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Taking a Leaf from Health: Implementation of a Decentralized Education Management Information System in Uganda
Abstract
Education management information systems (EMIS) play a critical role in providing quality data for effective decision making and design of appropriate interventions. Over the last two decades, the health sector in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) has seen the emergence of robust and responsive health management information systems (HMIS). On the contrary, the education sector lacks comprehensive and flexible information systems for reporting and management of key education data, resulting in fragmentation and limited education data use above the school level. Against this backdrop, this paper presents key lessons from the implementation of a standardized HMIS in the health sector in Uganda, which has informed the implementation of a decentralized EMIS. Drawing from an action research approach to EMIS strengthening in Uganda, we provide guidance to education managers and policy makers in LMICs seeking to enhance education data standardization, management and use.
Endocrine disruptor pesticides (EDPs) have ignited a growing wave of concern, fuelled by their potential to inflict adverse effects on both human health and the environment. This abstract offers a comprehensive overview of the strategies that have emerged in order to effectively monitor and manage EDPs, with the ultimate goal of achieving environmental sustainability and progress. Efficient detection and monitoring techniques are critical in addressing the EDP threat. Advanced analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, have enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of EDP identification in environmental samples. Integrating bioassays and biomarker assays allows for assessing the potential impacts of EDPs on organisms and understanding their mechanisms of toxicity.
Managing EDPs involves the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. To reduce dependence on endocrine disruptor pesticides (EDPs), integrated pest management (IPM) strategies such as the implementation of biological control agents (BCA), crop rotation, and the cultivation of resistant crop varieties have proven effective. Moreover, public education and awareness campaigns are vital in promoting sustainable practices and fostering responsible use of pesticides. Disseminating knowledge about EDP risks and promoting alternative techniques like organic farming are key. Collaboration among government agencies, researchers, farmers, and the industry is paramount for successful implementation.
In summary, the effective monitoring and management of endocrine disruptor pesticides are paramount in the pursuit of environmental sustainability and progress. Employing advanced analytical techniques, implementing stringent regulations, adopting sustainable agricultural practices, and raising public awareness can mitigate the risks posed by EDPs and pave the way towards a more environmentally friendly and sustainable future.
The Information Systems (IS) literature explores multiple consequences of data use practices, including the role of such practices in achieving empowerment. Limited knowledge is, however, available on the role of data use in fighting political bias, a phenomenon through which an individual or a group’s political influence diverts resources away from their optimal purposes. In this paper we rely on Freire’s concept of liberation to study a pilot project of an Education Management Information System (EMIS), conducted in two districts in Uganda, to illuminate the links between EMIS data use and the delinking of education managers from political bias. Our field data enable us to theorise EMIS data use as a practice of liberation, aimed at strengthening decision making processes crucial to development policy.
How the definition, production, and leveraging of information are shaped by caste, class, and gender, and the implications for development. Information, says Janaki Srinivasan, has fundamentally reshaped development discourse and practice. In this study, she examines the history of the idea of “information” and its political implications for poverty alleviation. She presents three cases in India—the circulation of price information in a fish market in Kerala, government information in information kiosks operated by a nonprofit in Puducherry, and a political campaign demanding a right to information in Rajasthan—to explore three uses of information to support goals of social change. Countering claims that information is naturally and universally empowering, Srinivasan shows how the definition, production, and leveraging of information are shaped by caste, class, and gender.
Srinivasan draws on archival and ethnographic research to challenge the idea of information as objective and factual. Using the concept of an “information order,” she examines how the meaning and value of information reflect the social relations in which it is embedded. She asks why casting information as a tool of development and solution to poverty appeals to actors across the political spectrum. She also shows how the power to label some things information and others not is at least as significant as the capacity to subsequently produce, access, and leverage information. The more faith we place in what information can do, she cautions, the less attention we pay to its political lives and to the role of specific social structures, individual agency, and material form in the defining, production, and use of that information.
The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. AidData is a research lab at William & Mary that equips policymakers and practitioners with better evidence to improve how sustainable development investments are targeted, monitored, and evaluated. Its work crosses sectors and disciplines, serving the unique needs of both the policy and academic communities, as well as acting as a bridge between the two. AidData uses rigorous methods, cutting-edge tools, and granular data to answer the question: who is doing what, where, for whom, and to what effect? Brookings gratefully acknowledges the program support provided to the Center for Universal Education by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Brookings and AidData recognize that the value they provide is in the absolute commitment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by their donors reflect this commitment.
Devolution of government functions is becoming widespread in developing countries. However, its effects on health information systems are not well understood. To gain more understanding, a study was conducted in Kenya, a country that has recently adopted devolution and is implementing a new web-based health information system; the District Health Information System (DHIS2). The empirical data for this study were obtained from extensive desk reviews, participant observations and key informant interviews conducted in eight administrative counties. The study shows that devolution has both positive and negative effects on the effectiveness of health information systems. By giving more power to lower administrative levels, the demand for health data for planning and implementation of programs significantly goes up; positively enhancing the culture of information use by the devolved units. Furthermore, the elected local leaders have a keen interest in statistics from their area of jurisdiction, increasing information demand and data quality. Any large variations in data from health information systems would easily be detected by the stakeholders, due to the small size of devolved governments. On the negative side, devolution has weakened the national government's control on the overall governance of the health system, resulting in inadequate supportive supervision from the national level, reduced nationally organized trainings, increased tensions in management of the country's health information system database (DHIS2) and lack of requisite data reporting tools. The findings further show that the sub national units prefer to invest in visible infrastructural projects like roads, buying new ambulances, building hospitals instead of investing in health information systems. In conclusion, devolution has more positive effects on health information systems. However, to gain full benefits, it is recommended that proper coordination and collaboration between the national and county governments is required.
While open source health information software platforms provide developing countries a low-cost, quick and less risky way to build health information systems as compared to in-house solutions, human resource capacity challenges can limit their ability to leverage such platforms. Drawing from a case study focusing on the deployment and operation phases of the DHIS2 platform in Malawi, we observe open source software platforms require a range of human resource capacities that go beyond capacity to use the platform. To fully leverage open source health information software platforms entails the availability of platform usage capacity, platform deployment capacity, platform cus-tomisation capacity and platform module development capacity. Most capacity building initiatives for information systems in developing countries have been short-term efforts focused on initial end user capacity to use such systems. However, to cope with rapid innovations and evolution associated with open source software platforms, capacity building ought to be a continuous process encompassing a range of human resource capacities not only use of the platform .
This paper is motivated by health information systems having the potential to improve health systems and the health of people. The focus is on action research projects in the public health domain, and the sustainability of their outcomes. We discuss how this sustainability is enabled by the actions performed by networks of entities like institutions, organizations and people. Our focus is related to our conceptualization of these processes as networks of actions: the networks necessary for sustainable action research composed of two, interlinked, types of nodes: actions themselves and the entities (individuals, organisations or organizational units) enabling and performing them. The empirical basis of this paper is the experiences the authors have gained through participating in a global, long-term and large-scale action research project designing and implementing health information systems called HISP. The primary contribution of this paper lies in a rich description of the development of HISP during the last 10 years as a sustainable action research project and the constituents of its underlying networks of actions. This should yield relevant insights for researchers and practitioners participating in action research for development in terms of the sustainability of their outcomes.
Information garnered from health information systems (HIS) is essential for monitoring health, and for evaluating and improving the delivery of health-care services and programs. Yet the collection, collation, compilation, analysis and reporting of health data in most developing countries is faced with major problems resulting in incomplete, inaccurate and untimely data which is not useful for health decision-making. Increasingly there is growing demand for good quality health information from developing countries as a result of performance based resource allocation by donors. This has led to some initiatives in these countries to reform the existing paper-based systems through computerization. Kenya’s development blueprint titled ‘Vision 2030: First Medium Term Plan (2008-2012)’ identified the need to strengthen the national HIS to enable it provide timely and understandable information on health. But assessments conducted in the country in the past revealed that despite rising demand for health information, the Kenya HIS was weak and poorly integrated. Recognizing the critical role played by a functional HIS, the country initiated an overhaul of the existing system to replace it with the free and open-source web-based District Health Information Software (DHIS2).
This review study looks at the challenges of implementing HIS in developing countries, and how various countries are attempting to overcome these challenges through computerization. In particular we examine the increasing use of the free and open source DHIS2 as the HIS solution for various developing countries and review the outcome of several cases where DHIS2 has been implemented in Africa. Against this backdrop we address the potential of DHIS2 as a motivator for health data availability and use in Kenya.
It is evident that the DHIS2 system has presented unprecedented potential for Kenya to move from the era of unreliable and fragmented HIS system to the more ideal situation of availability and use of quality health information for rational decision making. However it is also apparent that implementation of a technically sound system like DHIS2 is not an end in itself in ensuring improved reporting and use of HIS data. The need for acceptance and adequate support from the national and local authorities, and by all targeted users of this system cannot be overemphasized.
Background
Untimely, incomplete and inaccurate data are common challenges in planning, monitoring and evaluation of health sector performance, and health service delivery in many sub-Saharan African settings. We document Uganda’s experience in strengthening routine health data reporting through the roll-out of the District Health Management Information Software System version 2 (DHIS2).
Methods
DHIS2 was adopted at the national level in January 2011. The system was initially piloted in 4 districts, before it was rolled out to all the 112 districts by July 2012. As part of the roll-out process, 35 training workshops targeting 972 users were conducted throughout the country. Those trained included Records Assistants (168, 17.3%), District Health Officers (112, 11.5%), Health Management Information System Focal Persons (HMIS-FPs) (112, 11.5%), District Biostatisticians (107, 11%) and other health workers (473, 48.7%). To assess improvements in health reporting, we compared data on completeness and timeliness of outpatient and inpatient reporting for the period before (2011/12) and after (2012/13) the introduction of DHIS2. We reviewed data on the reporting of selected health service coverage indicators as a proxy for improved health reporting, and documented implementation challenges and lessons learned during the DHIS2 roll-out process.
Results
Completeness of outpatient reporting increased from 36.3% in 2011/12 to 85.3% in 2012/13 while timeliness of outpatient reporting increased from 22.4% to 77.6%. Similarly, completeness of inpatient reporting increased from 20.6% to 57.9% while timeliness of inpatient reporting increased from 22.5% to 75.6%. There was increased reporting on selected health coverage indicators (e.g. the reporting of one-year old children who were immunized with three doses of pentavelent vaccine increased from 57% in 2011/12 to 87% in 2012/13). Implementation challenges included limited access to computers and internet (34%), inadequate technical support (23%) and limited worker force (18%).
Conclusion
Implementation of DHIS2 resulted in improved timeliness and completeness in reporting of routine outpatient, inpatient and health service usage data from the district to the national level. Continued onsite support supervision and mentorship and additional system/infrastructure enhancements, including internet connectivity, are needed to further enhance the performance of DHIS2.
This paper compares and analyzes three cases where mobile technology is developed and used for everyday learning in developing countries. Preliminary results from field studies and tests are presented and analyzed in terms of the technical, professional, social, cultural and organizational challenges involved in development. In Bangladesh Virtual Classroom SMS is used together with TV to make education interactive. The eduPhone project develops a system and a method for delivering everyday "situated education", such as emergency medical advice, to people lacking access to such services. The Agricultural Market Information System project disseminates information to improve local agricultural markets and, in particular, supporting small farmers, by mobile phones. The paper reports the cases and findings from investigations and tests, including field studies, laboratory and field tests, and experiences from implementation. We find that technical challenges are not great and in most cases concern innovativeness of application rather than access, use and usability; e-readiness among people is higher than often reported. The main problems lie in organizational challenges - developing a sustainable business model and reorganizing processes consequently - and social and cultural challenges such as local power structures and professional traditions.
In Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania, as in many developing countries, health managers lack faith in the national Health Management Information System (HMIS). The establishment of parallel data collection systems generates a vicious cycle: national health data are used little because they are of poor quality, and their relative lack of use, in turn, makes their quality remain poor.
An action research approach was applied to strengthen the use of information and improve data quality in Zanzibar. The underlying premise was that encouraging use in small incremental steps could help to break the vicious cycle and improve the HMIS.
To test the hypothesis at the national and district levels a project to strengthen the HMIS was established in Zanzibar. The project included quarterly data-use workshops during which district staff assessed their own routine data and critiqued their colleagues' data.
The data-use workshops generated inputs that were used by District Health Information Software developers to improve the tool. The HMIS, which initially covered only primary care outpatients and antenatal care, eventually grew to encompass all major health programmes and district and referral hospitals. The workshops directly contributed to improvements in data coverage, data set quality and rationalization, and local use of target indicators.
Data-use workshops with active engagement of data users themselves can improve health information systems overall and enhance staff capacity for information use, presentation and analysis for decision-making.
The development of appropriate integrated and scalable information systems in the health sector in developing countries has been difficult to achieve, and is likely to remain elusive in the face of continued fragmented funding of health programs, particularly related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In this article, we propose a strategy for developing information infrastructures in general and in particular for the health care sector in developing countries. We use complexity science to explain the challenges that need to be addressed, in particular the need for standards that can adapt to a changing health care environment, and propose the concept of flexible standards as a key element in a sustainable infrastructure development strategy. Drawing on case material from a number of developing countries, a case is built around the use of flexible standards as attractors, arguing that if they are well defined and simple, they will be able to adapt to the frequent changes that are experienced in the complex health environment. A number of paradoxes are highlighted as useful strategies, integrated independence being one that encourages experimentation and heterogeneity to develop and share innovative solutions while still conforming to simple standards. The article provides theoretical concepts to support standardization processes in complex systems, and to suggest an approach to implement health standards in developing country settings that is sensitive to the local context, allows change to occur through small steps, and provides a mechanism for scaling information systems.
We address the problem of how to integrate health information systems in low-income African countries in which technical infrastructure and human resources vary wildly within countries. We describe a set of tools to meet the needs of different service areas including managing aggregate indicators, patient level record systems, and mobile tools for community outreach. We present the case of Sierra Leone and use this case to motivate and illustrate an architecture that allows us to provide services at each level of the health system (national, regional, facility and community) and provide different configurations of the tools as appropriate for the individual area. Finally, we present a, collaborative implementation of this approach in Sierra Leone.
Data collection in resource-constrained environments, particularly in the Global South, is challenging for a variety of philosophical, theoretical, methodological, and ethical reasons. Challenges may involve using research approaches designed in the Global North that are not appropriate when using data from the social and cultural contexts in the Global South. Adopting a reflective approach, this paper examines research projects in Bangladesh, Malawi, Sierra Leone, and Rwanda and highlights the challenges encountered on these projects. Along with the problems, attempted ameliorations are discussed, and insights are offered on how the authors overcame these challenges. The paper posits that these challenges can be mitigated by adopting contextualist methodology resulting in theories that are based on local social and cultural processes. The paper proposes that a critical realist-philosophical approach and methodology are appropriate because of contextual specificity and the innate ability to alleviate problems associated with the Global North methodology and generalisable theory.
Some 35 years after the United Nations published its Brundtland report [Brundtland Commission. (Citation1987). Our common future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Geneva, UN-Dokument A/42/427. Retrieved December 24, 2022, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf] on the many threats our planet is under due to over- and underdevelopment, we are still struggling with how to make our world sustainable. Today we have the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) to guide us, but they have been largely criticized just like their predecessors. The debate in Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) mainly concerns to which extent Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may contribute to the SDGs. This editorial offers a historic overview of the different development goals that the UN has offered and eight papers that offer a view into the discussion of the challenges facing the SDGs, but also examples of experimental strategies on how ICTs can be used in realizing, or undermining, these goals.
Student Information System (SIS) offers many functions in order to sustain academic workflow. SIS's usability is also important in terms of maintaining its functions. Although user experience of various information systems has been studied in the literature related to perceived usability, this is not the case for the SIS. The aim of this study is examining a SIS's usability through using Turkish version of the System Usability Scale (SUS-TR). In total, 324 undergraduate students responded to SUS-TR. The research was conducted to uncover whether students' perceived usability about a SIS can differ based on their demographic information, their dis/liked features on the SIS or their recommendations for increasing usability of the SIS. According to findings there exists a statistically significant relationship between the age groups of the students and the categorized SUS-TR score groups. Moreover, there is a statistically significant relationship between students' categorized SUS-TR score groups and the most disliked features of the SIS. As a result of this research, it has been found that analyzing users' perceived usability variations amongst different student groups may be valuable because focusing on these variations has the potential to raise user experiences of users with any SIS.
The continuous use of dynamic and disruptive ICT as energizing elements of the educational process is a reality of current days, where millennials are the centre of an education paradigm in which students are much more inclined to use technologies than enrolling in a traditional non-digital course. Considering education management information systems (EMIS) capacities to collect, analyse, process and publish information and data, it is easy to perceive their relevance to both education organizations and students. Nevertheless, and despite EMIS complexity and inherent possibilities, the existing literature does not provide for a detailed characterization on the impact these systems might have on students’ success. Thus, this research focuses on understanding the use of EMIS by students and the arising of net benefits; it introduces an EMIS success model which posits that to ensure net benefits for students, education institutions must safeguard that their education management information systems are of high quality, while at the same time students are maintained satisfied with the system and engage in continuous use. To assess the posed model, an empirical study has been performed, involving students from higher education institutions. Findings from the study allow us to perceive that, as information systems (IS) success models state, EMIS use and students’ satisfaction are predictors of net benefits. This same model also claims that the available information quality and EMIS inherent service quality are also strong determinants of both continuous EMIS use and student satisfaction.
Although Affordance Theory has become increasingly influential in the Information Systems (IS) literature, the exact process through which the affordances of IT are actualised is less studied. In this paper, we build on a realist ontology of affordance and an interpretive epistemology of how affordances are perceived and actualised to trace the process of actualisation. On the basis of insights drawn from a case study of a telemedicine project in a remote mountainous region of Nepal, we develop a concept, which we call the “Trajectory of Affordances.” Trajectory of Affordances captures the complex relations between affordances of IT and the role of goal-oriented actors who perceive and then play a vital role in actualising them, using capabilities that are enabled by facilitating conditions to take the necessary action. Trajectory of Affordances shows that the affordances of IT can travel from perception to actualisation through multiple paths, sometimes clustering together, and in the process, often lead to the emergence of new affordances.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate effects of students’ 1:1 laptop use from a capability perspective by investigating increases and decreases of students’ opportunities and choices. The paper investigates changes that have taken place and how these changes enable or restrict students to do and be what they desire.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper undertakes an interpretive case study based on group interviews and questionnaires. Sen's capability approach is used as theoretical framework and has informed the data collection and the analysis.
Findings
1:1 laptops in schools have provided students with new opportunities and choices, but also restricted others. An evident opportunity is the equalization of access to computers. Other opportunities relate to schoolwork efficiency and increased access to information. Gains also include the use of different media for overcoming disabilities or to fit individual learning styles. Regarding students’ well‐being, a “fun” learning environment is mentioned. However, the “fun” is often about playing games or using social media – something which diverts the students’ attention from the learning. Students also find that they are less social, too computer dependent, and that they miss using pen and paper. Additionally, health issues such as back problems and headaches are reported, as well as an increased risk of being robbed.
Originality/value
Most research on 1:1 laptops in education focuses on easily quantifiable measures and reports from a teacher perspective. The paper takes a broader approach and investigates the impact 1:1 laptops have on students’ well‐being and agency.
This paper describes how distance educations in developing countries can enhance interactivity by means of information and communication technologies. It is argued that e-learning involves a shift in the educational structure from traditional transmission of knowledge to interactive creation of knowledge. Our case studies are two distance educations in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka that use different technologies for implementing interactivity; Internet and computers in one case and video and mobile phones in the other. The findings are analyzed based on Structuration Theory and we compare the two approaches based on emerging norms and beliefs. Findings from both cases show the concurrent enactment of both the transmission and the interactive structure. Whereas peer collaboration and the use of self-assessment tools make students take more ownership of their learning, we also found the idea of a classroom with an instructive teacher to be deeply rooted in the students' minds.
This paper provides a review of the status of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) in Latin American and the Caribbean. It includes a history of EMIS development efforts in the region; an outline of practical lessons learned from earlier EMIS development efforts; the identification of current and emerging challenges for developing EMIS; and the identification of promising examples of the use of better data and information to inform education policy and planning. The study was prepared for the Education Networks 8th Regional Policy Dialogue Meeting held on November 2005 at the IDB headquarters in Washington, DC.
Action research is an established research method in use in the social and medical sciences since the mid-twentieth century, and has increased in importance for information systems toward the end of the 1990s. Its particular philosophic context is couched in strongly post-positivist assumptions such as idiographic and interpretive research ideals. Action research has developed a history within information systems that can be explicitly linked to early work by Lewin and the Tavistock Institute. Action research varies in form, and responds to particular problem domains. The most typical form is a participatory method based on a five-step model, which is exemplified by published IS research.
Interpretive research in information systems (IS) is now a well-established part of the field. However, there is a need for more material on how to carry out such work from inception to publication. I published a paper a decade ago (Walsham, 1995) which addressed the nature of interpretive IS case studies and methods for doing such research. The current paper extends this earlier contribution, with a widened scope of all interpretive research in IS, and through further material on carrying out fieldwork, using theory and analysing data. In addition, new topics are discussed on constructing and justifying a research contribution, and on ethical issues and tensions in the conduct of interpretive work. The primary target audience for the paper is less-experienced IS researchers, but I hope that the paper will also stimulate reflection for the more-experienced IS researcher and be of relevance to interpretive researchers in other social science fields.
This paper describes some of the issues in developing an integrated school information system that contributes to the management of a school. The system is based on an SQL relational database with a browser-based interface for all queries and transactions. The use of a standard interface makes it easy for end-users to navigate what is, in fact, a complex system. The user input and self-service provisions are important aspects of this system. This paper demonstrates that it is possible and feasible to develop an information system in a school that meets the needs of staff and is customized for the users requirements. Full Text at Springer, may require registration or fee
There has been an increase in recent years in the number of in-depth case studies which focus on human actions and interpretations surrounding the development and use of computer-based information systems (IS). This paper addresses philosophical and theoretical issues concerning the nature of such interpretive case studies, and methodological issues on the conduct and reporting of this type of research. The paper aims to provide a useful reference point for researchers who wish to work in the interpretive tradition, and more generally to encourage careful work on the conceptualisation and execution of case studies in the information systems field.
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