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Unraveling Farmers' Purchasing Behavior of Solar Water Pumps Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
India is an agricultural country with hottest temperature and moderate humidity, where it is believed that some states receive the maximum solar energy, one of them is the state of Rajasthan. The need for power has expanded over the past few decades’ which is leading to significant increase in environmental degradation as even today, more than 70% of energy needs is fulfilled from fossil fuels. Higher dependence is resulting in higher cost and environmental degradation. Implementing solar pumps cannot only help us to overcome energy deficits but also increase agricultural productivity which help us to reduce pollution produced by thermal and diesel sources. The present study is based on first-hand information gathered from 498 farmers from five blocks of rural region of Rajasthan (India). To understand the factors influencing the behavior of farmers towards green technologies, theory of planned behavior model has been applied. Data were collected using questionnaire/schedules, the sample size was chosen using convenience sampling, and were then examined further using SPSS and AMOS. In order to understand the elements of the TPB model and predict farmers’ behavioral intention towards adoption of solar water pumps, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) were applied in the study. The proposed research fills in the gap in the literature by performing an empirical study on farmer’s adoption behavior and offering insight about variables influencing farmers purchase intention and behavior of farmers towards solar water pump. Results from the study will be more useful to the policy makers to design effective strategies in order to achieve energy sufficiency without adversely affecting the environment. Keywords: carbon emission, agriculture, irrigation, solar water pump, TPB model, sustainable development.
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Climate change and air pollution have been a matter of serious concern all over the world in the last few decades. The present review has been carried out in this concern over the Indian cities with significant impacts of both the climate change and air pollution on human health. The expanding urban areas with extreme climate events (high rainfall, extreme temperature, floods, and droughts) are posing human health risks. The intensified heat waves as a result of climate change have led to the elevation in temperature levels causing thermal discomfort and several health issues to urban residents. The study also covers the increasing air pollution levels above the prescribed standards for most of the Indian megacities. The aerosols and PM concentrations have been explored and hazardous health impacts of particles that are inhaled by humans and enter the respiratory system have also been discussed. The air quality during COVID-2019 lockdown in Indian cities with its health impacts has also been reviewed. Finally, the correlation between climate change, air pollution, and urbanizations has been presented as air pollutants (such as aerosols) affect the climate of Earth both directly (by absorption and scattering) and indirectly (by altering the cloud properties and radiation transfer processes). So, the present review will serve as a baseline data for policy makers in analyzing vulnerable regions and implementing mitigation plans for tackling air pollution. The adaptation and mitigation measures can be taken based on the review in Indian cities to reciprocate human health impacts by regular air pollution monitoring and addressing climate change as well.
Globally, energy consumption is increasing drastically due to the economic growth, rapid industrialization and increasing domestic comforts. Also energy is now considered to be important criteria for sustainable development of any country. Melting of ice caps, overabundance of greenhouse gases, global warming and other drastic climatic changes worldwide, has turned attention towards environmental issues. Exploiting the enormous potential of renewable energy sources could be one of the alternatives of total dependency on the conventional energy resources. In India, the population is sparsely scattered in vast geographic location, because of which the government often cannot provide electric power to the entire citizen through the centralized national grid. In that case, renewable energy is a good option to as it can be used as a stand-alone distributed generation system. In this paper, the availability and current status of renewable energy in Rajasthan is summarized. This summary of available resources helps researchers, investors and developers to find probability of improvement in technologies to harness renewable energy and to map out further expansion of renewable energy generation.
Household appliances are the biggest contributor to household energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. One of the ways to reduce emissions and conserve energy is to increase the use of energy-efficient appliances (EEAs). Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the study investigated the factors that influence the purchase of EEAs by young consumers in South Africa. Young customers are the customers of tomorrow and can help to prevent global ecological collapse through sustainable consumption. The study extended the TPB by adding two individual constructs (moral norms and environmental concern) and two situational constructs (informational publicity and perceived benefits). In addition, the study examined the effect of purchase intention on purchase behavior. The cross-sectional survey method was used for data collection in the quantitative study. Data was collected from final year undergraduate students at two South African universities. The results indicated that the extended TPB model can be used to predict the purchase intention of EEAs. Also, purchase intention positively affects purchase behavior. Theoretically, the study extended the TPB to create a unique model of intention to purchase EEA. Practical suggestions focus on what business and government should do to improve the purchase of EEA.
The theory of planned behavior (TPB—Ajzen, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1991, 50, 179–211; Ajzen, Handbook of theories of social psychology, 2012, 1, 438–459) has been widely applied to the prediction and change of behavior, including behavior related to the use of technology. This article provides a brief description of the theory and discusses a number of issues and questions that have been raised with respect to the TPB. Among the issues discussed are the difference between the TPB and the theory of reasoned action, perceived behavioral control versus self‐efficacy, the difference between perceived behavioral control and locus of control, the possibility of including additional predictors in the TPB, nonavailability of a standard TPB questionnaire, predicting behavior in a choice situation, the intention‐behavior gap, and a comparison of the technology acceptance model to the TPB.
Purpose
This study aims to examine the farmers’ awareness level and explores the factors, which may influence their adoption intention regarding solar powered pumps.
Design/methodology/approach
The study consist of a sample of 510 respondents selected from the rural region of Punjab (India) by using convenience sampling. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis techniques have been used for the analytical purpose.
Findings
The study reveals that dimensions such as perceived benefit, perceived compatibility and government incentives have a significant impact on intention to use solar powered pumps, whereas high investment cost and lack of awareness regarding government subsidies are the main reason for non-adoption of the same.
Research limitations/implications
The sample size has been selected on the basis of convenience sampling and has been taken from the rural area, which may affect its generalizability.
Practical implications
The present research is expected to be useful for the manufacturers, regulators, customers, commercial banks, product and service providers, and other environmental institutions.
Originality/value
The study has acknowledged various intentional factors, which influence the adoption decision of solar powered pumps. Therefore, the present study will be useful to formulate action plans to improve the environmental quality.
In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important because the main reason is the lack of rains and scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. The system derives power from solar energy through photovoltaic cells. Hence, dependency on erratic commercial power is not required. In this paper we use solar energy which is used to operate the irrigation pump. The circuit comprises of sensor parts built using op-amp IC. Op-amp’s are configured here as a comparator. Two stiff probes are inserted in the soil to sense whether the soil is wet or dry. A microcontroller is used to control the whole system by monitoring the sensors and when sensors sense dry condition of soil, then microcontroller will send command to relay driver IC the contacts of which are used to switch on the motor and it will switch off the motor when the soil is in wet condition. The microcontroller does the above job as it receives the signal from the sensors through the output of the comparator, and these signals operate which is stored in ROM of the microcontroller. The condition of the pump i.e., ON/OFF is displayed on a 16X2 LCD which is interfaced to the microcontroller. Further it can be enhanced in future by interfacing it with a GSM modem to gain control over the switching operation of the motor.
Informal knowledge of farmers is considered to be important for many difference practices required in sustaining both crops and ecosystems, especially when no solutions are known from scientific knowledge. Farmers practice trial and error to formulate crop management technologies specific to location. In this article, we document the indigenous practices used by soybean farmers of Chindwara district, Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 125 soybean growing farmers were randomly selected from 7 villages of the Chhindwara block of Chhindwara district. Data were collected using PRA tools and personal interviewing. The farmers in the study developed notable innovations to control soybean pests such as use of neem extract, and use of solutions prepared from dinkamali and besharam's (Ipomoea carnea) leaves, and the larvae of the same insect that affect crop. The farmers were implementing these practices because: they help reduce crop losses, they are compatible with the farming system, they are easy to handle, and the products used are locally available, eco-friendly, cost effective and compatible with the socio-cultural situations of farmers.
Recent Government Initiatives towards popularizing energy efficient appliances in India
have created public consciousness about energy efficiency and cost-saving. This study
examines the public perception towards energy policy and the subsequent consumer
purchase behaviour towards energy efficient aplliances. The study developed a new
scale on perceived government initiatives from consumers’ prespective by exploring
the social and psychological behaviour and subsequently operationalizing the
construct. The reliability and validity of the developed construct, and their impact on
consumers’ pro environmental behaviour were estimated using maximum likelihood
estimation . Public expectations from such government initiatives have been broadly
categorized into four dimensions such as social influence, optimism, purchase
preferences, and overall attitude. Overall findings reveal that the perceived government
initiatives positively influences consumers’ pro environmental behaviour. The study
emphasizes the need for coordinated planning between manufacturers and the policy
makers to further popularize energy efficient appliances among the public.
Energy is related to socio-economic development, but modern energy is essential for sustainable development. This cross-sectional study examines the determinants of purchase intention for renewable energy technology in the rural context. The research model for this study and the thirteen hypotheses were derived from various theoretical models and existing literature related to technology adoption. This empirical test is conducted based on the survey of 300 Bangladeshi rural non-users of renewable energy technology selected in a stratified random sampling method using a structured questionnaire interview. The Structural Equation Modeling using the Analysis of Moment Structures software reveals that attitude, perceived cost, perceived usefulness, knowledge, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence renewable energy purchase intention. The results indicate that social influence and perceived ease of use do not affect renewable energy technology's purchase intention. The results also show that knowledge and perceived usefulness are connected to attitude and perceived usefulness, whereas knowledge affects perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness affects attitude toward the purchase of renewable energy technology. The study delivers a notable insight into the adoption of renewable energy purchase intention in Bangladesh along with managerial and policy implications. The study ends up with a discussion on the limitations and suggestions for future research.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to predict the antecedents of consumers' purchase intention of energy-efficient home appliances. This study incorporated two additional constructs (knowledge of eco-labels and knowledge of eco-labels) in the model of the theory of planned behavior. Consumers' enhanced trust for energy-efficient products is crucial to purchase intention. The second construct is consumers' knowledge of eco-labels. Knowledge of eco-labels would help to assess consumers' tendency toward environmental problems and intention to purchase energy-efficient home appliances.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used a quantitative approach using a survey (questionnaire) method to collect data of respondents. Non-probability quota based on age and convenience sampling techniques were employed to select the participants of this study.
Findings
The findings of the study revealed that consumer knowledge of eco-labels, green trust, subjective norm, attitude and perceived behavioral control have positive influence on purchase intention of energy-efficient home appliances.
Originality/value
Eco-labels are served as a marketing tool to distinguish producer's products from others. Prior studies have only focused on consumers' general knowledge. This study helps marketers to understand and design strategies to generate more value for green consumers. This study also contributes to the literature on green marketing by employing the theory of planned behavior.
This study proposed an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model to analyze the green product purchase intention of a millennial cohort in India. Established on recommended goodness-of-fit indices, an extended TPB model was developed. Data were collected using a stratified random sampling technique, and structural equation modeling was used for testing hypotheses. The study found perceived environmental responsibility and environmental concern dimensions underpinning the TPB framework. One of the novel findings of the study indicated perceived environmental responsibility as a major predictor of subjective norm toward millennial green product purchase intention. Finally, managerial implications and a future research scope were discussed.
This paper seeks to identify the causal impact of solar water pumps on the consumption of water, electricity and diesel as well as the gross cropped area under fruits and vegetables and profits of farmers. We use the difference-in-differences approach with a sample of 414 rural farmers from six districts of Rajasthan for this purpose. We find that the adoption of the solar water pump has impacted energy-water-food nexus by increasing average groundwater consumption of adopters over baseline in the districts of Jaipur and Sikar by 16–39%; reducing average electricity consumption of adopters over baseline in Jaipur and Sikar by 1–17% and in Sri Ganganagar by 17–134%; reducing average diesel consumption in Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Sri Ganganagar and Chittorgarh by 50–106%; increasing food security of adopters as indicated by an increase in average cropping intensity in Jaipur and Sikar by 2–10% and in Bikaner by 2–9%, and expansion in gross cropped area under fruits and vegetables in Jaipur by 12–53% and Bikaner by 10–116%; increasing income security with higher annual profits for solar pump adopters in Jaipur and Sikar by 3.1–41.5% and in the diesel-using districts by 14–76%.
This research work tests a model about the intention of using renewable energy sources at the rural household level in Iran. The model focuses on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), which we expand to investigate the factors influencing the intention of using renewable energy sources. By drawing on the responses of 280 household heads in the rural areas of Zabol county (located in the south of Iran) and employing a multivariate technique of structural equation modeling, we identified four variables—perceived behavioural control, awareness, relative advantage, and moral norms—which had statistically significant positive relationships with the variable of intention and explained about 46% of its variances. However, there was no significant relationship between intention and social norms. In addition, the attitude variable mediated the relationship of intention with three variables—awareness, relative advantage, and moral norms. After the inclusion of the variable of attitude as mediating variable in the model, the predictive power of the model was found to increase up to 19%. The findings not only provide evidence for the five mediated paths in the cognitive processing of intention of using renewable energy but also provide support to investment decisions for developing renewable energy in the rural areas of Iran and other developing countries.
The study was conducted in purposively selected Hisar, Rohtak and Jhajjar districts of Haryana state with selected 61, 47 and 33 number of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System ( PWPS) adopted farmers from each district, respectively and an equal number of non beneficiaries adjoining to the beneficiaries’ farm were also selected randomly. In this way a total number of 282 respondents i.e. 141 beneficiaries and 141 non-beneficiaries were included in the sample for the study. Majority of (58.16 %) adopted and (47.52 %) non adopted respondents had favourable attitude towards PWPS. Land holding, education, farm power, socio-economic status, extension contact, source of income, risk orientation, change proneness and fatalism / scienticism were found to be positive and significant correlation of adopted respondents. However, in case of non adopted farmers only three variables viz., extension contact, source of income and change proneness were found to be positive and significant correlation with the farmers attitude towards PWPS. The study revealed that education, farm power, socio-economic status, extension contact, source of income, and risk orientation were found to have positive and significant regression coefficient. In case of non adopted farmers, education, socio-economic status and source of income were found to have positive and significant relationship with the attitude towards PWPS.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate and predict the behavioral intention of in-service Taiwanese kindergarten teachers regarding whether they would join a graduate level academic program. The research framework was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in order to identify the most influential component that affected their intention to join a graduate level academic program. The study results demonstrate that the three components of the theory of planned behavior accurately predicted the factors affecting the kindergarten teachers concerning this intention. The most powerful components to affect the teachers were attitude and perceived behavioral control. Both attitude and perceived behavioral control were correlated and had a significant relationship to intention.
This paper presents an analysis of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission projections for grid-connect thermal power generation in India till 2030. Future power generation projections are obtained by utilizing an integrated power and energy planning tool. The optimal mix of thermal power generation from coal, natural gas and diesel is found by using a multiperiod generalized network flow model. Using a novel hybrid approach, the study, comprising different scenarios of thermal power generation efficiencies, highlights an important national strategy for low carbon growth.
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