lowest i n f e st a tion rate and the highest
germination rates were found in the 20 mites
per samples, with rates of 45.00 and 55.00%
for unwashed seeds, and 40.00 and 60.00% for
washed seeds, respectively.
Barley Seeds
Th e re s u l t s indic a t e that the
infestation of barley seeds with A. siro had a
significant effect on the germination rate in
unwashed and washed seed samples (Table 2
and Fig. 2). The samples with 20, 40, 60, 80,
and 100 mites per sample recorded 35.00,
72.50, 8 3.33, 88.75, and 94.0 0% , and a
germination rate of 65.00, 27.50, 16.67, 11.25,
and 6.00% for unwashed seeds, respectively.
Whereas, for the washed seeds, the infestation
rate was 25.00, 57.50, 70.00, 81.25, and
90.00% , and the germination rate was 75.00,
42.5%, 30.00, 18.75, and 10.00% , respectively.
The results also demonstrated that the
infestation rate of barley seeds with A. siro had
a gre ate r imp act o n the germ i n ation in
Table 1. Effect of gr ain mite infestation on germinati on percentage of wheat seeds
Sam ple Unwashe d wheat seeds Was hed wheat seeds
Inf estati on Ger mi nation Inf estati on G er mination
% % % %
20 45.00 55.00 40.00 60.00
40 80.00 20.00 62.50 37.50
60 91.67 8.33 80.00 20.00
80 93.75 6.25 85.00 15.00
10 0 96. 00 4. 0 0 90.00 10. 00
Avera ge 81. 28 18 . 72 71. 50 28.50
LSD (P=0.05) 2. 3 1. 6 2. 7 1. 9
768 Al-Dahwi, Al-Jubouri and Al-Mrsomi
un was h e d s amp les c o mpare d to washed
samples, and the differences were statistically
significant. Th e unwashe d seed sam ple s
achieved mean infestation and germination
rate of 74.72 and 25.28% , respectively. On the
other hand, the washed seed samples had
mean infestation and germination rate o f
64.75 and 35.25% , respectively. Additionally,
the increase in infestation rates was inversely
re late d to the germination rate for both
unwashed and washed barley seed samples,
with significant differences. It is notable that
the highest infestation rate and the lowest
germination rate were observed in the 100
mites per samples, reaching 94.00 and 6.00%
for unwashed seeds, and 90.00 and 10.00% for
washed seeds, respectively. While the lowest
infestation rate and the highest germination
rate were found in the 20 mites per sample,
with rates of 35.00 and 65.00% for unwashed
seeds, and 25.00 and 75.00% for washed seeds,
respectively.
Feeding Preference of the Grain Mite, Acarus
Siro Over Wheat and Barley Seeds
The results of the above experiments
indicate that A. siro had a higher preference
for wheat over barley, as the infested wheat
seeds achieved the highest infestation rate
in both unw ashe d and washe d samples,
reaching 41 and 36% , respectively, and the
lowest ge rmination rate of 9 and 14% for
unwashed and washed samples, respectively.
On the other hand, the infected barley seeds
had an infestation rate and germination rate
35
72.5
83.33
88.75
94
65
27.5
16.67
11.25
6
25
57.5
70
81.25
90
75
42.5
30
18.75
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20 40 60 80 100
Infection and germination %
Samples
Unwashed wheat seeds
Unwashed wheat seeds
Washed wheat seeds
Washed wheat seeds
45
80
91.67 93.75 96
55
20
8.33 6.25 4
40
62.5
80 85 90
60
37.5
20 15 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20 40 60 80 100
Infection and germination %
Samples
Unwashed wheat seeds
Unwashed wheat seeds
Washed wheat seeds
Washed wheat seeds
Fig. 1. Effect of grain mite infestation on germination percentage of wheat seeds.
Fig. 2. Effect of grain mite infestation on germination percentage of barley seeds.
Germination of wheat and barley influenced by Acarus siro L. infestation 769
of 37, 13 and 32, 18% for unwashed and washed
samples, respectively (Fig. 3).
From this, we can conclude that the
infestation of A. siro cannot be ignored as it
causes economic losses to the stored seeds in
ware house s, resulti ng in the i r failu re to
germinate and, therefore, not being suitable
for cultivation in the field. The reason behind
this is the high density of A. siro in most of the
colle c t e d s a mple s , or the fact t h a t th e
population of A. siro has multiplied by several
ti mes in the stored seed samples u nder
unfavorable storage conditions of temperature
and relative humidity. The presence of A. siro
and i ts high density is the main factor in
assessing the risk of seed germination failure
because the infestation by A. siro thrives at a
moisture content of 14% and becomes severe
within the range of 15-18% moisture content.
This infestation leads to the formation of mold
resulting from the presence of pathogens such
as fungi and bacteria (Ismail, 2014; Alturaihy
and Hussein, 2020). When A. siro infests the
seeds, it feeds on the embryo and endosperm
within the seed, as well as on the fungi that
infect the seeds due to unhealthy storage
conditions. In cases of severe infestation, a
layer of brownish debris appears on the seeds,
indicating the presence of its waste such as
exoskeletons and dead mite s. This can be
di agnosed usin g low-p o w e r mic roscopy .
Diagnostic methods have been developed based
on the morphological characteristics of A. siro
and other prevailing mites in stored product
commo ditie s . Fu rt h e r m o r e , indivi d u a l s
working in i nfe ste d are as may de ve l o p
al le rg i e s to A. sir o itse l f or produ c t s
contaminated with its waste (Athanassiou et
al., 2005).
These results are consistent with what
was indicated by Hubert et al. (2006) regarding
the feeding behavior of A. siro on fungi in Czech
grain warehouses. The average number of A.
siro individuals was 261 and 7876 individuals
per kilogram of grains for grain mass and grain
debris, respectively. The maximum limit was
6658 and 90675 individuals per kilogram of
grains for gra in mass and grai n debris,
respective ly. This aligns with the findings
mentioned by Hubert (2012), stating that A.
siro affects the weight and quality of stored
products, as it’s feeding directly reduces the
Table 2. Effect of grain mite infestation on ger mination percentage of barley seeds
Sam ple Unwashe d wheat seeds Was hed wheat seeds
Inf estati on Ger mi nation Inf estati on G er mination
% % % %
20 35.00 65.00 25.00 75.00
40 72.50 27.50 57.50 42.50
60 83.33 16.67 70.00 30.00
80 88.75 11.25 81.25 18.75
10 0 94. 00 6. 0 0 90.00 10. 00
Avera ge 74. 72 25 . 28 64. 75 35.25
LSD (P=0.05) 2. 6 1. 8 2. 2 1. 4
Fig. 3. Nutritional preference of the grain mite Acarus siro over wheat and barley seeds.
770 Al-Dahwi, Al-Jubouri and Al-Mrsomi
weight of the stored commodity. The impact
depends on its density and infestation rate, as
the losses caused by A. siro contamination are
relatively higher, and the affected products
be co m e unf i t f or cons u m p t ion d u e to
contamination with hazardous compounds.
These results are consistent with the
findings of Hubert et al. (2009), which indicated
that the percentage of grain infestation by A.
siro in Czech grain warehouses was 74% for
wheat samples (82) and 88% for barley samples
(60). As mentioned by Hubert et al. (2011), the
infe s tation rate o f A. siro, Lepidog lyphus
destruction, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae in
grain samples was very high, with over 70% of
the samples being infested. However, only 5%
of the samples were classified as high-risk
le v e l (w i t h more t h an 500 0 mi t e s pe r
ki logram) . I t is called the “ cheese mite”
because it heavily infests stored cheese due
to the suitable moisture conditions on the
che e se surface ( S an che z - R am o s an d
Castanera, 2009). The estimated consumption
was 12, 3 and 0.2 micrograms or 6, 0.4 and 6.5
mi crograms pe r gr am fo r A. si r o o r T.
putrescentiae after 21, 30, and 90 days from the
start of the experiment, respectively. The fresh
weight was 9 micrograms and 6 micrograms
for the adult mite of A. siro and T. putrescentiae,
respectively.
This means that the population density
of the mites is approximately 1000 individuals
per kilogram of grains with a fresh weight of
6-9 milligrams theoretically. If the mite feeds
on an equal weight of food, it can consume
ar o u nd 9 milli gram s daily , resultin g i n
minimal losses (Muske n et al., 2003). The
nu mbe r of mite spe cie s inf e stin g stored
products ranges from 12 to 65 species, including
A. siro, L. destruction and T. putrescentiae, which
are the most common and abundant species
in stored grains (Athanassiou et al., 2001;
Stejskal et al., 2003; Palyvos et al., 2008). Al-
Mallah (2009) mentioned that the species A.
siro has a global distribution and attacks wheat
and flour, as well as healthy grains with a
moisture content of at le ast 11.5% . When
studying the impact of infestation levels on
whe at alo ne ( both l ocally produce d and
imported), it was found that the mite preferred
highly infested and moderately infested locally
produced and imported wheat over infestation-
free wheat, ranking it as the least preferred.
These experiments were co nducted under
laborato ry conditions at a temperature of
29±2°C and a relative humidity of 70% .
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