The genome sequence of the Webb’s Wainscot, Globia sparganii (Esper, 1790)

Abstract

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Globia sparganii (the Webb’s Wainscot; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). The genome sequence is 676.7 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.36 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 18,385 protein coding genes.

Full text

DATA NOTE
The genome sequence of the Webb’s Wainscot, Globia
sparganii (Esper, 1790) [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer
review]
Gavin R. Broad 1, Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab,
Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,
Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme,
Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective,
Tree of Life Core Informatics collective, Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
1Natural History Museum, London, England, UK
First published: 06 Dec 2023, 8:565
https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20181.1
Latest published: 06 Dec 2023, 8:565
https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20181.1
v1
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Globia
sparganii (the Webb’s Wainscot; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera;
Noctuidae). The genome sequence is 676.7 megabases in span. Most
of the assembly is scaffolded into 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules,
including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also
been assembled and is 15.36 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of
this assembly on Ensembl identified 18,385 protein coding genes.
Keywords
Globia sparganii, Webb’s Wainscot, genome sequence, chromosomal,
Lepidoptera
This article is included in the Tree of Life
gateway.
Open Peer Review
Approval Status AWAITING PEER REVIEW
Any reports and responses or comments on the
article can be found at the end of the article.
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Corresponding author: Darwin Tree of Life Consortium (mark.blaxter@sanger.ac.uk)
Author roles: Broad GR: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing;
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Grant information: This work was supported by Wellcome through core funding to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (206194) and the
Darwin Tree of Life Discretionary Award (218328).
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Copyright: © 2023 Broad GR et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to cite this article: Broad GR, Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab, Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective et al. The
genome sequence of the Webb’s Wainscot, Globia sparganii (Esper, 1790) [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Wellcome
Open Research 2023, 8:565 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20181.1
First published: 06 Dec 2023, 8:565 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20181.1

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Wellcome Open Research 2023, 8:565 Last updated: 06 DEC 2023

Species taxonomy
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia;
Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata;
Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; Insecta; Dicondylia; Pterygota;
Neoptera; Endopterygota; Amphiesmenoptera; Lepidoptera;
Glossata; Neolepidoptera; Heteroneura; Ditrysia; Obtectomera;
Noctuoidea; Noctuidae; Noctuinae; Globia; Globia sparganii
(Esper, 1790) (NCBI:txid1660644).
Background
Globia sparganii, Webb’s Wainscot, is one of many pale,
buff-coloured noctuids called wainscots in English, not all
particularly closely related (e.g., Davis et al., 2022). Webb’s
Wainscot is relatively distinctive, with a small white kidney
mark on the fore wing, partly enclosed by a black rim,
part of a dark central streak down the wing. The extent of
dark markings varies. Found across the Palaearctic, Webb’s
Wainscot was formerly very localised in Britain, on the
south coasts of England and Wales, but has been expanding
its range across South-east England and East Anglia, with a
more than 200% increase in range occupancy since the 1990s
(Randle et al., 2019). The moth was named in English after
Sydney Webb, who was the first person to find G. sparganii in
Britain, in Kent in 1879 (South, 1907), and Kent has always
been a stronghold of this species. The Latin name refers to
one of the foodplant genera, Sparganium, or Bur-reeds.
Moths are on the wing from July to October, and larvae feed
in the stems of bulrushes and some other freshwater plants,
such as Bur-reed and Yellow Flag Iris, in various freshwater
bodies, from marshes to ponds and ditches (Waring et al.,
2017). Adults often wander, and the first author has light-
trapped them at home, far from any suitable habitat.
Along with some other stem-feeding noctuids, Globia
sparganii has been sequenced in experiments to ascertain
whether bracoviruses integrate into the genome, which they
do; and whether that makes the species a potential non-target
host for wasps used as biocontrol against the crop pest species,
Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre), which it appears not to be
(Muller et al., 2022).
Genome sequence report
The genome was sequenced from one male Globia sparganii
(Figure 1) collected from Hever Castle, Kent, UK (51.19,
0.12). A total of 31-fold coverage in Pacific Biosciences
single-molecule HiFi long reads was generated. Primary
assembly contigs were scaffolded with chromosome confor-
mation Hi-C data. Manual assembly curation corrected 11
missing joins or mis-joins and removed 6 haplotypic duplica-
tions, reducing the assembly length by 0.19% and the scaffold
number by 3.92%.
The final assembly has a total length of 676.7 Mb in 48
sequence scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 23.9 Mb (Table 1).
The snailplot in Figure 2 provides a summary of the assembly
statistics, while the distribution of assembly scaffolds on GC
proportion and coverage is shown in Figure 3. The cumulative
assembly plot in Figure 4 shows curves for subsets of
scaffolds assigned to different phyla. Most (99.92%) of the
assembly sequence was assigned to 31 chromosomal-level
scaffolds, representing 30 autosomes and the Z sex chromosome.
The Z chromosome was identified based on synteny with
Apamea epomidion (GCA_947507525.1). Chromosome-scale
scaffolds confirmed by the Hi-C data are named in order of
size (Figure 5; Table 2). While not fully phased, the assembly
deposited is of one haplotype. Contigs corresponding to the
Figure 1. Photographs of the Globia sparganii (ilGloSpar1) specimen used for genome sequencing. A. Live specimen. B. Dorsal
view and C. Ventral view of specimen during preservation and processing.
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Table 1. Genome data for Globia sparganii, ilGloSpar1.1.
Project accession data
Assembly identier ilGloSpar1.1
Assembly release date 2023-03-10
Species Globia sparganii
Specimen ilGloSpar1
NCBI taxonomy ID 1660644
BioProject PRJEB59770
BioSample ID SAMEA7849226
Isolate information ilGloSpar1
Assembly metrics*Benchmark
Consensus quality (QV) 65 ≥ 50
k-mer completeness 100% ≥ 95%
BUSCO** C:99.0%[S:98.6%,D:0.5%],
F:0.2%,M:0.8%,n:5,286
C ≥ 95%
Percentage of assembly mapped
to chromosomes
99.92% ≥ 95%
Sex chromosomes Z chromosome localised homologous pairs
Organelles Mitochondrial genome assembled complete single alleles
Raw data accessions
PacicBiosciences SEQUEL II ERR10879923, ERR10879922
Hi-C Illumina ERR10890717
Genome assembly
Assembly accession GCA_949316385.1
Accession of alternate haplotype GCA_949316295.1
Span (Mb) 676.7
Number of contigs 135
Contig N50 length (Mb) 11.4
Number of scaolds 48
Scaold N50 length (Mb) 23.9
Longest scaold (Mb) 29.3
Genome annotation
Number of protein-coding genes 18,385
Number of gene transcripts 18,570
* Assembly metric benchmarks are adapted from column VGP-2020 of “Table 1: Proposed standards and metrics
for dening genome assembly quality” from (Rhie et al., 2021).
** BUSCO scores based on the lepidoptera_odb10 BUSCO set using v5.3.2. C = complete [S = single copy,
D = duplicated], F = fragmented, M = missing, n = number of orthologues in comparison. A full set of BUSCO scores
is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/Globia%20sparganii/dataset/CASGFQ01/busco.
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Figure 2. Genome assembly of Globia sparganii, ilGloSpar1.1: metrics. The BlobToolKit Snailplot shows N50 metrics and BUSCO
gene completeness. The main plot is divided into 1,000 size-ordered bins around the circumference with each bin representing 0.1%
of the 676,688,718 bp assembly. The distribution of scaold lengths is shown in dark grey with the plot radius scaled to the longest
scaold present in the assembly (29,284,430 bp, shown in red). Orange and pale-orange arcs show the N50 and N90 scaold lengths
(23,857,693 and 16,301,409 bp), respectively. The pale grey spiral shows the cumulative scaold count on a log scale with white scale lines
showing successive orders of magnitude. The blue and pale-blue area around the outside of the plot shows the distribution of GC, AT
and N percentages in the same bins as the inner plot. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated and missing BUSCO genes in the
lepidoptera_odb10 set is shown in the top right. An interactive version of this gure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/
Globia%20sparganii/dataset/CASGFQ01/snail.
second haplotype have also been deposited. The mitochon-
drial genome was also assembled and can be found as a contig
within the multifasta file of the genome submission.
The estimated Quality Value (QV) of the final assembly is
65 with k-mer completeness of 100%, and the assembly has
a BUSCO v5.3.2 completeness of 99.0% (single = 98.6%,
duplicated = 0.5%), using the lepidoptera_odb10 reference set
(n = 5,286).
Metadata for specimens, barcode results, spectra estimates,
sequencing runs, contaminants and pre-curation assembly
statistics are given at https://links.tol.sanger.ac.uk/species/
1660644.
Genome annotation report
The Globia sparganii genome assembly (GCA_949316385.1)
was annotated using the Ensembl rapid annotation pipeline
(Table 1; https://rapid.ensembl.org/Globia_sparganii_GCA_
949316385.1/Info/Index). The resulting annotation includes
18,570 transcribed mRNAs from 18,385 protein-coding
genes.
Methods
Sample acquisition and nucleic acid extraction
A male Globia sparganii (specimen ID NHMUK010635080,
ToLID ilGloSpar1) was collected from Hever Castle, Hever,
Kent, UK (latitude 51.19, longitude 0.12) on 2020-08-27
using a light trap. The specimen was collected and identified
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Figure 3. Genome assembly of Globia sparganii, ilGloSpar1.1: BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot. Scaolds are coloured by phylum.
Circles are sized in proportion to scaold length. Histograms show the distribution of scaold length sum along each axis. An interactive
version of this gure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/Globia%20sparganii/dataset/CASGFQ01/blob.
by Gavin Broad (Natural History Museum) and preserved on
dry ice.
DNA was extracted at the Tree of Life laboratory, Wellcome
Sanger Institute (WSI). The ilGloSpar1 sample was weighed
and dissected on dry ice with tissue set aside for Hi-C
sequencing. Abdomen tissue was cryogenically disrupted
to a fine powder using a Covaris cryoPREP Automated Dry
Pulveriser, receiving multiple impacts. High molecular weight
(HMW) DNA was extracted using the Qiagen MagAttract
HMW DNA extraction kit. HMW DNA was sheared into an
average fragment size of 12–20 kb in a Megaruptor 3 system
with speed setting 30. Sheared DNA was purified by solid-phase
reversible immobilisation using AMPure PB beads with a
1.8X ratio of beads to sample to remove the shorter fragments
and concentrate the DNA sample. The concentration of the
sheared and purified DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop
spectrophotometer and Qubit Fluorometer and Qubit dsDNA
High Sensitivity Assay kit. Fragment size distribution was
evaluated by running the sample on the FemtoPulse system.
Sequencing
Pacific Biosciences HiFi circular consensus DNA sequenc-
ing libraries were constructed according to the manufacturers’
instructions. DNA and RNA sequencing was performed
by the Scientific Operations core at the WSI on a Pacific
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Figure 5. Genome assembly of Globia sparganii, ilGloSpar1.1: Hi-C contact map of the ilGloSpar1.1 assembly, visualised using
HiGlass. Chromosomes are shown in order of size from left to right and top to bottom. An interactive version of this gure may be viewed
at https://genome-note-higlass.tol.sanger.ac.uk/l/?d=G0o_g7xYQeOY77HCZpQi2A.
Figure 4. Genome assembly of Globia sparganii, ilGloSpar1.1: BlobToolKit cumulative sequence plot. The grey line shows cumulative
length for all scaolds. Coloured lines show cumulative lengths of scaolds assigned to each phylum using the buscogenes taxrule.
An interactive version of this gure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/Globia%20sparganii/dataset/CASGFQ01/
cumulative.
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Table 2. Chromosomal pseudomolecules in
the genome assembly of Globia sparganii,
ilGloSpar1.
INSDC
accession
Chromosome Length
(Mb)
GC%
OX438653.1 1 27.33 37.5
OX438654.1 2 26.48 37.5
OX438655.1 3 26.07 37.5
OX438656.1 4 25.98 38.0
OX438657.1 5 25.71 37.5
OX438658.1 6 25.69 37.5
OX438659.1 7 25.47 37.5
OX438660.1 8 25.25 37.5
OX438661.1 9 24.81 37.5
OX438662.1 10 24.79 37.5
OX438663.1 11 24.26 37.5
OX438665.1 13 23.86 37.5
OX438664.1 12 23.86 37.5
OX438666.1 14 23.68 37.5
OX438667.1 15 23.45 37.5
OX438668.1 16 23.29 37.5
OX438669.1 17 22.61 38.0
OX438670.1 18 22.49 37.5
OX438671.1 19 22.29 38.0
OX438672.1 20 20.46 38.0
OX438673.1 21 19.99 38.0
OX438674.1 22 19.87 37.5
OX438675.1 23 19.55 38.0
OX438676.1 24 19.34 38.0
OX438677.1 25 16.3 37.5
OX438678.1 26 15.95 38.0
OX438679.1 27 13.44 38.0
OX438680.1 28 11.93 38.0
OX438681.1 29 11.35 38.0
OX438682.1 30 11.25 39.5
OX438652.1 Z 29.28 37.5
OX438683.1 MT 0.02 19.5
Biosciences SEQUEL II (HiFi) instrument. Hi-C data were
also generated from head and thorax tissue of ilGloSpar1
using the Arima2 kit and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq
6000 instrument.
Genome assembly, curation and evaluation
Assembly was carried out with Hifiasm (Cheng et al., 2021)
and haplotypic duplication was identified and removed with
purge_dups (Guan et al., 2020). The assembly was then
scaffolded with Hi-C data (Rao et al., 2014) using YaHS (Zhou
et al., 2023). The assembly was checked for contamination
and corrected as described previously (Howe et al., 2021).
Manual curation was performed using HiGlass (Kerpedjiev
et al., 2018) and Pretext (Harry, 2022). The mitochondrial
genome was assembled using MitoHiFi (Uliano-Silva et al.,
2023), which runs MitoFinder (Allio et al., 2020) or MITOS
(Bernt et al., 2013) and uses these annotations to select the
final mitochondrial contig and to ensure the general quality of
the sequence.
A Hi-C map for the final assembly was produced using
bwa-mem2 (Vasimuddin et al., 2019) in the Cooler file format
(Abdennur & Mirny, 2020). To assess the assembly metrics,
the k-mer completeness and QV consensus quality values
were calculated in Merqury (Rhie et al., 2020). This work
was done using Nextflow (Di Tommaso et al., 2017) DSL2
pipelines “sanger-tol/readmapping” (Surana et al., 2023a) and
“sanger-tol/genomenote” (Surana et al., 2023b). The genome
was analysed within the BlobToolKit environment (Challis
et al., 2020) and BUSCO scores (Manni et al., 2021; Simão
et al., 2015) were calculated.
Table 3 contains a list of relevant software tool versions and
sources.
Genome annotation
The BRAKER2 pipeline (Brůna et al., 2021) was used in the
default protein mode to generate annotation for the Globia
sparganii assembly (GCA_949316385.1) in Ensembl Rapid
Release.
Wellcome Sanger Institute – Legal and Governance
The materials that have contributed to this genome note have
been supplied by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner. The submission
of materials by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner is subject to the
‘Darwin Tree of Life Project Sampling Code of Practice’,
which can be found in full on the Darwin Tree of Life
website here. By agreeing with and signing up to the
Sampling Code of Practice, the Darwin Tree of Life Partner
agrees they will meet the legal and ethical requirements and
standards set out within this document in respect of all
samples acquired for, and supplied to, the Darwin Tree of Life
Project.
Further, the Wellcome Sanger Institute employs a process
whereby due diligence is carried out proportionate to the
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Table 3. Software tools: versions and sources.
Software tool Version Source
BlobToolKit 4.1.7 https://github.com/blobtoolkit/blobtoolkit
BUSCO 5.3.2 https://gitlab.com/ezlab/busco
Hiasm 0.16.1-r375 https://github.com/chhylp123/hiasm
HiGlass 1.11.6 https://github.com/higlass/higlass
Merqury MerquryFK https://github.com/thegenemyers/MERQURY.FK
MitoHiFi 2 https://github.com/marcelauliano/MitoHiFi
PretextView 0.2 https://github.com/wtsi-hpag/PretextView
purge_dups 1.2.3 https://github.com/dfguan/purge_dups
sanger-tol/genomenote v1.0 https://github.com/sanger-tol/genomenote
sanger-tol/readmapping 1.1.0 https://github.com/sanger-tol/readmapping/tree/1.1.0
YaHS 1.2a https://github.com/c-zhou/yahs
nature of the materials themselves, and the circumstances
under which they have been/are to be collected and provided
for use. The purpose of this is to address and mitigate any
potential legal and/or ethical implications of receipt and use
of the materials as part of the research project, and to ensure
that in doing so we align with best practice wherever possible.
The overarching areas of consideration are:
• Ethical review of provenance and sourcing of the material
• Legality of collection, transfer and use (national and
international)
Each transfer of samples is further undertaken according
to a Research Collaboration Agreement or Material Transfer
Agreement entered into by the Darwin Tree of Life Partner,
Genome Research Limited (operating as the Wellcome Sanger
Institute), and in some circumstances other Darwin Tree of
Life collaborators.
Data availability
European Nucleotide Archive: Globia sparganii (Webb’s
wainscot). Accession number PRJEB59770; https://identifiers.
org/ena.embl/PRJEB59770. (Wellcome Sanger Institute, 2023)
The genome sequence is released openly for reuse. The
Globia sparganii genome sequencing initiative is part of the
Darwin Tree of Life (DToL) project. All raw sequence data
and the assembly have been deposited in INSDC databases.
Raw data and assembly accession identifiers are reported
in Table 1.
Author information
Members of the Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition
Lab are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4790042.
Members of the Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective are
listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4893703.
Members of the Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life
programme are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/
zenodo.4783585.
Members of Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations:
DNA Pipelines collective are listed here: https://doi.org/
10.5281/zenodo.4790455.
Members of the Tree of Life Core Informatics collective are
listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5013541.
Members of the Darwin Tree of Life Consortium are listed
here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4783558.
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Wellcome Open Research 2023, 8:565 Last updated: 06 DEC 2023